Energy and Buildings 66 (2013) 112–118

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Energy and Buildings

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Short communication

Survey of energy consumption and energy conservation measures for

colleges and universities in Guangdong province
Xuan Zhou a,b,∗ , Junwei Yan a,b , Junwen Zhu c , Panpan Cai a,b
a
South China University of Technology, School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, Guangzhou, China
b
City Air-conditioning Energy Conservation and Control Project Technology Research Exploitation Center of Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
c
Guangdong Provincial Department of Education Logistics Management Office, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: As an important part of economical society, colleges and universities have been shouldering the important
Received 20 May 2013 task of education, science research and social service. In this paper, a detailed investigation in the form
Accepted 22 July 2013 of questionnaire was carried out for the energy consumption of colleges and universities in Guangdong
Province, including electricity, water, gas and cooling energy consumption from 2006 to 2010. The energy
Keywords: meter reading modes, energy conversation investment amount and energy-efficiency retrofit work were
Energy consumption
also reported and analyzed.
Energy conservation measures
Furthermore, as can be concluded from the survey, there exists great difference in per unit energy con-
Colleges and universities
Guangdong
sumption between different types of universities classified by schools’ discipline, nature and level, which
China would be taken into account when the energy consumption evaluation indexes system is established.
Although energy-saving measures at Guangdong’s colleges and universities bear fruit, Guangdong’s
colleges and universities still have great potential of energy conservation and emission reduction by
Conservation-oriented campus construction, and the government should increase funding and improve
economic policy to encourage and support energy saving for colleges and universities.
© 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Conservation Alliance), UAIEE (University Alliance for Industrial

In the context of globalization, higher education has under-
gone tremendous expansion in the recent past, whose energy
consumption has a large impact on both financial and environmen-
tal interests. Since the early 1990s, many partnerships have been
established one after another as a result of the higher education for
sustainability movement, which focus on energy efficiency, con-
servation and management for colleges and universities, including
C2E2 (Campus Consortium for Environmental Excellence), ACUPCC
(American College & University Presidents Climate Commitment),
ISCN (International Sustainable Campus Network), Higher Educa-
tion’s Commitment to Sustainability, etc.
In China, the rapid economic development also brought about
the unprecedented growth opportunities in higher education. At
the beginning of the 21st century for its first decade, colleges and
universities began to realize the significance of energy conservation
from human dimension in achieving a sustainable energy future.
Several Schools partnership to improve energy conservation have
been set up in China, such as NUECA (National University Energy
∗ Corresponding author at: South China University of Technology, School of Chem-
ical and Energy Engineering, Guangzhou, China. Tel.: +86 159 1848 3535.
E-mail addresses: zhouxuan@scut.edu.cn, zbbnihao@hotmail.com (X. Zhou).
Energy Efficiency), and CGUN (China Green University network).
Moreover, the government also has paid unprecedented attention
to energy conservation efforts and invested billions of U.S. dollars in
Conservation-oriented Campus Construction Program, according to
the MOHURD (Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development
of the People’s Republic of China).
In order to promote energy conservation of Guangdong Province
higher educational institutions, Director Jun-wen Zhu, of the
Guangdong Provincial Department of Education Logistics Manage-
ment Office, who is a co-author of the paper, conducted the survey.
This survey, in the form of a questionnaire, of energy con-
sumption and energy conservation patterns for Guangdong higher
educational institutions, was undertaken in the second half of 2011.
More than 70% colleges and universities in Guangdong partici-
pated in this survey, of which the energy consumptions from 2006
to 2010, including electricity, water and gas, were investigated.
The energy measurement methods, completed energy-efficiency
retrofit work and energy conservation plan were also reported and
analyzed.
The purpose of this survey is to clarify the status of energy con-
sumption, identify and illustrate the weak links in energy efficiency
for energy efficiency improvement. From this survey, it is then pos-
sible to analyze the emission reduction potential for greenhouse
gases. Our study does not aim to find the major causes of energy

0378-7788/$ – see front matter © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.07.055
 X. Zhou et al. / Energy and Buildings 66 (2013) 112–118
waste, but rather to concentrate on the status of energy consump-
tion and energy conservation, so the part on energy use patterns
are omitted. This survey also helps to examine the details of the
current state of energy saving measures, as the policy background
of energy-saving.
2. Previous studies
By 2007, there were 2706 colleges and universities, with over
30 million students enrolled in mainland China, and it was esti-
mated that roughly the annual energy consumption per student
was 0.897 tces, which was more than four times national energy
consumption per capita, while the annual water use per student
was 145 ton, which was more than twice domestic water use per
capita [1].
By the end of 2011, more than 200 Colleges and Universities had
benefited from Conservation-oriented Campus Construction Pro-
gram. Compared to the previous year, the average annual water use
per student of 25 demonstration schools, of which Conservation-
oriented Campus Construction had been carried out, is 69.36 ton
which was 63% decreased [2], while the average annual electricity
consumption per unit building area was 22.7 kWh/m2 which was
23.3% decreased. That is to say, in China, the energy saving potential
of colleges and universities is significant.
As China’s economically developed areas and a great education
province, Guangdong province has a humid subtropical climate,
though nearing a tropical climate in the far south. The whole
province boasted a total of 131 universities, with an enrollment
of 438,600 undergraduate students and students of junior college
level each year with 1,334,100 students at school by the end of
2010. For full-time postgraduate education, there was an enroll-
ment of 24,500 students and a number of 65,900 students at school
[3]. So far, due to lack of an effective data acquisition system, the
datum on energy consumption of the colleges and universities had
been mainly acquired manually. Thence, there was no exact infor-
mation about energy usage of each higher education institutions of
Guangdong before this survey.
To pursue the index and characteristic of energy usage per
unit for different types of colleges and universities in subtropi-
cal region, two classification methods were applied to comparative
analysis of water, electricity, and gas consumption. The first clas-
sification method in terms of school disciplines was developed
by the Higher Educational Department of the Ministry of Educa-
tion of Guangdong province to support its program of research
and policy analysis. According to this method, the colleges and
universities could be divided into 10 categories: Comprehensive
University, Natural Sciences & Technology, Agriculture, Medicine &
Pharmacy, Teacher Training, Language & Literature, Finance & Eco-
nomics, Political Science & Law, Physical Culture, Art. The second
classification method in terms of schools nature and level was also
proposed from another point of view, according to which the col-
leges and universities could be divided into 4 sub-systems: Public
& Undergraduate institutions, Public & Higher Vocational colleges,
Private & Higher Vocational colleges, Independent & Undergradu-
ate institutions.
3. Survey methodology
The questionnaire was designed from above study, that
consisted of four sections including profiles of colleges and
universities, energy consumption and methods for measuring
energy consumption, completed energy-efficiency retrofit work
and energy conservation plan. The items within the questionnaire
were summarized in Table 1. The schools involved in this survey
113
Table 1
Items of the questionnaire sheet.
Part I Profiles of colleges and universities
Part II Energy consumption and methods for
measuring energy consumption
Part III Completed energy-efficiency retrofit work
Part IV Energy saving plan
Table 2
Profiles of colleges and universities.
Name, address, total campus area, school type
Numbers of full-time students
Numbers of full-time employees (faculty/stuff)
Number of buildings, total building area
Energy conservation management agency
Name and contact information of person in charge of energy conservation
promotion
Table 3
Energy consumption and methods for measuring energy consumption.
Annual energy usage for water, electricity, cold, gas during the period of
the Eleventh Five-year Plan (2006–2010)
Metering device for water, electricity, cold, and gas
Total metering, building-level sub-metering or end-use sub-metering for
water, electricity, cold, and gas
Table 4
Completed energy-efficiency retrofit projects.
Implementation of completed energy savings projects
Total energy efficiency investments
Sources of funds
Renewable energy utilization
Other energy conservation measures
should fill the required information in the survey form as seen in
Tables 2–5.
Energy consumption and methods for measuring energy con-
sumption are the key focuses of this study in Table 3. Water,
electricity, gas and cold are the major resources of all universities,
while gas is the most commonly used in canteen and the cold is
supplied by Guangzhou University City district cooling system is
just consumed in which involves ten universities. For the four major
types of energy, the meter reading modes could be divided into two
forms: manual meter reading mode and automatic meter reading
mode. With the rapid development of automation and measuring
techniques, the manual meter reading mode has been gradually
replaced by automatic meter reading mode. One of the main advan-
tages of automatic meter reading technology is that the technology
mainly saves utility providers the expense of periodic trips to each
physical location to read a meter and another is that the billing
could be based on near real-time consumption rather than on esti-
mates based on past or predicted consumption which could help
both utility providers and customers better control the use and pro-
duction of electric energy, gas usage, or water consumption. So,
metering reading mode and instruments for water, electricity, cold,
gas were investigated. Furthermore, current status of sub-metering
was stated in the questionnaire (Table 3), because it helped allo-
cate costs appropriately by department, encourages conservation,
produces more accurate energy reports and profiles.
Table 5
Energy saving action plans.
Evolution of energy efficiency financing and investment
Renewable energy action plan
Suggestions on further strengthening the work of energy conservation
114 X. Zhou et al. / Energy and Buildings 66 (2013) 112–118
Fig. 1. Classified by disciplines.
To assist in decision-making about conservation invest-
ments, the completed energy-efficiency retrofit project was also
investigated in Table 4. There are five important aspects: (1) imple-
mentation of completed energy savings projects; (2) total energy
efficiency investments; (3) sources of funds; (4) renewable energy
utilization; and (5) other energy conservation measures. For the
first aspect, there are four options which include energy conserva-
tion supervision platform, energy-saving retrofit for key equipment
of high energy consumption; installation of energy-saving appli-
ance and the others. And the major facilities for high energy
consumption include air-conditioning system, hot water system,
lighting system and the others. In terms of the installation of
energy-saving appliance, there are many options which include
energy-saving lamp, intelligent IC card electric meter, intelligent
IC card water meter, water-saving taps, water-saving tank, energy-
saving stoves and the others. For the third aspect, there are three
options which include EMC (energy management contract), self-
financing, apply for government grant; For the fourth aspect, there
are four options which include water recycling and reuse, solar
water heating, Solar Photovoltaic and the others.
The energy efficiency action plans are shown as Table 5.
4. Survey results
98 colleges and universities participated in this survey and
completed the questionnaire while 33 did not, thus the overall
completion rate was 74.8%.
As seen in Figs. 1 and 2, the 98 colleges and universities par-
ticipating in this survey were classified by discipline, nature and
level respectively. Fig. 1 shows that there are ten types of colleges
and universities classified by disciplines. Specifically, the Compre-
hensive University accounts for the maximum share (45%) while
the Political Science & Law College takes up 1%, the minimum part.
Then, the Natural Science & Technology University which consti-
tutes 24% is less than Comprehensive University. Other types of
college and university account for only 30% collectively.
Fig. 2. Classified by natures.
Fig. 3. Number of full-time students from 2006 to 2010.
As seen in Fig. 2, the pie chart depicts the proportion of four
types of colleges and universities classified by the second method.
To be more specific, Public & Undergraduate institution and Public
& Higher Vocational colleges should pay the largest portion, mak-
ing up 36% and 34%, respectively. The proportion of independent
institutions & Undergraduate institution is less, accounting for 12%.
Then, the percentage of Public & Higher vocational stands at the
middle of the chart, which constitutes 34%. It is clear from the two
charts, the 98 colleges and universities cover all types.
Among the 98 schools, there are 35 undergraduate institutions
with 670,061 full-time students and 63 vocational schools with
494,736 full-time students. All the questionnaires were filled by
logistics management departments with authority data of each
school. According to the statistic data, the total building area of
these 98 schools amount to 34.263 million square meters by the
end of 2010 and the number of full-time students keeps increasing
while the average annual growth rate is up to 18% from 2006 to
2009, but in 2010 the number drops slightly by 2.43% compared
with 2009 as seen in Fig. 3, because of maintenance of the stable
enrollment plan from Guangdong government.
The total primary energy consumption statistics of the 98 insti-
tutions from 2006 to 2010 are shown in the following part.
4.1. Annual electricity, water, gas and cold consumption from
2006 to 2010
Figs. 4–7 show the results of the total annual consumption and
average annual consumption per student of electricity, water, gas
and cold.
Fig. 4 shows that the average annual total electricity consump-
tion increases steadily with a growth rate of 10.58% per year. The
primary cause is the greatly improvement of experimental and
teaching conditions. Another reason is the increasing enrollment
Fig. 4. Electricity consumption.
 X. Zhou et al. / Energy and Buildings 66 (2013) 112–118
Fig. 5. Water consumption.
Fig. 6. Gas consumption.
growth. The line graph shows that the average electricity consump-
tion per student fluctuates dramatically and reaches a peak in 2010.
In addition to the above reasons, another reason perhaps is the
2010 16th Guangzhou Asian Games, during which lots of stadiums
in universities had been used much more frequently than usual.
Fig. 5 shows that the total annual water consumption is over-
all upward with an average annual growth rate of 5.64% due to the
increasing number of college students while the average water con-
sumption per student has little change with slightly downward by
2.44% per year between 2006 and 2010 due to the increasing public
awareness and the promotion of energy conversation.
Fig. 6 shows that the total annual gas consumption peaks at
16.68 million cubic meters in 2007, and from then on, there is a
gradual decline reduction in the total gas consumption, reaching at
15.66 million cubic meters in 2010 with a decrease rate of 2.08%
per year while the average gas consumption per student decreases
Fig. 7. Cold consumption.
115
Fig. 8. Electricity consumption classified by disciplines.
year by year with the decrease rate of 8.55%. The broader usage of
energy saving stoves is a critical contribution to this decrease in
addition to the increasing public awareness.
In Guangdong province, only ten universities located in
Guangzhou University City were provided cold concentratedly by
district cooling system. From Fig. 5, it is shown that average annual
cold consumption is overall upward by 12.83% per year due to
the increasing number of students. There is generally a downward
trend to average cold consumption per student by 9.24% per year.
The main reason is that some colleges had carried out the energy
saving project of distributed parameter system which had made a
positive effect on energy saving.
4.2. Comparison of water, electricity and gas consumption of the
colleges and universities classified by disciplines
Figs. 8–10 illustrates great differences of annual electricity,
water and gas consumption per student or per building area of ten
types of colleges and universities from 2006 to 2010. Because there
are only ten colleges and universities with cold consumption, in
this section, the analysis of cold consumption is not mentioned.
According to Figs. 8–10, there are significant differences
between different types of colleges and universities classified
by disciplines, but Agricultural, Physical Culture and Medicine &
Pharmacy clearly lead the area in both Electricity and Water con-
sumption per capital while Political Science & Law, Financial &
Economics and Art are the lowest.
As seen in Fig. 8, the electricity consumption per student of
Physical Culture University is 1482 kWh, compared to medicine
& Pharmacy University’s 1193 kWh and Agricultural University’s
Fig. 9. Water consumption classified by disciplines.
116 X. Zhou et al. / Energy and Buildings 66 (2013) 112–118

Fig. 11. Electricity consumption classified by school nature and level.

Fig. 10. Gas consumption classified by disciplines.

1117 kWh. In contrast, the electricity consumption per student

of colleges and universities of such as financial & Economics and
Political Science & Law are less than 520 kWh, about one-third of
Physical Culture University. There are also great differences in elec-
tricity consumption per building area. The electricity consumption
per building area of Agricultural University is the highest, which is
35.67 kWh/m2 . Language & Literature University is second, which
are 30.61 kWh/m2 . Medicine & Pharmacy is roughly same as Phys-
ical Culture and Comprehensive University, about 27kWh/m2 . The
electricity consumption per buidling area of colleges and universi-
ties of such as Art, Political Science & Law are also much less than Fig. 12. Water consumption classified by school nature and level.

that of Physical Culture University, with less than 12 kWh/m2 .

As seen in Fig. 9, the annual water consumption per student electricity, water and gas consumption per student or per building
of Physical Culture University is 175 ton, which is also the highest, area of Public & Undergraduate institutions are also the highest,
compared to Agricultural University’s 114 ton and medicine & Phar- followed by Public & Higher Vocational college and Independent
macy University’s 104 ton. And the water consumption per building institution & Undergraduate institution, which are second and
area of Agricultural University is the highest, which is 3.66 ton/m2 . third. In contrast, Private & Higher Vocaional college is the lowest.
Physical Culture and Natural Sciences & Technology Universities are According to the graphs given in the above figures, a conclusion
second and third, which are 3.3 ton/m2 and 2.62 ton/m2 . The elec- could be drawn that Public institution cost more energy than Pri-
tricity consumption per buidling area of colleges and universities vate institution while Undergraduate institution cost more enery
of such as Political Science & Law, Art and Financial & Economics than Higher vocational college because compared with higher
are 1.07 ton/m2 , 1.39 ton/m2 and 1.55 ton/m2 , also much less than vocational college of Guangdong, the conditions for teaching and
those of the top three. researching in undergraduate institutions are better, accordingly,
As seen in Fig. 10, it is also shown that the annual gas con- their energy consumption also per unit building area are far higher,
sumption per student of Physical Culture University is 57.16 m3 , in which would become the focus of energy saving work in the
compared to Teacher Training University’s 29.29 m3 ton and Agri- future.
cultural’s 24.29 m3 . In contrast, the gas consumption per student of
colleges and universities of such as Financial & Economics and Art
4.4. Other energy conservation measures
colleges are less than 5 m3 , about one-tenth of Physical Culture Uni-
versity. The gas consumption per building area of Teacher Training
1) Full time executive agency for energy conservation
University is the highest, which is 1.02 m3 /m2 , compared to Agri-
cultural’s 0.9 m3 /m2 and Physical Culture’s 0.77 m3 /m2 which are
second and third. In contrast, the gas consumption per buidling
area of colleges and universities of such as Political Science &
Law, Medicine & Pharmacy, Financial & Economics are same as
0.24 m3 /m2 , with Art is the lowest, only 0.04 m3 /m2 , much less than
those of the top three.

4.3. Comparison of electricity, water and gas consumption of the

colleges and universities classified by school nature and level

The column and the curve of Figs. 11–13, respectively, illustrate

annual electricity, water and gas consumption per student and per
building area of four types of colleges and universities classified by
school’s nature and level from 2006 to 2010.
According to Figs. 11–13, there are also significant differences
between different types of colleges and universities, but the annual Fig. 13. Gas consumption classified by school nature and level.
 X. Zhou et al. / Energy and Buildings 66 (2013) 112–118
Fig. 14. Implementation of completed energy savings projects.
The survey shows that more than half of the colleges and uni-
versities pay enough attention to energy-saving issues and have
founded executive agency of energy conservation with full-time
stuff in Guangdong while nearly 70% have established rules and
regulations in energy conservation.
2) Electricity and water meter reading mode and sub-metering
The automatic meter reading mode have not yet widely been
installed, and more than 40% of the colleges and universities
have still been using traditional manual electricity meter reading
as the only measurement. In contrast, only 20% have been using
remote electric meter reading mode in all, and another 40% have
been using both of them. For water metering, it is indicate that
80% universities have still been using traditional manual meter
reading, only 3% have been using remote meter reading, and 17%
have been using both of them.
Establishment of electricity and water sub-metering is an
effective way to explore the energy saving space on campus.
The investigation results indicate that there are not too many
buildings on campus which have installed electricity and water
sub-metering services. 40% of the colleges and universities have
applied sub-metering for some individual buildings whereas
only 10% for all individual buildings. Sub-metering for end users
is much less, only 20%.
3) Implementation of completed energy savings projects
The Campus Energy-Saving Supervisory System could help
administers do inquiry, calculation, comparison and analysis,
and finally give rectified advices against unreasonable energy
using. It is estimated that, 10–15% of the energy resources could
be saved based on the system. Lots of sensors and meters should
be installed to instant acquire and remote monitor the energy
consumption data of water, electricity and gas in every build-
ing in the whole campus. Due to the high cost of construction
this system, only in 17 colleges and universities, the Campus
Energy-Saving Supervisory System had been set up.
The installation of energy saving appliance in schools of
Guangdong had been quite popular, including energy saving
lamps, intelligent IC water card, electric card and dining room
energy-saving stoves. Among those, energy saving lamp is the
most widely used energy saving measures.
Furthermore, as seen in Fig. 14, energy saving reconstruction
of ‘energy saving hot water systems’ and ‘energy saving lighting
systems’ were carried out in 68% and 57% schools while ‘Air-
conditioning system’ lags behind, only 20%. Perhaps the primary
reason is that the technologies of the former two are relatively
simple and mature whereas the third is much more complex and
need for more investment.
4) Renewable energy utilization.
Renewable energy has a host of social, environmental, and
economic benefits. Guangdong is located in the subtropical
region with plenty of sunshine. The government had given
grants, loans and tax breaks to encourage the use of solar energy.
117
By the end of 2010, there had been more than half of the univer-
sities using solar water heating system, yet only one university
had utilizing solar photovoltaic power generation system. Other
types of renewable energy, such as water and wastewater reuse,
Ground source heat pump, had been seldom used, less than 10%.
5) Sources of funds
During 2006–2010, 98 colleges and universities in Guangdong
province had invested 370 million RMB in energy saving, among
which 190 million was from Public & undergraduate institutions
and another 170 million from others. Overall, although great
efforts had been made in energy-saving, but the funding was still
not enough compared to 3.8 billion RMB on energy consumption
over the last five years.
From this survey, there are three major sources to invest
energy-saving projects:
• Self-finance
• Energy management contract
• Government-funded programs
The first is the most common approach, more than 70% of the
total investment, the second is much less, only 16%, and the third
is the least, less than 13%. From the above data, it shows that the
government funding for energy saving work should be further
increased, on the other hand, it indicates that financing channels
such as contract energy management have to be promoted yet.
4.5. Comparison of energy consumption of colleges and
universities between Guangdong province and national
Moreover, for 2010, the annual electricity consumption per unit
building area and the water consumption per student of national
average were 29.6 kWh/m2 and 56.6 ton, respectively [4].
The electricity consumption per unit building area for higher
education institutions of Guangdong in 2010 was 30.61 kWh/m2 ,
slightly higher than the national average of 29.6 kWh/m2 [5], but it
was much higher than the key model universities while although
the water consumption per student of Guangdong province was
76.02 ton, only half of the national average and still higher than the
key model universities, 45.85 ton.
South China University of Technology was the only one of
the first twelve key model universities for conservation-oriented
campus construction in Guangdong and had achieved significant
improvement in energy-saving according to the self-developed
Campus Energy-Saving Supervisory System. Especially, the self-
developed monitoring and control products of air conditioning
system reduced the energy consumption for air conditioning sys-
tem greatly by 40%. The electricity consumption in 2010 per unit
of building area of SCUT was only 23.64 kWh/m2 , much lower than
national average of 25% and the provincial average of 29.4%. By the
end of 2010, as the total building area of all 131 colleges and uni-
versities in Guangdong amounted to more than 40 million square
meters, the estimate potential electricity savings would up to 306.1
million kWh if the energy-saving ratio reaches 25%, which was
equivalent to a reduction of 494,657 tons coal, and equivalent to a
reduction of 1.22 million tons of Carbon Dioxide. (The specific fuel
consumption of gas-fired power plants is equal to 0.404 kgce/kWh,
0.997 kg-CO2 /kWh)
According to the above analyze, construction of conservation-
oriented campus is of great significance to promote Energy
conservation. And, it’s very necessary to build Campus Energy-
Saving Supervisory System and push forward the energy-saving
retrofit work for key equipment of high energy which is the impor-
tant parts for building a sustainable campus.
118 X. Zhou et al. / Energy and Buildings 66 (2013) 112–118
5. Conclusion
This survey, in the form of questionnaire, was undertaken to
investigate energy consumption and energy saving measures for
energy saving adopted by colleges and universities in Guangdong
Province, which provided reliable and precise reference data for
government to elaborate policies on energy-conservation and for
colleges to develop energy conservation work.
From this study, the status of energy consumption of Guang-
dong’s colleges and universities are identified:
(1) Energy-saving measures at Guangdong’s colleges and uni-
versities bear fruit. Campuses are among the major energy
consumers, together with shopping malls, office buildings and
hotels, and energy conservation enforcement would reduce Car-
bon Dioxide emissions up to 25%. (2) There exists great difference
in per unit energy consumption between different types of uni-
versities, so the energy consumption evaluation indexes system of
conservation-oriented campus should take the impact of school
type into account. (3) Conservation-oriented campus construc-
tion has a significant effect on energy saving, and the government
should increase funding and improve economic policy to encourage
and support energy saving for colleges and universities.
In terms of schools’ disciplines, nature and level, it is difficult to
quantify the energy-consumption indicators of different types of
schools in different climatic areas in China, which remains a topic
of ongoing work.
Acknowledgements
This survey has been supported by the Guangdong Provincial
Department of Education Logistics Management Office.
The co-authors of this paper would like to thank the contribution
and hard work of Zhuo Liu, Tang Tang, Fengxia He, members of
the study “Research on Energy conservation countermeasures in
Guangdong Colleges” for permission to use information from the
questionnaire.
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