4 Law Books in the Modern Western World ... 445 - 140 - Die Diktatur: Von den Anfiingen des modernen Souveriinititsgedankens bis zum proletarischen Klassenkampf (Dictatorship: From the Beginning of the Modern Concept of Sovereignty to the Proletarian Class-Struggle) Carl Scumrrr (1888-1985) Carl Schmitt was born in 1888 in Plettenberg and raised in a Catholic milieu. He studied in Berlin, Munich and Strasbourg, where he was awarded with a PhD degree in 1911 and later got his habilitation in 1916. Schmitt taught in the uni- versities of Greifswald (1921), Bonn (from 1922) and Cologne (1932-1933), as well as at the Handelshochschule of Berlin (1928). The works of Carl Schmitt took a central place in the debate about the methods of the public law (Methodenstreit) during the Weimar Republic (1918-1933). His texts and activities as a supporter of German conservative sectors distinguished him as one of the main opponents of the republican and democratic regime constituted in Weimar. In 1933, Schmitt joined the Nazi Party, was appointed to the Prussian Council of State (Preussischer Staatsrat) and moved from the University of Cologne to the University of Berlin. Although he served as editor of the Deutsche Juristen-Zeitung since 1934, his loyalty was questioned by groups close to the SS and, as early as 1936, he withdrew from many political and Nazi Party activities. Afier a brief arrest period from 1945 to 1946 he was banned from the university teaching career and returned to his native town, where he established a circle of followers and admirers which was highly influential in the political and legal scene of the Federal Republic of Germany. Schmitt’s most relevant works are Politische Romantik (1919), Politische Theologie (1922), Rémischer Katholizismus und Politische Form (1922), Die geis- tesgeschichiliche Lage des heutigen Parlamentarismus (1923), Verfassungslehre (1928), Der Hiiter der Verfassung (1931), Der Begriff des Politischen (1932), Legalitiit und Legitimitat (1932), Staat, Bewegung, Volk (1933), Uber die drei Arten des rechtswissenschafilichen Denkens (1934), Der Leviathan in der Staatslehre des Thomas Hobbes (1938), Land und Meer (1942), Der Nomos der Erde im Vélkerrecht des Jus Publicum Europaeum (1950) and Theorie des Partisanen (1963). He died in Plettenberg in 1985. The book Die Diktatur was first published in 1921, and encompasses a historical analysis of the concept of dictatorship, since its origins in the Roman law to its current use in the constitutional State. In 1928, the second edition added an appendix, where Schmitt scrutinises the article 48 of the Weimar Constitution and the powers granted to the President of the Reich to call the state of emergency, a thesis he had previously presented in April 1924 at the German Association of University Professors of Public Law (Vereinigung der Deutschen Staatsrechtslehrer). Later editions after the Second World War made no modifications in the text. The book was translated into foreign446 4 Law Books in the Modem Western World .. languages, such as Spanish (1968, 1985), Italian (1975, 2006), French (2000) and English (2013). Carl Schmitt regarded Sovereignty as a political function essential to affirm a given order. The concrete sense of the controversy about Sovereignty is to deter- mine, in case of conflict, who decides on the meaning of public and State interest, public order and security. The necessity of the Sovereign was conceived in the normality of the exception itself. Sovereignty is the unpredictable ‘power’, foreign to the rules of public law, since it does not denote the end of the Law, but its own origin. According to Schmitt, the Sovereignty was at the same time both the affirmation and denial of the order. Thus, a definition of Sovereignty as the decision on the state of exception (Ausnahmezustand) means that the legal order is at the disposal of that one who has the power to decide. The Sovereign lies concurrently within and outside the legal order, since he puts himself legally outside the law when he uses his power to suspend the law. The state of exception is justified by a situation which may endanger the political unity, and cannot, therefore, be restrained, unless such unity ceases to exist. Such statement is not related to the political boundaries of the law, since Schmitt did not accept the distinction between law and politics. The exception could not be expressed as a limit to the law, since, for Schmitt, the exception was indeed a path to attain the essence of the law. So, the exception reveals the very foundations of the legal order and, ultimately, the nor- mativity itself. Normativity is subject to the effective conditions of its establish- ment, in other words, subordinate to the founding decisions of the legal order. The doctrine developed around common everyday issues, according to Schmitt, is not interested in the Sovereignty, in that it only recognises what is normal. The situation of exception, as odd as it may sound, does not mean anarchy or chaos, since there is always a subsisting order, even if not a legal one. We may not speak of a norm which is applied in chaos. The state of exception exists in order to create a situation where the law is valid. The exception is the case excluded from the general norm, but it does not lie apart from its relation to the norm. There is, therefore, a distinction between the norm and its application: the application of the norm is suspended, but the norm, as such, remains. In the state of exception the State suspends the law based on a right to self-preservation. The normal order must be created and the Sovereign decides definitively if such normal order really exists. To Schmitt, the Sovereign holds the monopoly of the final decision, which embodies the very essence of the Sovereignty of the State. The Sovereignty of the State is the monopoly of neither coercion nor domination, but of decision. The commissary dictatorship suspends the Constitution in order to protect it; hence the dictator must create a situation in which the law may perform. The sovereign dictatorship, in turn, does not suspend the Constitution based on a right founded on it, but intends to create a situation which makes another Constitution possible. The Sovereign dictatorship does not refer to the existing Constitution, but instead to the Constitution which will be implemented. In other words, the com- missary dictatorship is authorised by an already constituted body founded on the existing Constitution, while the sovereign dictatorship gives rise to the constituent power. Another relevant issue concerns the interpretation that the plebiscitary4 Law Books in the Modem Western World ... 447 dictatorship of the President of the Reich dissolves Schmitt’s distinction between the commissary dictatorship and the sovereign one. After all, the dictatorship of the President would be, at first sight, a commissary dictatorship, as provided for in Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution. But, if the President may decide on the state of emergency, he would be exercising a sovereign power in spite of not being a Sovereign. Such contradiction might be explained by the fact that Schmitt con- sidered that the Weimar Constitution held a unitary principle, whereas the dicta- torship of the President was deemed to be commissary. However, after his shift towards an understanding of the Constitution as heterogeneous in the 1930s, it was no longer possible to distinguish between the commissary and the sovereign dic- tatorship: the commissary power and the reconstruction of the Weimar order eventually coincide with the sovereign reconstruction of the constitutional order by means of one of its heterogeneous elements. Carl Schmitt appeals to the strengthening of the presidential powers in the context of the so-called ‘Total State’ as an authoritarian solution to the crisis of the Republic, in connection to the alleged authoritarian State of the ‘Conservative Revolution’ (Konservative Revolution). In contrast to other proposals, we notice that Schmitt’s alternative is not traditionalist. Schmitt does not oppose the Parliament to the corporatist concept of representation, nor does he propose the restoration of Monarchy or the reinstatement of premodern domination forms as alternatives to the Weimar State. His programme is fundamentally modern, focused ‘on the executive power and the plebiscitary dictatorship. For Schmitt, dictatorship is not the opposite of democracy. He understood the dictatorship as a means to achieve an end; thus, it will be determined by the result to be obtained, depending on a given fact situation. Likewise, the dictatorship cannot be defined, in a general sense, as the suppression of democracy. The starting point is the historical condition of the rule of law under the social State and the mass political parties. Carl Schmitt intends to reveal, on the one hand, the anachronistic character of the liberal par- liamentarism and the rule of law, unable to cope with the economic state of emergency, and on the other hand, the virtues of the authoritarian system centred on the executive power, better organised to deal with the challenges of the economic-technological age. The many translations of Die Diktatur have contributed greatly to international discussions, and the book continues to be intensely studied to the present day. Bercovici, Gilberto. 2007. Die Aktualitat von Carl Schmitt an der Peripherie des Kapitalismus: Betrachtungen im Fall Brasiliens, In Der Staat des Dezisionismus: Carl Schmitt in der inter- nationalen Debatte, ed. Riidiger Voigt, 188-198, Baden-Baden: Nomos; Hofmann, Hasso, 2002. Legitimitdt gegen Legalitit: Der Weg der politischen Philosophie Carl Schmitts. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot; McCormick, John P. 1999. Carl Schmitt's Critique of Liberalism: Against Politics as Technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Mebring, Reinhard. 2009. Carl Schmitt: Aufstieg und Fall, Munich: C.H. Beck; Scheuerman, William E. 1999. Carl Schmitt: The End of Law. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. Gilberto BercoviciSerge Dauchy - Georges Martyn - Anthony Musson Heikki Pihlajamaki . Alain Wijffels Editors The Formation and Transmission of Western Legal Culture 150 Books that Made the Law in the Age of Printing In collaboration with Naoko Seriu ® SpringerEditors Serge Dauchy Heikki Pihlajamaki CNRS - University of Lille Faculty of Law Lille University of Helsinki France Helsinki Finland Georges Martyn Ghent University Alain Wifjffels Gent Faculteit Rechtsgeleerdheid, Afdeling Belgium Historische ontwikkeling Leiden University Anthony Musson Leiden School of Law The Netherlands University of Exeter Exeter UK ISSN 2198-9842 ISSN 2198-9850 (electronic) Studies in the History of Law and Justice ISBN 978-3-319-45566-2 ISBN 978-3-319-45567-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-45567-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016950743 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concemed, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, ot by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this Publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. ‘The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature ‘The registered company is Springer Intemational Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, SwitzerlandContents Pa COMM ena asa Mee Chapter 1: Chapter 2: to Early-Modern Legal Scholarship. . 1 Unon General Introduction. ...............6 06200-00005 Law Books During the Transition from Late-Medieval Gratian, Decretum (Antonia Fiori) Azo, Summa Aurea (Emanuele Conte). ... . Accursws, Standard Gloss (Alain Wijffels) . von Rercow, Saxon Mirror (Dirk Heirbaut)....... . Bracton, Of the Laws and Customs of England (Nigel Ramsay) Hosnensis, Summa Aurea (Laurent Waelkens)....... Duranmis, Speculum iudiciale (Beatrice Pasciuta) .. . Barto.us, Commentaries (Ferdinando Treggiari) . . . Batpus, Commentary on the Code (Mario Conetti) . . Boutituer, Rural summary (Georges Martyn)... . Panormitanus, Commentaries on the Decretals (Orazio Condorelli)... 00.00... .0 ccc cece eves eeeeeees Tarraant, Consilia (Andrea Padovani). Lirtieton, On tenures (Neil Jones). . Legal Books in the Early Modern Western World. Everarpus, A Book on Topics (Alain Wijffels) . . Zasius, Individual and New Analyses of Several Passages of Civil Law (Steven Rowan)...............+ St German, Doctor and Student (Neil Jones)........... . Otpenporp, On Law and Equity (Mathias Schmoeckel).... . Atciato, Four Books on the Significance of Words (Susanne Lepsius)... 0000. 00c ccc ccc cee cee eee vene xixii 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Contents Firzuerpert, The New Natura Brevium (David J. Seip) .... 80 Dumoutin, Commentaries on the Custom of Paris (Marie Seong-Hak Kim)....... 00.0000... . cece eve 82 Maranta, Speculum aureum (Marco Nicola Miletti) aeRuRee 85 Covarruias Y Leyva, Various Solutions (Adolfo Giuliani) ........... 0000 Bee oorget 1.) Gomez, Comments on the Laws of Toro (Maria Paz Alonso Romero)............ 91 Soro, On Justice and Right (Wim Decock). od Srracca, Treatise on Commerce (Stefania Gialdroni) . Seite 96 Damuouper, Practical Handbook on Criminal Matters (Harald Maihold)..... 99 Vitoria, On the Law of War of the Spanish against the Barbarians (Mathias Schmoeckel) 102 Lopez, The Siete Partidas (Aniceto Masferrer). ve 106 Cuias, Observations and Emendations (Xavier Prévost) . . . 110 Papox, Collection of Important Cases (Géraldine Cazals) . 113 Pick, On Maritime Affairs (Dave De ruysscher) 115 VAzquez DE Mencuaca, Controversies (Gustaaf van Nifterik) .... 0.0.0.0 occ cece cece eee 118 Marienzo, Government of Peru (Victor Tau Anzodtegui).... 121 Brooke, La Graunde Abridgement (Margaret McGlynn) .... 124 Bony, The Six Books of Commonwealth (Diego Quaglioni). . 126 Gal, Observations (Peter Oestmann) 129 Menocuio, Commentary on Presumptions, Conjecture Signs and Indications (Adolfo Giuliani) sees 132 Doneau, Commentaries on Civil Law (Niels de Bruijn) . 136 Deciani, Criminal Treatise (Loredana Garlati). . 139 Mouina, On Justice and Right (Wim Decock)... 142 Castu.o DE Bosapi.ia, Politics for Corregidores (Otto Danwerth)...... Genmiti, On the Law of War (Giovanni Minnucci) 149 Detrto, Six Books of Investigation into Magic (Peter Oestmann)...... 152 Hevia BotaNos, Philippic Court (Agustin Casagrande)... 156 Favre, Codex Fabrianus (Patrick Arabeyre) LoiseL, Customary Institutes (Xavier Prévost).. FonTaneLta, Treatise on Nuptial Pacts (Josep Capdeferro).............. oo 164 Suarez, On Laws and God the Legislator (Norbert Brieskorn)... 0... ....0 0.0.00 e cc uee ceceContents 53 34 55 56 58 59 60 61 63 65 67 68 69 70 1 72 xii Bacon, Example of a Treatise touching Universal Justice (W. Hamilton Bryson) ae 170 Grortus, On the Law of War and Peace (Alain Wijffe 173 Curistiazus, Decisions (Alain Wijffels) 177 Coxe, Institutes of the Laws of England (Anthony: Mascon) siecs enact caeesaatnvecsadieeeerenadie 180 Soorzano Pereira, On the Laws of the Indies (Ditlev Tamm)... 0000s .. 182 Pérez, /mperial Institutions (Antonio Pérez Martin). 184 Carpzov, New Imperial Saxon Practice of Criminal Law (Heikki Pihlajamdki) .. 187 SELDEN, The Closure of the Sea (Randall Lesaffer)......... 190 Mevius, Commentary on the Law of Liibeck (is Wack) ee 194 Vinnius, Commentary on the Institutes (Laura Beck Varela). . 197 Conrinc, Commentary on the Origin of German Law (Michael Stolleis) ... 02... 66.06 cece eee eee 200 Barsosa, Various Legal Dissertations (Anténio Manuel Hespanha) Marrnacus, On Crimes (Georges Martyn) . GroenewecEN, A Treatise on the Laws abrogated and no longer in Use in Holland and Neighbouring 202 Regions (Paul J. du Plessis). ....0.....0ceceeeeveee eens 208 Van Leeuwen, Abstract of the Roman-Dutch Law (Remco van Rhee) 0.0.2.0. 00.00. 0s 210 pe Luca, The Theatre of Truth and Justice (Aldo Marzacane) | secs : 214 Huser, On Constitutional Law (Margaret Hewett) 217 Purenpors, On the Law of Nature and of Nations (jell Ake Modder) 219 Matueu y Sanz, Treatise on Criminal Matters (juan Oban) 93 DALRYMPLE, Institutions of the ‘Law of ‘Scotland (John D. Ford)... 0.00.0. 0 ccc ccc cece cece pease Domat, The Civil Laws in their Natural Order (Italo Birocchi)...... 0.00.00 c ccc vec e eee ee en ae 40) Bas y GatcerAn, Theatre of Valencian ‘Case Law (Juan Alfredo Obarrio Moreno). . Srrvk, Specimen of the Modern Applic of the Pandects (Jan Schréder) . . Voet, Commentary on the Pandects (Philipp J. Thomas) 0... 0.02006 00000 c cece 2392B 74 15 16 1 8 79 80 81 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 Contents Van Espen, Universal Ecclesiastical Law (Christoph H.F. Meyer)... 20.0.0. 0 0000 cece cece ee ees 242 Emerix pe Mattuis, Decisions of the Sacred Roman Rota (Dolores Freda) . BUuNnKERSHOEK, Dissertation on the Dominion of the Sea gry Alashe ys eee eee ee eae 248 Hate, The History and Analysis of the Common Law of England (David Ibbetson)...... 06.0260. 0 0 cc e eu eues 250 Boumer, Ecclesiastical Law of the Protestants (Emanuele Conte). . 253 Housera, The Core of Morality (S 255 Hewwscctus, Fundamentals of Civil Law (Jan Schrider) 258 Berni y CaTatA, The Instructed Lawyer in Spanish Civil Practice (Juan B, Canizares-Navarro). . sea ee 261 Worrr, Natural Law considered according to the Sciemtific Method (Séren Koch) s+. 264 Muratori, Defective Jurisprudence (Italo Birocchi)........ 268 Viner, A General Abridgment of Law and Equity (David Ibbetson) Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws (Serge Dauchy) ......... 274 Mayans ¥ Ciscar, Legal Discussions (Pascual Parzal) ..... 277 CAMPoMANES, Treatise on the Regal Privileges of Spain (José Maria Vallejo Garcia-Hevia) ...... ... 279 Gupert, The Law of Evidence (Michael R. T. Macnair) vee 283 VarreL, The Law of Nations (Frederik Dhondt) 285 Poruuer, Treatise on Obligations (Rudolf Meyer-Pritzl) . . 288 Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments (Usabel Ramos Vazquez)... 60.60 cece cece eee ee 291 Biackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England (Wilfrid Pret) 295 JorDAN DE Asso, Institutes of the Civil Law of Castile (Juan Baré Paz0s).. 1.6.66 298 Jones, An Essay on the Law of Bailments (Michael Hosfiich) 301 Larpizasat Y Uripe, Discourse on Punishments (Alexandro Agiiero) .....00.0. 000 cc ccc ccc cece evens 304 BentHam, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (Emmanuelle de Champs)............ + 307 MELo Freire, Institutions of Portuguese Law (Antonio Manuel Hespanha) 310 Hume, Commentaries on the Law of Scotland (James Chalmers). ......0 000.000 c ccc cee ence e ees 314Contents xv Chapter 4: Law Books in the Modern Western World: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries ...............-.. 00.00 ese eue 319 98 Feuersacu, Textbook of the Common Criminal Law Applicable in Germany (Arnd Koch) ............ 0.0.05 327 99 Tutpavr, System of the Pandects’ Law (Christian Baldus) .... 2... 06.0600 c eee eee e ences 330 100 Mer.in ve Doual, Universal and Reasoned Repertory of Law (Hervé Leuwers)........... 333 101 Zacuartak, Textbook of French Law (Olivier Descamps) 336 102 Savicny, Of the Vocation of Our Age for Legislation and Jurisprudence (Jan Schréder).......... 7 .. 339 103 @rstep, Handbook on Danish and aaa Law (Dag Michalsen) 104. Kent, Commentaries on American Law (Charles J. Reid) 0... 6.6. c cece cece cnet 345 105 EscricHe y Matix, Analytical Dictionary of Legislation and Jurisprudence (Agustin Parise) ...... Pade 106 Ausmn, The Province of Jurisprudence Determined (Michael Lobban).........0 000.0 e cee cence een ens 351 107 Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States (Michael Hoefiich)................+ 354 108 Lewin, A Practical Treatise on the Law of Trusts and Trustees (Chantal Stebbings)..........0+ 00.0 esuee 356 109 Smrrn, A Selection of Leading Cases on Various Branches of the Law (Michael Lobban)................. 359 110 Pucuta, Textbook on the Pandects (Hans-Peter Haferkamp) .............. 111 Sata y BaNuts, Mexican Sala (Laura Beck Varela). . 112 Avserpl, Bases and Starting Points for the Political Organisation of the Argentine Republic (Matthew C. Mirow)......... 06.0000 00020 pects 367 113 Winpscueip, The Actio of the Roman Civil Law ‘from the Perspective of Modern-Day Law (Anja Amend-Traut) 370 114. Meyer, Russian Civil Law (Dmitry Poldnikov). . 374 115 Maine, Ancient Law (Ray Cocks) ....... 06.0000 e cece 377 116 Gotpscummt, Handbook of Commercial Law (Stefania Gialdroni) . 379 117 BEnsaMin, Treatise on the Law of Sale of Personal Property (Janwillem Oosterhuis) 00.00.00. 00000000005 382 118 GierKe, The German Law of Association (Gerhard Dilcher) 385 119 Laurent, Principles of Private Law (Dirk Heirbaut) | 388120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 Contents Lanapett, A Selection of Cases on the Law of Contracts (Heikki Pihlajamdki) .........0..... .. 391 Juerinc, Law as a Means to an End (Okko Behrends). 394 Anson, Principles of the English Law of Contract (Catharine MacMillan). . 396 Muromsev, Definition and Principal Division ‘of Law (Dmitry Dozhdev) 400 WENDELL HOLMES, The Common Law (Jean-Louis Halpérin) ...........0.. 0000... ae SrEPHEN, A History of the Criminal Law of England (ula Hughes)..... eee 406 Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (Michael Lobban)...... . ee 408 Pottock, The Law of Torts (Matthew Dyson)............. 411 Dyuvernua, Excerpt of the Course of Lectures on Civil Law (Anton Rudokvas).......... 0000 ccc eee 414 Petrazyckl, The Doctrine of Income (Tomasz Giaro)....... 416 SHERSHENEVICH, Textbook of Russian Private Law (Heke Ditunger) oe eee 420 Gény, Method of Interpretation and Sources of Private Positive Law (Frédéric Audren)............... 422 Jeuuinek, General Theory of State (Jean-Louis Halpérin) ............. 00.00 cca veces 425 Wicmore, A Treatise on the System of Evidence in Trials at Common Law (Andrew Porwancher).......... 428 Ducurr, Social Law, Individual Law and the ise ieee of the State (Bruno Debaenst) ..................5 -. 429 Marranp, The Forms of Actions (W. Hamilton Bryson) .... 431 Havriou, Principles of Public Law (Yann-Arzel Durelle-Mare).............00..-. eeeeea39) Hacervp, The General Doctrines of Criminal Law Gas Bone) ee we. 436 Poxrovsky, Basic Problems of Private Law (Martin Avenarius)...... 438 Romano, The Legal Order (Maurizio Fioravanti). 442 Scumitt, Dictatorship (Gilberto Bercovici) 445 Sinzueimer, An Outline of Labour Law (Naoko Matsumoto) 448 Weser, Economy and Society (Jean-Louis Halp Pasnuxants, General Theory of Law and Marxism (Andreas Harms) LieweLtyn, The Bramble Bush (William Twining) . SANCHEZ DE BUSTAMANTE Y SiRVEN, International Public Law (Margarita Serna Vallejo)......... caso) 453Contents 146 Keisex, Pure Theory of Law (Jean-Louis Halpérin) 147 Lunostepr, The Un-Scientific Nature of Legal Science (Heikki Pihlajamdki) .. . 148 Rant, The Law of the Sale of Goods (Albrecht Cordes) . . 149 Ouivecrona, Law as Fact (Erie Millard) . 150 Ross, On Law and Justice (Ditlev Tamm) . List of Mlustrations . Index of Names.......... 00sec cece cect e ete e ent nee enter eae Index by Keywords xvii 462 465 467 473