Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Index No:179230P
Rohit Adhikari
List of Figures
Figure 1: Methodology Flow Chart .............................................................................................. 10
Figure 2: Project Location ............................................................................................................ 14
Figure 3: GIS Vector Overlay Chart ............................................................................................. 16
Figure 4: Tools for Application .................................................................................................... 17
Figure 5: Rainfall Class ................................................................................................................ 18
Figure 6: Landuse Class ................................................................................................................ 19
Figure 7: Elevation Class .............................................................................................................. 20
Figure 8: Slope Class .................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 9: River Buffering for Proximity ....................................................................................... 22
Figure 10: SQL Operation ............................................................................................................ 24
Figure 11: Union of Rainfall and Landuse ................................................................................... 26
Figure 12: Union of Elevation and Slope ..................................................................................... 27
Figure 13: Union of Rainfall, Landuse, Elevation and Slope ....................................................... 28
Figure 14: Final Hazard Map ........................................................................................................ 29
Figure 15: Priority In DSD Context .............................................................................................. 30
List of Tables
Table 1: List of Literture Reviewed .............................................................................................. 11
Table 2:Criteria Selection ............................................................................................................. 11
Table 3: Data Requirements.......................................................................................................... 15
Table 4: Landuse Classification .................................................................................................... 18
Table 5: General Classification ..................................................................................................... 22
Table 6: Classification for Elevation-Slope Union ....................................................................... 22
Table 7:Data Layer Types and Preparation .................................................................................. 25
1. Introduction
1.1 A clear explicit indication of the main theme/water sub sector corresponding the
addressed problem
Flood is a major natural hazard with often immeasurable impact, affecting annually 170
million people (Kowalzig, 2008). Sri Lanka has experienced some of the worst flood
situations in the past two decades. The recent floods and landslide of May 2017 resulted
over 200 deaths and affecting over 7 million people.
1.2 Importance of solving the problem and to which part of the national interest would
be fulfilled
Indisputably, strategies against floods’ impact at a region scale require the identification
of prone areas (Tehrany et al., 2013) to provide early warning, facilitate quick response
and decrease the impact of possible flood events (Kia et al., 2011 ).
The most effective way of reducing the risk to people and property is through the
production of flood risk maps. Most countries have produced maps which show areas
prone to flooding based on flood data.
Flood Hazard Mapping is a vital component for appropriate land use planning in flood-
prone areas. It creates easily-read, rapidly-accessible charts and maps which facilitate the
identification of areas at risk of flooding and also helps prioritise mitigation and response
efforts (Bapulu & Sinha, 2005).
Flood hazard maps are designed to increase awareness of the likelihood of flooding
among the public, local authorities and other organisations. They also encourage people
living and working in flood-prone areas to find out more about the local flood risk and to
take appropriate action (Environment Agency, 2010).
For Sri Lanka, a developing country in South Asia, efficiently managing economy and
distribution of resources, both preventive measures and relief materials will be very
meaningful with such maps.
1.3 Indicate methods incorporated to identify the criticalness and importance of the
identified problem
According to the Disaster Management Centre, this year’s’ flooding is believed to have
been the worst since the great flood of 2003 where over 10,000 homes were destroyed. As
reported in the newspaper Sunday Observer dated 28th May 2017, Ratnapura, Galle,
Matara and Hambantota districts are the worst affected with the Ratnapura town
completely inundated by flood waters. Rathnapura has recorded sever flood problems
annually and during severe flood situations in Sri Lanka. Based on the website http://flo o
dlist.com, which rep orts flood incidents the death tool as recorded on the same day was
146 (71 in Ratnapura, 43 in Kalutara, 14 in Matara, 8 in Galle, 5 in Hambantota, 3 in
Gampaha, 2 in Kegalle). Notablythe highest was in Rathnapura.
1.4 Explanation of the overall problem or part of the problem addressed by the present
problem based learning projects
The main problem from engineering aspect is the increase in the water levels of Kelani
Ganga which runs through Rathnapura District. From disaster management aspect, it is
the lack of proactive forecasting, improper settlement along river banks and lack of
infrastructure such as levees and bunds, retention/detention ponds to safely discharge the
streamflow. The ultimate solution will be to construct engineering structures or relocating
families that are most prone to be affected. However, this requires huge financing and
would not be feasible to go on a single phase. Thus, a priority order has to be developed
for carrying out disaster management activities. In this context preparation of a flood
hazard map will serve as a basis for planners to set priorities for implementation of
mitigation measures.
1.5 Evidence to convince that your efforts are not a repetition of the an already done
work
Although floods are the most frequent natural disasters in Sri Lanka they had received
little attention until the tsunami of December 2004. After the Tsunami, however,
disaster management strategies underwent rapid changes and under this framework flood
hazard mapping has, particularly, been realized as one of the foremost tasks to be
accomplished in support of disaster management activities. (Fowze, 2014).
There have been studies to hydro-dynamically model the lower reaches of Colombo, and
frequently flood inundation maps are produced just before an anticipated flood event, a
proactive flood risk maps for Rathnapura were not found.
• Hard Engineering Defenses: involves the use of technology to control rivers - building
structures that reduce flooding. The activities include construction of dams and
reservoirs, levees, dredging the channel, straightening rivers.
1. Hard engineering defences involve the use of technology to control rivers - building
structures that reduce flooding:
Dams and reservoirs - designed to store water and therefore control the discharge of the
river.
Levees - increases the height of the river banks and therefore the river can contain more
water
Dredging the channel – keeps the channel free from sediment so more water can flow
through it.
Straightening rivers - increases the speed of the river to remove water from affected
areas.
Overflow channels which allow rivers to flood areas of unused land or areas which do not
cause much damage.
Building flood walls
Hard engineering approaches tend to give immediate results and control the river but are
expensive
General disadvantages of engineering defences
Expensive to build and maintain, need technical skill
Floods happen less often – but when they do occur they tend to be more hazardous …
imagine if a dam fails
Natural processes are disrupted – crops don’t get fertile silt
Ugly structures
2. Soft Strategies
Flood Warning Systems - This enables people time to remove possessions and evacuate
areas.
Sandbagging - This attempts to flood proof homes and buildings as a last resort.
Insurance - This spreads the cost of the flood damage.
Flood Plain Zoning - This tries to organise the flood defences in such a way that land that
is near the river and often floods is not built on. This could be used for farming. The areas
that rarely get flooded therefore would be used for houses, transport and industry.
Advantages
They are cheaper to maintain than built structures
Flooding is more predictable reducing the risk of an unexpected disaster
They can improve opportunities for recreation such as fishing
They are more attractive to look at.
More sustainable
Does not interfere directly with the river’s flow
3.3 Selection Criteria for alternatives and rationalization (references) for the marking
criteria.
The following criteria is used to evaluate the alternatives;
i. Cost: For any project or activity cost is an important aspect for consideration.
Usually it is also the single most predominant factor for selecting a solution for a
problem.
ii. Time: Time is another crucial factor. However, it is dependent upon the scale and
scope of a solution. Bigger solutions requiring physical construction require more
time, however desktop studies require substantially less time to accomplish. It is
also a factor for consideration when it comes to planning stage, the latter being a
more opted choice.
iii.
3.4 Evaluation marks and marking scheme used for the selection of solution with
justification
A marking scheme of a scale from 1-5 is given for both the criteria. 1 Indicates that it is
requires the most cost and time and 5 indicates the inverse.
3.5 Identified Selection and associated computation of aggregate mark for the
alternative.
Soft engineering defences are far less expensive but it is the hard engineering that is
effective and assures water supply, economic growth and stability in long term. To
balance these, components of both must be coupled in order to achieve effective results.
Based on the above rationale, the solution chosen for the particular problem is to firstly
prioritize the flood hazard areas which would then help planners to prepare a course of
plan. Such a prioritization can be can be carried out without much expenses using modern
GIS application
4. Objectives
4.1 The indication of Project Outcome
Flood risk mapping in Rathnapura District for Disaster Management planning.
2. Determination of parameters
Literature Review on parameters used for mapping
Develop objective function
7. Literature Review
2. Elevation: The altitude has significant impact on the spread of flooding in the study
area. Also, this parameter has a key role in the control of the overflow direction movement
and in the depth of the flood (Stieglitz et al. 1997).
3. River Proximity: The distance from river factor plays an important role in determining the
flooding area. According to previous studies (Fernandez and Lutz 2010), the most
affected areas during floods are those near the rivers, as a consequence of overflow
4. Slope: The slope percent can be considered as surface indicator for identification of
flood susceptibility (Youssef et al. 2011). In other words, this factor must be included, since
it plays an important role in determining surface runoff velocity and vertical percolation,
and thus affecting flood susceptibility
Objective Function
Main Objective Function: Flood Risk Analysis in Rathnapura District
9.2 Demonstrating that the analysis work in this report is worthy engineering
computations
Rainfall
Annual Daily Maximum Rainfall data from period of 1999-2011 was table was added to
ArcMap using Excel to table to convert table data to points. The station location co-
ordinates were given as latitudes and longitudes in a table. Loaded table locations were
generated on the map using display XY. Once generated the points, rainfall distribution
was taken using Thiessen polygon. Rainfall varied between 204 and 402.9. Thus based on
linear distribution three classes were specified as;
Low <270 mm
Medium 270-340 mm
High >340 mm
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Figure 5: Rainfall Class
Landuse
The details of the land use were converted to three classes as below on the basis of
similar work by authors. Primarily the concern was to separate areas based on
permeability with respect to vegetation;
Table 4: Landuse Classification
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16 OTHRA Other cultivation Low Permeable
17 RBBRA Rubber Low Permeable
18 SCRBA Scrub land Low Permeable
19 TEAA Tea Low Permeable
(Omid Rahmati 2015) has classified under five classes for a data with a range of 1700-
1775 m. (Sailesh Samanta 2016) has classified under nine classes of data ranging from
20->500. (Yashon O. Ouma 2014) has made five classification of data ranging from
1924-2223m. Also for slope five classes were made for data ranging from 0-90 degrees.
However, an evident classification strategy applied by all was the use of linear
distribution. The total range was divided equally among the classes.
Thus, for this work Elevation and Slope has been classified as;
Elevation
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Low <700m
Medium 700-1400
High >1400
Slope
Low <30
Medium 30-60
High >60
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Figure 8: Slope Class
River Proximity
Was determined using the Buffer tool. (Omid Rahmati, 2015) – 100 to 500 in 5 classes
while Sailesh Samanta2016 used 9 classes to classify 100-2000 m. (Ioannis Kougias
2015) wrote ‘It appears that areas near the river network (>200 m) are highly flood
hazard, whereas the effect of this parameter decreases in distances <2000 m. For this
work considering the Srilankan flood plains and the flat terrain;
River Proximity
Low <1000
Medium 500-1000
High >500
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Figure 9: River Buffering for Proximity
Classification
All layers were analyzed for 3 classes and classification was done by overlaying two
layers at a time. Re-classification after overlaying was done using the Table below.
Table 5: General Classification
H M L
H H H M
M H M L
L M L L
However, the reclassification between Elevation and Slope was done in accordance to the
following. This is as explained by Ioannis Kougias, 2015 ‘Water flows from higher to
lower elevations and therefore slope influences the amount of surface runoff and in
filtration. Flat areas in low elevation may flood quicker than areas in higher elevation
with a steeper slope.’
Table 6: Classification for Elevation-Slope Union
H M L
H L L M
M L M H
L M H H
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Color code for 3 classes
Color Classification
High
Medium
Low
Select by Attributes
The Select by Attributes dialog box helps to define one or more criteria of the SQL
expression that can consist of attributes, operators, and calculations. It allows user to
handle bundle of data records at once for a particular operation. In this PBL, select by
attributes option was done a major role where necessary in classifications.
Figure below shows the sample SQL query statement for classification of ‘High’ class
in for a Union between Rainfall-Landuse and Elevvation-Slope.. Once the query
statement was completed it needs to be verified before executing it. Successfully
verified statement will select records as commanded in the query.
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Figure 10: SQL Operation
Field calculator
Field calculator is one of the most important attribute operations. Using this operation,
mathematical operations using information in two fields can be easily done for selected
records. Other than mathematical operations this option allows to add different
information easily in to the database.
All the above table operations with other table operations, the complex analysis can be
easily managed in short time period. These operations were very helpful to find
meaningful solution in this PBL
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9.3 A summary of Methods, tools and techniques taught in the associated teaching
module and used in the Analysis
Table 7:Data Layer Types and Preparation
Elevation Map Polygon Clip the DEM to select the area within the
boundary
Reclassify Raster
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10.Results and Summary
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Figure 12: Union of Elevation and Slope
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Figure 13: Union of Rainfall, Landuse, Elevation and Slope
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Figure 14: Final Hazard Map
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Figure 15: Priority In DSD Context
Flood Index =
[3 x (High Risk area) + 2 x (Medium Risk area) + 1 x (Low Risk area)]/ DSD Area
Index is based on DSD area, therefore 5 major DS Divisions were considered for
prioritization.
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10.1 A summary table describing main results achieved when reaching the target
solution
Sl.No Main Results achieved Remarks
Generation of Thiesen Rainfall Class Map Figure 5
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10.2 A Summary table connecting the specific objectives and associated outputs
mentioned in the objectives section.
No Objective/Specific Objective Output/Outcome Achieved Results
1 Flood risk mapping in Disaster Preparedness and Flood Risk Map which can be
Rathnapura District for Management (Outcome) used for future disaster
Disaster Management management planning
planning.
(Overall Objective)
2 Identification of factors for Development of GIS f(Flood Risk Analysis)
flood risk map based model for the f(Risk)-f(Rainfall, Elevation,
Rathnapura District Slope, Landuse, Proximity to
River)
3 Develop a conceptual model GIS vector overlay Methodology flow Chart of GIS
and methodology flow chart operations achieving vector overlay operations
identification of flood risk
areas
4 Prepare vector data layers GIS overlay operations District Boundary of Rathnapura
District
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Flood Risk locations of Study
area
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decision taken before completely relying on a desktop analysis. An example is that
because recent flood reports indicated the most affected district to be Rathnapura,
Elapatha and Kuruwita against the ones obtained in this result.
Student’s Responsibilities
A student should discuss with the supervisor right from the start of the PBL about topic
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selection and literature review and make timely visits to assure that the meth ds followed
are in line with the standard approach for GIS application.
11) Flood hazard mapping in lower reach of Kelani River, Sri Lanka. Available from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228772034_Flood_hazard_mapping_in_lower_reach_o
f_Kelani_River_Sri_Lanka [accessed Nov 01 2017].
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