Sie sind auf Seite 1von 11

ɂɋɉɈɅɖɁɈȼȺɇɂȿȾȼɍəɁɕɑɇɕɏɋɅɈȼȺɊȿɃ

ɂɄɈɆɆȿɇɌȺɊɂȿȼɉɊȿɉɈȾȺȼȺɌȿɅȿɃ
ȼɉȿɊȿȼɈȾɇɕɏɁȺȾȺɇɂəɏȼɐȿɅəɏɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə
ɋɅɈȼȺɊɇɈȽɈɁȺɉȺɋȺȺɇȽɅɂɃɋɄɈȽɈ
ɄȺɄȼɌɈɊɈȽɈəɁɕɄȺ

Ɍȼɋɬɨɤɢɱȼɉɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ

ɉɚɧȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ©ȺɉȿɃɊɈɇªɞɥɹɦɧɨɝɨɩɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɯɢ
ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣɎɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɧɚɭɤɭɥȼɨɟɜɨɞɵ
ɉɟɪɵɄɪɟɱɢɞɨɦȻɚɧɹɅɭɤɚȻɨɫɧɢɹɢȽɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɚ
ȻɟɥɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɣɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɎɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɭɥɋɬɭɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶȻɟɥɝɪɚɞɊɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɋɟɪɛɢɹ

 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹɡɚɞɚɱɚɪɚɛɨɬɵíɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶɨɬɜɟɬɧɚɜɨɩɪɨɫ
ɤɚɤɨɣɨɛɴɺɦɧɨɜɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɚɪɧɨɝɨɡɚɩɚɫɚɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵɦɨɝɭɬɜɵɭɱɢɬɶɢ
ɡɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɶɜɫɜɨɢɯɡɚɞɚɧɢɹɯɧɚɩɟɪɟɜɨɞȼɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣɪɚɛɨɬɟɛɵɥ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɣɦɟɬɨɞȾɥɹɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵɢɡɭɱɚɸɳɢɟɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɣɹɡɵɤɤɚɤɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɣ ()/ ɧɚ
Ɏɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɟɛɵɥɢɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵɧɚɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɢɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɭɸɝɪɭɩɩɵɐɟɥɶɚɜɬɨɪɨɜɫɬɚɬɶɢ±ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶɷɮɮɟɤɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɞɜɭɹɡɵɱɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɚɪɹɢɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɟɜɩɪɟ-
ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣɜɡɚɞɚɧɢɹɯɧɚɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯɞɥɹɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɫɥɨɜɚɪɧɨɝɨɡɚɩɚɫɚ()/ȼɵɜɨɞɵɞɚɧɧɨɝɨɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɞɜɭɹɡɵɱɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɜɚɪɹɚɬɚɤɠɟɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɟɜɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣɞɚɸɬ
ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹɪɚɧɟɟɧɟ-
ɡɧɚɤɨɦɨɣɥɢɛɨɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɨɣɥɟɤɫɢɤɢ

Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɞɜɭɹɡɵɱɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɟɜ


ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɚɫɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ
ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ


,QWURGXFWLRQ
,Q WKH SURFHVV RI OHDUQLQJ D VHFRQG ODQJXDJH /  DOO OHDUQ
HUVQHHGWRSRVVHVVDZLGHUDQJHRIZRUGNQRZOHGJHJRRGOH[LFDO
FRPSHWHQFH DQG H[WHQVLYH NQRZOHGJH RI / YRFDEXODU\$ ZHOO
GHYHORSHGNQRZOHGJHRI/YRFDEXODU\DVVLVWVOHDUQHUVWRFRPSUH
KHQGFRPPXQLFDWHDQGEHVXFFHVVIXOLQODQJXDJHDFTXLVLWLRQ
³:RUGVDUHWKHEDVLVRIODQJXDJHDQGWKXVWKHEDVLVRIFRP
PXQLFDWLRQ:LWKRXWZRUGVLWLVSRVVLEOHWRNQRZHYHU\WKLQJDERXW
WKH JUDPPDWLFDO VWUXFWXUH RI D ODQJXDJH EXW \HW WR EH XQDEOH WR
PDNHDVLQJOHXWWHUDQFH´>@.QRZLQJWKHXVHRIDZRUGPHDQVQRW
MXVWNQRZLQJKRZLWLVGH¿QHGLQWKHGLFWLRQDU\EXWKRZLWUHODWHV
WRDOOWKHRWKHUZRUGVLQWKHODQJXDJHDQGKRZDQGZKHQLWPD\
EHXVHGLQVHQWHQFHV7KHODQJXDJHXVHUV³UHO\RQDODUJHVWRFNRI
ZRUGVZKHQWKH\FRPPXQLFDWH´>@0F&DUWK\REVHUYHGWKDW³YR
FDEXODU\ IRUPV WKH ELJJHVW SDUW RI WKH PHDQLQJ RI DQ\ ODQJXDJH
DQGYRFDEXODU\LVWKHELJJHVWSUREOHPIRUPRVWOHDUQHUV´LQWHUPV
RIOHDUQLQJDQGDFWLYHODQJXDJHXVH>@
)XUWKHUPRUHHDUOLHUUHVHDUFKRQOH[LFDODFTXLVLWLRQLQGLFDWHG
WKDWYRFDEXODU\OHDUQLQJLV³WKH¿UVWVWHSLQWKHDFTXLVLWLRQSURFHVV
DQGFRQWLQXHVWKURXJKRXWWKHOLIHVSDQ´DQGWKDWWKHDFTXLVLWLRQRI
V\QWD[DQGJUDPPDWLFDOUXOHVFRPHVFRQVHTXHQWO\DWDODWHUVWDJH
WR EH DFTXLUHG E\ DSSUR[LPDWHO\ DW WKH DJH RI SXEHUW\ RU WKHUHD
ERXWV>@

'LFWLRQDU\8VHLQ/OHDUQLQJ
'LFWLRQDU\LVDQLPSRUWDQWVRXUFHRILQIRUPDWLRQZKLFKGRHV
QRW RQO\ KDYH WKH ZRUGV RI WKH VRXUFH ODQJXDJH /  DQG WKHLU
PHDQLQJEXWWKHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHVSHFL¿F¿HOGRILQWHUHVW$
YDVWQXPEHURIGLFWLRQDULHVDQGVRPHRWKHUVRXUFHRILQIRUPDWLRQ
DUHHQRUPRXVDQGWKHVWXGHQWVDUHWRSRVVHVVFHUWDLQVNLOOVLQRUGHU
WRFKRRVHDQDGHTXDWHGLFWLRQDU\
'LFWLRQDULHV DUH WKH PRVW DFFHVVLEOH WKH PRVW XVHG DQG WKH
FKHDSHVWVRXUFHRILQIRUPDWLRQDQGNQRZOHGJH>@7KH\DUHWKH
SULPDU\VRXUFHRIOH[LFDOLQIRUPDWLRQIRUWKHODUJHVWQXPEHURIVWX
GHQWVDQGWKH\KDYHWKHLUPXOWLSOHXVHGHFRGLQJWKHPHDQLQJIRU
WKHSXUSRVHRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJ ZKLOHUHDGLQJRUOLVWHQLQJ GHFRG
LQJWKHPHDQLQJIRUWKHSXUSRVHRIZULWLQJDQGWUDQVODWLRQDQGIRU
WKHSXUSRVHRIGHOLEHUDWHDFTXLVLWLRQRIWKHQHZYRFDEXODU\>S
@


:KHQOHDUQHUVFRPHXSRQDQXQNQRZQZRUGWKDWWKH\FDQQRW
LQIHUIURPWKHFRQWH[WWKH\FDQHLWKHULJQRUHWKHZRUGRUFRQVXOW
D GLFWLRQDU\:KLOH LW LV RIWHQ VWDWHG WKDW WKH OHDUQHUV WHQG WR GH
SHQGRQGLFWLRQDU\XVHH[FHVVLYHO\UHVHDUFKVKRZVWKDWOHDUQHUV¶
VWUDWHJ\ XVH YDULHV GHSHQGLQJ RQ D QXPEHU RI YDULDEOHV > S
±@
'LFWLRQDULHVSURYLGHOHDUQHUVZLWKXVHIXOOLQJXLVWLFDQGFXOWXU
DOLQIRUPDWLRQHVSHFLDOO\ZKHQWHDFKHUVDUHXQDYDLODEOHDQGOHDUQ
HUVDUHUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHLURZQOHDUQLQJ>S@
)XUWKHUPRUH GLFWLRQDULHV RIWHQ VXSSO\ LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH
ODQJXDJH QRW IRXQG HOVHZKHUH 7KH\ GHDO ZLWK JUDPPDU XVDJH
VWDWXV V\QRQ\P GLVFULPLQDWLRQ DSSOLFDWLRQ RI GHULYDWLYH DI¿[HV
DQGGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQVSRNHQDQGZULWWHQRUJHQHUDOO\WUHDWHGLQ
WH[WERRNVHYHQLQDUXGLPHQWDU\IDVKLRQ>S@
$WSUHVHQWWKHPDMRULW\RIWKHUHVHDUFKVWXGLHVUHODWHGWRGLF
WLRQDU\ XVH KDYH IRFXVHG RQ LWV UHODWLRQVKLS WR / UHDGLQJ VXFK
DVWKHXVHRIELOLQJXDORUPRQROLQJXDOGLFWLRQDULHVGLFWLRQDU\XVH
YHUVXV JORVVDULHV DQG WKH LPSDFW RI GLFWLRQDU\ XVH RQ WKH OHDUQ
HUV¶UHDGLQJSURFHVV:LWKLQWKHUHDOPRI/WUDQVODWLRQWKLVDUWLFOH
H[SORUHVLVVXHVRIGLFWLRQDU\XVHLQUHODWLRQWRWUDQVODWLRQIURP/
LQWR/

6WXGLHVRI'LFWLRQDU\8VH
$ QXPEHU RI VWXGLHV KDYH EHHQ FRQGXFWHG LQ UHJDUG WR WKH
XVHRIGLFWLRQDULHVLQ()/ODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJ6HYHUDOUHVHDUFK
HUVKDYHLQFOXGHGGLFWLRQDU\XVHDVDQLPSRUWDQWOHDUQLQJVWUDWHJ\
>@6FKPLWWFRQVLGHUVGLFWLRQDU\XVHDVDFRJQLWLYHVWUDWHJ\WKDW
RFFXUV LQ FRQMXQFWLRQ ZLWK JXHVVLQJ DQG QRWHWDNLQJ VWUDWHJLHV
>@6LPLODUO\1DWLRQ¶VGLYLVLRQRIVWUDWHJLHVGHVFULEHVGLFWLRQ
DU\XVHDVDVRXUFHVWUDWHJ\WKDWSURYLGHVLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWDVSH
FL¿FLWHP
)XUWKHUPRUHVWXGLHVRQWKHXVHRIYRFDEXODU\VWUDWHJLHVKDYH
UHYHDOHGWKDWDFWLYHVWUDWHJ\XVHUVDUHPRUHVXFFHVVIXOYRFDEXODU\
OHDUQHUVWKDQWKRVHOHDUQHUVZLWKDSRRUNQRZOHGJHRIVWUDWHJ\XVH
HPSKDVL]LQJ WKH QHHG WR SURYLGH OHDUQHUV ZLWK FRQVFLRXV VWUDWH
JLHV>@0RUHRYHUPRVWVWXGLHVFRQGXFWHGRQWKHXVHRIGLFWLRQDU
LHVDVDYRFDEXODU\OHDUQLQJVWUDWHJ\FRQFOXGHWKDWGLFWLRQDU\XVH
KDVDSRVLWLYHLQÀXHQFHRQWKHOHDUQHU¶VDFTXLVLWLRQSURFHVV>S
±@


2QHOLPLWDWLRQLQWKHXVHRIGLFWLRQDU\VWHPVIURPWKHOHDUQHUV¶
LQDELOLW\WRVHSDUDWHOH[LFDODQGVHPDQWLFPHDQLQJ)URPDSV\FKR
ORJLFDOSHUVSHFWLYHDV9\JRWVN\QRWHGWKHPLQGLVUHODWHGWRWKH
VRFLDOFRQWH[WDQGVLQFHODQJXDJHLVUHODWHGWRWKHPLQGODQJXDJH
FRQVHTXHQWO\GHSHQGVRQWKHVRFLDOFRQWH[W>@6RPHVWXGLHVLQ
GLFDWH WKDW VHPDQWLF GHYHORSPHQW LV D VORZ SURFHVV LQ ZKLFK /
OHDUQHUVOHDUQDZRUGDWWKHOH[LFDOOHYHODQGWKHQDWWKHVHPDQWLF
OHYHO +HQFH / OHDUQHUV QHHG WR KDYH DQ LGHD RI WKH IRUP DQG
PHDQLQJRIWKHZRUGLQWKHLU/LQRUGHUWR¿QGLWVHTXLYDOHQWLQ
/LQDGLFWLRQDU\7KXVDOHDUQHU¶VVSHFL¿FVWDJHRIGHYHORSPHQW
LQÀXHQFHVWKHW\SHVRIVWUDWHJLHVXVHGZKHQORRNLQJXSZRUGVDW
D ORZHU OHYHO RI GHYHORSPHQW D OHDUQHU ZLOO RQO\ EH DEOH WR DS
SO\DOH[LFDOVWUDWHJ\ZKHUHDVDWDPRUHDGYDQFHGOHYHODOHDUQHU
ZLOOHQJDJHLQVHPDQWLFORRNXSVWUDWHJLHV>S±@'LIIHUHQW
VWDJHV RI GHYHORSPHQW DOVR PDNH FHUWDLQ JUDPPDWLFDO FDWHJRULHV
PRUHGLI¿FXOWWRDFTXLUH>S@
$SDUWIURP/SUR¿FLHQF\OLPLWDWLRQVFHUWDLQOHDUQHUVDUHXQ
DEOH WR SHUIRUP D VXFFHVVIXO VHDUFK GXH WR WKHLU LQDELOLW\ WR XVH
WKHGLFWLRQDU\FRUUHFWO\'LFWLRQDU\XVHUVPD\EHQH¿WIURPXVLQJ
HI¿FLHQWGLFWLRQDU\VWUDWHJLHV>@DWWHQGLQJWRDOOWKHLQIRUPDWLRQ
LQ DQ HQWU\ EHIRUH PDNLQJ FRQFOXVLRQV DERXW WKH PHDQLQJ RI WKH
ZRUG>S@ZRUNLQJZLWKDFWLYLWLHVLQZKLFKYRFDEXODU\
LVSUDFWLFHGLQYDULRXVFRQWH[WV>@DQGIURPEHLQJLQVWUXFWHGQRW
WRWDNHWKH¿UVWZRUGWKDWDSSHDUVLQWKHHQWU\LQWKHGLFWLRQDU\VR
DVWRUHGXFHWKHQRWLRQRIDRQHWRRQHHTXLYDOHQF\EHWZHHQWKHLU
/DQG/>S@
2QHVWXG\WKDWKDVGLUHFWO\WDFNOHGWKHLVVXHRIWKHGLFWLRQDU\
XVHLQWKHFRQWH[WRI()/ZULWLQJLV&KULVWLDQVRQ  ZKRVHIR
FXVZDVRQXQVXFFHVVIXOGLFWLRQDU\XVH³WREHWWHUXQGHUVWDQGZKDW
KDSSHQVZKHQIRURQHUHDVRQRUDQRWKHU³FRPPXQLFDWLRQFRQÀLFWV´
RFFXUGHVSLWHGLFWLRQDU\XVH´>S@+LVDQDO\VLVLQFOXGHG
WKHLGHQWL¿FDWLRQDQGFODVVL¿FDWLRQRIZRUGVWKDWKDGEHHQORRNHG
XSLQDGLFWLRQDU\DQGVXEVHTXHQWO\XVHGLQZULWLQJ&KULVWLDQVRQ
  IRXQG WKDW VRPH RI WKH HUURUV KLV SDUWLFLSDQWV FRPPLWWHG
DIWHUDGLFWLRQDU\XVHZHUHGXHWRWKHGLFWLRQDU\ HJODFNRIFRO
ORFDWLRQLQIRUPDWLRQRUH[DPSOHVHQWHQFHV DQGVRPHZHUHFDXVHG
E\ODFNRIUHIHUHQFHVNLOOVRUWKHDELOLW\RIWKHGLFWLRQDU\XVHUWR
¿QGWKHLQIRUPDWLRQEHLQJVRXJKW


0HWKRGRI6WXG\
7KLV UHVHDUFK LV DLPHG DW H[DPLQLQJ WKH HIIHFWV RI ELOLQJXDO
GLFWLRQDU\ XVH DQG WHDFKHU IHHGEDFN LQ WUDQVODWLRQ WDVNV RQ ()/
YRFDEXODU\GHYHORSPHQW
7KHUHVHDUFKZDVFRQGXFWHGDPRQJWKHWKLUG\HDUXQGHUJUDGX
DWHVWXGHQWVLQWKHZLQWHUVHPHVWHUWKHVFKRRO\HDUDW
)DFXOW\RI3KLORORJ\6ORERPLU%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQD7KHWR
WDO QXPEHU RI VWXGHQWV ZDV   JLUOV RU  DQG  PHQ
RU 7KHODQJXDJHSUR¿FLHQF\RIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVZDVRE
WDLQHGXVLQJ&DPEULGJH3ODFHPHQW7HVW7KHLUWUDQVODWLRQFRPSH
WHQFHZDVWHVWHGWRR
)RUWKHSXUSRVHRIUHVHDUFKWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVZHUHGLYLGHGLQWR
WZRJURXSVWKHH[SHULPHQWDOFRQVLVWLQJRIRU JLUOV
RUDQGPHQRU DQGWKHFRQWUROJURXSFRQVLVW
LQJ RI  VWXGHQWV RU   JLUOV RU  DQG  PHQ RU
 
7KHQXPEHURIIHPDOHDQGPDOHVWXGHQWVFRXOGQHYHUEHHTXDO
GXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWDVPDOOHUJURXSRIPDOHVWXGHQWVWHQGVWRVWXG\
IRUHLJQODQJXDJHV
+DYLQJFRPSOHWHGWKHSODFHPHQWWHVWERWKJURXSVKDGVWX
GHQWVDW&RUDGYDQFHGOHYHO RIWRWDOQXPEHURIVWXGHQWV
LQWKHH[SHULPHQWDODQGLQWKHFRQWUROJURXS VWXGHQWV
EHLQJDW%RUXSSHULQWHUPHGLDWHOHYHOLQERWKJURXSV LQ
WKHH[SHULPHQWDODQGLQWKHFRQWUROJURXS VWXGHQWVDW
%% RU LQWHUPHGLDWH OHYHO  LQ WKH H[SHULPHQWDO  DQG 
VWXGHQWV   LQ FRQWURO JURXS  DQG  VWXGHQWV DW$% RU
SUHLQWHUPHGLDWHOHYHO LQWKHH[SHULPHQWDODQGLQ
WKHFRQWUROJURXS 
7KH PDLQ GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH H[SHULPHQWDO DQG FRQWURO
JURXS ZDV WKH ODFN RI WKH LQWHQVLYH JUDPPDU LQVWUXFWLRQV LQ WKH
FRQWUROJURXSDQGWKHWHDFKHUGLGQRWH[SODLQWKHPLVWDNHVWKHVWX
GHQWVPDGHLQWKHLUWUDQVODWLRQWDVNV
2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHH[SHULPHQWDOJURXSKDGVRPHDGGLWLRQDO
H[SOLFLWJUDPPDUOHVVRQVZKHUHWKH\H[SOLFLWO\GLGWKHIROORZLQJ
ZRUG FODVVHV QRXQ SKUDVH YHUEDO SKUDVH DGYHUELDO SKUDVH WKH
ZRUGRUGHUVHTXHQFHRIWHQVHVDQGVHQWHQFHW\SHV
'XULQJWKHWHVWWKHUHZHUHWKUHHGLIIHUHQWSKDVHV,QWKHLQLWLDO
SKDVH RI WHVWLQJ WUDQVODWLRQ FRPSHWHQFH ERWK JURXSV JRW D EODQN
VKHHW RI SDSHU DQG WKH\ KDG WR GR WUDQVODWLRQ IURP (QJOLVK LQWR


6HUELDQ7KHWH[WFRQVLVWHGRIZRUGV7KHVWXGHQWVZHUHWROG
WR XVH WKH GLFWLRQDU\ ZKHUH QHFHVVDU\ 7KHUH ZHUH QR PDUNV IRU
WKLVWHVW+RZHYHUWKHSRLQWVZHUHJLYHQWRWKHVWXGHQWV7KHVWX
GHQWVZHUHDOVRWRXQGHUOLQHWKHXQNQRZQZRUGVLQWKHWH[WZKRVH
PHDQLQJWKH\KDGWRORRNXSLQWKHGLFWLRQDU\7KH\ZHUHJLYHQ
PLQXWHVWR¿QLVKWKHWUDQVODWLRQ
'XULQJWKHLQWHUPHGLDWHSKDVHDOOWKHVWXGHQWVJRWWKHWDVNWR
FRUUHFWWKHLUPLVWDNHVRQWKHYHU\SLHFHRISDSHUDQGWRUHZULWHLW
7KH VWXGHQWV KDG WKHLU VHFRQG WHVWLQJ $OO WKH VWXGHQWV XVHG WKH
GLFWLRQDULHVDQGJRWDEODQNVKHHWRISDSHU7KHH[SHULPHQWDOJURXS
ZDVUHTXHVWHGWRUHFDOOWKHLUSUHYLRXVWUDQVODWLRQDQGLWVFRUUHFWHG
YHUVLRQ 7KH IROORZLQJ VWHS ZDV WR UHZULWH WKH WUDQVODWLRQ XVLQJ
WKHGLFWLRQDU\ZKHUHQHFHVVDU\7KHFRQWUROJURXSZDVUHTXHVWHG
WRGRWKHWUDQVODWLRQZLWKWKHKHOSRIWKHGLFWLRQDU\ZLWKRXWWKHLU
SUHYLRXV WUDQVODWLRQ 7KH\ JRW WKHLU WUDQVODWLRQV EHIRUH ZLWK QR
WHDFKHU¶VH[SODQDWLRQVRUFRUUHFWLRQV7KHPD[LPXPWLPHZDVVWLOO
PLQXWHV1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHVWXGHQWVQHHGHGOHVVWLPH
,QWKH¿QDOSKDVHERWKJURXSVJRWWKHVDPHWUDQVODWLRQIRUWKH
WKLUGWLPHZLWKQRSULRUQRWL¿FDWLRQ7KHVWXGHQWVFRXOGQRWXVHWKH
GLFWLRQDU\WKLVWLPH

5HVXOWV
&RQVLGHULQJ WKH VWXGHQW¶V DFTXLVLWLRQ DQG FRPSUHKHQVLRQ RI
WKH(QJOLVKODQJXDJHNQRZOHGJHWKH¿QGLQJVLQWKLVVWXG\VXJJHVW
IHZDVSHFWV)LUVWRIDOOWKHUHZDVDJUHDWQXPEHURIPDUNHGZRUGV
WKHVWXGHQWVORRNHGXSLQWKHLQLWLDOSKDVHRIWUDQVODWLRQ
6HFRQGO\LQWKHLQWHUPHGLDWHSKDVHWKHQXPEHURIWKHSUHYL
RXVO\ XQGHUOLQHG ZRUGV LQ WUDQVODWLRQV ZDV QRZ VPDOOHU DQG HYL
GHQWO\ WKHUH ZDV OHVV XVH RI GLFWLRQDU\ 2Q WKH DYHUDJH WKH VWX
GHQWVPDGHDFRQVFLRXVKXJHDWWHPSWWRXWLOL]HWKHQHZZRUGVDQG
H[SUHVVLRQVZKHQGRLQJWKHVDPHWUDQVODWLRQ,QRWKHUZRUGVPDQ\
VWXGHQWV ZLWK SDVVLYH YRFDEXODU\ NQRZOHGJH XVHG WKH GLFWLRQDU\
WRLQFUHDVHWKHLUFRYHUDJHZKLOHPDQ\RIWKHVWXGHQWVZLWKDFWLYH
YRFDEXODU\NQRZOHGJHXWLOL]HGWKHGLFWLRQDU\OLQNQRWVRRIWHQ
,QWKH¿QDOSKDVHWKHXVHRIWKHGLFWLRQDU\ZDVIRUELGGHQ
&RQVLGHULQJWKHDFTXLVLWLRQRIWKHQHZYRFDEXODU\ZKLOHGRLQJ
WKH WUDQVODWLRQ WKH UHVHDUFK ¿QGLQJV VKRZHG WKDW WKH H[SHULPHQ
WDOJURXSKDGDQHQRUPRXVLPSURYHPHQWFRPSDUHGWRWKHFRQWURO
JURXS (YHQ WKRXJK WKH QXPEHU RI WKH XQGHUOLQHG ZRUGV LQ ERWK


JURXSV ZDV DOPRVW HTXDO DIWHU WKH ¿QDO SKDVH WKH H[SHULPHQWDO
JURXSV KDG PRUH VXFFHVV LQ DFTXLULQJ DQG FRPSUHKHQGLQJ QHZ
ZRUGVDQGKDGDVPDOOHUQXPEHURIPLVWDNHVLQFRPSDULVRQWRWKH
FRQWUROJURXS7KHH[SHULPHQWDOJURXSZDVPRUHSUHFLVHDFFXUDWH
DQGKDGPRUHVHOIFRQ¿GHQFHLQWUDQVODWLRQWDVNVWKDQWKHFRQWURO
JURXS
6XPPDUL]LQJ WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH TXDQWLWDWLYH DVSHFWV RI WKLV
VWXG\LWFDQEHFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHH[SHULPHQWDOJURXSXQGRXEWHGO\
PDGHVRPHSURJUHVV,QWKHLQLWLDOSKDVHLWZDVVOLJKWO\EHWWHUWKDQ
WKHFRQWUROJURXSE\,QWKHLQWHUPHGLDWHSKDVHWKHGLIIHU
HQFHZDVVRPHZKDWELJJHUE\ZKHUHDVLQWKH¿QDOSKDVH
WKH H[SHULPHQWDO JURXS ZDV VXEVWDQWLDOO\ EHWWHU WKDQ WKH FRQWURO
JURXSE\
,QFRQFOXVLRQLWFDQEHVDLGWKDWERWKH[SHULPHQWDODQGFRQWURO
JURXSVDUHEHFRPLQJPRUHVNLOOIXODQGHI¿FLHQWLQWKHSURFHVVRI
YRFDEXODU\DFTXLVLWLRQ1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHVH
WZRLVREYLRXV
$SSDUHQWO\LWWDNHVWLPHWRXWLOL]HWKHQHZO\DFTXLUHGYRFDEX
ODU\ 2QO\ DIWHU D FHUWDLQ QXPEHU RI H[WHQVLYH JUDPPDU OHVVRQV
YRFDEXODU\SUDFWLFHWHDFKHUIHHGEDFNDQGFRQVWDQWUHSHWLWLRQWKH
UHFHSWLYHYRFDEXODU\EHFRPHVSURGXFWLYH7KHUHIRUHLWFDQEHVXF
FHVVIXOO\XVHG7KHODFNRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJDQGWKHDELOLW\WRXWLOL]H
QHZYRFDEXODU\LQWKHFRQWUROJURXSFRXOGEHWKHDQVZHUWRDELW
ZRUVHUHVHDUFKUHVXOWV
7KH IHHGEDFN WUHDWPHQW JURXS RU WKH H[SHULPHQWDO JURXS
OHDUQHGHIIHFWLYHO\IURPWHDFKHUFRUUHFWLYHIHHGEDFNLQLGHQWLI\LQJ
W\SHVRIHUURUVDQGDSSURSULDWHO\UHDFWHGE\LQFRUSRUDWLQJWHDFKHU
IHHGEDFNLQVXEVHTXHQWUHYLVHGGUDIWVDQGE\DSSO\LQJUXOHVWKH\
OHDUQHGIURPLWLQFOXGLQJH[SOLFLWFRUUHFWLYHFRPPHQWVRQJUDP
PDWLFDORUOLQJXLVWLFUXOHVLQWUDQVODWLQJ
7KHUHVXOWVRIWKLVVWXG\SURYLGHHPSLULFDOHYLGHQFHWKDWYR
FDEXODU\DFTXLVLWLRQDQGWKHUHGXFWLRQRIHUURUVLQVWXGHQWV¶WUDQVOD
WLRQZDVLQIDFWDUHVXOWRIOHDUQLQJIURPWHDFKHUIHHGEDFNWKDWWKH\
UHFHLYHGDQGWKH\DSSOLHGLQWKHLUUHYLVLRQDFWLYLWLHV7KHUHIRUHWKH
¿QGLQJVRIWKLVVWXG\DUHLQVXSSRUWRIWHDFKHUFRUUHFWLYHIHHGEDFN
FRQ¿UPLQJWKDWFRUUHFWLYHIHHGEDFNFDQEHHIIHFWLYHLQLPSURYLQJ
VWXGHQWV¶WUDQVODWLRQDFFXUDF\LQ()/FRQWH[WQRWRQO\LQUHYLVLQJ
VXEVHTXHQWGUDIWVEXWDOVRLQQHZWUDQVODWLRQWDVNV


&RQFOXVLRQ
7KLVUHVHDUFKLVDLPHGDWVKRZLQJWKDWERWKELOLQJXDOGLFWLRQ
DU\XVHDQGWHDFKHUIHHGEDFNGRSURGXFHSRVLWLYHUHVXOWVLQWHUPV
RIUHWHQWLRQRISUHYLRXVO\XQNQRZQRUSDUWLDOO\NQRZQYRFDEXODU\
7KHUHVXOWVRIWKLVVWXG\VKRZHGWKDWGLFWLRQDU\SOD\VDQLP
SRUWDQWUROHLQYRFDEXODU\DFTXLVLWLRQLQ()/WUDQVODWLRQV2QWKH
ZKROHWKHUROHRIGLFWLRQDU\LQ()/OHDUQLQJDVVRXUFHVRIZRUGV
DQG LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW ZRUGV LV LUUHSODFHDEOH DQG XQHTXDO 7KH\
DUH HIIHFWLYH WRROV LQ WKH KDQGV RI ()/ OHDUQHU WR WDNH FRQWURO RI
WKHLUOHDUQLQJDQGWREHWWHUDFTXLUHDQGSURGXFHQHZODQJXDJH
$VWKHUHVXOWVRIWKLVVWXG\UHYHDOHGWHDFKHUFRUUHFWLYHIHHG
EDFN WRJHWKHU ZLWK ZULWWHQ FRUUHFWLYH IHHGEDFN ZLWK H[SOLFLW FRU
UHFWLYH FRPPHQWV LV EHQH¿FLDO IRU VWXGHQWV¶ OHDUQLQJ YRFDEXODU\
DFTXLVLWLRQDQGYHU\HIIHFWLYHLQUHGXFLQJVWXGHQWV¶HUURUV

ɋɩɢɫɨɤɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
 %DUEH./HDUQLQJWRXVHELOLQJXDOGLFWLRQDULHVVXFFHVVIXOO\7HDFKLQJ
*HUPDQɋ
 %HQVRXVDQ06LP'DQG:HLVV57KHHIIHFWVRIGLFWLRQDU\XVDJHRQ()/
WHVWSHUIRUPDQFHFRPSDUHGZLWKVWXGHQWDQGWHDFKHUDWWLWXGHV H[SHFWD
WLRQV5HDGLQJLQD)RUHLJQ/DQJXDJHɋ
 %RZHQ7 0DUNV-,QVLGH7HDFKLQJ2SWLRQVIRU(QJOLVK/DQJXDJH
7HDFKHUV2[IRUG0DFPLOODQ+HLQHPDQQ
 %UXWRQ$ %URFD$'LFWLRQDU\XVHDQGIHHGEDFNLQFRPSRVLWLRQZULW
LQJDQGOHDUQLQJ,Q-)LOHG$*UDKDP(*ULI¿WKVDQG.+HDG (GV 
7HDFKHUV¶'HYHORS7HDFKHUV5HVHDUFK,,:KLWVWDEH8.,$7()/
ɋ
 &KRPVN\1$VSHFWVRIWKH7KHRU\RI6\QWD[&DPEULGJH0$7KH0,7
3UHVV
 &KULVWLDQVRQ.'LFWLRQDU\XVHE\()/ZULWHUV:KDWUHDOO\KDSSHQV
-RXUQDORI6HFRQG/DQJXDJH:ULWLQJɋ
 &ODUN(/DQJXDJH$FTXLVLWLRQ7KH/H[LFRQDQG6\QWD[,Q(YH&ODUN HG 
6SHHFK/DQJXDJHDQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQ/RQGRQ$FDGHPLF3UHVV
 (OOLV56HFRQG/DQJXDJH$FTXLVLWLRQDQG/DQJXDJH3HGDJRJ\&OHYHGRQ
0XOWLOLQJXDO0DWWHUV/WG
 *RQ]DOHV2%XLOGLQJYRFDEXODU\'LFWLRQDU\FRQVXOWDWLRQDQG(6/VWX
GHQW-RXUQDORI$GROHVFHQWDQG$GXOW/LWHUDF\ɋ
 *UDYHV07KHUROHVRILQVWUXFWLRQLQIRVWHULQJYRFDEXODU\GHYHORSPHQW
,Q0*0F.RHZQ
 +XOVWLMLQ-+:KHQGRIRUHLJQODQJXDJHUHDGHUVORRNXSWKHPHDQLQJ
RIXQIDPLOLDUZRUGV"7KHLQÀXHQFHRIWDVNDQGOHDUQHUYDULDEOHV7KH
0RGHUQ/DQJXDJH-RXUQDOɋ±


 /DXIHU%7KHOH[LFDOSOLJKWLQVHFRQGODQJXDJHUHDGLQJ:RUGV\RXGRQ¶W
NQRZZRUGV\RXWKLQN\RXNQRZDQGZRUGV\RXFDQ¶WJXHVV,Q-&RDG\
7+XFNLQ (GV 6HFRQG/DQJXDJH9RFDEXODU\$FTXLVLWLRQ1HZ
<RUN1<&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVɋ
 /DXIHU% +DGDU/$VVHVVLQJWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIPRQROLQJXDOELOLQ
JXDODQG³ELOLQJXDOL]HG´GLFWLRQDULHVLQWKHFRPSUHKHQVLRQDQGSURGXFWLRQ
RIQHZZRUGV7KH0RGHUQ/DQJXDJH-RXUQDOɋ
 0F&DUWK\09RFDEXODU\2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
 1DWLRQ,63/HDUQLQJYRFDEXODU\LQDQRWKHUODQJXDJH&DPEULGJH
(QJODQG&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
 2[IRUG5/DQJXDJHOHDUQLQJVW\OHVDQGVWUDWHJLHV,Q0&HOFH0XUFLD
(G 7HDFKLQJ(QJOLVKDVDVHFRQGRUIRUHLJQODQJXDJH UGHG %RVWRQ
0$+HLQOH +HLQOH
 3HWHUV(0DQLSXODWLQJ/OHDUQHUV¶RQOLQHGLFWLRQDU\XVHDQGLWVHIIHFWRQ
/ZRUGUHWHQWLRQ/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ 7HFKQRORJ\ɋ±
 6FKPLWW5$WWHQWLRQ,Q35RELQVRQ (G &RJQLWLRQDQGVHFRQGODQJXDJH
LQVWUXFWLRQ&DPEULGJH(QJODQG&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVɋ
 6FKRO¿HOG38VLQJWKH(QJOLVKGLFWLRQDU\IRUFRPSUHKHQVLRQ7(62/
4XDUWHUO\ɋ
 7UXVFRWW-7KHHIIHFWRIHUURUFRUUHFWLRQRQOHDUQHUV¶DELOLW\WRZULWH
DFFXUDWHO\-RXUQDORI6HFRQG/DQJXDJH:ULWLQJɋ
 9\JRWVNL/60LQGLQ6RFLHW\7KH'HYHORSPHQWLQKLJKHUSV\FKRORJLFDO
SURFHVVHV&DPEULGJH8QLYHULVW\3UHVV
 :DO]-7KHGLFWLRQDU\DVD6HFRQGDU\6RXUFHLQ/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ7KH
)UHQFKUHYLHZ  ɋ
 :ULJKW-'LFWLRQDULHV5HVRXUFHERRNVIRUWHDFKHUV2[IRUG2[IRUG
8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

Ɉɛɚɜɬɨɪɟ
Ɍɢɹɧɚȼɚɫɢɥɟɜɢɱɋɬɨɤɢɱíɞɨɤɬɨɪɮɢɥɨɥɧɚɭɤɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢ
ɱɟɫɤɢɯɧɚɭɤɇɚɭɱɧɚɹɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɚɹɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɤɚ
(PDLOWLMDQDGYDVLOMHYLFVWRNLF#DSHLURQHGXHX
ȼɟɫɧɚɉɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ±ɞɨɤɬɨɪɮɢɥɨɥɧɚɭɤȻɟɥɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɣɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɇɚɭɱ
ɧɚɹɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɚɹɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɤɚ
(PDLOSRORYLQDY#JPDLOFRP

7+(())(&762)%,/,1*8$/',&7,21$5<86(
$1'7($&+(5)(('%$&.,175$16/$7,217$6.6
21(1*/,6+$6$6(&21'/$1*8$*(92&$%8/$5<
'(9(/230(17
796WRNLF93RORYLQD

3DQ(XURSHDQ8QLYHUVLW\³$3(,521³IRU0XOWLGLVFLSOLQH 9LUWXDO6WXG
LHV)DFXOW\RI3KLORORJ\9RMYRGH3HUH.UHFH%DQMD/XND%RVQLD
DQG+HU]HJRYLQD

8QLYHUVLW\RI%HOJUDGH)DFXOW\RI3KLORORJ\6WXGHQWVNLWUJ
%HOJUDGH6HUELD

$EVWUDFW7KLVVWXG\DWWHPSWVWRDQVZHUWKHTXHVWLRQKRZPXFKQHZYR-
FDEXODU\VWXGHQWVFDQOHDUQDQGUHWDLQIURPWKHLUWUDQVODWLRQWDVNV,QWKLV
VWXG\()/VWXGHQWVDW)DFXOW\RI3KLORORJ\DUHGLYLGHGLQWRWKHH[SHULPHQWDO
DQGFRQWUROJURXS$WWKHLQLWLDOWUDQVODWLRQSKDVHWKHH[SHULPHQWDOJURXSZLOO
EHJLYHQDWUDQVODWLRQWDVNRQWKHLURZQZLWKELOLQJXDOGLFWLRQDU\VXSSRUW,Q
WKHVHFRQGSKDVHWKHVDPHJURXSZLOOEHJLYHQWKHLUFRUUHFWHGWUDQVODWLRQ
7KHQWKH\ZLOOEHDVNHGWRUHZULWHWKHLQLWLDOWUDQVODWLRQZLWKFRUUHFWLRQVXVLQJ
WKHGLFWLRQDU\DQGWKH\ZLOOEHJLYHQIHHGEDFNIURPWKHLUWHDFKHU,QWKHWKLUG
SKDVHWKH\ZLOOEHDVNHGWRWUDQVODWHLWDJDLQEXWWKLVWLPHZLWKQRGLFWLRQDU\
XVH7KHUHZLOOEHQRIHHGEDFNIURPWKHWHDFKHUHLWKHU7KHFRQWUROJURXSZLOO
GRWKHVDPHWUDQVODWLRQWDVNVWKUHHWLPHVEXWZLWKRXWDQ\WHDFKHUIHHGEDFN
7KHDLPRIWKLVSDSHULVWRH[DPLQHWKHHIIHFWVRIELOLQJXDOGLFWLRQDU\XVH
DQGWHDFKHUIHHGEDFNLQWUDQVODWLRQWDVNVRQ()/YRFDEXODU\GHYHORSPHQW
7KHH[SHULPHQWDOPHWKRGZLOOEHXVHGLQWKLVVWXG\7KHH[SHFWHGUHVXOWVRI
WKLVVWXG\ZLOOVKRZWKDWERWKELOLQJXDOGLFWLRQDU\XVHDQGWHDFKHUIHHGEDFN
do produce positive results in terms of retention of previously unknown or
SDUWLDOO\NQRZQYRFDEXODU\

.H\:RUGVELOLQJXDOGLFWLRQDU\WHDFKHUIHHGEDFNYRFDEXODU\GHYHORSPHQW
WUDQVODWLRQWDVNFRUUHFWLRQ

5HIHUHQFHV
 %DUEH./HDUQLQJWRXVHELOLQJXDOGLFWLRQDULHVVXFFHVVIXOO\7HDFKLQJ
*HUPDQɋ
 %HQVRXVDQ06LP'DQG:HLVV57KHHIIHFWVRIGLFWLRQDU\XVDJHRQ()/
WHVWSHUIRUPDQFHFRPSDUHGZLWKVWXGHQWDQGWHDFKHUDWWLWXGHV H[SHFWD
WLRQV5HDGLQJLQD)RUHLJQ/DQJXDJHɋ
 %RZHQ7 0DUNV-,QVLGH7HDFKLQJ2SWLRQVIRU(QJOLVK/DQJXDJH
7HDFKHUV2[IRUG0DFPLOODQ+HLQHPDQQ
 %UXWRQ$ %URFD$'LFWLRQDU\XVHDQGIHHGEDFNLQFRPSRVLWLRQZULW
LQJDQGOHDUQLQJ,Q-)LOHG$*UDKDP(*ULI¿WKVDQG.+HDG (GV 
7HDFKHUV¶'HYHORS7HDFKHUV5HVHDUFK,,:KLWVWDEH8.,$7()/
ɋ
 &KRPVN\1$VSHFWVRIWKH7KHRU\RI6\QWD[&DPEULGJH0$7KH0,7
3UHVV
 &KULVWLDQVRQ.'LFWLRQDU\XVHE\()/ZULWHUV:KDWUHDOO\KDSSHQV
-RXUQDORI6HFRQG/DQJXDJH:ULWLQJɋ
 &ODUN(/DQJXDJH$FTXLVLWLRQ7KH/H[LFRQDQG6\QWD[,Q(YH&ODUN HG 
6SHHFK/DQJXDJHDQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQ/RQGRQ$FDGHPLF3UHVV
 (OOLV56HFRQG/DQJXDJH$FTXLVLWLRQDQG/DQJXDJH3HGDJRJ\&OHYHGRQ
0XOWLOLQJXDO0DWWHUV/WG
 *RQ]DOHV2%XLOGLQJYRFDEXODU\'LFWLRQDU\FRQVXOWDWLRQDQG(6/VWX
GHQW-RXUQDORI$GROHVFHQWDQG$GXOW/LWHUDF\ɋ

 *UDYHV07KHUROHVRILQVWUXFWLRQLQIRVWHULQJYRFDEXODU\GHYHORSPHQW
,Q0*0F.RHZQ
 +XOVWLMLQ-+:KHQGRIRUHLJQODQJXDJHUHDGHUVORRNXSWKHPHDQLQJ
RIXQIDPLOLDUZRUGV"7KHLQÀXHQFHRIWDVNDQGOHDUQHUYDULDEOHV7KH
0RGHUQ/DQJXDJH-RXUQDOɋ±
 /DXIHU%7KHOH[LFDOSOLJKWLQVHFRQGODQJXDJHUHDGLQJ:RUGV\RXGRQ¶W
NQRZZRUGV\RXWKLQN\RXNQRZDQGZRUGV\RXFDQ¶WJXHVV,Q-&RDG\
7+XFNLQ (GV 6HFRQG/DQJXDJH9RFDEXODU\$FTXLVLWLRQ1HZ
<RUN1<&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVɋ
 /DXIHU% +DGDU/$VVHVVLQJWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIPRQROLQJXDOELOLQ
JXDODQG³ELOLQJXDOL]HG´GLFWLRQDULHVLQWKHFRPSUHKHQVLRQDQGSURGXFWLRQ
RIQHZZRUGV7KH0RGHUQ/DQJXDJH-RXUQDOɋ
 0F&DUWK\09RFDEXODU\2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
 1DWLRQ,63/HDUQLQJYRFDEXODU\LQDQRWKHUODQJXDJH&DPEULGJH
(QJODQG&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
 2[IRUG5/DQJXDJHOHDUQLQJVW\OHVDQGVWUDWHJLHV,Q0&HOFH0XUFLD
(G 7HDFKLQJ(QJOLVKDVDVHFRQGRUIRUHLJQODQJXDJH UGHG %RVWRQ
0$+HLQOH +HLQOH
 3HWHUV(0DQLSXODWLQJ/OHDUQHUV¶RQOLQHGLFWLRQDU\XVHDQGLWVHIIHFWRQ
/ZRUGUHWHQWLRQ/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ 7HFKQRORJ\ɋ±
 6FKPLWW5$WWHQWLRQ,Q35RELQVRQ (G &RJQLWLRQDQGVHFRQGODQJXDJH
LQVWUXFWLRQ&DPEULGJH(QJODQG&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVɋ

 6FKRO¿HOG38VLQJWKH(QJOLVKGLFWLRQDU\IRUFRPSUHKHQVLRQ7(62/
4XDUWHUO\ɋ
 7UXVFRWW-7KHHIIHFWRIHUURUFRUUHFWLRQRQOHDUQHUV¶DELOLW\WRZULWH
DFFXUDWHO\-RXUQDORI6HFRQG/DQJXDJH:ULWLQJɋ
 9\JRWVNL/60LQGLQ6RFLHW\7KH'HYHORSPHQWLQKLJKHUSV\FKRORJLFDO
SURFHVVHV&DPEULGJH8QLYHULVW\3UHVV
 :DO]-7KHGLFWLRQDU\DVD6HFRQGDU\6RXUFHLQ/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ7KH
)UHQFKUHYLHZ  ɋ
 :ULJKW-'LFWLRQDULHV5HVRXUFHERRNVIRUWHDFKHUV2[IRUG2[IRUG
8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

$ERXWWKHDXWKRU

9HVQD3RORYLQD±3K'IXOOWLPHSURIHVVRU6KHWHDFKHV$SSOLHG/LQJXLVWLFV
DWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI%HOJUDGH)DFXOW\RI3KLORORJ\'U3RORYLQDKROGVD3K'
IURPWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI%HOJUDGH(PDLOSRORYLQDY#JPDLOFRP
7LMDQD 9DVLOMHYLF 6WRNLF ± 3K'$VVLVWDQW 3URIHVVRU 6KH WHDFKHV 0HWKRG
RORJ\ RI7HDFKLQJ (QJOLVK DV )RUHLJQ /DQJXDJH DW 3DQHXURSHDQ 8QLYHUVLW\
%DQMD/XND%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQD'U9DVLOMHYLF6WRNLFKROGVD3K'IURP
WKH8QLYHUVLW\RI%HOJUDGH(PDLOWLMDQDGYDVLOMHYLFVWRNLF#DSHLURQHGXHX

 



Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen