EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE- MANILA CAMPUS

1113-1117 San Marcelino St. Manila Philippines

School of Arts, Sciences and Teacher Education

Sociologists:

Robert Stead

Patrilineal descend

Patrilineal Descent is a system in which family descent is reckoned through the

blood links of males. Typically, names and property follow the male line of
descent. A man's descendants are his own children, and women are little
recognized as ancestors. Ancient societies are known to have recognised
matrilineal descent. Matriliny is not the mirror image of patriliny. Both men and
women are included in the patrilineage formed but only male links are utilized to
include successive generations. Patrilineality in patrilineal descent, also known as
the male line or agnatic kinship, is a kinship system in which an individual's family
membership derives through his or her father's lineage. Patrilineal descent
involves the inheritance of property, rights, or titles by persons related through
male kin. Patrilineal descent gives priority to inheritance of a throne or fief to
heirs descended from the original title holder through males only.

Bilateral descend

Neolateral descend
Bilateral descend
In a society which reckons descent bilaterally (bilineal), descent is reckoned
through both father and mother, without unilineal descent groups. Societies with
the Eskimo kinship system, like the Eskimo proper, are typically bilateral. The
egocentrid kindred group is also typical of bilateral societies.

Matrilineal descend
Matrilineal societies differ from both patrilineal and bilateral societies in that the
institution of marriage tends to be, relatively weak (Schneider and Gough 1961,
Goode 1963). In a gerontocratic matrilineal society, women's influence and
prestige tended to increase with age and were usually expressed in informal
settings, although there were offices of formalised informality such as "mothers"
of matrilineages.

Matriliny required the subordination of marriage and conjugal duties to loyalty to

and participation in the descent group. This, combined with economic activities,
farming, artisan work, and trading, gave women considerable independence.
Women (like elders) had prestige in the matrilineal home town, where black
stools symbolised the "seat of power." (Bartle).
 EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE- MANILA CAMPUS
1113-1117 San Marcelino St. Manila Philippines
School of Arts, Sciences and Teacher Education

Nuclear family structure

The word “nuclear” was picked upon, that represents a married couple as
forming the “nucleus” of a family, as per existing classifications of family
structure. Continuing with the word “nucleus,” terms from the atomic world were
explored to extend the analogies to the family structure types. For example, a
proton would be an incomplete nucleus, a solitary existence. Electrons would be
something outside the nucleus, that is, a married couple (nucleus) is not there.
An atom would be having a single nucleus only and possibly multiple electrons.
Two nuclei cannot be there in an atom, it would have to be a molecule. So the
presence of two married couples makes a family “molecular.” It may be
clarified here that terms from physics were chosen here just for the
nomenclature of the proposed family types. This was done as the word
“nuclear” was already being used. Use of these terms borrowed from physics is
expected to aid in easier appreciation and recall of the various family types.

Extended family
Extended family, an expansion of the nuclear family (parents and dependent
children), usually built around a unilineal descent group (i.e., a group in which
descent through either the female or the male line is emphasized). The
extended family system often, but not exclusively, occurs in regions in which
economic conditions make it difficult for the nuclear family to achieve self-
sufficiency. Cooperation being necessary, aid is recruited, usually either from the
patrilineal kin or the matrilineal kin. In traditional China, for example, the
extended family ideally consisted of the nuclear family of the head of the
household, his unmarried daughters, his sons and their families, his sons’ sons’
families and unmarried daughters, and so forth. The extended family may
include more distant kin, but the uncles, aunts, or cousins usually belong to the
same clan as members of the core lineage.

Same sex couple family structure

LGBT parenting refers to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people
raising one or more children as parents or foster care parents. This includes:
children raised by same sex couples (same-sex parenting), children raised by
single LGBT parents, and children raised by an opposite-sex couple where at
least one partner is LGBT.
LGBT people can become parents through various means including current or
former relationships, coparenting, adoption, donor insemination, and surrogacy.
Scientific research consistently shows that gay and lesbian parents are as fit and
capable as heterosexual parents, and their children are as psychologically
healthy and well-adjusted as those reared by heterosexual parents. Major
 EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE- MANILA CAMPUS
1113-1117 San Marcelino St. Manila Philippines
School of Arts, Sciences and Teacher Education

associations of mental health professionals in the U.S., Canada, and Australia

have not identified credible empirical research that suggests otherwise.

What is social exchange theory?

Social exchange theory is a model for interpreting society as a series of
interactions between people that are based on estimates of rewards and
punishments. According to this view, our interactions are determined by the
rewards or punishments that we expect to receive from others, which we
evaluate using a cost-benefit analysis model (whether consciously or
subconsciously).

Give instances of spousal abuse.

The term domestic violence refers to abusive behavior in any personal
relationship that allows one partner to intimidate, or to gain power and control
over the other. This is often thought of to occur between married spouses or in
other intimate relationships, but actually refers to any family relationship, or
persons living in the same home. Domestic violence includes physical, sexual,
psychological, and emotional abuse, as well as threats of violence or economic
control. These are behaviors intended to intimidate, frighten, terrorize, humiliate,
manipulate, coerce, blame, or injure someone. To explore this concept,
consider the following domestic violence definition. Physical Abuse – Includes
such physical acts as shoving, grabbing, pinching, hitting, slapping, hair pulling,
and other acts that could cause injury. Denying medical care, forcing alcohol or
drugs upon someone, and restraining them from seeking help are also
considered physical abuse. Sexual Abuse – Includes coercing sexual
contact, rape (including marital rape), attack on sexual body parts, forcing sex
following physical violence, and sexually demeaning another. Emotional
Abuse – Involves the destruction of a person’s self worth or self esteem. Acts of
emotional abuse include name-calling, constant criticism, disparaging an
individual’s abilities and talents, and damaging an individual’s relationship with
his or her children. Psychological Abuse – Involves creating fear and a sense of
isolation and helplessness. Acts of psychological abuse include causing fear
through intimidation, threatening to harm a spouse, partner, children, family,
friends, pets, or self. Also, intentionally isolating a person from family, friends,
school, work, and extracurricular activities. Economic Abuse – Involves exerting
control over another individual by maintaining total control of financial
resources, withholding a partner’s access to money or financial assets, or
hindering or forbidding employment or education.

Diversity of Culture
 EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE- MANILA CAMPUS
1113-1117 San Marcelino St. Manila Philippines
School of Arts, Sciences and Teacher Education

The definition of cultural diversity refers to differences among people because of their racial or
ethnic backgrounds, language, dress and traditions.