Erosion due to wave action

where
W 50 = average block weight in kN
H des = design wave height, H s to 1.4H s
rs = specific gravity of a block unit of quarry stone, 26 kN/m3
rw = specific gravity of seawater, 10.26 kN/m3
a = slope angle of the cover layer
KD = shape and stability coefficient, which for the berth front is 3.2, and for the berth end or the
end of the fill under the quay is 2.3. For quarry stone and breaking waves the berth front
value is 2.7

- Hs = 1.4 m

- H des = 1.96 m (design wave height 1.4H s is applied)

- a = 1:5

 W 50 = 345.45 kg ~ 350 kg (berth front) and

480.62 kg ~ 500 kg (berth end).

The block weight W max should be less than (3.6−4.0) × W 50, and W min should be greater than
(0.2−0.22) × W 50.

 W min < W 50 <W max = 100 kg < W 50 < 1200 kg (berth front) and
120 kg < W 50 < 1700 kg (berth end).

The equivalent rock or stone diameter will be:

where
d equ = the equivalent rock or stone diameter in m
W = the block weight in kN
rs = the specific gravity of a block unit of quarry stone, 26 kN/m3

 d equ = 0.63 m (berth front) and

0.7 m (berth end).
 d min < d equ <d max = 0.38 m < d equ < 0.96 m (berth front) and
0.43 m < d equ < 1.07 m (berth end).
Erosion due to the main propeller action

The jet velocity caused by the rotating main propeller is called the ‘induced jet velocity’, and occurs
directly behind the main propeller. It is recommended by both the EAU (2004) and PIANC Working
Groups 22 and 48 (PIANC, 1997, 2010) that this is calculated using the simplified formula:
V OM = 0.95 × n × D P

where
V OM = initial centreline jet velocity from the main propeller
n = number of propeller revolutions per second
D P = propeller diameter

- n = 127 RPM (GSI, GUANGZHOU SHIPYARD INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD. 50500 DWT
CHEMICAL/PRODUCT OIL TANKER)
- n = 42 RPM (applied by slow ahead average 41 % rpm with standard deviation 5 rpm, m - 2s
based on pilot cards New PIANC recommendations 2011 on PIANC 180-2015)
- n = 51 RPM (applied by half ahead average 53 % rpm with standard deviation 8 rpm, m - 2s
based on pilot cards New PIANC recommendations 2011 on PIANC 180-2015)
- n = 63 RPM (applied by full ahead - manoeuvring average 65 % rpm with standard deviation
10 rpm, m - 2s based on pilot cards New PIANC recommendations 2011 on PIANC 180-2015)

LPG carrier 3500 DWT

- D p = 3800 mm (interpolation value 3500 DWT ship for container ship Port Designers Handbook)

 V OM = 2.53 m/s ~ 2.5 m/s (slow ahead),

 V OM = 3.07 m/s ~ 3 m/s (half ahead),
 V OM = 3.79 m/s ~ 3.8 m/s (full ahead - manoeuvring).

LPG carrier 25000 DWT

- D p = 6000 mm (interpolation value 25000 DWT ship for container ship Port Designers
Handbook)

 V OM = 3.99 m/s ~ 4 m/s (slow ahead),

 V OM = 4.85 m/s ~ 5 m/s (half ahead),
 V OM = 5.99 m/s ~ 6 m/s (full ahead - manoeuvring).

LPG carrier 65000 DWT

- D p = 7500 mm (that is assumed has the same value with 60000 DWT ship for container ship
Port Designers Handbook)

 V OM = 4.98 m/s ~ 5 m/s (Slow ahead),

 V OM = 6.06 m/s ~ 6 m/s (half ahead),
 V OM = 7.48 m/s ~ 7.5 m/s (full ahead - manoeuvring).
If the output of the main propeller is known, rather than the velocity, the induced jet velocity can be
calculated as follows:

where
V OM = initial centreline jet velocity from the main propeller
c = 1.48 for a free propeller or a non-ducted propeller, and 1.17 for a propeller in a nozzle or a
ducted propeller
P = engine output power in kW
rO = density of seawater, 1.03 t/m3
D p = propeller diameter

- P = 17 500 kW

 V OM = 11.52 m/s,
 V OM (applied, 75 %) = 8.64 m/s

The EAU (2004) recommends that the seabed velocity be calculated using the following formula:

where
V bottom = bottom velocity due to the main propeller in m/s
V OM = initial centreline jet velocity from the main propeller
E = 0.71 for a single-propeller ship with a central rudder, and 0.42 for a twin-propeller ship
with a middle rudder
Hp = height of the propeller shaft over the bottom
Dp = propeller diameter
a = −1.00 for a single-propeller ship and –0.28 for a twin-propeller ship

- HP = 3.1 m

 V bottom = 11.87 m/s

For the calculation of the initial jet diameter D o, the PIANC recommends the following relationships:
- non-ducted propeller, D o = 0.71 × D p
- D o = 4260 mm

 V bottom = 6.26 m/s

Erosion due to thrusters
Erosion of the berth structure due to the action of bow thrusters

The velocity of the jet from the outlet of the bow thruster can be calculated using the simplified
formula:

where
V OB = initial centreline jet velocity from the bow propeller in m/s
P = bow engine output power in kW
ro = density of water, 1.03 t/m
D B = inner diameter of the bow thruster opening in m.

- P = 17 500 kW
- D p = 6000 mm