See

discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306250928

The Multimodal Transportation : Research

Trend and Literature Review

Article · October 2015

CITATIONS READS

0 761

2 authors:

Aman Dua Deepankar Sinha

University of Petroleum & Energy Studies Indian Institute of Foreign Trade
1 PUBLICATION 0 CITATIONS 9 PUBLICATIONS 5 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Review of efficiency of k-means algorithm on studies related to cardio vascular diseases View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Aman Dua on 17 August 2016.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Vol. 39, No. 4, October - December, 2015
The Multimodal Transportation :
Research Trend and Literature Review

Aman Dua *,
Dr. Deepankar Sinha **

Introduction
The Multimodal Transportation is a growing field
across the globe and is turning the backbone of
the Global Supply chain. Many researchers and
practitioners have Claimed that researches has
been carried in Supply chain has been affected
by Silo effect. The research in area of Multimodal
Transportation has been claimed in nascent stage
and focused on European Union.
Objective: The aim of this work is to find the
current trend of research and work carried out
in multimodal transportation in following context
- To establish the concept of Multimodal
transportation: focused on Indian Context
* Corresponding Author
Ph. D  scholar at  Indian Institute of
Foreign Trade, New Delhi
Assistant Professor at University of
Petroleum and Energy Studies Dehradun
Phone : +919759134215
Email : adua@ddn.upes.ac.in
om. amandua@gmail. com
Address :Ram Nager -554,
Lane No -12 Roorkee
** Associate Professor
Phone : +919432673733
Indian Institute of Foreign Trade,
Kolkata Campus
J1/14 EP & GP Block, Sector V, Salt Lake,
Kolkata 700091, India.
E-mail: dsinha@iift. ac. in.
Introduction
The Transportation is back bone for export
and import infrastructure for a country.
Today when Indian exchequer is striving to
boost manufacturing in India, it becomes
imperative to put research and development
effort in global Supply chain management.
The effort should be directed in such a way
that international transportation becomes
hassle free and rapid.
The great transport system is one of the
inheritances enjoyed by this generation,
which are Road, Rail, Air and Water.
Although pipeline, the fifth one  can be
included in this list, but this is highly
specialized kind of mode. Although the
fifth one has no less impact. All of these
developed independently of each other in
large extent. They are competitive among
themselves not only for freight share but also
in the application of technology and efficient
resource utilization. The research in all
modes all target development of equipment,
improvement in materiel or freight handling
facilities, documenting method for smooth
flow of freight.
Each mode carries some distinct
characteristics. No distinct mode has the
Capabiilty to meet all requirement from
all shippers. Also a single mode is not
able to handle all types of goods with
equal efficiency. However, no amount of

1
Vol. 39, No. 4, October - December, 2015
- To analyze the trend of research in
Multimodal Transportation.
- To identify and analyze the prevailing
structure of Multimodal Transportation,
worldwide.
Methodology: classification of academic
literature and reports in area of Multimodal
transportation from research databases
and Government reports. The direction of
appropriate future research will be drawn.
Expected Finding : A well drafted direction
for research imperative in Multimodal
Transportation.
Key Words : Multimodal Transportation,
Intermodal transportation, Global Supply Chain
Management, Make in India.,
2
innovation can give the airplane advantage of
railroads or no development in railroad will
enable water carriers to leave their channels.
All these modes play vital role in a nation’s
development. So it becomes imperative to
utilize each mode in its best efficiency.
The research trend which is prevalent in
industry and academia, is viewing the
activities and operations in multimodal
transportation as an individual process.
The researches are done for optimization,
simulation on operations involved in the
supply chain. Advance operation research
techniques are used to optimize the result.
There is lack of works which look from
an integrated perspective to multimodal
transportation.
To cover this gap the research has been
classified and major finding in them are listed
and on basis of this, for research  approach 
required in Indian context is derived.
Organization of Research
The research carried is categorized into
themes and then the works carried out are
mapped in those themes. On basis of this
classification conclusions are drawn to
analyze the trends in research and establish
the concept of Multimodal transportation.
The concept of multimodal transportation
is drawn on basis of its peculiarities and
definitions proposed by various authors
after integrating them with Indian works.
In this work financial aspect of Multimodal
Transportation has been excluded.
Concept of Multimodal Transportation
The word ‘Intermodal” was first appeared
in the concise Oxford English dictionary of
1980. But Even at that time this term was not
Vol. 39, No. 4, October - December, 2015

new. In 1993 it evolved as container system.
In dictionary meaning defines it as transport
using more than one mode. (Jaržemskiene,
2007, p.2) In contrast to the earlier situation
where different modes of transportation
operated as an Independent entity. Now
different modes are more integrated and more
coordinated. Now transportation by different
mode is offered in consolidated mode in
the name of “Multimodal transportation”.
Multimodal transportation at some places
is also named as “Combined Transport”.
Inter-modal / Multimodal transportation may
be viewed as an alternative to uni-modal
transportation in the case of long travel
distances and high volumes. (Bontekoning,
Macharis, & Trip, 2004, p. 2)
“Without handling the goods themselves in
changing modes”. A term called Combined
transportation is defined as “Intermodal
transport where the major part of the
European journey is by rail, inland waterways
or sea and any initial and /or final legs carried
out by roads are as short as possible”. The
crux of this concept defined by European
Commission as Co modality which is defined
as “ efficient use of different modes on their
own” (Reis, Fabian Meier, Pace, & Palacin,
2013, pp. 1, 2).
Multimodal transportation is known by
different names in industry and academia.
Different terminologies are circulating in
the literature and the industry which are
namely, Multimodal, Intermodal, Co-modal
and Synchro modal. The common part of
the definition is that all they use is more than
one type of mode. (Steadie Seife, Delleart,
Nuijten, Van Woensel, & Raoufi, 2014)
Although in almost all research Intermodal
and multimodal are used interchangeably
but in working paper series of University of
California Transportation Centre, University
of California the word Multimodal is used
to describe to represent the system more
than one mode and "Intermodal" is used to
represent the connection between any of
these two elements.
In order to establish the concept of
Multimodal Transportation, in Table 1  the
concepts of Multimodal Transportation
defined by various authors, journals and
authorities are listed.

Table 1 : Concept of Multimodal Transportation

S.
Author (date) Proposed definition
No
1 Jones et al. (2000) The Shipment of cargo and the movement of people involving more than one mode
of transport during a single seamless journey.
2 Southworth & Movement, in which two or different transport modes are linked end to end order to
Peterson (2000) move freight and /or people from point of origin to point of destination
3 Min (1991) The movement of products from origin to destination using a mixture of various
transport models
4 Van Schijndel & The movement of cargo from shipper to consignee using two or more different
Dinwoodie (2000) modes under a single rate, with through billing and through liability (Hayuth, 1987)
5 D’Este (1995) A technical, legal, commercial, and management framework for moving goods
door -to-door using more than one mode of transport

3
Vol. 39, No. 4, October - December, 2015

S.
Author (date) Proposed definition
No
6 TRB(1998) Transport of goods in container that can be moved on land by rail or truck & on
water by ship or barge. In addition, intermodal freight usually is understood to
include bulk commodity shipment that involve transfer and air freight (Truck –Air)
7 Ludvigsen (1999) Transport of goods in containers in same load carrying unit, which successively
use several modes of transport without handing the good themselves in changing
mode(European commission, 1997 a)
8 Tsamboulas& The movement of goods in one and the same loading unit or vehicle that uses
Kapros (2000) successively several modes of transport without handling the goods themselves in
changing modes (European commission, 1997 a)
9 Van Duin & Van The movement of goods in one and same loading unit of vehicle, which uses
Ham (1998) successively several modes without handling the goods themselves in changing
modes (European Conference of Ministers Transport, 1993)
10 Murphy & Daley A container or other device which can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to
(1998) another without the content of said device being reloaded or redistributed (Jennings
and Holcomb, 1996)
11 Newman and The combination of modes, usually ship, truck or rail to transport freight
Yano(2000 a, b)
12 Taylor and The co –ordinated transport of goods in container or trailers by a combination of
Jackson(2000) truck and rail, with or without an ocean going link (Muller, 1995)
13 Slack (1996) Unitized loads (containers, trailers) that are transferred from one mode to another
14 Spasovic & The movement of highway trailer or containers by rail in line haul between
Morlok (1993) rail terminals and by tractor trailers from the terminals to the receivers (termed
consignees) and from shippers to the terminals in the service area.
15 Nierat(1997) A service in which rail and truck services combined to complete a door to door
movement.
16 Harpers & Evers One or more motor carriers provide the short –haul pick up delivery service
(1993) (drayage) segment of the trip and one or more railroads provide the long-haul or
line haul segment
17 Evers (1994) The movement of truck trailers /containers by both railroad and motor carriers
during a single shipment
18 Nozic &Morlok The movement of Truck and containers on rail-cars between terminals, with
(1997) transport by truck at each end
19 (The Ministry of Carriage of goods, by at least two different modes of transport under a multimodal
Law, Justice and transport contract, from the place of acceptance of goods in India to a place of
Company affairs, delivery of the goods outside India
1993)
20 (Caris, Limbourg, Intermodal supply chain can be Interpreted as a chain of actors who supply a
Macharis, van transport service
Lier, & Cools,
2014, p. 1)
Source : (Caris et al., 2014, p. 1; Reis et al., 2013, p. 2; The Ministry of Law, Justice and Company affairs, 1993, p. 2)

4
Vol. 39, No. 4, October - December, 2015
The concept of multimodal transportation
can be described as the movement of freight
with more than two different modes and
it is known at the end consumer address in
current transportation process is decided.
The ownership of consignment remains
unchanged. The multimodal transportation
is integration of different modes and
nodes in global supply chain to carry out
transportation, with objective to provide
product in all parts of world at optimum cost.
It’s economic fundamental rests on achieving
economies of scale and economies of scope
in long-haul distance travel.
Relevance of Multimodal
Transportation in Indian context
Textile and automotive components can
sustain their competitiveness in the global
market only if efficient global supply chain
is established. This will make the shipment
process more smoother and cost saving.
Also Indian export supply chain is feeling
extensive pressure for improving efficiency.
The operations and process of Multi-modal
transportation are complex and complicated.
(Rangaraj & Viswanadham, 2001, p. 2) It
affects the raw materiel procurement of plant
which in turn may affect the production
schedule. It also covers the transportation
of goods which in turn affect the space in
warehouse. Its operation also affects the
delivery at the customer. Customer now
a days is very conscious for timely, safe
and cost effective delivery. A number of
companies derive their competitiveness from
time delivery. The company which have not
expertise in supply chain simply outsource
this activity. As a lot of Companies  are
disintegrated vertically and  geographically  Viswanadham, 2001, p. 2).
5
for economies of scale. Hence a transport
vendor providing logistics for the
manufacturer becomes a crucial stakeholder
in their business. So the transport companies
operation and processes need to be of the
same temperament as the focal company/
organization.
So the need arises to investigate that what
are the intricacies involved in Multimodal
Transportation. How activities involved in
Multimodal Transportation are structured
and how and when they deviate from their
expected behavior. How much affect of each
process involved in transportation affect the
consequent ones.
Within the freight transportation industry,
Multimodal Transportation represents one
of the most critical processes due to the high
number of players involved (e. g. Third-
party logistics service providers, couriers,
small transportation companies, multi-modal
transport operators, rail and sea carriers,
dispatchers and receivers, ports and inter-
modal terminals), and the need for integrating
different modes of transport (i. e. road and
rail, sea, or air transportation) when handling
goods throughout the entire delivery process
(Kia et al., 2000) (Marchet et al., 2009b).
When Multimodal Transportation is combined
with Containerization it provides various
advantages in Supply Chain Integration
across different modes. Sometimes it is
forced option in the perspective of the
shipper. Containerization becomes necessary
when serving into the export market. In India
The concept of Multmodal is in nascent Stage
and containerization is not yet the major
mode of transport and on the roads container
movement is still prevalent (Rangaraj &
Vol. 39, No. 4, October - December, 2015

Although logistics, Supply Chain and transportation have gained a lot of importance in the last
two decades. In this work the focus is around the Multimodal Transportation. Hence In order to
get precise and meticulous input from existing literature, this section has been categorized into
four sections.
Table 2: Classification of Literature review
S. Theme Target Area
No
A “Research Trends on Multimodal Transportation” Motivation for the research
B “Research done for improving efficiencies and Exploration of the topic and approach of
effectiveness of transportation” research community
C “Supporting literature for gaps identified” Need for research
D “Literature regarding the qualities of logistic Illustration of the significance of purposed
supply chain” (in context of methodology) work& needs for research also
D(1) Identification of variable affecting the Multimodal
transportation
D(2) The appropriateness of methodology for objective
of this work

Table 3 : List of research carried out In Multimodal Transportation

(Category of literature has its mapping with Table No 2).
Category of Geographical
S.
Citation Key findings literature location/ origin
N
review of Author
1 (Bontekoning A new transportation research field is emerging and A & C(h) Europe
et al., 2004, is still in pre-pragmatic phase.
pp. 1, 19) The competitiveness of each mode is different. The
Leader in Multimodal Transport research is Europe
2 (Panayides & Factors affecting the choice of the port. These A, C & D Europe
Song, 2012, factors are port efficiency, port physical
p. 605) environment port location. (at operation level),
hinter land connectivity, tariff, feeder connection
(at tactical level), requirement of alliance, market
entry and shipping line contracts (at strategic level)
Inland transportation is very important in case of
low value commodities
3 (Steadie Seife Key reasons which are accelerating the growth A, B, C(h), Europe
et al., 2014, of containerization are safety, handling cost D(1)
pp. 1, 2, 13) reduction, & accessibility to multiple port. Issues
arising at various level i. e. strategic, tactical and
operational are discussed. Finds that tactical level

6
Vol. 39, No. 4, October - December, 2015

Category of Geographical
S.
Citation Key findings literature location/ origin
N
review of Author
issues are discussed most, followed by strategic and
operational. Extensively variety of model used in
multimodal transportation are reviewed
4 (Stahbock & Supports the importance of Terminals in global C(h) Germany
Veb, 2007, pp. trade. | Competitiveness of a terminal is decided
40, 41) by the operation cost, equipment & waterside
operations. | handling of Mega vessels (capacity
more than 10000 > TEU) is a challenge.
Most of the literature focus on separate problem
at terminals and modification in model applied is
required. The new innovation which might come
to increase efficiency and effectiveness are “ Ship
in a slip concept, floating quays and cranes”. An
advanced software is essential to manage the things
5 (Caris, In this work literature review Regarding Policy, A, B, C D(1) Germany
Macharis, Terminal network design, Service Network (h)
& Janssens, design, Intermodal Routing, Drayage Operations
2013) & ICT Innovation have been done. Intermodal
transportation provides a sustainable measure of
transport. For network design decision maker has to
use according to the need from available options.
Service network design includes the selection of
route on which service is being offered. It depends
on the barge operators or LSP who want to provide
service on that route. (Stahbock & Veb, 2007, p.
109).
6 (J. Yang & Globalization and Trade is highly affected by the A, C & D(1) Kazakhstan
McCarthy, reduction in long distance communication and
2013, p. 2113) transportation cost. Inland transportation is also
very important. Support importance of investment in
Multimodal Transportation. Emphasizes the quality
of logistics for development of the developing
countries
7 (Chengxuan, Profit maximization is done with the help of A China
Gao, & Li, booking maximization. The methodology used is
2011, p. 1057) heuristic model and simulation is done. With the
(Joo Jeong, help of heuristics Problem of scheduling container
2011, pp. 597, transfer operation is solved.
598)
8 (Eng-Larsson This paper investigates the reason to shift on the A Generic
& Kohn, 2012) multimodal transportation.

7
Vol. 39, No. 4, October - December, 2015

Category of Geographical
S.
Citation Key findings literature location/ origin
N
review of Author
9 (De Martino, Customer orientation is leading factor in effective A, D(1) (h) Itlay
Errichiello, port policy actions. The Shippers as well as shipping
Marasco, & companies choice highly depends on the promptness
Morvillo, by which port authorities respond(De Martino et al.,
2013) 2013, p. 125). Hence ports should follow a bottom
up approach. Port performance highly depends on
inter organizational relationship and other regional
economic system(De Martino et al., 2013, p. 126).
Resources in port are divided into categories i. e.
infrastructure and superstructures.
Stake holders in ports are identified.
10 (Yang, Logistics service capability, & innovation capability A, C Tiawan
Marlow, & Lu, has positive impact on performance of container
2009, p. 1) shipping firms based on resourced based view.
11 (Cambra- Inter modality and integration provided by A, C, D Spain
Fierro & Ruiz- Intermodal supply chain provides competitiveness
Benitez, 2009) to
global Supply Chain
12 (Caris et al., High lights the issues in multimodal transportation A, C, B Belgium
2014, p. 134) research and finds evolving relationship between
transport geography and transport activities,
encouragement in efficient operations and especially
focuses on effort directed towards integration in
Supply Chain.
13 (Liotta, Stecca, With the help of operation research techniques A, B Generic
& Kaihara, terminal location problem is addressed in case of
2015, p. 1) multimodal transportation and comparison of two
approaches it done in context of total cost.
14 (Choong, Cole, On basis of Integer programming, the effect of A, C USA
& Kutanoglu, planning horizon on total cost of moving empty
2002, p. 1) container is analyzed and found that (in context of
barge operation, location Mississippi river basin,
USA) long planning horizon can support the use of
inexpensive modes like barge.
15 (Kordnejad, Improvement of the cost –quality ratio with A, C, D(1) Generic
2014, pp. 358, Intermodal transport should be improved. (h)
359, 360, 361) The Intermodal transport is low on reliability, low
availability. the Intermodal transport cost Model
is developed under rail operation module Road
haulage module and Terminal handling module.

8
Vol. 39, No. 4, October - December, 2015
BE Logic Project
It is a project funded by Framework
Programmes for Research and Technological
Development, also called Framework
Programmes 7 or FP 7. It is targeted for
small and medium size companies and for
shippers with small volumes. Its objective
is to improve the efficiency, within and
across different modes and to support the
development of quality logistics systems.
It’s derived objectives are- to develop a
methodology to asses transport logistics
performance in quantitative terms in Europe
and globally, to examine the existing quality
standards, to evaluate the need for new quality
standards for Transport logistics. They have
identified three prominent factors affecting
this, namely policy makers, transport chains
and transshipment points (or terminals). It is
being carried out in 27 European countries
European and American context the research
on multimodal transport was claimed at pre
paradigmatic phase in 2004. If we contend
the status of India in the field of Multimodal
transportation it is still behind the pre-
paradigmatic phase. 1 Also, various stalwart
of industry claims that most of the supply
chain researches are done in isolation. So it
is contended that there is a lack of literature
and research in the field of Multimodal
transportation.
Transportation includes two important
dimensions: The Infrastructure network
1 The science philosopher Kuhn (Koningsveld, 1987)
defined the characteristic of pre- paradigmatic
phase 1) small research communities 2) little
amount of referencing with in a small group and
3) lack of problem definition, hypothesis definition
and concepts.
9
and the Transportation services sector.
The former includes the roads, Railway
network, Ports, Airports, Inland Waterways,
Pipeline systems and border crossings. This
dimension is mainly in control of policy
maker or exchequer The transportation
services sector include air, rail, water truck,
urban transit and associated various transport
services. It includes safety, security and the
environment.
Conclusion
Multimodal Transportation has become
the key platform in facilitating exports
and imports of any country. In this paper a
definition and concept of the Multimodal
Transportation have been established and a
trend on research concerned with operations
involved Multimodal Transportation. It has
been found that the solutions, strategies and
mathematical tools which work for unimodal
transportation cannot be directly applied in
Multimodal Transportation. The researches
carried out out has applied simulation and
mathematical techniques to improve the
operations and efficiency at various nodes
involved in Multimodal transportation.
Containerization has played a crucial role
in standardizing the operations involved.
Analyzing the Multimodal Tranprtation
value chain from and integrated perspective
can remove great complications involved in
this. In this approach the objectives might
be conflicting with each other. The variable
involved in this approach will arise from
every aspect of management, but it deems a
mandate to integrate the issues in Multimodal
transportation as maximum is possible.
Vol. 39, No. 4, October - December, 2015
References
1. Bontekoning, Y., Macharis, C., & Trip,
J.. (2004). Is a new applied transportation
research field emerging?––A review of
intermodal rail–truck freight transport
literature. Transportation Research Part
A: Policy and Practice, 38(1), 1–34.
http://doi. org/10. 1016/j. tra. 2003. 06.
001
2. Cambra-Fierro, J., & Ruiz-Benitez,
R. (2009). Advantages of intermodal
logistics platforms: insights from
a Spanish platform. Supply Chain
Management: An International Journal,
14(6), 418–421.
3. Caris, A., Limbourg, S., Macharis,
C., van Lier, T., & Cools, M. (2014).
Integration of inland waterway transport
in the intermodal supply chain: a
taxonomy of research challenges.
Journal of Transport Geography, 41,
126–136. http://doi. org/10. 1016/j.
jtrangeo. 2014. 08. 022
4. Caris, A., Macharis, C., & Janssens, G. K.
(2013). Decision Support in Intermodal
Transportation: A new Research Agenda.
Computers in Industry, 64, 105–112.
5. Chengxuan, C., Gao, Z., & Li, K. (2011).
Optimal rail container Shipment Planning
Problem in Multimodal Transportation.
Enginnering Optimization, 44(9), 1057–
1071.
6. Choong, S. T., Cole, M. H., & Kutanoglu,
E. (2002). Empty container management
for intermodal transportation networks.
Transportation Research Part E:
Logistics and Transportation Review,
38(6), 423–438.
10
7. De Martino, M., Errichiello, L.,
Marasco, A., & Morvillo, A. (2013).
Logistics innovation in Seaports:
An inter-organizational perspective.
Research in Transportation Business
& Management, 8, 123–133. http://doi.
org/10. 1016/j. rtbm. 2013. 05. 001
8. Eng-Larsson, F., & Kohn, C.
(2012). Modal shift for greener
logistics – the shipper’s perspective.
International Journal of Physical
Distribution & Logistics Management,
42(1), 36–59. http://doi. org/10.
1108/09600031211202463
9. Jaržemskiene, I. (2007). The evolution
of intermodal transport research and
its development issues. Transport,
22(4), 296–306. http://doi. org/10.
1080/16484142. 2007. 9638145
10. Joo Jeong, B. (2011). Scheduling
Operation of a Rail Crane and Container
deliveries Between rail and Port
terminals, 43(6), 597–613.
Kordnejad, B. (2014). Intermodal
11.
Transport Cost Model and Intermodal
Distribution in Urban Freight. Procedia
- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 125,
358–372. http://doi. org/10. 1016/j.
sbspro. 2014. 01. 1480
12. Liotta, G., Stecca, G., & Kaihara, T.
(2015). Optimisation of freight flows and
sourcing in sustainable production and
transportation networks. International
Journal of Production Economics, 164,
351–365. http://doi. org/10. 1016/j. ijpe.
2014. 12. 016
Vol. 39, No. 4, October - December, 2015
13. Panayides, P., & Song, D. -W. (2012).
Determinants of Users’ Port Choice. In
The Blackwell Companion to Maritime
Economics (pp. 599–622). Wiley-
Blackwell. Retrieved from http://dx. doi.
org/10. 1002/9781444345667. ch29
14. Rangaraj, N., & Viswanadham, N.
(2001). Multi modal containerised
transport for export and import
through Western India–a supply
chain perspective. Technical Report,
The Logistics Insititute–Asia Pacific,
National Univ. of Singapore and Indian
Inst. of Technology, Bombay, India.
Retrieved from http://www. ieor. iitb.
ac. in/files/faculty/narayan/transport/
concor-exim. pdf
15. Reis, V., Fabian Meier, J., Pace, G., &
Palacin, R. (2013). Rail and multi-modal
transport. Research in Transportation
Economics, 41(1), 17–30. http://doi.
org/10. 1016/j. retrec. 2012. 10. 005
11
View publication stats
16. Stahbock, R., & Veb, S. (2007). operation
research at container treminals  : a
literature update. OR Spectrum, 30,
1–52.
17. Steadie Seife, M., Delleart, N. P.,
Nuijten, W., Van Woensel, T., &
Raoufi, R. (2014). Multimodal freight
transportation planning A literature
review. pdf. European Journal of
Operation Research, 233, 1–15.
18. The Ministry of Law, Justice and
Company affairs. (1993). The Gazete of
India. New Delhi.
19. Yang, C. -C., Marlow, P. B., & Lu,
C. -S. (2009). Assessing resources,
logistics service capabilities, innovation
capabilities and the performance of
container shipping services in Taiwan.
International Journal of Production
Economics, 122(1), 4–20. http://doi.
org/10. 1016/j. ijpe. 2009. 03. 016