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© ABB Group
November 30, 2013 | Slide 1
HVDC Classic – Converter Station Design
The HVDC Classic Converter Station
Transmission
line or cable
Smoothing
reactor
Converter
AC bus
DC filter
Shunt
capacitors AC filters
or other
reactive
equipment Telecommunication ~~
Control
system
© ABB Group
November 30, 2013 | Slide 3
HVDC Classic – Converter Station Design
Locations and Environment – Ambient temperatures
T Ambient temperatures
Every degree counts
Preferably also Daily averages (transformers)
Tmax*
T amb 1
T amb 1
T amb 1
Number of
radiators
Tmax* for example,
For thyristors,
For transformers (hot spot),
© ABB Group
November 30, 2013 | Slide 4
etc
HVDC Classic – Converter Station Design
AC System Characteristics – Short-Circuit characteristics
© ABB Group
November 30, 2013 | Slide 5
HVDC Classic – Converter Station Design
AC System Characteristics – Frequency
Frequency variations
Frequency variations affect
AC Filter design
DC Filter design
Saturation of transformers
The auxiliary systems (and their cooling capability)
Potentially: The short-circuit current in the valve hall (only if a low
frequncy may occur simultaneously with the maximimum short-circuit
level)
Proposed requirements:
Narrow band for normal operation (Power, filtering, redundancy, etc. )
Medium band, where requirements on filtering and redundancy are
relaxed: Only dimensioning
Band with duration, where also power requirements are relaxed
© ABB Group
November 30, 2013 | Slide 6
HVDC Classic – Converter Station Design
AC System Characteristics – Harmonic impedances
Example 1 Example 2
h Zmin Zmax Φ jX
R
20-34 h Z min s.c. hZ max s.c. 60
Z max
-
35-50 h Z min s.c. hZ max s.c. 45
Zmin s.c. and Zmax s.c. are the min. and max. fundamental frequency Example of network impedance points
short circuit impedances. and envelope, for one harmonic
© ABB Group
November 30, 2013 | Slide 7
HVDC Classic – Converter Station Design
AC System Characteristics – Auxiliary Power Systems
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November 30, 2013 | Slide 8
HVDC Classic – Converter Station Design
HVDC Performance Requirements – Main Circuit Arrangement
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November 30, 2013 | Slide 9
HVDC Classic – Converter Station Design
HVDC Performance Requirements – Main Circuit Arrangement/2
Transformer configurations:
Number of units / pole and
12-pulse bridge
1 (+n x 1 spares)
3 (+n x 1 spares)
1,4
1,3
1,2
1,1
0,9
0 50 100 150 Time (min.)
w/o red cooler, 40 C w red. cooler, 40 C
w/o red. cooler, 30 C w red cooler, 30 C
© ABB Group
November 30, 2013 | Slide 12
HVDC Classic – Converter Station Design
HVDC Performance Requirements – Power Transmission Capacity/3
0,15
Shunt Capacitor
Banks 1,0 Id
Harmonic Reactive Power
balance with AC-
Filters
network
- 0,5
Reactive Power
consumption of converter
© ABB Group
November 30, 2013 | Slide 14
HVDC Classic – Converter Station Design
HVDC Performance Requirements – Filtering and RPC/3
Typical AC filters:
Impedance (ohms)
Impedance (ohms)
Impedance (ohms)
3 100
1 10 3
1 10
100
10
100
10
1 10 1
0 10 20 30 0 20 40 60 5 10 15
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Harmonic num ber Harmonic num ber Harmonic num ber
November 30, 2013 | Slide 15
HVDC Classic – Converter Station Design
HVDC Performance Requirements – Filtering and RPC/4
Size and number of Harmonic Filters and Shunt Capacitor Banks:
Redundancy requirements
Reactive power compensation and/or filtering performance?
Minimum filter requirements
Hysteresis
Consumed reative power as function of Id / Pd
AC voltage step when switching:
D
Q
D
U
SQ
sc f
il
ter
Increase of firing and extinction angles
Reactive power unbalance, DQexport = Qfilter - Qconv
© ABB Group
November 30, 2013 | Slide 16
HVDC Classic – Converter Station Design
HVDC Performance Requirements – Filtering and RPC/5
Formula Typical
value
𝑚
Total root sum square voltage distortion 1 ≤ 2%
𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ×√ 𝑈𝑛 2
𝑈1
𝑛=2
𝑛=2
𝑈
Where: Un = voltage at harmonic n, U1 = nominal fundamental voltage, 𝑇𝐼𝐹𝑛 = 𝑛 ∗ 𝐹𝑛 ,
𝑈1
Fn=Weighting factor for the n:th harmonic according to EEI Publication 60-68 (1960)
© ABB Group
November 30, 2013 | Slide 17
HVDC Classic – Converter Station Design
HVDC Performance Requirements – Filtering and RPC/6
Example:
Assume a 2000 MW HVDC Bipole
Assume consumption of 1100 Mvar (QF) at full load
Assume a minimum short-circuit level (Sscmin) of 6000 MVA
A requirement for a maximimum AC voltage step of 3% gives:
Maximum size of Filter/Shunt Bank: 180 Mvar
Number of Filters/Shunt Banks: 6
Maximum Reactive Power exchange: 180 Mvar (Less, if first
filter is smaller)
A requirement for a maximimum AC voltage step of 5% gives:
Maximum size of Filter/Shunt Bank: 300 Mvar
Number of Filters/Shunt Banks: 4
Maximum Reactive Power exchange: 300 Mvar (Less, if first
filter is smaller)
© ABB Group
November 30, 2013 | Slide 18
HVDC Classic – Converter Station Design
HVDC Performance Requirements – Filtering and RPC/7
Filter banks
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November 30, 2013 | Slide 19
HVDC Classic – Converter Station Design
HVDC Performance Requirements – Filtering and RPC/8
Example, DC-filtering:
Ldc
Pole Bus
C1 C1
L1 L1
C2 L2 C2 L2
Neutral Bus
Cnb
The large smoothing reactor plays a major role in mitigating harmonic current flow
DC filter tuned to characteristic harmonics connected on the line side of the
smoothing reactor, between pole and neutral bus
Neutral bus capacitor providing a return pass for the harmonic current through
stray capacitances in the converter transformers to ground
© ABB Group
November 30, 2013 | Slide 20
HVDC Classic – Converter Station Design
HVDC Performance Requirements – Reliability and Availability
Observation period
Mitigation opportunity for supplier
Liquidated damages for non-fulfilment; e.g. X USD/0.1% of
deviation from guaranteed FEU
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November 30, 2013 | Slide 21
HVDC Classic – Converter Station Design
HVDC Performance Requirements – Audible Noise/1
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November 30, 2013 | Slide 22
HVDC Classic – Converter Station Design
HVDC Performance Requirements – Audible Noise/2
Mitigation methods:
Acoustically optimise the station layout
Adapt station area size for noise requirements (external fence)
Surround station area with concrete walls or earth berms
Use equipment especially designed to be silent (cost);
Transformers, reactors, capacitors, low-speed fan motors
Encase equipment by using walls or screens (cooling, air-clearances);
Walls, roofs, acoustically optimised walls and/or roofs, acoustically optimised
ventilation openings.
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November 30, 2013 | Slide 23
HVDC Classic – Converter Station Design
HVDC Performance Requirements – Audible Noise/3
Example, Flat grounds:
~750 m
~250 m
~ 300 m
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November 30, 2013 | Slide 25
HVDC Classic – Converter Station Design
HVDC Performance Requirements - Evaluation Criteria
Examples:
Price (Currencies/Exchange rates, Adjustment formulas)
Payment Schedule (Interest)
Guaranteed parameters, subject to Liquidated Damages
Losses (Present value)
Availability
Reliability
Active power
Delivery time
Maintainability
Other technical criteria
Experience
Delivery record
Terms & Conditions of Contract
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November 30, 2013 | Slide 26
HVDC Classic – Converter Station Design
Evaluation Criteria – Guaranteed parameters, Losses (Present values)
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November 30, 2013 | Slide 27
HVDC Classic – Converter Station Design
Scope of Works – Interfaces
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November 30, 2013 | Slide 28
HVDC Classic – Converter Station Design
Scope of Works – Site conditions
Exact location
Earth work
Drainage
Soil investigations; piling?
Access roads
Perimeter fencing
Water supply
Sewage
Outdoor lighting
© ABB Group
November 30, 2013 | Slide 29
HVDC Classic – Converter Station Design
Scope of Works – Ground electrodes (if included)
Location
Operation modes; current/duration, bi-directionality
Resistivity profile;
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November 30, 2013 | Slide 30
© ABB Group
November 30, 2013 | Slide 31