Answers to Selected

Problems
Chapter 1
2. In general ET is highest at low latitudes near the equator; hotter air
holds more water vapor than colder air and can evaporate much more
effectively than cold air. In tropical deserts like the Sahara Desert in
north Africa and the Arabian peninsula, there is little water available
to evaporate, so ET is low.

7. At about 5:30.

8. Discharge = 0.028 ft3 /sec (0.793 L/sec), velocity = 3.3 ft/sec (1.01 m/sec).

9. 1.1 in./yr (2.79 cm/yr) (9% of precipitation).

10. (a) 7 in./yr (17.8 cm/yr), (c) 12.7 in./yr (32.3 cm/yr).

11. (b) Net groundwater inflow to the lake in June ≈ 9.4 × 105 ft3
(26,600 m3 ).

Chapter 2
1. 4705 lbs = 20,927 N.

2. Force per area. N/m2 = kg/(m sec2 ).

5. µ = 2.4 × 10−2 N-sec/m2 (about 20 times higher than the viscosity of

water).

7. Gage pressure measures pressure relative to atomospheric pressure

(atmospheric pressure is zero), while absolute pressure measures pres-
sure relative to absolute zero pressure.

10. (b) n = 0.33, e = 0.49, θ = 0.282, ρb = 1.81 gm/cm3 .

11. 2140 kg. 631

632 Answers to Selected Problems

15. 136.6 m.

16. Gage pressure is 39,200 N/m2 , absolute pressure is 140,500 N/m2 .

20. (a) 267.4 m, (b) 22.4 m, (c) 219,700 N/m2 .

Chapter 3
3. Finer-grained materials have smaller pores. Compared to migration in
coarser materials, water migrating a given distance in finer-grained mate-
rials must undergo much more shear deformation. Shear is resisted by a
fluid’s viscosity and dissipates mechanical energy, which slows flow.

4. (a) 51,000 ft3 /d (1440 m3 /d), (b) 0.15 ft/d (0.046 m/d), (c) 0.94 ft/day
(0.29 m/d).

5. (a) hA = 90.86, hB = 88.50, hC = 92.46 m, (b) assuming the y coordi-

nate is positive towards north and the x coordinate is positive towards
east, qx = −0.0080 m/day and qy = 0.047 m/day, (d) 0.048 m/day.

6. (a) −3.6 × 10−4 m/day, (b) 2.2 × 10−3 m3 /day, (e) −9.3 × 10−4 m/d.

8. k = 8.3 × 10−9 cm2 = 8.3 × 10−13 m2 , Kgasoline = 1.0 m/day.

11. (a) 4.4 m/d, (b) 250 m3 /d, (c) 7.9 m/d.

13. Kxe = 2.2 m/day, Kze = 0.031 m/day, qz = −0.021 m/day, head at top of
middle layer = 101.0 m, head at bottom of middle layer = 97.2 m.

16. (a) 0.012 cm/s, (b) 3.9 × 10−2 cm/s, (c) 1.9 × 10−2 cm/s.

17. 191 sec.

18. 0.28 cm3 /s.

20. (a) 230.80 m, (b) 0.079, (c) downward, (d) 0.10.

22. ∂h/∂z must be less than zero (lower head at higher elevation). Water
contents must decrease in the upward direction for this to occur.

24. qz = 5.0 × 10−6 m/day, upward flow.

25. −88.6 ft (−27.0 m).

27. hf = −0.24 m. Fresh water flows toward this well from the shore.
 Answers to Selected Problems 633

Chapter 4
3. 22 L/min into hole at 25 m, 20 L/min out of hole at 32 m, 4 L/min into
hole at 39 m, 6 L/min out of hole at 54 m.

6. It removes fine sediment from around the screen so that pumped water
is not turbid, and it increases the conductivity of the zone around the
screen, which increases well discharge and reduces drawdown.

8. (a) 0.3 mm, (b) filter 0.9 mm, screen 0.6 mm, (c) the second one has
larger screen openings and the filter is more permeable than the sand
formation.

10. The liner will descend at a nearly constant rate (decreasing slightly) until
it reaches the transmissive fracture, at which point the descent will slow
markedly. Beyond that the descent rate will gradually decline. Use the
descent rate after passing the fracture, because in this zone the rate is a
function of the rock matrix conductivity only.

Chapter 5
3. Where there are high conductivity materials, the stream drainage net-
work will be more sparse and widely spaced, and there will be fewer
wetlands.

6. 400 ft3 /sec (11 m3 /sec).

7. Tippecanoe: 2.6 in./yr (6.6 cm/yr), Wildcat: 0.60 in./yr (1.5 cm/yr). Both
baseflows are a small fraction of the annual precipitation rate. A large
fraction of precipitation goes to ET, and this date is after many weeks
without significant precipitation so baseflow is lower than average. The
baseflow rate in the sandy basin is 4 times higher than in the clayey
basin, due to the greater infiltration, recharge, and transmissivity in the
sandy basin.

9. Patterns (c) and (d). Pattern (a) requires an outlet, pattern (b) requires
an inlet.

12. The northwest and southeast sides of the mound in the water table
appear to be the least impacted by the mapped contaminant plumes.
Nearer the top of the water table mound (water table elevation of 60
or more), there is the greatest saturated thickness and greatest distance
634 Answers to Selected Problems

from the shore, where salt water intrusion may be a factor. The north
side has a larger thickness of coarse-grained deposits, so the northwest
side may yield more than the southeast.

15. 415 feet (126 m) above ground.

Chapter 6
1. (a) P = 237 lb/ft2 (11,300 N/m2 ), σvt = 1917 lb/ft2 (91,800 N/m2 ), σve =
1680 lb/ft2 (80,400 N/m2 ).

3. The shallow well is unaffected by the atmospheric pressure, as both total

stress and pore water pressure change exactly with atmospheric pressure.
In the deeper well, total stress and atmospheric pressure increase more
than pore water pressure does, which pushes water from the well into
the formation; the water level falls.

4. BE = 0.46.

7. 1.7 inches (4.3 cm).

9. 5.1 × 10−8 ft2 /lb (1.1 × 10−9 m2 /N).

11. The head in the well reflects head in the most transmissive sand layers
(they contribute most to flow), but not head in the clayey layers, which
contribute little to flow and take a long time to consolidate when the sur-
rounding sand heads drop. These clayey layers are the most compressible
and cause most of the settlement.

13. (a) 1.9 × 10−7 m2 /N, (b) 5.2 × 10−5 m/day.

18. (a) Ss = 2.1 × 10−5 m−1 , S = 4.1 × 10−4 , (b) 830 m3 .

20. Ss b = 0.0059 (22 times smaller than Sy ).

Chapter 7
1. 165 m2 /day.

3. −0.0063 ft/day (−0.0019 m/day). The leakage out the base of the aquifer
exceeds the recharge in the top by this amount.

6. Q ≈ 1.7 m3 /day (varies with design specifics).

 Answers to Selected Problems 635

8. (b) 0.0121 m/day, (e) ≈ 100 m3 /day.

11. (b) 0.49 m3 /day, (d) 0.0092 m/day, (e) 73500 N/m2 .

12. 199.6 m.

14. −2.2 ft (−0.67 m).

16. 160 m3 /day.

17. 120 m3 /day.

20. h100 = 19.83 ft (6.04 m), h200 = 17.13 ft (5.22 m).

22. (a) K = 2.88 m/d, (b) 12.36 m.

Chapter 8
2. Kr ≈ 4.3 m/day, Ss ≈ 4 × 10−4 m−1 .

3. Kr ≈ 0.6 m/day.

5. At t = 1 hr, h0 − h = 1.31 ft (0.40 m).

6. At t = 1 hr, h0 − h = 0.95 ft (0.29 m).

7. (a) tmax = 0.06 day, (b) at t = 1 hr, h0 − h = 0.90 ft (0.27 m), (c) these
drawdowns are less because some water is supplied from storage in the
aquitard.

9. At t = 20 sec, h0 − h = 0.10 m.

11. At t = 10 min, h0 − h = 0.11 ft (0.036 m). At t = 104 min, h0 − h = 0.58 ft

(0.18 m).

15. T ≈ 0.86 m2 /min, S ≈ 7.6 × 10−5 .

17. T ≈ 99 ft2/day (9.2 m2/day), S ≈ 2.2 ×10−5 , Kz0 ≈ 4.7 ×10−2 ft/day (1.4 ×
10−2 m/day).

Chapter 9
2. h = 61 [h(x+) + h(x−) + h(y+) + h(y−) + h(z+) + h(z−) ].

4. h2 = 11.42 ft (3.48 m), h3 = 11.09 ft (3.38 m).

636 Answers to Selected Problems

Figure 1 Contours of simulated head for model created with AnAqSimEDU.

6. Finite difference: h = 380.4 m. Analytic, with rw = 0.1: h = 376.3 m.

9. The output head contours of an AnAqSimEDU model of this problem is

shown in Figure 1.

12. qbz = 1.1 × 10−2 m/d. Total discharge between nodes n and n + 1 =
13.5 m3 /d.

14. (a) h < b1 : T = K1 h, b1 < h < (b1 + b2 ) : T = K1 b1 + K2 (h − b1 ).

(b) h < b1 : 8 = 21 K1 h2 , b1 < h < (b1 + b2 ) : 8 = (K1 − K2 )b1 h + 21 K2 h2 + C,
where C = 21 b21 (K2 − K1 ).

17. Cc = − 21 Kh2 .

18. K = 3.8 ft/day (1.16 m/day).

Chapter 10
4. Sample 6: 31 mg/L (soft), sample 7: 105 mg/L, sample 8: 291 mg/L
(hard), sample 9: 65 mg/L (soft).

8. (a) (Ca2+ ) = 2.5 × 10−4 M, (Mg2+ ) = 6.2 × 10−5 M, (CO2−3 ) = 9.9 ×

2−
10 M, (SO4 ) = 5.7 × 10 M, (b) calcite: –2.2, dolomite: –4.8,
−8 −5

gypsum: –3.4. (c) The water is greatly undersaturated with respect to

 Answers to Selected Problems 637

each; either these minerals are not present in the aquifer or the water
has had a short residence time.

10. (a) I = 9.3 × 10−3 , (b) [Ca2+ ] = 1.2 × 10−3 , [Mg2+ ] = 8.1 × 10−4 ,
[CO2− −6 2− −4
3 ] = 5.8 × 10 , [SO4 ] = 2.6 × 10 , (c) calcite: 0.31, dolomite:
0.60, gypsum: –1.9. (d) The water is oversaturated with respect to cal-
cite and dolomite, and undersaturated with respect to gypsum. The
carbonates are probably present but gypsum is probably absent.

12. (a) 30.1 mg/L, (b) I = 3.1 × 10−3 M, (c) [Ca2+ ] = 4.8 × 10−4 , [Mg2+ ] =
2−
2.0 × 10−4 , [HCO− −3 −4
3 ] = 1.1 × 10 , [SO4 ] = 2.5 × 10 , (d) IAP = 1.2 ×
10−7 ; undersaturated with respect to anyhydrite, (e) [CO2− 3 ] = 3.0 ×
10−7 , [H2 CO∗3 ] = 3.6 × 10−4 .

13. (a) 1.61 × 10−2 , (b) [H2 CO∗3 ] = 1.5 × 10−5 and [HCO− −3
3 ] = 2.1 × 10 .
(c) Yes, computing the left side of Eq. 10.45 results in 10−1.39 , which is
close to KCO2 .

15. 45 mg/L.

17. H2 CO∗3 is dominant in the precipitation samples, and HCO−

3 is domi-
nant in the groundwater samples.

19. Sulfur is (−II) on the left and (+VI) on the right; it is oxidized. Oxygen
goes from (0) on the left to (−II) on the right; it is reduced.

22. (a) 6.4 mg/kg, (b) 14.4 gm, (c) 20.8 gm.

24. 1970: 858 TU. 2100: 6.0 TU.

Chapter 11
4. Benzene: 46 mg/L; ethylbenzene: 3.5 mg/L; MTBE: 1040 mg/L.

6. KH × v.p. = 1330 mg/L, close to the listed solubility of 1100 mg/L (note
there is considerable variation in experimental values of these con-
stants).

8. Pc = bg g(ρn − ρw ), where g is gravitational acceleration. Denser DNAPLs

are more mobile.

10. Fax = −120 mg/day/m2 . The flux through 15 m2 at this rate is

−1800 mg/day.
638 Answers to Selected Problems

11. Comparing the displacement of bromoform to chloride (R = 1) yields

these estimates for bromoform: R = 2.2 (0–350 days), R = 3.6 (350–
650 days); Kd = 0.21 L/kg (0–350 days), Kd = 0.47 L/kg (350–650 days).

14. Kd estimates in L/kg are as follows. CTET: 0.27, Bromoform: 0.95. This
CTET Kd is similar to that calculated previously, but the bromofrom is
much higher than calculated previously, probably due to the effects of
biodegradation.

16. (a) Fdx ≈ 0.66 mg/m2 /day, (b) Fax ≈ 4500 mg/m2 /day, (c) Fax /Fdx ≈
7000.

17. Fmx /Fdx ≈ 330, Fax /Fmx ≈ 20.

 
x
19. c = c0 erfc √
2 Dmx t/R

With R = 1, this is the solution for one-dimensional diffusion from a

sharp boundary where at t = 0, c = 0 for x > 0 and c = c0 for x < 0, and
as t increases diffusion blurs the sharp boundary at x = 0. Dmx = Tx∗ D
represents molecular diffusion.

22. 21 years.

24. (a) 3.1 g O2 /g contaminant, (b) 14,000 years.

Chapter 12
2. 3.6 × 108 J.

4. qcz = 0.079 W/m2 . The Basin and Range region.

6. The profile would most likely be a linear temperature variation through

the clay, since advection is near zero in the clay.

9. High ct means shallower penetration of surface temperature variations.

Increasing ct increases the capacity of the subsurface to absorb heat, so
more of the heat change imparted at the surface goes into changing the
heat content and less goes into heat flow to deeper levels. Raising κ
makes it easier for heat to conduct, so the oscillations at the surface pen-
etrate deeper. Lowering κ reduces heat conduction, so the oscillations at
the surface do not penetrate as deep.
 Answers to Selected Problems 639

11. One possibility is that the surface climate has recently changed toward
cooler temperatures. A second possibility is localized downward advec-
tion of cool water from the surface at this location. A third possibility is
that there is steady heat conduction here, but the medium near the sur-
face has a lower thermal conductivity κ, so a steeper gradient is required
to conduct the same heat.