NAME : RIANA TRI SEPTIANI

NIM : 161424024
CLASS : 1A-TKPB

1.) Spectrophotometry is the quantitative measurement of the reflection or transmission

properties of a material as a function of wavelength. It is more specific than the general
term electromagnetic spectroscopy in that spectrophotometry deals with visible light, near-
ultraviolet, and near-infrared, but does not cover time-resolved spectroscopic techniques.
Spectrophotometry uses photometers, known as spectrophotometers, that can measure a
light beam's intensity as a function of its color (wavelength). Important features of
spectrophotometers are spectral bandwidth (the range of colors it can transmit through the
test sample), the percentage of sample-transmission, the logarithmic range of sample-
absorption, and sometimes a percentage of reflectance measurement
Topic : Spectrophotometry
Main Ide : Spectrophotometry is the quantitative measurement of the reflection or
transmission properties of a material as a function of wavelength.
Supporting detail: It is more specific than the general term electromagnetic spectroscopy in
that spectrophotometry deals with visible light, near-ultraviolet, and near-
infrared, but does not cover time-resolved spectroscopic techniques.
Spectrophotometry uses photometers, known as spectrophotometers,
that can measure a light beam's intensity as a function of its color
(wavelength). Important features of spectrophotometers are spectral
bandwidth (the range of colors it can transmit through the test sample),
the percentage of sample-transmission, the logarithmic range of sample-
absorption, and sometimes a percentage of reflectance measurement.

2.) Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei come close enough to form
one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles (neutrons or protons). The
difference in mass between the products and reactants is manifested as the release of large
amounts of energy. This difference in mass arises due to the difference in atomic "binding
energy" between the atomic nuclei before and after the reaction. Fusion is the process that
powers active or "main sequence" stars, or other high magnitude stars.

Topic : Nuclear
Main Idea : Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei come
close enough to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic
particles (neutrons or protons).
Supporting detail: The difference in mass between the products and reactants is
manifested as the release of large amounts of energy. This difference in
mass arises due to the difference in atomic "binding energy" between
the atomic nuclei before and after the reaction. Fusion is the process
that powers active or "main sequence" stars, or other high
magnitude stars.
3.) Radiation is often categorized as either ionizing or non-ionizing depending on the energy of
the radiated particles. Ionizing radiation carries more than 10 eV, which is enough
to ionize atoms and molecules, and break chemical bonds. This is an important distinction
due to the large difference in harmfulness to living organisms. A common source of ionizing
radiation is radioactive materials that emit α, β, or γ radiation, consisting of helium
nuclei, electrons or positrons, and photons, respectively. Other sources include X-rays from
medical radiography examinations and muons, mesons, positrons, neutrons and other
particles that constitute the secondary cosmic rays that are produced after primary cosmic
rays interact with Earth's atmosphere.
Topic : Radiation
Main Idea : Radiation is often categorized as either ionizing or non-
ionizing depending on the energy of the radiated particles.
Supporting detail: Ionizing radiation carries more than 10 eV, which is enough
to ionize atoms and molecules, and break chemical bonds. This is an
important distinction due to the large difference in harmfulness to living
organisms. A common source of ionizing radiation
is radioactive materials that emit α, β, or γ radiation, consisting of helium
nuclei, electrons or positrons, and photons, respectively. Other sources
include X-rays from medical radiography examinations
and muons, mesons, positrons, neutrons and other particles that
constitute the secondary cosmic rays that are produced after primary
cosmic rays interact with Earth's atmosphere.

4.) The electromagnetic spectrum is the collective term for all known frequencies and their
linked wavelengths of the known photons (electromagnetic radiation). The "electromagnetic
spectrum" of an object has a different meaning, and is instead the characteristic distribution
of electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed by that particular object. The
electromagnetic spectrum extends from below the low frequencies used for
modern radio communication to gamma radiation at the short-wavelength (high-frequency)
end, thereby covering wavelengths from thousands of kilometers down to a fraction of the
size of an atom. Visible light lies toward the shorter end, with wavelengths from 400 to
700 nanometres. The limit for long wavelengths is the size of the universe itself, while it is
thought that the short wavelength limit is in the vicinity of the Planck length.
Topic : Electromagnetic spectrum
Main Idea : The electromagnetic spectrum is the collective term for all known
frequencies and their linked wavelengths of the
known photons (electromagnetic radiation).
Supporting detail: The "electromagnetic spectrum" of an object has a different meaning,
and is instead the characteristic distribution of electromagnetic radiation
emitted or absorbed by that particular object. The electromagnetic
spectrum extends from below the low frequencies used for
modern radio communication to gamma radiation at the short-
wavelength (high-frequency) end, thereby covering wavelengths from
thousands of kilometers down to a fraction of the size of an atom. Visible
light lies toward the shorter end, with wavelengths from 400 to
700 nanometres. The limit for long wavelengths is the size of
the universe itself, while it is thought that the short wavelength limit is in
the vicinity of the Planck length.
5.) Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.
Historically, spectroscopy originated through the study of visible light dispersed according to
its wavelength, by a prism. Later the concept was expanded greatly to include any interaction
with radiative energy as a function of its wavelength or frequency. Spectroscopic data is
often represented by an emission spectrum, a plot of the response of interest as a function of
wavelength or frequency.
Topic : Spectroscopy
Main Idea : Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and
electromagnetic radiation. Historically, spectroscopy originated through
the study of visible light dispersed according to its wavelength, by
a prism.
Supporting detail: Later the concept was expanded greatly to include any interaction with
radiative energy as a function of its wavelength or frequency.
Spectroscopic data is often represented by an emission spectrum, a plot
of the response of interest as a function of wavelength or frequency.

6.) Organic chemistry is a chemistry subdiscipline involving the scientific study of the structure,
properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its
various forms that contain carbon atoms. Study of structure includes many physical and
chemical methods to determine the chemical composition and the chemical constitution of
organic compounds and materials.
Topic : Organic chemistry
Main Idea : Organic chemistry is a chemistry subdiscipline involving
the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic
compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that
contain carbon atoms.
Supporting detail: Study of structure includes many physical and chemical methods to
determine the chemical composition and the chemical constitution of
organic compounds and materials.

7.) A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on
the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The term "laser" originated as
an acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation". The first laser was
built in 1960 by Theodore H. Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories, based on
theoretical work by Charles Hard Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow. A laser differs from
other sources of light in that it emits light coherently. Spatial coherence allows a laser to be
focused to a tight spot, enabling applications such as laser cutting and lithography. Spatial
coherence also allows a laser beam to stay narrow over great distances (collimation),
enabling applications such as laser pointers.
Topic : Laser
Main Idea : A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical
amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic
radiation.
Supporting detail: The term "laser" originated as an acronym for "light amplification by
stimulated emission of radiation". The first laser was built in 1960
by Theodore H. Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories, based on
theoretical work by Charles Hard Townes and Arthur Leonard
 Schawlow. A laser differs from other sources of light in that it emits
light coherently. Spatial coherence allows a laser to be focused to a tight
spot, enabling applications such as laser cutting and lithography. Spatial
coherence also allows a laser beam to stay narrow over great distances
(collimation), enabling applications such as laser pointers

8.) Analytical chemistry studies and uses instruments and methods used to separate, identify,
and quantify matter. In practice separation, identification or quantification may constitute the
entire analysis or be combined with another method. Separation
isolates analytes. Qualitative analysis identifies analytes, while quantitative
analysis determines the numerical amount or concentration. Analytical chemistry consists of
classical, wet chemical methods and modern, instrumental methods
Topic : Analytical chemistry
Main Idea : Analytical chemistry studies and uses instruments and methods used
to separate, identify, and quantify matter.
Supporting detail: In practice separation, identification or quantification may constitute the
entire analysis or be combined with another method. Separation
isolates analytes. Qualitative analysis identifies analytes,
while quantitative analysis determines the numerical amount or
concentration. Analytical chemistry consists of classical, wet chemical
methods and modern, instrumental methods

9.) Petroleum is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black liquid found in geological

formations beneath the Earth's surface, which is commonly refined into various types
of fuels. Components of petroleum are separated using a technique called fractional
distillation. It consists of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other organic
compounds. The name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude
oil and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil. A fossil fuel, petroleum is
formed when large quantities of dead organisms, usually zooplankton and algae, are buried
underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to both intense heat and pressure.
Topic : Petroleum
Main Idea : Petroleum is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black liquid found
in geological formations beneath the Earth's surface, which is commonly
refined into various types of fuels.
Supporting detail: Components of petroleum are separated using a technique
called fractional distillation. It consists of hydrocarbons of various
molecular weights and other organic compounds. The
name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude
oil and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil. A fossil
fuel, petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms,
usually zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary
rock and subjected to both intense heat and pressure.
10.) In chemistry, pH (potential of hydrogen) is a numeric scale used to specify
the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. It is approximately the negative of the base
10 logarithm of the molar concentration, measured in units of moles per liter, of hydrogen
ions. More precisely it is the negative of the logarithm to base 10 of the activity of the
hydrogen ion. Solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic and solutions with a pH greater than
7 are basic. Pure water is neutral, at pH 7, being neither an acid nor a base. Contrary to
popular belief, the pH value can be less than 0 or greater than 14 for very strong acids and
bases respectively.
Topic : pH
Main Idea : In chemistry, pH (potential of hydrogen) is a numeric scale used to
specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
Supporting detail: It is approximately the negative of the base 10 logarithm of the molar
concentration, measured in units of moles per liter, of hydrogen ions.
More precisely it is the negative of the logarithm to base 10 of
the activity of the hydrogen ion. Solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic
and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic. Pure water is neutral, at
pH 7, being neither an acid nor a base. Contrary to popular belief, the pH
value can be less than 0 or greater than 14 for very strong acids and
bases respectively.
11.) Filtration is any of various mechanical, physical or biological operations that separate solids
from fluids (liquids or gases) by adding a medium through which only the fluid can pass. The
fluid that passes through is called the filtrate. In physical filters oversize solids in the fluid are
retained and in biological filters particulates are trapped and ingested and metabolites are
retained and removed. However, the separation is not complete; solids will be contaminated
with some fluid and filtrate will contain fine particles (depending on the pore size, filter
thickness and biological activity).
Topic : Filtration
Main Idea : Filtration is any of various mechanical, physical or biological operations
that separate solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by adding a medium
through which only the fluid can pass.
Supporting detail: The fluid that passes through is called the filtrate. In physical filters
oversize solids in the fluid are retained and in biological filters particulates
are trapped and ingested and metabolites are retained and removed.
However, the separation is not complete; solids will be contaminated with
some fluid and filtrate will contain fine particles (depending on the pore
size, filter thickness and biological activity).

12.) A separation process is a method to achieve any phenomenon that converts a mixture of
chemical substance into two or more distinct product mixtures, which may be referred to as
mixture. at least one of which is enriched in one or more of the mixture's constituents. In
some cases, a separation may fully divide the mixture into its pure constituents. Separations
differ in chemical properties or physical properties such as size, shape, mass, density, or
chemical affinity, between the constituents of a mixture. They are often classified according
to the particular differences they use to achieve separation. Usually there is only physical
movement and no substantial chemical modification. If no single difference can be used to
accomplish a desired separation, multiple operations will often be performed in combination
to achieve the desired end.
 Topic : Separation process
Main Idea : A separation process is a method to achieve any phenomenon that
converts a mixture of chemical substance into two or more distinct
product mixtures, which may be referred to as mixture.
Supporting detail: at least one of which is enriched in one or more of the mixture's
constituents. In some cases, a separation may fully divide the mixture
into its pure constituents. Separations differ in chemical properties or
physical properties such as size, shape, mass, density, or chemical
affinity, between the constituents of a mixture. They are often classified
according to the particular differences they use to achieve separation.
Usually there is only physical movement and no substantial chemical
modification. If no single difference can be used to accomplish a desired
separation, multiple operations will often be performed in combination to
achieve the desired end.

13.) Distillation is a process of separating the component or substances from a liquid mixture by
selective evaporation and condensation. Distillation may result in essentially complete
separation (nearly pure components), or it may be a partial separation that increases the
concentration of selected components of the mixture. In either case the process exploits
differences in the volatility of the mixture's components. In industrial chemistry, distillation is
a unit operation of practically universal importance, but it is a physical separation process
and not a chemical reaction.
Topic : Distillation
Main Idea : Distillation is a process of separating the component or substances
from a liquid mixture by selective evaporation and condensation.
Supporting detail: Distillation may result in essentially complete separation (nearly pure
components), or it may be a partial separation that increases the
concentration of selected components of the mixture. In either case the
process exploits differences in the volatility of the mixture's components.
In industrial chemistry, distillation is a unit operation of practically
universal importance, but it is a physical separation process and not
a chemical reaction.

14.) In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely

of hydrogen and carbon, and thus are group 14 hydrides. Hydrocarbons from which one
hydrogen atom has been removed are functional groups, called hydrocarbyls. Aromatic
hydrocarbons (arenes), alkanes, alkenes, cycloalkanes and alkyne-based compounds are
different types of hydrocarbons.
Topic : Hydrocarbon
Main Idea : In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting
entirely of hydrogen and carbon, and thus are group 14 hydrides.
Supporting detail:

15.) Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved
solid to a surface. This process creates a film of the adsorbate on the surface of
the adsorbent. This process differs from absorption, in which a fluid (the absorbate)
 is dissolved by or permeates a liquid or solid (the absorbent), respectively. Adsorption is a
surface-based process while absorption involves the whole volume of the material. The
term sorption encompasses both processes, while desorption is the reverse of it. Adsorption
is a surface phenomenon.
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16.) Chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture. The mixture is
dissolved in a fluid called the mobile phase, which carries it through a structure holding
another material called the stationary phase. The various constituents of the mixture travel at
different speeds, causing them to separate. The separation is based on differential
partitioning between the mobile and stationary phases. Subtle differences in a
compound's partition coefficient result in differential retention on the stationary phase and
thus changing the separation.
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17.) A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical
bonds. Molecules are distinguished from ions by their lack of electrical charge. However,
in quantum physics, organic chemistry, and biochemistry, the term molecule is often used
less strictly, also being applied to polyatomic ions.
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18.) A polyatomic ion, also known as a molecular ion, is a charged chemical species (ion)
composed of two or more atoms covalently bonded or of a metal complex that can be
considered to be acting as a single unit. The prefix poly- means "many," in Greek, but even
ions of two atoms are commonly referred to as polyatomic. In older literature, a polyatomic
ion is also referred to as a radical, and less commonly, as a radical group. In contemporary
usage, the term radical refers to free radicals that are (not necessarily charged) species with
an unpaired electron.

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19.) A conjugate acid, within the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, is a species formed by
the reception of a proton (H+) by a base—in other words, it is a base with a hydrogen ion
 added to it. On the other hand, a conjugate base is merely what is left after an acid has
donated a proton in a chemical reaction. Hence, a conjugate base is a species formed by
the removal of a proton from an acid.
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20.) An acid–base reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs between an acid and a base.
Several theoretical frameworks provide alternative conceptions of the reaction mechanisms
and their application in solving related problems; these are called acid–base theories, for
example, Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory. Their importance becomes apparent in
analyzing acid–base reactions for gaseous or liquid species, or when acid or base character
may be somewhat less apparent. The first of these concepts was provided by the
French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, around 1776.
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