Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
4
1. Introduction
1. Recently significant declined of oil and gas production relates to
natural condition of the reservoir happened in over the world.
2. In order to increase total oil production not only exploring the
new area but also applying latest technology have been
implemented in mature fields. New prospective technology have
been tested and applied to estimate the dynamic state of
reservoir properties.
3. The 4D microgravity method combined with existing seismic
data already applied in several oil fields in Indonesia.
Experience in these fields gave a better understanding of the
reservoir model.
4. The 4D microgravity method has some advantages compare
with other method in term of less time consuming, repeatability,
environmentally friendly and less cost.
5
• EXPLORATION
1st EXPLORATION
PHASE
• DELINEATION
2nd
• DEVELOPMENT
3rd DEVELOPMENT
& PRODUCTION
PHASE
• PRODUCTION
4th
6
Saputelli et al, 2004
7
Evergreen
flow model
Petrophysicist Mathematician,
Reservoir Eng.
Geologist
4D, well
sensors, Decide if
Input Production on track?
Data Asset Manager
Seismologist,
Microseismologist, Driller
Microgravitist Well control,
sweep
management
Output
FIELD
$
MANAGEMENT
Modified from: Calvert, 2008
Build reservoir model
accurately
Optimize production
Petrophysical Production
Logging
Model Model
RESERVOIR
RESERVOIR
Geochemical MODEL
MODEL Tracer
Data Geochemical Tracer
Model Data
Model
Geological
Model
13
The Objective of Time-lapse Study
To understand the reservoir heterogeneity
To delineate fault structure and
compartmentalization
To identify of by-passed oil
To understand of injection impact on
production
• Lateral movement of injected water
• Water front of injected water
• Reposition of injectors (if necessary)
• To locate the additional injectors
To helps upgrade reservoir models
14
1 • Optimizing Existing Production wells
2 • Pressure Maintenance
– Production Histories
– Monitoring
– Borehole Seismic
– Remote Sensing
1 • Seismic
2 • Microgravity
3 • Electromagnetic
4 • Compaction monitoring
5 • Well temperature monitoring
6 • Tracer
7 • Combination
Calvert, 2005
18
Calvert, 2005
19
Calvert, 2005
20
http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/pi/4d4/what-is.html
THE PARADIGM SHIFT IN GRAVITY DATA UTILIZATION
BY USING THE HIGHER RESOLUTION OF GRAVITY DATA
PLAY PROSPECT PROSPECT RESOURCES RESERVOIR
GRAVITY DATA IDENTIFICATION CAPTURE EVALUATION APPRAISAL MANAGEMENT
GRAVITY 1 – 5 mGal 0.2 – 1 mGal 0.1 – 0.5 mGal 0.1 – 0.5 mGal 0.02 – 0.1 mGal
RESOLUTION 2 – 20 km 1 – 5 km 0.5 – 2 km 0.2 – 1 km 1 – 5 years
REQUIRED * wavelength wavelength wavelength wavelength
Continental grids, Conventional marine High-resolution 0.01 – 0.005 mGal
satelite gravity, and land surveys land and marine (borehole)
airborne gravity surveys High-resolution
land, marine,
and gradiometer
surveys
25
GRAVITY SURVEY
• 2D/3D Gravity Method :
- ∆g(x,y,z)
- Anomaly relative to Reference gn (theoretical)
- Value in mGal
- Bouguer Anomaly
* 4D Microgravity Method :
- Time as fourth dimension (time lapse) ∆g(x,y,z,t)
- Anomaly relative to previous measurement
- Value in µGal ( high precision) no elev. change
Source of 4D Microgravity Anomaly
1. Gravity tide (Moon and Sun)
2. Dry and Wet Seasons
3. Land Subsidence
4. Groundwater level change
5. Pressure increase and decrease in Subsurface
6. Mass Decrease in Subsurface (Oil and Gas
Production in Reservoir)
7. Mass Increase in Subsurface (Water and Gas
Injection in Reservoir)
4D Gravity Anomaly :
First measurement called base line survey
Next measurement called monitoring survey
29
Tidal Gravity
Due to position change of moon and sun to the earth
•Gravity tide can be obtained from :
a. Continue Gravity Tide Observation
b. Calculation using Longman equation( 1959)
c. Calculation using Brucek equation
Rainfall
(
g (ϕ ) = 978032.7 1 + 0.0053024 sin 2 ϕ − 0.0000058 sin 2 2ϕ )
∂gϕ ∂gϕ
gϕ , h = gϕ + h
∂h
=−
2 gϕ
(1 + f + m − 2 f sin ϕ )
2
∂h a
∂ϕ
= −0.308765 miliGal/meter ϕ = 7.50
∂h
Example :
- Groundwater and Subsidence cases > 15 µGal
- Hydrocarbon reservoir cases > 25 µGal
(in Indonesia : 150 µGal or 0.150 mGal)
- Geothermal reservoir > 25 µGal
(in Indonesia : 100 µGal or 0.100 mGal)
0
Production well Injection well Production well
Water
Oil
ρ=?
36
∆g
0
Production well Injection well Production well
Steam
Oil
ρ=?
37
Before Injection After Injection
-Pressure Decrease
43
GravFluid™software
45
1. Acquisition
• Feasibility Study / Model test
• Instrument calibration
• Data entry: gravity and elevation
2. Processing
• Bouguer anomaly calculation
Drift, Tidal, Lattitude, Free air, Terrain, Bouguer
• Advance Processing
Spectrum Analysis
Filtering Process
Regional and residual separation
Derivative analysis
Subsidence and water table corrections
47
3. Modeling
• Density contrast estimation using deconvolution
technique
• Sub-surface modeling based on density contrast
changes
• Surface gravity response calculation using forward
modeling
• Apparent saturation model bulding
• Sub-surface pressure change model building
48
4. Simulation
• Fluid density changes estimation for each reservoir
layer
• Reservoir fluid movement identification
5. Visualization
• Conturing / mapping
• 3D Imaging
49
Project Design :
4D Microgravity to Improve RF
Base line 1st Time 2nd Time Continue
survey lapse survey lapse survey Project
Pre Project Preparation
Study
OUTPUT
Surface gravity Time interval gravity Gravity Acquisition
response measurement parameter
52
Reservoir’s: TIME-LAPSE
PETROLEUM DISTRIBUTION:
Depth, thickness
ENGINEERING Permeability,
TIME-LAPSE • Fluid density
AND Viscosity, Porosity, RESERVOIR • Pressure
GEOPHYSICAL Density, SIMULATION
DATA Injection and • Saturation
Production data
53
Subsidence correction
g ϕ ,h = g ϕ +
∂g ϕ
∂h
.h
∂g ϕ
∂h
=−
2gϕ
a
(1 + f + m − 2 f sin ϕ )
2
Where
∂gϕ
: Normal gravity gradient at latitude ϕ
∂h
ϕ : Latitude
h : height from ellipsoid
a : Long radius of earth ellipsoid
b : Short radius of earth ellipsoid
a − b
f:
a
m : Clairaut constant = 3.937.741,445 m
56
Water table correction
2π Gρφ h
∆gw =
0.04193 ρφ h
∆gw =
41.93ρφ h µGal
∆gw =
φ = porosity (%)
With assumsion of 30% rock porosity, every meter lowering of water table
will change the gravity value as 12,579 µGal or 0.012579 mGal.
57
Estimation of Apparent Saturation using Marquardt
Inversion Method
ρ φ ( ρ 2 − ρ1 )( S f − 1)
∆=
Where φ the porosity, ρ2 the density of injected water, ρ1 the density
of oil, and Sf the water saturation.
∆P = ∆ρ.g.∆h
Where ∆P the pressure change (Pascal), ∆ρ the density changes
(kg/m3), g the gravitational acceleration and ∆h the reservoir
thickness (m).
Flow chart of apparent saturation estimation
using Marquardt inversion technique
Density Changes
Map
ρ
∆= φ ( ρ 2 − ρ1 )( S f − 1)
Inversion process
using Marquardt method
Estimation of
Apparent Saturation
Flow Chart of the Apparent Pressure
Changes Estimation
9325000
9325000 TBN-13
TBN-13 TBN -22ST
TBN -22ST TBN-10
TBN-10 -0 .0 2 TBN-18
TBN-07
TBN-07 TBN-18
P (psi) 0 1 2 km
0 1 2 km 9324000 -6 0 TBN-21
TBN -06
TBN-08
9324000 TBN -06
TBN-21 TBN-08
-0 .0 2 (gr/cc) TBN-15
0
TBN -11
TBN-15
TBN -11 - 20
TBN-05
TBN -23
0.06 9323000 TBN-14
TBN-05
TBN -23 - 40
9323000 TBN-14 TBN-12
0.04 TBN-17
TBN-12 -60 TBN-04 - 60
TBN-17
0.02 TBN-19
TBN-04
-80
TBN-19 9322000 TBN-02
0
TBN-01
9322000 TBN-02
- 100
TBN-03
0
TBN-01 0
-6
-0.02
TBN-03 - 12 - 120
-0.04 TBN-09
-60
9321000 - 140
TBN-09
-0.06
9321000 - 160
-0.08 Production Well
-0.02 -180
-0.1
Production Well 9320000 Injection Well
722000 728000
9327000
Apparent
ApparentSaturation changeMap
Saturation Changes map
September 2004
September - November
2001 2006 Period
– November 2006
0.1
(Tambun Structure)
Carbonate Field
9326000
TBN-16ST
1
0. 0 .3 TBN-20
9325000
TBN-13
TBN -22ST 0.1
TBN-10
TBN-07 TBN-18
S 0 1 2 km
9324000 TBN -06 app
TBN-21 TBN-08 0.1
TBN-15 0.38
TBN -11
TBN-05
0.34
TBN -23
9323000 TBN-14
0.3
TBN-12
TBN-17
TBN-04 0.26
TBN-19
9322000 0.22
TBN-02
TBN-01
0.18
TBN-03 0 .3
0.1
0.14
TBN-09
9321000
0.1
0 .1
0.06
Production Well
0.02
9320000 Injection Well
-0.02
TBN-20
9325000 TBN-13
TBN-22ST
TBN -10
TBN-07 TBN-18
0 1 2 km
9324000 TBN-21
TBN-06 TBN-08
TBN -15
mGal
TBN -05
TBN-11
Mass Deficit Area 0.18
9323000 TBN-14
0.14
TBN-17 TBN-12
TBN-09
-0.06
9321000
-0.1