Answer, Key – Homework 6 – David McIntyre 1

This print-out should have 30 questions, check Explanation:

that it is complete. Multiple-choice questions
may continue on the next column or page:
find all choices before making your selection. Given : mh = 337 g ,
The due time is Central time. mc = 66 g ,
Chapters 20 and 21 problems.
mAl = 25 g ,
001 (part 1 of 1) 0 points cw = 1 cal/g ·◦ C ,
A 0.0505 kg ingot of metal is heated to 173◦ C cAl = 0.215 cal/g ·◦ C ,
and then is dropped into a beaker containing Tc = 29◦ C , and
0.426 kg of water initially at 23◦ C. Th = 70◦ C .
If the final equilibrium state of the mixed
system is 25.4 ◦ C, find the specific heat of
The heat lost by hot water equals the heat
the metal. The specific heat of water is
gained by cold metal plus the water.
4186 J/kg · ◦ C.
mh cw (Th − Tf )
Correct answer: 574.172 J/kg · ◦ C.
= mAl cAl (Tf − Tc ) + mc cw (Tf − Tc )
Explanation:
(mh cw + mAl cAl + mc cw ) Tf
= mh cw Tf + mAl cAl Tc + mc cw Tc
Given : mw = 0.426 kg ,
mx = 0.0505 kg ,
mh cw Th + mAl cAl Tc + mc cw Tc
cw = 4186 J/kg · ◦ C , Tf =
mh cw + mAl cAl + mc cw
Tw = 23◦ C ,
Ti = 173◦ C , and Since
Tf = 25.4◦ C . mh cw Th + mAl cAl Tc + mc cw Tc
= (337 g) (1 cal/g ·◦ C) (70◦ C)
Because the thermal energy lost by the in- + (25 g) (0.215 cal/g ·◦ C) (29◦ C)
got equals the thermal energy gained by the
+ (66 g) (1 cal/g ·◦ C) (29◦ C)
water,
= 25659.9 cal
mx cx (Ti − Tf ) = mw cw (Tf − Tw ) , and
mh cw + mAl cAl + mc cw
mw cw (Tf − Tw ) = (337 g) (1 cal/g ·◦ C)
cx =
mx (Ti − Tf ) + (25 g) (0.215 cal/g ·◦ C)
(0.426 kg) (4186 J/kg · ◦ C) + (66 g) (1 cal/g ·◦ C)
=
0.0505 kg = 408.375 cal/◦C ,
25.4◦ C − 23◦ C then the equilibrium temperature will be
×
173◦ C − 25.4◦ C
= 574.172 J/kg · ◦ C . 25659.9 cal
Tf =
408.375 cal/◦C
= 62.8341◦C ,
002 (part 1 of 1) 0 points
337 g of water at 70◦ C is poured into a 25 g
aluminum cup containing 66 g of water at 003 (part 1 of 1) 10 points
29◦ C. A calorimeter contains 410 mL of water at
What is the equilibrium temperature of the 48 ◦ C and 43 g of ice at 0 ◦ C.
system? Assume the specific heat of alu- Find the final temperature of the system.
minum is 0.215 cal/g ·◦ C. Correct answer: 35.8923 ◦ C.
Correct answer: 62.8341 ◦C. Explanation:
 Answer, Key – Homework 6 – David McIntyre 2

Calculate the work done by the gas during

this process.
Given : V = 410 mL , Correct answer: 367.364 J.
mw = 410 g , Explanation:
mice = 0.043 kg ,
cw = 1 cal/g ·◦ C ,
Given : P = 101300 Pa ,
Lf = 333000 J/kg ,
V1 = 4 cm3 ,
Tw = 48 ◦ C ,
V2 = 3630.5 cm3 ,
Ti = 0 ◦ C , and
m = 0.004 kg , and
∆T = 48 ◦ C .
Lv = 2.26 × 106 J/kg .
The 410 mL = mv of water cools to 0 ◦ C,
giving off
W = P ∆V
Qw = mw cw ∆T = P (V2 − V1 )
= (410 g) (1 cal/g ·◦ C) (48 ◦ C) = (101300 Pa)(3630.5 cm3 − 4 cm3 )
= 19680 cal µ
1m
¶3
·
heat. 100 cm
If all of the ice melts, it absorbs = 367.364 J.

Qi = mice Lf
= (0.043 kg) (333000 J/kg) (0.2389 cal/J)
= 3420.81 cal
heat.
Since Qw > Qi , all of the ice melts and also
warms up to a temperature above 0 ◦ C: Thus
005 (part 2 of 3) 0 points
Find the amount of heat added to the water
to accomplish this process.
Correct answer: 9040 J.
Explanation:

Qlostwater = Qmeltice + Qgained Q = m Lv

mw cw ( Tw − Tf ) = Qi + mice cw ( Tf − Tice ) = (0.004 kg)(2.26 × 106 J/kg)
mw cw Tw − mw cw Tf = Qi + mice cw ( Tf − 0) = 9040 J.
mw cw Tw − Qi = ( mice cw + mw cw )Tf

006 (part 3 of 3) 0 points

m w c w Tw − Q i Find the change in internal energy.
Tf =
mice cw + mw cw Correct answer: 8672.63 J.
(410 g)(1 cal/g ·◦ C)(48 ◦ C) − 3420.81 cal Explanation:
=
(0.043 kg)(1 cal/g ·◦ C) + (410 g)(1 cal/g ·◦ C)
19680 cal − 3420.81 cal
= ∆U = Q − W = 9040 J − 367.364 J
43 cal/◦ C + 410 cal/◦ C
= 35.8923 ◦ C . = 8672.63 J.

004 (part 1 of 3) 0 points 007 (part 1 of 3) 4 points

3
4 cm of water is boiled at atmospheric pres- Two moles of helium gas initially at 252 K
sure to become 3630.5 cm3 of steam, also at and 0.33 atm are compressed isothermally to
atmospheric pressure. 1.57 atm.
 Answer, Key – Homework 6 – David McIntyre 3

Find the final volume of the gas. Assume Explanation:

the helium to behave as an ideal gas. From the first law of thermodynamics, since
Correct answer: 0.0263486 m3 . ∆U = 0,
Explanation:
Q=W
= −6.5361 kJ .
Given : n = 2 mol ,
R = 8.31451 J/K · mol , 010 (part 1 of 2) 5 points
Tf = 252 K , and A gas is taken through the cyclic process de-
Pf = 1.57 atm . scribed by the figure. Let a = 9, b = 9.

From the ideal gas law, P (kPa)

14 B
Pf V f = n R T
12
nRT
Vf = 10
Pf
(2 mol)(8.31451 J/K · mol)(252 K) 8
=
(1.57 atm)(101300 Pa/atm) 6
= 0.0263486 m3 . 4 A
C

2
008 (part 2 of 3) 3 points
Find the work done by the gas. 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Correct answer: −6.5361 kJ.
Explanation: V (m3 )
Find the net energy transferred to the sys-
Given : Pi = 0.33 atm and tem by heat during one complete cycle.
Ti = 252 K . Correct answer: 40.5 kJ.
The initial volume was Explanation:

nRT
Vi = Given : ∆P = 9000 Pa and
Pi
(2 mol)(8.31451 J/K · mol)(252 K) ∆V = 9 m3 .
=
(0.33 atm)(101300 Pa/atm)
The change in internal energy is
= 0.125356 m3
and the work done was ∆Ucycle = Qcycle + Wcycle = 0
Vf
Z µ ¶
W = P dV = n R T ln
Vi
= (2 mol)(8.31451 J/K · mol)(252 K) Qcycle = −WABCA
0.0263486 m3
µ ¶
1 kJ = (area enclosed in P V diagram)
ln 3
0.125356 m 1000 J 1¡
9 m3 (9000 Pa)
¢
=
= −6.5361 kJ . 2
= 40500 J
= 40.5 kJ .
009 (part 3 of 3) 3 points
Find the thermal energy transferred.
Correct answer: −6.5361 kJ. Alternate Solution:
 Answer, Key – Homework 6 – David McIntyre 4

For each step the work is the negative of

the area under the curve on the PV diagram: 013 (part 2 of 2) 0 points
Find the final temperature of the gas.
WAB = −[(3.6 kPa) 10.5 m3 − 6.5 m3
¡ ¢
Correct answer: 832.5 K.
1 Explanation:
+ (9.6 kPa − 3.6 kPa)
2 ¡ From the ideal gas law
· 10.5 m3 − 6.5 m3 ]
¢
Vi Vf
= −26.4 kJ =
Ti Tf
WBC = 0 kJ
V f Ti
WCA = −(3.6 kPa) 6.5 m3 − 10.5 m3
¡ ¢
Tf =
Vi
= 14.4 kJ
(4 m3 )(333 K)
=
(1.6 m3 )
Qcycle = −WABC = 832.5 K .
= −(−26.4 kJ + 0 kJ + 14.4 kJ)
= 12 kJ .
014 (part 1 of 2) 0 points
One mole of an ideal gas does 2519 J of work
011 (part 2 of 2) 5 points on the surroundings as it expands isother-
If the cycle is reversed (that is, the process mally to a final pressure of 0.8 atm and vol-
follows the path ACBA), what is the net en- ume of 33 L.
ergy transferred by heat per cycle? Determine the initial volume. (R =
Correct answer: −40.5 kJ. 8.31451 J/K · mol.)
Explanation: Correct answer: 12.866 L.
If the cycle is reversed, then Explanation:

Qcycle = WACBA = −WABCA = −40.5 kJ .

Given : n = 1 mol ,
W = 2519 J ,
012 (part 1 of 2) 0 points
An ideal gas initially at 333 K undergoes an R = 8.31451 J/K · mol ,
isobaric expansion at 2 kPa. Pf = 0.8 atm , and
If the volume increases from 1.6 m3 to 4 m3 Vf = 33 L .
and 15.9 kJ of thermal energy is transferred to
the gas, find the change in its internal energy. By the ideal gas law, P V = n R T .
Correct answer: 11.1 kJ. The work done in an isothermal process is
Explanation:
Vf
µ ¶
W = n R T ln
Vi
Given : P = 2 kPa , Vf
µ ¶
Vf = 4 m 3 , = P V ln
Vi
Vi = 1.6 m3 , and Vf
µ ¶
W
ln =
Ti = 333 K . Vi PV
Vf
· ¸
From the first law of thermodynamics W
= exp
Vi PV
∆U = Q − W = Q − P (Vf − Vi ) ·
−W
¸
Vi = Vf exp
= 15.9 kJ − (2 kPa)(4 m3 − 1.6 m3 ) PV
= 11.1 kJ . Since
 Answer, Key – Homework 6 – David McIntyre 5
W 2519 J Find the final temperature under the same
=
PV (0.8 atm)(101300)(33 L)(1e − 3) assumptions as above.
= 0.941922 Correct answer: 443.865 ◦ C.
Vi = 33 L exp [−0.941922] Explanation:
= 12.866 L .
Given : Ti = 21.8◦ C = 294.8 K .
015 (part 2 of 2) 0 points
Since
Determine the temperature of the gas.
P V = nRT
Correct answer: 321.645 K.
Explanation: is always valid during the process and since
According to the equation of state for an ideal no gas escapes from the cylinder,
gas, the temperature is
Pi V i Pf V f
Pf V f = = nR.
Tf = Ti Tf
nR
(0.8 atm)(101300)(33 L)(1e − 3) Therefore,
=
(1 mol)(8.31451 J/K · mol)
Pf V f
= 321.645 K . Tf = Ti
Pi V i
016 (part 1 of 2) 0 points (18.4089 atm) (86 cm3 )
= (294.8 K)
Air in the cylinder of a diesel engine at (0.821 atm) (793 cm3 )
21.8 ◦ C is compressed from an initial pres- = 716.865 K
sure of 0.821 atm and of volume of 793 cm3 to = 443.865◦ C .
a volume of 86 cm3 .
Assuming that air behaves as an ideal gas
(γ = 1.40) and that the compression is adia- 018 (part 1 of 4) 3 points
batic and reversible, find the final pressure. 4.2 L of diatomic gas (γ = 1.4) confined to a
Correct answer: 18.4089 atm. cylinder are put through a closed cycle. The
Explanation: gas is initially at 1 atm and at 330 K. First,
its pressure is tripled under constant volume.
Then it expands adiabatically to its original
Given : Pi = 0.821 atm ,
pressure and finally is compressed isobarically
Vi = 793 cm3 , and to its original volume.
Vf = 86 cm3 . Determine the volume at the end of the
adiabatic expansion.
Using the relation Correct answer: 9.20556 L.
Pi Viγ = Pf Vfγ , Explanation:

we find that
µ ¶γ Given : V0 = 4.2 L = 0.0042 m3 and
Vi
Pf = P i Pf = 3 P i .
Vf
µ
793 cm3
¶1.40 Basic Concepts
= (0.821 atm )
86 cm3 P V = nRT
= 18.4089 atm .
∆U = Q − Wgas
017 (part 2 of 2) 0 points U = n Cv T
 Answer, Key – Homework 6 – David McIntyre 6

Q = n C ∆T
021 (part 4 of 4) 2 points
Solution: For an adiabatic process we have
What is the net work done for this cycle?
PB VBγ = PC VCγ , Correct answer: 352.579 J.
Explanation:
so
3 P0 V0γ = P0 VCγ .
Given : P0 = 1 atm = 101300 Pa .
It follows from this that
µ ¶1 Since for a closed cycle ∆U = 0, net work
3 P0 γ
done for this cycle equals net heat transferred
VC = V 0
P0 to the gas. In AB this heat is
1
= (4.2 L) (3) 1.4
QAB = n Cv ∆T
= 9.20556 L . 5
= n R (TB − TA )
2
5
019 (part 2 of 4) 3 points = n R (3 T0 − T0 )
Find the temperature of the gas at the start 2
= 5 n R T0
of the adiabatic expansion.
Correct answer: 990 K. = 5 P 0 V0
Explanation: = 5 (101300 Pa) (0.0042 m3 )
= 2127.3 J .
Given : T0 = 330 K .
From the equation of state for an ideal gas we In BC
obtain QBC = 0,
since the process is adiabatic, and with the
PB V B = n R T B = 3 P 0 V 0 = 3 n R T 0
help of the equation of the state for an ideal
Therefore gas, we have

TB = 3 T 0 QCA = n Cp ∆T
= 3 (330 K) 7
= n R (TA − TC )
= 990 K . 2 µ ¶
7 VC
= n R T0 − T 0
2 V0
020 (part 3 of 4) 2 points
µ ¶
7 VC
Find the temperature at the end of the adia- = P0 V 0 1 −
2 V0
batic expansion. 7
Correct answer: 723.294 K. = (101300 Pa) (0.0042 m3 )
2 µ
Explanation: ¶
9.20556 L
× 1−
4.2 L
TB VBγ−1 = TC VCγ−1 = −1774.72 J .
µ ¶γ−1
VB For the whole cycle
TC = T B
VC
¶1.4−1
QABCA = QAB + QCA
µ
4.2 L
= (990 K)
9.20556 L = (2127.3 J) + (−1774.72 J)
= 723.294 K . = 352.579 J .
 Answer, Key – Homework 6 – David McIntyre 7

slowly and adiabatically from a pressure of

022 (part 1 of 2) 0 points
A cylinder contains 2.46 mol of helium gas at
a temperature of 285 K.
How much heat must be transferred to the
gas to increase its temperature to 602 K if
it is heated at constant volume? The molar
specific heat at constant volume, cv , of helium
is 12.5 J/mol/K.
Correct answer: 9747.75 J.
Explanation:
4 atm and a volume of 13 L to a final volume
of 33 L.
What is the final pressure?
Correct answer: 1.08558 atm.
Explanation:
Given : P0 = 4 atm = 405200 Pa ,
V0 = 13 L = 0.013 m3 , and
V1 = 33 L = 0.033 m3 .

Basic Concepts
Given : n = 2.46 mol ,
Ti = 285 K , and P V γ = const
Tf = 602 K .
P V = nRT
For the constant-volume process, the work
done is zero. Therefore for the heat Q1 trans- Solution: Since an adiabatic process for an
ferred to the gas during the process we have ideal gas is described by P V γ = const, we
have
Q1 = ∆U P0 V0γ = P1 V1γ ,
3
= n R ∆T so
2 ¶γ
= n cv (Tf − Ti ) ,
µ
V0
P1 = P 0
V1
¶1.4
Q1 = (2.46 mol) (12.5 J/mol/K)
µ
13 L
= (4 atm)
· (602 K − 285 K) 33 L
= 9747.75 J . = 1.08558 atm .

023 (part 2 of 2) 0 points 025 (part 2 of 3) 0 points

How much thermal energy must be trans- What is the initial temperature?
ferred to the gas at constant pressure to raise Correct answer: 316.772 K.
the temperature to 602 K? The molar spe- Explanation:
cific heat at constant presure, cp , of helium is From the equation of state for an ideal gas
20.8 J/mol/K. we have
Correct answer: 16220.3 J.
Explanation: P0 V 0
T0 =
For the thermal energy Q2 transferred to nR
the gas at constant pressure, (405200 Pa) (0.013 m3 )
=
(2 mol) (8.31451 J/K · mol)
Q2 = n cp ∆T = 316.772 K .
= (2.46 mol) (20.8 J/mol/K) (317 K)
= 16220.3 J .
026 (part 3 of 3) 0 points
What is the final temperature?
024 (part 1 of 3) 0 points Correct answer: 218.232 K.
Two moles of an idea gas (γ = 1.4) expands Explanation:
 Answer, Key – Homework 6 – David McIntyre 8

From the equation of state for an ideal gas

we have 1
5. Cv = fR
3
P1 V 1
T1 = Explanation:
nR The specific heat is given by
(109969 Pa) (0.033 m3 )
= µ
1 dU
¶
1
(2 mol) (8.31451 J/K · mol) Cv = = f R.
= 218.232 K . n dT 2

029 (part 3 of 4) 0 points

027 (part 1 of 4) 0 points Find its molar specific heat at constant pres-
Assume that a molecule has f degrees of sure.
freedom. Consider a gas consisting of such
molecules. 1
1. Cp = (f + 3)R
Determine its total thermal energy. 2
3
3nRT 2. Cp = (f + 2) R
1. U = f 2
2 1
nRT 3. Cp = (f + 1) R
2. U = f 2
3 1
2nRT 4. Cp = (f + 2) R
3. U = f 3
3 1
nRT 5. Cp = (f + 2) R correct
4. U = f correct 2
2 Explanation:
5. U = f n R T Since Cp = Cv + R, we have
Explanation: 1
Cp = C v + R = (f + 2) R .
µ ¶ 2
1 dU
Cv =
n dT 030 (part 4 of 4) 0 points
According to the equipartition theorem, the Cp
Determine the ratio γ =
amount of energy per each degree of freedom Cv
kB T f +2
is , so that 1. γ =
2 2f
kB T nRT f +2
U =Nf =f . 2. γ =
2 2 3f
f +2
3. γ = correct
028 (part 2 of 4) 0 points f
Find its molar specific heat at constant vol- f +3
ume. 4. γ =
f
f +1
1. Cv = f R 5. γ =
f
1 Explanation:
2. Cv = f R correct Taking the magnitudes of Cp and Cv from
2
2 the previous sections, we obtain
3. Cv = f R
3 Cp f +2
γ= = .
1 Cv f
4. Cv = f R
4