Flow through orifice

Small orifice d<0.1H. Grand orifice d>0.1H, where d is diameter or max. vertical dimension of orifice.

Small orifice d<0.1H

Mince Paroi (sharp-edged, the jet does not touch the wall and the form of jet is not affected) and the thickness do
not pass over 3d.

Fig. 6-1 and Fig. 6-2 show the jet from circular thin-wall orifice from a tank. The contraction coefficient is as of
= . If the contraction goes through all perimeter of the hole, it is called Contraction Complète.

In the case of Contraction Complète, we may have Contraction Parfaite and Contraction Imparfaite.

Bernoulli Equation AA-CC could be written as following: + + =0+ + +ℎ .

ℎ . =Σ
2
Let’s say = + + , the effective head.
vo is the approach velocity in the horizontal direction (case of flow in canal)

Then = ( +Σ )
Velocity at contraction section = 2
Coefficient of velocity =

Discharge from orifice = = = 2 = 2

where = is coefficient of discharge

It is said that . = 1, if Re=100; and . = 0.06, if Re=100,000. If Re>100,000 then:

We have = 0.60. .0.62; = 0.62. .0.64; = 0.97

Débit par petit orifice dénoyé en mince paroi en charge constant = 2

Débit par petit orifice noyé en mince paroi en charge constant = 2

( is for contraction complète et parfait. There are the cases to calculate the complète et imparfait and
incomplete )

= + ,

Paroi Epaisse (Ecoulement par ajutages) l = (3 à 5) d

 = =

Grand orifice d>0.1H

a.Straight drop after the exit

Table proposed by N. Pavlovski. = 2

It is conditioned that there is a straight drop after the exit of orifice. If it is horizontal bed after the exit, use the
Flow under Gate.

b.Flow under Gate with horizontal bed

 ℎ = ′

Contraction coefficient depends only on ratio of . For approximate calculation, = 0.64. Precise values are in
table below.

In this case, velocity at contraction section = 2 ( −ℎ )

Coefficient of velocity = and let’s say = + ,

Débit dénoyé = = ′ 2 ( − ℎ ) where = 0.95 . . 0.97 (some books say it is equal to 1).

It is said noyé if +1 >4 −1

Débit noyé = ′ 2 ( − ℎ ) where ℎ = ℎ − − + and =4

H is measured at a distance of ≥ (3 5)

Flow over weir

1.Classification by width and shape of crest
Déversoir en mince paroi (S<0.5H)

Déversoir à seuil épais (2H<S<10H)

Déversoir à seuil normal (0.5H<S<2H) including the ogee spillway.

2.Form and functionalities: V-notch weir to measure the flow (mince paroi)

3.We can also classify by its location on plan view such as: emergency side weir, circular in reservoir…
4.We can also classify by its locations in canal:

5.We can also classify by its downstream water level: Dénoyé and Noyé
Basic formula of discharge depends on 4 parameters: = ( , , , )

/
Débit dénoyé = 2 where mo is coefficient of discharge of weir counting with approach velocity vo

/
Débit noyé = 2 where <1

Pour le déversoir dénoyé parfait en mince paroi vertical sans contraction et à nappe libre (RECTANGULAIRE).
 .
Formule de Basin = 0.405 + 1 + 0.55
.
Formule de Rehbock = 0.403 + 0.053 +
Both formula is validated from experiment if b=0.2 to 2m, P1=0.24 to 1.13m, H=0.05 to 1.24m.

Formule de Tchougaev = 0.402 + 0.054

If P1 ≥ 0.5H and H ≥ 0.1m

You need to introduce the coefficient k1 as in Table below if the wall of weir is oblique.

Pour le déversoir noyé

∆
Formule empirique de Basin = 1.05 1 + 0.2 In general, = 0.96
In the condition of 0.15≤H/p≤0.25 and 0≤∆/p≤0.3
Pour le déversoir avec la contraction laterale

We need to count in the lateral contraction if the bed of canal is larger than the width of the weir (most practical
cases) mc < mo. mo is to be replaced by mc.
.
Formule empirique d’Hégly = 0.405 + − 0.03 1 + 0.55

Pour le déversoir en paroi autres que rectangulaires

Triangular Weir (V-Notch Weir) Source: http://www.LMNOeng.com

Pour le déversoir rectangulaire droit dénoyé à seuil épais

Pour le déversoir rectangulaire droit dénoyé à seuil épais AVEC LA
CONTRACTION
(y compris la hauteur h=0, et la contraction laterale, e.g, B à b)

Pour le déversoir noyé

Pour le déversoir à seuil normal Dénoyé and Noyé

Pour le déversoir rectangulaire droit dénoyé à seuil normal curviligne
(SPILLWAY)
Avec la contraction latérale (Piers in the middle of spillway)

Pour le déversoir rectiligne et latéral

Resseut parfait: bien distinguer clairement la zone d’étalement et superficielle

Ressaut ondulé ou ressaut-onde Ressaut superficiel

Ressaut à remous et Ressaut noyé