M01 Notes from Readings

Beatriz Garcìa de Ackermann

BIO 264

Module 1 Review- open and save the document on your computer. Type your answers within the
document in any color other than BLACK. Save the document and upload in the notes from reading
assignment. Once you submit your document I will attach a key, compare your answers to the key and
use this to help you study for the exam.

1. What do the following prefixes mean?

a. Epi- Epicardium, epidermis, epidural, episclera, epistaxis
b. Iso- Isotonic
c. Macro- macrophage
d. Sub - subcutaneous tissue
e. Ab- abduction
f. Ad- adduction
g. Arthr- Arthritis
h. Carcin- carcinoma
i. Cardio- cardilogy
j. Cephal- cephalalgy, hydrocephalus
k. Cerebro- cerebrology
l. Chondro- Chondrocalcinosis
m. Derm- Dermatology, epidermis, hypodermic, xeroderma
n. Hepat- Hepatology, Hepatitis
o. Hist- Histology
p. Hyper- Hypertension
q. hypo- Hypovolemia
r. Myo- myoblast
s. Nephro- nephrology
t. Oculo- oculist
u. odonto- orthodontist
v. Opthalm- opthalmology
w. Osteo- Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis
x. Oto- Otology
y. Pod- podiatry
2. What is the OPPOSITE for the directional term listed?
a. Superficial Deep
b. Medial Lateral
c. Proximal Distal
d. Superior Inferior
e. Anterior Posterior
 3. What do the following suffixes mean?
a. –algia - Myalgia
b. –blast - Blastomere
c. –clast - Osteoclast
d. –cyte - Cytokine, leukocyte
e. –genesis – acidogenesis, adipogenesis, etc.
f. –it is - Pathologist
g. –logy - hematology, urology
h. –lysis - Paralysis
4. What type of plane is the blue plane? It is frontal or coronal plane
a. What type of plane is the red plane? It is median plane
b. What type of plane is the green plane? It is transverse or axial plane

5. What is homeostasis?

It is known as homeostasis to the set of self-regulation phenomena, which allow the maintenance of a
relative constancy in the composition and properties of the internal environment of an organism. The
term homeostasis is of Greek origin "homoios" which means "same or similar" and "stasis" that
expresses "stability".

As such, homeostasis is the ability of the organism to present a characteristic and constant physical-
chemical situation within certain limits, even in the face of alterations or changes imposed by the
environment or the environment. For this, the body or the organism mobilizes the different systems
(self-regulation), such as the central nervous system, the endocrine system, the excretory system, the
circulatory system, the respiratory system, etc. to keep the conditions of life constant.

6. How is body temperature regulated by homeostasis?

Homeostasis is the mechanism, by which organisms conserve their internal environment under
relatively constant conditions and within an adequate range,
The body must solve important problems, such as the regulation of body temperature, amount of water
and salts, concentration of blood sugar (glycemia) and the elimination of waste products, among others.
The homeostasis of these processes is achieved through the coordinated functioning of all tissues and
body systems.

The body temperature in mammals is regulated by a complex network of activities, which involves both
the nervous system and the endocrine system. The regulating center of temperature is in the
hypothalamus. The hypothalamus receives information from thermoreceptors located in the skin and
certain internal structures, such as the hypothalamus itself. When the body temperature varies,
physiological responses are produced that compensate for these changes. Animals adjust their energy
expenditure, consume less energy when they are at rest than when they are active; they save fuel by
decreasing the value of the reference temperature of the thermostat, since it slows down the metabolic
processes responsible for the generation of heat. Some animals hibernate by reducing their metabolism.

7. The amount of fat growth for adipose tissue appears to be under the inhibitory control of a
hormone X. Animals lacking hormone X or animals treated with substances that block the
activity of hormone X have significantly larger fat deposits. Based on this brief explanation of
hormone X, predict what would happen to experimental rats under the following conditions
a. Adminstration of a drug that blocks the hormone X receptor on muscle cells

They will get fat significantly

b. Administration of a drug that stimulates the hormone X receptor on muscle cells

They will lose fat and increase muscle mass

c. Administration of hormone X to a rat that lacks the hormone X receptor on muscle cells

Nothing will happen, because the drug is required to join the recipients

8. Sally comes home from track practice and is really hungry. Unfortunately, the first thing she
sees is a bowl full of skittles candy and she eats the whole thing! Specialized cells in the
pancreas called beta cells, sense an increase in blood sugar. These beta cells respond by
releasing insulin into the blood. Insulin causes muscle and fat cells to take sugar in from the
blood. Because of all of this, halfway through class, Sally’s blood sugar is actually below set
point. As a result, another set of specialized cells in her pancreas called alpha cells release
glucagon.
a. What is the stimulus? The sugar
b. What is the receptor? Pancreas (beta cells)
c. What is the effector? Insulin
d. Parts of the negative feedback loop
1 - The gland receives the information for the secretion of the hormone.

2 - The gland releases the hormone.

3 - The hormone acts on the organ or target cell, which produces a change in the internal environment.

4 - The change in the internal environment is detected by the secretory gland and inhibits the secretion
of the hormone until a new order of secretion is received.

9. If homeostasis is compared to driving the speed limit.

a. What is the stimulus?

Car travels above or below the speed limit

b. What is the effector?

Gas pedal or brake

c. What is the control center?

Driver

10. Imagine a home that has a furnace. On the wall is a thermostat that senses the temperature in
the house. When the temperature drops, the thermostat senses this and turns on the furnace
and things get warmer. One day, the repairman comes to fix the furnace. He makes a mistake
and ends up hooking the air conditioner up to the thermostat for the furnace! The thermostat is
calibrated and operates as if it is attached to the furnace but in reality it is now attached to the
air conditioner.
a. What happens if the temperature in the house drops?

The oven is turned on

b. What is the sensor?

It is a device designed to receive information of a magnitude from the outside and transform it into
another magnitude, usually electrical, that we can quantify and manipulate.

c. What is the control center?

It is where the temperature of the environment is controlled, they are called room thermostats.

d. Is this positive or negative feedback?

Is positive feedback.
 e. If the furnace was hooked up correctly (to the heater) how should it work?

It must work independently of the heater, it must be turned on separately and the heater must lower its
operation because there is more heat in the house.

f. Is this positive or negative feedback?

Is negative feedback.

11. Why do homeostatic imbalances usually occur?

For example, when homeostasis in food consumption is mainly achieved by the hormone leptin. As you
eat, the adipose tissue secretes leptin and the brain responds with signals that tell you that you are
satisfied. When the leptin levels go down, the brain detects that you are hungry. This system becomes
unbalanced when you gain too much weight, since leptin is produced by fat cells and, when a large
amount of food produces a lot of leptin for a long period of time, the body learns to ignore the signals of
leptin. This hormone may fail to fulfill its role in homeostasis, and losing weight becomes increasingly
difficult.

The imbalance of homeostasis is when the disease is.

12. The following events are part of a negative-feedback mechanism. Choose the arrangement that
lists the events in the order they occur:
1. Blood pressure increases
2. Control center compares actual blood pressure to the blood pressure set point
3. The heart beats faster
4. Receptors detect a decrease in blood pressure
5. An efferent (exiting) pathway is utilized
6. An afferent (arriving) pathway is utilized

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

13. A researcher discovered a receptor that is activated when oxygen concentrations in the blood
decrease below normal. According to the principles of negative feedback, it is MOST likely that
stimulation of this receptor will produce what response?

An increase in breathing rate

14. If oxytocin is regulated by a positive feedback loop then injecting a rat with oxytocin would have
what effect on the amount of oxytocin?

Stimulate the release of more Hormone Oxytocin into the blood.