Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Lecturer: Ir Pan
Group: 2
1
Abstract:
The main aim of this lab work is to find the forces on each joint by the help of engineering
structure by using the method of pin-joint. Based on experimental results, the stress and strain
of each member was calculated. Aim was also to calculate the vertical deflection joint
labelled channel 1.
2
Table of contents Page
1. Abstract 3
2. Objective 3
4. Apparatus 4
5. Method of Experiment 5
8. Discussion 19
9. Conclusion 19
10. Reference 20
11. Appendices 21
3
Objective:
Compare the experimental results with the theoretical values of internal member forces of
each member.
To calculate stress and strain of each member based on the experimental data.
To calculate vertical deflection joint labelled channel 1 using virtual work method.
∑ FX = 0; ∑ FY = 0; ∑ MZ = 0
4
Trusses that are upheld at more than two positions are said to be statically indeterminate, and
the utilization of Newton's Laws alone isn't adequate to decide the member forces. All
together for a truss with pin-connected members to be steady, it must be altogether made out
of triangles. In scientific terms, we have the accompanying fundamental condition for
steadiness:
M +R ≥ 2j
M = total number o f t r u s s m e m b e r s
R = number of reactions
At the point when m = 2j − 3, the truss is said to be statically determinate, in light of the fact
that the (m+3) internal member forces and bolster responses would then be able to be totally
dictated by 2j equilibrium conditions, once we know the outside load sand the geometry of
the truss. Given a specific number of joints, this is the base number of member, as in if any
part is taken out (or bombs), at that point the truss in general fails. While the connection (an)
is important, it isn't adequate for stability, which additionally relies upon the truss geometry,
bolster condition sand the load conveying limit of the members.
A few structures are worked with more than this minimum number of truss members. Those
structures may survive even when a portion of the members fall flat. They are called statically
indeterminate structures, on the grounds that their member forces rely upon the relative
firmness of the members, notwithstanding the harmony condition portrayed.
5
The above figure shows the steel truss structure, where ‘F’ represents the force. Because of
no horizontal forces the moment Ax is 0. The readings for the experiment are taken from the
gauge but for theoretical purpose and the calculations are done by using method of joint and
sections. That is by taking moment at each joint.
Apparatus:
1. Weights
2. Vernier Caliper
3. Apparatus to apply load
4. Truss apparatus
5. Ruler
6. Digital indicator meter
7. The strain force meter input
Method of Experiment:
6
5. Then we need to draw the strain graphs of each force. The experiment is finished at
this point.
Where; Where;
E = Young’s Modulus (Nm-2) F = Force in member (N)
ε = Displayed Strain A = cross section area of the member (m2)
σ = Stress in the member (Nm-2)
σ=Eε
F/A = E ε
F=ExεxA
Length of CH-2= 64 cm
Length of CH-3= 64 cm 64 cm
Length of CH-4= 45 cm
Length of CH-5= 45 cm
Length of CH-6= 45 cm
-Diameter = 1.9 cm
7
Table 1:-
Experimental Values:-
Load(N) Force(N)
M2-CH2 M3-CH3 M4-CH4 M5-CH5 M6-CH6
0N 77.5 69 -3.5 3.5 0
10N 84.5 76 -8 -0.5 -9.5
20N 91.5 83 -13.5 -6 -19.5
30N 98.5 90.5 -19 -12 -29.5
40N 105 97.5 -23.5 -16.5 -39
50N 112.5 104.5 -24 -16.5 -49
8
∑ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎 ;
∑ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎 ;
∑𝑴 = 𝟎 ;
-Load 10 N
-Load 20 N
9
Finding the reaction forces at C
-Load 30 N
10
-Load 40 N
-Load 50 N
11
Ay = 25N
Table 2:-
Comparing the experimental and theoretical data in terms of internal forces of
all the elements:-
Load(N) Force(N)
M2 M3 M4 M5 M6
10N -7.07 -7.07 5 5 10
20N -14.14 -14.14 10 10 20
30N -21.21 -21.21 15 15 30
40N -28.28 -28.28 20 20 40
50N -35.36 -35.36 25 25 50
For M2
12
Percentage error = Total Avg of slope theoretical – Total Avg of slope experimenta1x 100
Total Average of Slope theoretical
For M3
Percentage error = Total Avg of slope theoretical – Total Avg of slope experimenta1x 100
Total Average of Slope theoretical
= 76.51%
For M4
Percentage error = Total Avg of slope theoretical – Total Avg of slope experimenta1x 100
Total Average of Slope theoretical
For M5
Percentage error = Total Avg of slope theoretical – Total Avg of slope experimenta1x 100
Total Average of Slope theoretical
For M6
Percentage error = Total Avg of slope theoretical – Total Avg of slope experimenta1x 100
Total Average of Slope theoretical
13
(146.5/5)
= 2.39%
comparing the experimental and theoretical data in terms of internal forces of each
element.
𝐹𝑂𝑅𝐶𝐸 𝑃
Stress = =
𝐴𝑅𝐸𝐴 𝐴
𝜋𝐷2 (𝜋)(19)2
Area = 𝜋𝑟 2 = = = 283.53 𝑚𝑚2 = 0.00028353 𝑚2
4 4
The unit for stress is calculated by N/m2
For 10 N loads:
84.5
For M2: α =0.00028353 = 298.028×103 N
76
For M3: α =0.00028353 = 268.049×103 N
8
For M4: α =0.00028353 = 28.215×103 N
0.5
For M5: α =0.00028353 = 1.763×103 N
9.5
For M6: α =0.00028353 = 33.506×103 N
For 20 N loads:
91.5
For M2: α= = 322.717×103 N
0.00028353
83
For M3: α= = 292.737×103 N
0.00028353
13.5
For M4: α= = 47.614×103 N
0.00028353
6
For M5: α= = 21.162×103 N
0.00028353
19.5
For M6: α= = 68.776×103 N
0.00028353
14
For 30 N loads:
98.5
For M2: α= = 347.406×103 N
0.00028353
90.5
For M3: α= = 319.19×103 N
0.00028353
19
For M4: α= = 67.012×103 N
0.00028353
12
For M5: α= = 42.324×103 N
0.00028353
29.5
For M6: α= = 104.045×103 N
0.00028353
For 40 N loads:
105
For M2: α= = 370.331×103 N
0.00028353
97.5
For M3: α= = 343.879×103 N
0.00028353
23.5
For M4: α= = 82.884×103 N
0.00028353
16.5
For M5: α= = 58.195×103 N
0.00028353
39
For M6: α= = 137.552×103 N
0.00028353
For 50 N loads:
112.5
For M2: α= = 396.783×103 N
0.00028353
15
104.5
For M3: α= = 368.568×103 N
0.00028353
24
For M4: α= = 84.647×103 N
0.00028353
16.5
For M5: α= = 58.194×103 N
0.00028353
49
For M6: α= = 172.821×103 N
0.00028353
By using the experimental values to calculate the stain:
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
Strain = 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠
Where young modulus = E = 200×109 N/𝑚2
α
𝛿=
𝐸
𝑁𝑜 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛.
For 10 N loads:
298.028×103
For M2: 𝛿= 200×109
= 1.490×10−6
268.049×103
For M3: 𝛿= 200×109
= 1.340×10−6
28.215×103
For M4: 𝛿= 200×109
= 0.141×10−6
1.763×103
For M5: 𝛿=
200×109
= 8.815×10−9
33.506×103
For M6: 𝛿=
200×109
= 1.675×10−7
For 20 N loads:
322.717×103
For M2: 𝛿= 200×109
= 1.614×10−6
292.737×103
For M3: 𝛿= 200×109
= 1.464×10−6
47.614×103
For M4: 𝛿=
200×109
= 2.381×10−7
21.162×103
For M5: 𝛿= 200×109
= 1.058×10−7
68.776×103
For M6: 𝛿= 200×109
= 3.439×10−7
For 30 N loads:
16
347.406×103
For M2: 𝛿= 200×109
= 1.737×10−6
319.19×103
For M3: 𝛿= 200×109
= 1.596×10−6
67.012×103
For M4: 𝛿=
200×109
= 3.351×10−7
42.324×103
For M5: 𝛿= 200×109
= 2.116×10−7
104.045×103
For M6: 𝛿= 200×109
= 5.202×10−7
For 40 N loads:
370.331×103
For M2: 𝛿=
200×109
= 1.852×10−6
343.879×103
For M3: 𝛿=
200×109
= 1.719×10−6
82.884×103
For M4: 𝛿= 200×109
= 4.144×10−7
58.194×103
For M5: 𝛿=
200×109
= 2.91×10−7
137.552×103
For M6: 𝛿= 200×109
= 6.878×10−7
For 50 N loads:
396.783×103
For M2: 𝛿=
200×109
= 1.984×10−6
368.568×103
For M3: 𝛿= 200×109
= 1.843×10−6
84.647×103
For M4: 𝛿= 200×109
= 4.232×10−7
58.194×103
For M5: 𝛿=
200×109
= 2.91×10−7
172.821×103
For M6: 𝛿= 200×109
= 8.641×10−7
When 1 N of virtual load was applied to the structure, the reaction forces will be
17
CH-2 = -0.707 N (Compression) CH-5 = 0.5 N (Tension)
-For 10 N
Channel n N L nNL(cm)
CH_2 (AB) -0.707 -7.07 64 319.903
CH_3 (CB) -0.707 -7.07 64 319.903
CH_4 (DC) 0.5 5 45 112.5
CH_5 (AD) 0.5 5 45 112.5
CH_6 (BD) 1 10 45 450
Total 1314.81 cm = 13148.1 mm
𝑛𝑁𝐿 13148.1
∆= = = 2.32 X 10−10
𝐴𝐸 283.53 𝑋 (200𝑋 109 )
-For 20 N
Channel n N L nNL(cm)
CH_2 (AB) -0.707 -14.14 64 639.807
CH_3 (CB) -0.707 -14.14 64 639.807
CH_4 (DC) 0.5 10 45 225
CH_5 (AD) 0.5 10 45 225
CH_6 (BD) 1 20 45 900
Total 2629.61 cm = 26296.1 mm
𝑛𝑁𝐿 26296.1
∆= = = 4.64 X 10−10
𝐴𝐸 283.53 𝑋 (200𝑋 109 )
-For 30 N
Channel n N L nNL(cm)
CH_2 (AB) -0.707 -21.21 64 959.71
18
CH_3 (CB) -0.707 -21.21 64 959.71
CH_4 (DC) 0.5 15 45 337.5
CH_5 (AD) 0.5 15 45 337.5
CH_6 (BD) 1 30 45 1350
Total 3944.42 cm = 39444.2 mm
𝑛𝑁𝐿 39444.2
∆= = = 6.96 X 10−10
𝐴𝐸 283.53 𝑋 (200𝑋 109 )
-For 40 N
Channel n N L nNL(cm)
CH_2 (AB) -0.707 -28.28 64 1279.61
CH_3 (CB) -0.707 -28.28 64 1279.61
CH_4 (DC) 0.5 20 45 450
CH_5 (AD) 0.5 20 45 450
CH_6 (BD) 1 40 45 1800
Total 5259.23 cm = 52592.3 mm
𝑛𝑁𝐿 52592.3
∆= = = 9.27 X 10−10
𝐴𝐸 283.53 𝑋 (200𝑋 109 )
-For 50 N
Channel n N L nNL(cm)
CH_2 (AB) -0.707 -35.36 64 1599.97
CH_3 (CB) -0.707 -35.36 64 1599.97
CH_4 (DC) 0.5 25 45 562.5
CH_5 (AD) 0.5 25 45 562.5
CH_6 (BD) 1 50 45 2250
Total 6574.94 cm = 65749.4 mm
𝑛𝑁𝐿 65749.4
∆= = = 1.16 X 10−9
𝐴𝐸 283.53 𝑋 (200𝑋 109 )
19
Discussion:
There is proportionality between the connected loads and deflection; hence the structure goes
about as a satisfactory model for an unbending body. However as a large portion of the
focuses don't experience the line of best-fit, it recommends that the structure experiences
some plastic miss-happening. The interior part powers figured tentatively and hypothetically
are very comparable, with around 6% disparity in the two arrangements of results. This is
genuinely little considering the huge interior forces associated with the examination. These
errors could be because of the accompanying reasons:
• Actually, there is no such thing as a completely unbending body, and the individuals will
have a little level of bowing.
• The joints at which the individuals were stuck face some resistance and in this way the
members don't pivot uninhibitedly as the hypothetical model accept.
Conclusion:
Pin jointed structures are profoundly fundamental to the building discipline and the
straightforward investigation completed gives a genuinely precise measure of the inside
member loads of the structure when stacked remotely. The outcomes for the member loads
stacks decided tentatively demonstrate an exceptionally positive relationship with the
outcomes ascertained hypothetically. The test likewise measures the connection between the
outside connected loads and the comparing deflection, and a genuinely straight relationship
was reasoned. For this lab work, it would have been more valuable to gauge the deflection at
a greater scope of connected loads to all the more decisively decide the connection amongst
burdens and deflection.
For this experiment it is critical to keep the equipment or tool at the most highest
maintenance and carefully used by the students to get the correct values.
20
References:
https://www.scribd.com/doc/27381814/Truss-Full-Report
https://www.academia.edu/25502193/TRUSS_LAB_REPORT
https://seelio.com/w/27nm/pin_jointed-truss-lab-report
- Hibbeler, R. C. Structural Analysis. 8th ed. Upper Saddler River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1999.
Print
- Hibbeler, R. C. Mechanics Of Materials. 8th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall,
1997. Print.
- Dr. Wayne. (2015). Module 7: Truss Structures. Method of Joints. Retrieved from:v
21
Appendices:
22
23
SHEAR CENTRE (lab report)
Lecturer: Ir Pan
Group: 2
24
No. Table of contents Page
1. Abstract 25
2. Objective 25
3. Introduction 25
4. Apparatus 26
5. Method of Experiment 26
6. Theory 25
8. Discussion 30
9. Conclusion 30
10. Reference 30
11. Appendices 31
25
Abstract:
The target of this test is to tentatively decide the area of the shear centre point of different
areas (C-Channel segment, Unsymmetrical I-Section and Extended C-Channel segment) and
contrast these qualities and the theoretical outcomes which can be dictated by ascertaining the
theoretical area of the shear centre of each of the segments.
Objective:
To find the location of the shear centre for the given metal beam of C-shaped cross-section by
using Dial Gages and by balancing the torque acted upon beam by the loads respectively.
Introduction:
The shear focus is where a power can be connected to make the segment twist with no
curving or torsion. In this way on symmetrical areas the shear centre is generally situated on
the focal point of bit of that segment, which matches with the centroid of the shaft as the
shear centre can be found at the convergence of the X and Y pivot of symmetry.
In any case, with regards to unsymmetrical area (i.e. equal angle, unequal angle, or channel
segment), the position of shear focus would not concur with the centroid of the segment as an
arrangement of powers must be in balance with the connected vertical force so it won't be
bent. At the point when a force is connected anytime on a segment that is symmetrical in just
a single pivot, bowing of the area will happen and in the long run prompts torsion. The shear
stream circulation in the spines and web produces resultant powers in every part. Hence, a
resultant minute will be acquired when minutes are summed about a point. This resultant
26
moment is known as a torque or couple which causes the curving of the part.
To abstain from turning of the member, the load connected should be situated in certain point
with unconventionality, e from the centroid of the segment. Generally in a more
straightforward type of clarification, shear focus is characterized as the point on the bar
segment where load is connected and no winding is delivered.
Apparatus:
1. C-beam
3. Vernier calliper
4. Weight hanger
5. Weight (20 N)
6. Meter scale
Method of Experiment:
3. The initial readings of both dial gauges, left and right gauges, were recorded.
27
Theory:
So as to decide the position of shear centre, equations can be gotten from the shear stream
hypothesis. In this way equations for area C-Channel segment, Unsymmetrical I-Section and
Extended C-Channel segment are inferred for the simplicity of estimation. The induction can
be alluded to Appendix A, Appendix B and Appendix C separately. The inferred equations
are as appeared:
28
-graph of deflection against load position for C-Channel section
0.12
0.1
0.095
0.085
0.08
0.06
Deflection (x0.01mm)
0.045
0.04 0.04
0.03
0.025 0.025
0.02 0.02
0.015
0.005
0 0
-0.005
-100 -80 -60 -40 -0.01
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100
-0.015
-0.02
-0.03
-0.035
-0.04 -0.04
-0.045
-0.05
-0.06
-0.065
-0.07
-0.08
Distance ( mm)
Holes
29
-CALCULATIONS for Theoretical Shear Centre
and Error:
𝑏
F = ∫0 𝑞 𝛿𝑥 q = shear flow
𝑏 𝑉𝑄
= ∫0 𝛿𝑥 V = shear force
𝐼
𝑉 𝑏
= ∫0 𝑡 × 𝑥 × 𝛾 𝑑𝑥 Q = static moment of
𝐼
area
𝑉 ℎ 𝑏2
= 𝐼 ×2×𝑡× 2
t = thickness
𝑉𝑏 2 ℎ𝑡
= 4𝐼 I = Moment of Inertia
Because of the couple moment about the point of
b = base length
these shear forces:
h = height
M=𝐹×𝑑
𝑉𝑏 2 ℎ𝑡 e = shear centre
= ×ℎ
4𝐼
𝑉𝑏 2 ℎ2 𝑡 𝛾 = centroid
= →①
4𝐼
Assume M = V×e → ②
Substitute ② into ① :
𝑉𝑏 2 ℎ2 𝑡
V×e = 4𝐼
𝑏 2 ℎ2 𝑡
e= 4𝐼
𝑏2 ℎ2 𝑡
So, Shear Center, e =
4𝐼
The measurements of the beam are t = 2.3 mm, b = 50 mm, h = 100 mm
𝒃𝒕𝟑 𝒉 𝟐 𝒕𝒉𝟑
And Moment of inertia, I = 𝟐 ( 𝟏𝟐 + 𝒃𝒕 (𝟐) ) + ( 𝟏𝟐 )
𝑏𝑡 3
Since value of t is very small, the value of was neglected.
12
ℎ 2 𝑡ℎ3
That’s why. I becomes, I = 2 (𝑏𝑡 (2) ) + ( 12 )
100 2 𝟐.𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟑
= 2 (50𝑥2.3 ( ) )+( ) = 766666.7 mm4
2 𝟏𝟐
30
Discussion:
First of all, the relation between moment and distance is directly proportional.
Mostly, t value is rather small, so that it can be neglected.
Finally, 6.25 % of error means our experimental and theoretical values have some
differences. There are some reasons and solution for the reasons will be discussed below:
- It is hard to take the accurate values because it is still annual ways and things are
hard to get the actual value. That may cause more chance of human errors.
- The table where the C beam was located is not rigid enough since the two gauges
are very sensitive. For example, when a student leans on that table, it acts like
giving a external load or moment to the beam and it affects the gauges readings.
- And the two dial gauges should change to digital.
Conclusion:
As a conclusion, both the experimental and theoretical values are not very different so that it
can be said that the experiment was success. And it gives the clear idea that shear center is
the point where there is no twisting (torsion).
31
References:
https://www.scribd.com/doc/64631872/Ae-331-Laboratory-Report-4
https://www.academia.edu/17421200/SM_Lab_Report_1_Senior
Sharma, S.K. and profile, V. my complete (2019) Shear center of beams. Available at:
http://structuralengineering2013.blogspot.my/2013/11/shear-center-of-beams.html (Accessed:
22 November 2016).
32
Appendices:
33