The Childrens Bequest

T h e A r t o f T a j w e e d
10 Lessons to Tajweed Comprehension

Dr Abu Zayd Quran Literacy Institute
www.studentofislam.com
2010
The Childrens Bequest
LESSON ONE:
‫الم ىق ِّد ىمة‬

‫ي‬
 INTRODUCTION
 HOW TO BEGIN YOUR RECITATION
A Story
 A Place
 One Book
 One Man
 A Statement
 A Team
 A Divine Chain
An Invitation
‫‪The Childrens Bequest‬‬
‫بن‬
‫َ َ ِ‬‫ان‬ ‫م‬ ‫ْ‬
‫ُث‬‫ع‬ ‫عن‬ ‫من‬ ‫حْ‬ ‫الرَّ‬ ‫ْد‬ ‫ب‬‫ع‬‫َ‬ ‫بً‬ ‫َ‬ ‫عن أ‬
‫ان ‪ ،‬أَنَّ َرسُو ُل هللا قا َل‪:‬‬ ‫َع َّف َ‬
‫آن َو َعلَّ َم ُه»‬ ‫« َخ ٌْ ُر ُك ْم َمنْ َت َعلَّ َم القُرْ َ‬
‫ك الَّ ِذي‬ ‫قا َل أَبُو َعبْد الرَّ حْ من َف َذا َ‬
‫أَ ْق َع َد ِنً َم ْق َع ِدي َه َذا‪َ ،‬و َعلّ َم ْالقُرْ َ‬
‫آن‬
‫ان َح َّتى َب َل َػ ْال َحجَّ ا َج‬ ‫ِفً زمن ع ُْث َم َ‬
‫ُؾ ‪.‬‬
‫بن ٌُوس َ‬ ‫َ‬
‫‪al-Tirmidhī 2985‬‬
INTRODUCTION
The Childrens Bequest ‫ِّمة‬
‫الم ىقد ى‬
‫ي‬
THE COURSE:
A comprehensive review of the rules of Tajweed
according to the Reading of Ḥafṣ based upon the text
Tuhfah al-Aṭfāl by Sulaymān al-Jamzūrī.
The Formal Rules

Theory of Tajweed
Biographies of the
History Imāms of Recitation
Practice Iqrā’ ‫اإلقراء‬

َ
INTRODUCTION
‫ي‬
Advanced Topic
‫ُتح َف ُة األط َفال‬

INTRODUCTION
‫ي‬
PREREQUISITES
• Ability to read Arabic script
• Basic knowledge of Tajweed
WHAT YOU NEED FOR

THIS CLASS
• Writing material
• Mushaf (preferably Madinan
edition)
• Voice Recorder (optional)
• POSITIVE ATTITUDE
INTRODUCTION
‫ي‬
Benefits of
Will help you establish a relationship with Allah’s Book
the Class
Will help you understand Allah’s Book.
Will improve your pronunciation and recitation of the Qur’an.
Will deepen your appreciation of the beauty and majesty of

the Qur’an.
Will help you live a purpose-driven and organized life.
Will help you appreciate real reciters versus popular ones

INTRODUCTION
‫ي‬
Course Outline Lesson 1: Introduction/Terminology, Mistakes in
Tajweed
Lesson 2: How to Begin (Rules of Istiadhah and

Basmala)
Lesson 3: Rules of Nun Sakin/Tanwin, Nun/Meem

Mushaddad
Lesson 4: Rules of Meem Sakin, Rules of Lam
Lesson 5: The Makharij
Lesson 6: The Sifaat
Lesson 7: Rules of Ra
Lesson 8: The Rules of Assimilation
Lesson 9: The Rules of Madd

INTRODUCTION
‫ي‬
Terminology
 Tarteel Surah al-Muzammil 4
 Qirā’ah
Surah al-Nahl 98
 Tilāwah
Surah al-Anfal 2
 Tajweed
INTRODUCTION
‫ي‬
Definition of Tajweed ‫تجويد‬
Linguistic
Beautify Embellish Adorn
Technical
Reciting the Qur’an by granting each letter its due, including its intrinsic properties
and those features governed by its placement and relation to other letters
‫و‬
‫إًعطىاءي يك َّل ىحرؼ ىح َّقوي ىك يمستى ىح َّقوي‬
Contemporary
the precise methodology of reciting the Qur’ān, as it was transmitted from
the Prophet to subsequent generations, based upon a body of rules and
principles developed by those well-versed in its recitation
INTRODUCTION
‫ي‬
Advanced Vernacular Advanced Topic
‫ِقرا َءة‬ ‫قارئ‬

ِ
‫ِر َوا ٌَة‬ ‫او‬

ٍ ‫َر‬ ‫او‬
ٍ ‫َر‬
‫أصحاب‬ ‫أصحاب‬ ‫أصحاب‬

‫َطرٌق‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫الطرق‬
‫‪INTRODUCTION‬‬
‫‪The Childrens Bequest‬‬ ‫ِّمة‬
‫ي‬
‫‪Advanced Vernacular‬‬ ‫‪Advanced Topic‬‬
‫قِرا َءةُ َع ِ‬
‫اصم‬ ‫اصم‬
‫َع ِ‬
‫فص‬
‫ِب ِر َوا ٌَ ِة َح ٍ‬ ‫َحفص‬ ‫ُ‬
‫شع َبة‬
‫عمرو بن‬
‫ِمن َط ِ‬
‫رٌق الفٌِل‬ ‫الصباح‬
‫عبٌد‬
‫الفٌل‬ ‫زرعان‬
‫‪INTRODUCTION‬‬
‫‪The Childrens Bequest‬‬ ‫ِّمة‬
‫ي‬
‫‪Advanced Topic‬‬
‫‪Learning the Variant Readings Today‬‬

‫العشر‬
‫َ‬
‫غرى‬
‫ص َ‬‫ال َعشر ال ُّ‬ ‫ال ُك َ‬
‫برى‬
‫ال َّ‬
‫شاطِ ِب ٌَّة‬ ‫الد َُّّرة‬ ‫ال َّنشر‪/‬‬
‫َط ٌِّ ُ‬
‫بة‬
‫ال َّنشر‬
‫ابو َعمرو‬
‫ابن َعامِر‬
‫ابو َجع َفر‬

‫ابن كثٌر‬
‫الك َ‬
‫ٌَعقُوب‬
‫َعاصِ م‬
‫ِسائًِ‬
‫َح َ‬
‫َنافِع‬
‫َخ َلف‬
‫مزة‬
‫‪All 10‬‬
INTRODUCTION
‫ي‬
Mistakes in Tajweed ‫اللَّحن‬
Addition, ommision,
Major changing of words, Forbidden
elements, vowels
Mistakes
Violations of madd
Minor duration, ghunnah, Disliked
finer rules
The Companions and early Muslims were very

intolerant of all types of mistakes with respect to the
Qurʼān!
INTRODUCTION
‫ي‬
Types of Reciters
Experts Noble Company
Reciters
Excused Double Reward
Those who make
mistakes
Blameworthy
Tajweed is the only science where mistakes are

rewarded !
INTRODUCTION
‫ي‬
Ruling on Tajweed
Communal
Theoretical
Types of Obligation
Tajweed
Knowledge Individual
Practical
Obligation
HOW TO BEGIN
The Childrens Bequest ‫سملىة‬ ‫الب‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫عا‬ً‫اإلست‬
‫ى ى ى‬ ‫ى‬
HOW TO BEGIN YOUR RECITATION

The Rules Of Isti‘adhah and Basmala
‫سملى ًة‬‫الب‬ ‫ك‬ ً ‫أىح ىكاـ ا ًإلستًعا ىذ‬

‫ة‬
‫ى ى ى ى‬ ‫ي‬
‫‪HOW TO BEGIN‬‬
‫‪The Childrens Bequest‬‬ ‫سملىة‬ ‫الب‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫عا‬‫اإلستً‬
‫ى ى ى‬ ‫ى‬
‫‪Al-Isti‘adhah‬‬ ‫اى ًإلستً ىعا ىذة‬
‫‪Surah al-Nahl 98‬‬
‫الرًج ًيم‬
‫َّ‬ ‫ً‬
‫اف‬‫ط‬
‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫َّ‬
‫الش‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ً‬
‫م‬ ‫أىعيوذي بً ً‬
‫اهلل‬
‫‪Form‬‬
‫ى‬
‫الرًج ً‬
‫يم‬ ‫اف َّ‬ ‫يم ًم ىن َّ‬
‫الشيطى ً‬ ‫العلً ً‬
‫ى‬ ‫ع‬
‫ً‬ ‫ي‬ ‫الس ً‬
‫م‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫أىعيوذي بً ً‬
‫اهلل‬
‫اإلستًعا ىذة‬
‫‪Silent‬‬ ‫‪If Alone or in Salah‬‬
‫‪Manner‬‬
‫‪Aloud‬‬ ‫‪All other cases‬‬
HOW TO BEGIN
‫ى ى ى‬ ‫ى‬
Al-Basmalah ‫سملىة‬
‫اىلبى ى‬
Surah al-Fatiha 1
HOW TO BEGIN
‫ى ى ى‬ ‫ى‬
Joining 2 Surahs
Why Only 3 Ways ?

HOW TO BEGIN
‫ى ى ى‬ ‫ى‬
Joining Surah Al-Anfal and Al-Tawbah
Al-Tawbah is the only Surah that does not begin with the Basmalah.
LESSON TWO:
‫الساكًنى ًة ىك التَّن ًوي ًن‬

َّ ً
‫ُّوف‬
‫اـ الن‬
‫ي‬ ‫ك‬‫ى‬ ‫ىح‬
‫أ‬
RULES OF NŪN AND NŪNNATION
SPOTLIGHT
1.Imām Ibn ‘Āmir

al-Shāmī (d 118H)
QUICK REVIEW
1. What is tarteel in the Qur’an?
2. Define Tajweed.
3. What are the 2 forms of istiadha?

Imām ‘Alī’s definition of

Tarteel:
‫تجوٌد الحروف‬
‫ومعرفة الوقوف‬
Levels of Tajweed
1. Tajweed of
Individual
Letters
2. Tajweed of
Letters in
Combination
3. Knowledge of
Stopping/Continuing
 The Rules of the Letter Nun ‫ن‬

and Meem ‫م‬
Why do we begin with Nun and Meem?
Surah al-Nisa 93
RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION
Sakin Tanween
The Letter
Nun and Ghunnah
Meem ‫ن م‬
DEFINITIONS
‫ٌـن‬
ِ ِ ‫و‬ ‫ن‬ْ ‫ـ‬ ‫ت‬ َّ ‫ل‬ِ ‫ل‬ ‫و‬
َ ْ‫ن‬‫ك‬ ُ ْ‫ـس‬ َ
‫ت‬ ْ‫ن‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ون‬
ِ ِ ‫لِل‬ ُّ
‫ن‬
‫ْـن‬
ِ ٌِ ٌ‫ب‬ ‫ت‬َ ‫ذ‬ْ ُ
‫خ‬ ‫ـ‬‫ف‬َ ‫ـام‬ َ
‫ك‬ ‫حـ‬َ ‫أ‬ ‫ع‬ُ ‫ـ‬‫ب‬َ ‫ر‬ َ ‫ا‬
ٍ
For the nūn without vowels and the tanwīn diction,
exist four basic rules, so take my depiction.
IẒHĀR
Rules of
Nūn
IQLĀB IKHFĀ’
Sākin /
Tanwīn
Tanw īn
IDGHĀM
RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 1.IẒHĀR (Manifestation)
ِ ‫اإل ْظ َها ُر قـَ ْب َل اَحْ ـر‬

‫ُؾ‬ ُ
‫ل‬ َّ‫و‬َ‫َفاأل‬
ِ
‫ؾ‬ ْ ‫ت ُر ِّتـ َب‬
ِ ‫ـت َفال َتعْ ِر‬ ٌّ ‫لح ْل ِق ِس‬ َ ِ‫ل‬
ٌ ‫َهمـ ٌز َف َهـا ٌء ُثـ َّم َع‬
‫ٌـن َحا ُء‬
ٌ ‫ـان ُثـ َّم َؼ‬
‫ٌـن َخا ُء‬ ِ َ
‫ت‬ ‫ـ‬‫ل‬َ ‫مُه َمـ‬
The first of these, the rule of Iẓhār
Iẓhār,, is before the letters hence,
arising from the throat, six in number, in this known sequence:
Hamza and Hā Hā’,’, then ‘Ayn
‘Ayn and ḤāḤā’,’,
without the marks, then Ghayn and Khā Khā’.’.
1. Definition
2. Its Letters: [Guttural Letters]
‫خ‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ع‬ ‫هـ‬ ‫ء‬

Advanced Topic
Levels of Iẓhār
Farthest Letters:
‫هـ ء‬
Middle Letters:
‫ح ع‬
Closest Letters:
‫خ غ‬
RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 2.IDGHĀM (Merging)
ْ ‫دؼـا ٌم ِب ِس َّتـ ٍة أَ َت‬

‫ـت‬ َ ِ‫ـان إ‬
ِ َّ
‫الث‬ ‫َو‬
َ ُ‫ِفً ٌَرْ ُمل‬
‫ون ِع ْن َد ُه ْم َق ْد َثـ َبـ َتت‬
The second is Idghām

Idghām,, with six it takes effect,
in yarmuloon
yarmuloon,, a mnemonic which they accept.
• Definition
• Its Letters:
‫ي ر م ل و ن‬
‫ُدؼـ َما * ِفٌـ ِه ِب ُؽ َّنـ ٍة ِبـ ٌَـ ْنمُو عُـلِ َما‬

َ ٌ ‫ان ِقس ٌم‬ ِ ‫م‬َ ‫س‬ ‫ق‬
ِ ‫ا‬ ‫ه‬
َ ‫ن‬َّ ‫ل ٰــ ِك‬
َ‫ان َتـال‬ ٍ ‫و‬ َ ْ
‫ن‬ ‫ص‬
ِ ‫م‬َّ ‫ـ‬‫ث‬ُ ‫ا‬ ٌ
َ ‫ن‬ْ ُ
‫د‬ َ
‫ك‬ ‫م‬
ْ ‫ؼ‬
ِ ْ
‫د‬ ُ
‫ت‬ * َ ‫ال‬‫ـ‬ َ
‫ف‬ ٍ
‫ة‬ ‫م‬
َ ‫ل‬‫ك‬ِ ‫ـ‬‫ب‬ِ ‫ـا‬ ‫ن‬ َ ‫ـا‬ ‫ك‬ َ ‫ا‬ َ
‫ذ‬ ِ ‫إِال‬
‫إ‬ َّ
ْ‫ٌـر ُؼـ َّنـهْ * ِفً الالَّ ِم َو الرَّ ا ُثـ َّم َكرِّ َر َّنـه‬ ِ ِ ‫ؽ‬ َ ‫ب‬ ‫م‬
ٌ ‫ا‬ َ
‫ؼ‬ ‫د‬ْ ِ ِ ‫َو‬
‫إ‬ ‫ان‬ َّ
‫الث‬
But this is of two types, with the first being verbalized,
with the trait of ghunnah
ghunnah,, and by yanmu recognized.
Except if this occurs within one word, then there is none,
no idghām in articulation, as in the words dunya and ṣinwān
ṣinwān..
The second type is Idghām without the ghunnah trait,
in lām and rārā,, but the latter you must reverberate.
• Types of Idghām:
1. With Ghunnah: ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬
2. Without Ghunnah: ‫ر‬ ‫ل‬

EXAMPLES
Surah al-Nisa 123

EXAMPLES
Surah 6:98
EXAMPLES
Surah 24:45
EXAMPLES
Surah 42:44
EXAMPLES WITHOUT GHUNNAH
Surah Al-Baqarah 5
EXAMPLES WITHOUT GHUNNAH
Surah 24:37
Advanced Topic
EXCEPTIONS:
1. No Idghām within one word.
4 Qur’anic Examples:
‫دُنٌا‬ ‫صِ نوان‬ ‫قنوان‬ ‫بنٌان‬
2. No Idghām in the following 2 verses:
Surah Yasin: v1-2
Surah Nun: v1-2
The rule in the above examples is called Izhār Mutlaq.
Advanced Topic
EXCEPTIONS:
Surah Yasin 1-2
Surah al-qalam 1
Advanced Topic
Types of
Assimilation
Complete Incomplete
‫إدؼام كامل‬ ‫إدؼام ناقص‬
RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 3. IQLĀB (Conversion)
‫ث اإلِ ْقـالَبُ ِع ْندَ ال َبا ِء‬ َّ ‫َو‬

ُ ِ‫الثـال‬
‫ـع اإلِ ْخـ َفا ِء‬
َ ‫ِمٌـ ًما ِب ُؽ َّنـ ٍة َم‬
The third rule is Iqlāb which occurs with the
letter bā
bā,,
which is converted to meem and pronounced
with Ikhfā
Ikhfā..
• Definition
• Letter: ‫ب‬
• 3 Steps: 1. Nūn converted to meem
2. Suppress meem (Ikhfā’)
3. Ghunnah
EXAMPLES
Surah al-Maidah 39
RULES OF NŪN & NŪNNATION 4. IKHFĀ’ (Suppresion)
The fourth is Ikhfā for the respected student,

with specified letters mandatory for the ‫اض ِل‬ ِ ‫َوالرَّ ِاب ُع اإلِخ َفا ُء ِع ْنـدَ ال َف‬
student.
‫اض ِل‬ ِ ‫ـب لِل َف‬
ٌ ‫ج‬ ِ ‫ُوؾ َوا‬ِ ‫ِم َن ال ُحر‬
In fifteen letters it takes effect, ‫فًِ َخمْ َس ٍة ِمنْ َبعْ ِد َع ْش ٍر َرمْ ُز َها‬
within this prose that I erect:
Relate of the praiseworthy one, how excellent is ‫ها‬ َ ‫ض َّم ْن ُت‬
َ ‫ت َق ْد‬ ِ ٌْ ‫فًِ ِك ْل ِم ه ٰـ َذا ال َب‬
he who achieves status robust;
‫ا‬‫م‬َ ‫س‬
َ ‫د‬ ْ ‫خص َق‬ ٌ ‫ش‬َ َ‫صؾْ َذا َث َنا َك ْم َجاد‬ ِ
Be ever perpetual in virtue, cultivate piety,
and fend off the one who is unjust. ‫ضعْ َظالِ َما‬ َ ‫ُد ْم َطٌِّـ ًبـا ِز ْد فًِ ُت ًقى‬
• Definition
• 15 Letters:
‫ص ذ ث ك ج ش ق س‬
‫د ط ز ؾ ت ض ظ‬
‫خصِقِدِسِما‬
ٌ ِ‫صِفِذِاِثِناِكِمِجِادِش‬
‫دِمِطِِّي ًـبـاِِزدِفِيِتِقًىِضِعِظِالما‬
BREAKDOWN:
1) The articulation of nūn like a
separate letter
2) between full manifestation and full
assimilation
3) without emphasis (shaddah)
4) with ghunnah (and 2 durations)
5) and association with the subsequent
letter (in characteristics)
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
THE 4 RULES: SUMMARY AND CASE STUDY
Muslim Immigrant Mahmood
The Nun: Muslim Identity  The Subsequent Letter: US Society
Suppression
Manifestation 4 Scenarios Assimilation
Conversion
LESSON THREE:
‫الم ىش َّد ىد ًة‬

‫ي‬ ً
‫يم‬‫الم‬ ‫ى‬
ً ‫أىح ىكاـ الن‬
ً ‫ُّوف ك‬
‫ي‬
RULES OF NŪN/MEEM MUSHADDADAH
‫الساكًنىة‬
َّ ‫يم‬ ً
‫الم‬ ‫اـ‬
‫أىح ىك ي‬
RULES OF UNVOWELLED MEEM
SPOTLIGHT
1.Imām Ibn ‘Āmir

al-Shāmī (d 118H)
RULES OF THE DOUBLED NŪN & MEEM
ُ ‫َو ُؼنَّ ِمٌ ًما ُث َّم ُنو ًنا‬

‫ش ِّددَ ا‬
َّ
‫ؾ ؼن ٍة َبدَا‬ُ ّ ً
َ ْ‫َو َس ِّم ُكال َحر‬
And articulate ghunnah of the nūn and meem

that carries the double accent,
and refer to both as letters of ghunnah
ghunnah,, as is
obvious and apparent.
RULES OF THE DOUBLED NŪN & MEEM
• Definition ‫ّم‬ ّ‫ن‬

• Length of 2 Durations
In Continuing and Stopping
Surah al-Baqarah 20
Surah al-Rahman 39
RULES OF MEEM SAKIN
ِ ‫َو ال ِم ٌْ ُم إِنْ َتسْ ُكنْ َت ِجً َق ْب َل‬

‫اله َجا‬
‫ؾ لَّ ٌِّ َن ٍة لِّ ِذي ال ِح َجا‬ٍ ِ‫الَ أَل‬
‫ض َب ْط‬
َ ْ‫أَح َكا ُم َها َثالَ َث ٌة لِ َمن‬
‫دؼا ٌم َو إِ ْظ َها ٌر َف َق ْط‬ َ ِ‫إِخ َفا ٌء إ‬
When stopping on meem before the letters of the alphabet,
but not before the alif layyinah, for he who is intelligent
are three rules for he who would endear them to memory,
and they are the rules of Ikhfā, Idghām and Iẓhār only.
RULES OF MEEM SAKIN
IẒHĀR
Rules of
Meem
Sākin
IDGHĀM IKHFĀ’
RULES OF MEEM SAKIN
IẒHĀR
SHAFAWY
Rules of
Meem
Sākin
IDGHĀM
IKHFĀ’
MITHLAYN
SHAFAWY
ṢAGHĪR
RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 1. IKHFĀ’ SHAFAWY
‫َفاألَوَّ ُل اإلِ ْخ َفا ُء ِع ْندَ ال َبا ِء‬

‫َو َس ِّم ِه ال َّش ْف ِويَّ لِلقُرَّ ا ِء‬
The first is Ikhfā with the letter bā,
And termed by the reciters as Labial Ikhfā.
• The Letter: ‫ب‬

• The Meem pronounced with Ghunnah and Ikhfā
• Only occurs between 2 words
• Functionally identical to Iql

Iqlāb
āb
RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 2. IDGHĀM
‫ان إِ ْد َؼا ٌم ِب ِمثلِ َها أَ َتى‬

ِ َّ
‫الث‬ ‫َو‬
‫ٌرا ٌَا َف َتى‬
ً ‫ص ِؽ‬ َ ‫َو َس ِّم إِ ْد َؼا ًما‬
The second is Idghām when its likeness appears,
and name it the Smaller Idghām my dears.
Idghām Mithlayn Ṣaghīr
•The Letter: ‫م‬

• The Meem is doubled (pronounced with Ghunnah)
• Only occurs between 2 words
• Functionally identical to Meem Mushaddah

Advanced Topic
IDGHĀM due to assimilation of 2 meems
MITHLAYN due to 2 identical letters
ṢAGHῙR due to 1st Meem unvowelled, 2nd vowelled

RULES OF MEEM SAKIN 2. IẒHĀR SHAFAWY
‫ث اإلِ ْظ َها ُر ِفً ال َب ِق ٌَّ ْه‬ َّ ‫َو‬

ُ ِ‫الثال‬
ٍ ‫ِمنْ أَح ُر‬
‫ؾ َو َس ِّم َها َش ْف ِو ٌَّ ْه‬
The third is Iẓhār which occurs with the balance
of the letters, and termed Labial Iẓhār in our
parlance.
• The Remaining 26 Letter
• The Meem is pronounced normally
• Can occur within a word or between 2 words

RULES OF MEEM SAKIN WARNING
ً‫او َو َفا أَنْ َت ْخ َت ِف‬ ٍ ‫و‬َ ‫ا‬ َ‫د‬ َ ‫ل‬ ْ‫ر‬ َ

‫احذ‬ ‫َو‬
‫ؾ‬ِ ‫رب َها َو االِ ِّت َحا ِد َفاعْ ِر‬ ُ
ِ ‫لِق‬
And be wary of making Ikhfā with wāw and fā when
you read,
due to the closeness and unity of its makhraj, so
take heed.
RULES OF MEEM SAKIN WARNING
Al-Fatiha 7
Al--Baqarah 17
Al
LESSON FOUR:
َّ ‫اـ‬
‫الَّلـ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ك‬
‫ى‬ ‫ىح‬
‫أ‬
THE RULES OF LĀM
SPOTLIGHT
1. Imām Ibn Kathīr al-

Makkī (d 120H)
2. Imām Abu ‘Amr al-

Baṣrī (d 154H)
RULES OF LĀM
‫ضؾْ َذا ِن َع ْم‬ ِ ‫ص ْل رُحْ مًا َتفُ ْز‬ ِ ‫ِطبْ ُث َّم‬ ‫ؾ‬ِ ‫لِالَ ِم اَ ْل َح َاال ِن َق ْب َل األَحْ ُر‬
‫دَ عْ سُو َء َظنٍّ ُزرْ َش ِرٌ ًفا لِ ْل َك َر ْم‬ ِ ‫أُوالَ ُه َما إِ ْظ َها ُر َها َفل َتعْ ِر‬
‫ؾ‬
ْ‫َو َّاال ُم ْاألُولَى َس ِّم َها َق َم ِرٌَّه‬ ‫شر ٍة ُخ ْذ ِع ْل َم ُه‬ َ ‫َق ْب َل ار َب ٍع َمعْ َع‬
‫َو َّاال ُم األ ُ ْخ َرى َس ِّم َها َشم ِْس ٌَّ ْه‬ ‫ؾ َعقٌِ َم ُه‬ ْ ‫ك َو َخ‬ َ َّ‫ِم ِن اب ِْػ َحج‬
‫َو أَ ْظ ِه َرنَّ َال َم فِعْ ٍل م ُْطلَ َقا‬ ‫ٌه َما إِ ْد َؼا ُم َها فًِ أَر َب ِع‬ِ ‫َثا ِن‬
‫فًِ َنحْ ِو قُ ْل َن َع ْم َو قُ ْل َنا َو ال َت َقى‬ ‫َو َع ْش َر ٍة أٌَضًا َو َر ْم ُز َها َف ِع‬
The lām of the definite article exists in two states before the letters,
the first is its manifest articulation, and should be understood better,
Occurring before fourteen letters, so learn them well,
from this mnemonic: Seek your goal and vain pursuits repel.
The second is its assimilation, which in fourteen does exist,
and likewise, facilitate your recollection of them from this:
Be meritorious, maintain relations for success, and host those who are beneficent;
Shun ill estimations of others, and frequent the noble ones for munificence.
RULES OF LĀM
Advanced Topic
TYPES:
1. Lām of the Definite Article )‫ال‬ ‫الم التعرٌف (الم‬
2. Lām of the Verb ‫الم الفعل‬
3. Lām of Commands ‫الم األمر‬
4. Lām of the Noun ‫الم اإلسم‬
5. Lām of Particles )‫هل و بل‬ ‫الم الحرف (الم‬
RULES OF LĀM Lām of the Definite Article
• Definition
ٌ‫ كِتـَاب‬ ‫اب‬
ٌ َ‫اَل ِكتـ‬
“a book” “the book”
• 2 Rules: Manifestation and Assimilation

RULES OF LĀM
The Lām of al-
The Moon The Sun Letters:

Letters: Iẓhār Idghām
‫ابػ ِحجَّ َك َو‬

ِ ِ‫طِبِثِ َّمِصِلِرِح ًما‬
‫َخؾ َع ِقٌ َم ُه‬ ‫تِفزِضِفِذِاِنِعم‬
ِ‫دِعِسِءو َِظِنِزِر‬
‫شِِرففًاِلِكلَِر‬
RULES OF LĀM Lām of the Definite Article
Al--Fatiha 2-3
Al
RULES OF LĀM Other Types of Lām
• Default: Iẓhār
• If followed by the letter Lām or Rā: Idgh

Idghām
ām
RULES OF LĀM The Grand Word (Lafż Jalālah)
• If preceded by fatha or dhamma: Heavy
           

• If preceded by kasrah: Light
     

MAKHĀRIJ
RULES OF LAM SAKINAH
The Other Types of Lām
Izhār Idghām [ followed by ‫ ل‬or ‫] ر‬
            
       

[al-Kahf 18: 72] [al-Kahf 18: 75]
           

Say, He Allah is one. [al-Ikhlas ] O my Lord, increase me in knowledge.
[Taha 20: 114]
              
Say: “The Guidance of Allah, that is the      
(only) Guidance.” [al-Baqarah 2: 120]      

Say: "If the ocean were ink (wherewith
to write out) the words of my Lord.
Sooner would the ocean be exhausted
than would the words of my Lord, even
if we added another ocean like it, for its
aid." [Kahf 18:109]
                
    
Nay, We hurl the Truth against falsehood, Nay, Allah raised him (Jesus) up unto
and it knocks out its brain, and behold, Himself; and Allah is Exalted in Power, Wise.
falsehood doth perish! Ah! woe be to you for [al-Nisā 4: 158]
the (false) things ye ascribe (to Us). [al-Anbiyā
21:18]
              
        
Nay, they deny the Hour (of the Judgment to Nay, Allah's curse is on them (Israelites) for
come): but We have prepared a Blazing Fire their blasphemy: little is it they believe. [al-
Baqarah 2: 88]
for such as deny the Hour. [al-Furqan 25: 11]
              
Is there any reward for good other than And say (O Mūsā) to him (Pharoah): “Would
good? [al-Rahmān 55: 60] you purify yourself (from the sin of disbelief
by becoming a believer)?” [al-Nāzi„āt 79:18]
LESSON FOUR:
ً‫م ىخا ًرج الحركؼ‬

‫ى ي يي‬
THE MAKHĀRIJ
(POINTS OF ARTICULATION)
SPOTLIGHT
1. Imām Nāfi‘ al-Madanī

(d 169H)
2. Imām ‘Āṣim al-Kūfī (d

127H)
QUICK REVIEW
1. What are the 3 possibilities of what can

happen to the meem sakin?
2. What are the two possibilities that can occur

with lam sakin?
3. When is the lam pronounced heavy?

MAKHĀRIJ
 Singular: Makhraj
 Plural: Makhārij
 Definition: The Point of Articulation of each letter
 Total Number: 17 in 5 Locations
 Technique: Make the letter unvowelled and precede
it with a vowelled hamzah
‫اى ٍـ‬ ‫اى ٍر‬ ‫اى ٍؾ‬ ‫ث‬

ٍ ‫اى‬ ‫اى ٍؽ‬
MAKHĀRIJ
MAKHĀRIJ
MAKHĀRIJ 1.ORAL CAVITY (AL-JAWF)
 Not a real makhraj, approximated
 Makhraj of the Madd Letters ‫واي‬

 Madd Letters:
‫اؿ‬
 Unvowelled Alif preceded by fatha‫قى ى‬
‫يل‬ ً‫ق‬
 Unvowelled Yā preceded by kasrah
‫ى‬
 Unvowelled Waw preceded by dhamma ‫وؿ‬
‫يىػ يق ي‬
 Mnemonic:
ً ‫ني‬
‫وح ىيها‬
MAKHĀRIJ 2. THROAT (AL-ĤALQ)
 Six Guttural Letters ‫الحروف الحلقٌة‬
‫خ‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ىػ‬ ‫أ‬
 3 Levels:
 The Farthest Portion ‫أقصى الحلق‬
‫أ هـ‬
 The Middle of the Throat ‫وسط الحلق‬
‫ع ح‬
 The Closest Portion ‫أدنـى الحلق‬
‫غ خ‬
MAKHĀRIJ 3. THE TONGUE (AL-LISĀN)
 Posterior: ‫ق‬ ‫ك‬
 Middle: ‫م‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ج‬
 Edge: ‫ض‬ ‫ؿ‬
 Tip: ‫ف‬ ‫ر‬

‫ت‬ ‫د‬ ‫ط‬
‫س‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ذ‬
MAKHĀRIJ 4. THE LIPS (AL-SHAFATAYN)
 Bottom lip with upper teeth (incisors): ‫ف‬
 Between the lips: ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ب‬

MAKHĀRIJ 5. NASAL CAVITY (AL-KHAYSHUM)
 Ghunnah
LESSON FIVE:
ً‫ص ىفات الحركؼ‬

ً
‫يي‬
 THE ṢIFĀT (ATTRIBUTES)
‫‪The Childrens Bequest‬‬
‫‪OVERVIEW OF THE ATTRIBUTES‬‬
‫ص ىفات الحر ً‬
‫كؼ ‪‬‬ ‫ً‬
‫يي‬
‫‪Paired‬‬
‫‪Basic‬‬ ‫الص َفات الَّتًِ َل َها أَضدَ ا ٌد‬
‫ِّ‬
‫ص َفات َّ‬
‫الَّل ِز َمة‬ ‫ال ِّ‬
‫الص َفات ال َّذاتِ ٌَّة‬
‫ِّ‬
‫الص َفات األَصلِ ٌَّة‬
‫ِّ‬
‫‪Attributes‬‬ ‫‪Unpaired‬‬
‫ص َفات‬
‫ال ِّ‬ ‫ص َفات ال أضدَا ٌد لَ َها‬
‫ال ِّ‬
‫‪Conditional‬‬ ‫‪e.g. Idghām,‬‬

‫الص َفات َ‬
‫الع َرضِ ٌَّة‬ ‫ِّ‬ ‫‪Ikhfā, etc.‬‬
THE ESSENTIAL PAIRED ATTRIBUTES
َّ ‫الص ىفات‬
 ‫الَّل ًزىمة‬ ِّ Every Letter
• There are a total of 11 paired attributes is either:
arranged within 5 pairs that 1. Whispered or Loud
necessarily affect each letter. 2. Forceful or Soft or
Moderate
3. Elevated or Depressed
4. Closed or Open
5. Flowing or Sharp
 ‫الَّل ًزىمة‬ ِّ Pair 1:
Exhalation of Breath
Quality
‫ىج ىريا يف النَّػ ىفس‬
Whisper Loudness
Attribute
‫الهمس‬
‫ى‬ ‫الجهر‬
‫ى‬
‫ص‬
‫فى ىحثَّوي ىش ٍخ ه‬
Examples The Rest
‫ت‬ ٍ ‫ىس ىك‬
Flow of Sound
Quality ‫الصوت‬
َّ ‫ىج ىريا يف‬
Soft Moderate Forceful

Attribute ‫َّو ُّسط‬
‫الر ىخ ىاكة‬
َّ ‫التػ ى‬ ِّ
‫الش َّدة‬
Examples The Rest ‫لً ٍن عي ىم ٍر‬ ‫ت‬

ٍ ‫ط بى ىك‬ ً‫أ‬
ٍّ ‫ىج يد قى‬
Heavy/elevated articulation
Quality ً ‫الت‬
‫َّفخيم‬
Elevated Depressed
Attribute
‫ا ًإلستًعَّلء‬ ‫ا ًإلستً ىفاؿ‬
Examples ‫ض ٍغ وط قً ٍظ‬
‫ص ى‬
َّ ‫يخ‬ The Rest
Adhesion of tongue against

Quality palate
Closed Open
Attribute
‫ا ًإلطبىاؽ‬ ً
‫اإلنفتىاح‬
Examples ‫ص ض ط ظ‬ The Rest

Smooth, flowing
Quality articulation
Flowing Sharp
Attribute
‫ا ًإلذالؽ‬ ‫ا ًإل ى‬
‫صمات‬
ً
‫فىػ َّر م ٍن‬
Examples The Rest
‫ب‬
ٍّ ‫لي‬
Smooth, flowing
Quality articulation
Flowing Sharp
Attribute
‫ا ًإلذالؽ‬ ‫ا ًإل ى‬
‫صمات‬
ً
‫فىػ َّر م ٍن‬
Examples The Rest
‫ب‬
ٍّ ‫ي‬‫ل‬
Linguistics Rule: Any Arabic word of more than 3
Advanced Topic
letters must contain a Flowing letter!
The Childrens Bequest THE UNPAIRED ATTRIBUTES
‫الص َفات ال أضدَ ا ٌد لَ َها‬
ِّ
Whistle ‫الص ًفير‬

َّ • The hissing Sound of ‫صسز‬
Echo ‫ال ىقل ىقلىة‬ • The echo when stopping on: ُ ُ‫ق‬
‫طبُ َج ٍّد‬
Lenience ‫اللِّين‬ • The soft –aw and –ay madd sounds
ً ‫ا ًإل‬
Drifting ‫نح ىراؼ‬ • The slight bending of the tongue tip
towards the roof of the mouth in: ‫ل ر‬
Repetition ‫كرار‬
‫التِّ ى‬ • The vibrating, trilling quality of ‫ر‬
Spreading ‫ • التَّػ ىف ِّشي‬The expansive sound of ‫ش‬
Lengthening ‫ا ًإلستًطىالىة‬ • The expansive, elongated quality of ‫ض‬
Advanced Topic
HEAVY versus LIGHT Separating the novice

ً ‫الت‬
 ‫َّفخيم‬ ‫التَّرقًيق‬ from the expert
Always Heavy Variable Always Light
• 7 •‫ل‬ • The Rest

Letters:
•‫ر‬
‫ضغٍ وط‬‫ص ى‬
َّ ‫يخ‬ • The Madd
‫قً ٍظ‬ Alif ‫ىَػا‬
Note the configuration

of the mouth
Advanced Topic

ً ‫الت‬
Scales of Heaviness
By the 5 By the States
By Vowels:
Heavy Letters: of the Letters:
• Heaviest to least: • Vowelled by fatḥa • Strongest: fatḥah
• ‫ط‬ and followed by • Strong: dhamma
alif َ ‫َقال‬ • Weakest: kasrah
• ‫ض‬
• ‫ص‬
• Vowelled by fatḥa
َ ‫َقبل‬ ‫وؿ‬
‫اؿ يىػ يق ي‬‫قى ى‬
• ‫ظ‬ • Vowelled by
dhammah ‫قُولُوا‬ ‫يل‬ ً‫ق‬
• ‫ق‬ َ ‫أَ ْق‬
• Unvowelled ‫س ُموا‬ ‫ى‬
• ‫غ‬ • Vowelled with
• ‫خ‬ kasrah َ ‫قٌِل‬
Advanced Topic

ً ‫الت‬
Attributes Summarized by Strength
T h e A r t o f T a j w e e d
7 Lessons to Tajweed Comprehension

Dr Abu Zayd Quran Literacy Institute
2009
SPOTLIGHT
Witness Excellence and Precision in
Recitation: Shaykh al-Ḥuṣarī
QUICK REVIEW
1. How many total attributes are there?
2. What are conditional attributes?
3. What are the 2 types of Basic Attributes?
4. Name the 7 heavy letters.

SPOTLIGHT
1. Imām al-Kisā’ī (d 189H)
2. Imām Abū Ja‘far al-

Madanī (d 130H)
LESSON SIX:
َّ ‫اـ‬
‫الراء‬ ‫أىح ىك ي‬
 THE RULES OF THE LETTER RĀ
The Childrens Bequest THE RULES OF RĀ
 ‫الراء‬
َّ ‫اـ‬
A Peak at the Rules of Rā:
 Basic Premise:
 Fatḥa/dhamma  heavy vowels
 Kasrah  light vowel
 Basic Principles:
1. Look to the vowel of the rā
2. If unvowelled, look to preceding
vowel
3. If unvowelled, look to preceding,
etc.
4. Pay attention to heavy letters,
conditional vowels
 The Rā is heavy in 5 cases and light in 4 cases.  ‫الراء‬
َّ ‫اـ‬
HEAVY
• 1. Vowelled with fatḥa or
dhamma
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by
fatḥa or dhamma
unvowelled (other than yā) and
preceded by fatḥa or dhamma
conditional kasrah of hamzah al-
Relax and Take
waṣl
kasrah but followed by heavy
a Deep Breath.
letter
LIGHT
• 1. Vowelled with kasrah
kasrah, with no heavy letter
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled yā
َّ ‫اـ‬
HEAVY
dhamma
fatḥa or dhamma
waṣl
letter
LIGHT
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled yā
َّ ‫اـ‬
HEAVY
dhamma
fatḥa or dhamma
waṣl
letter
LIGHT
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled yā
َّ ‫اـ‬
HEAVY
‫كح‬‫ر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫حم‬‫ر‬

dhamma
‫ه‬
‫ى ى ي ه‬
fatḥa or dhamma
waṣl
letter
LIGHT
‫يح‬ً
‫ر‬ ‫ه‬
‫اؿ‬ ‫ج‬ ً
‫ر‬
‫ه‬ ‫ى‬
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled yā
َّ ‫اـ‬
HEAVY
dhamma
fatḥa or dhamma
waṣl
letter
LIGHT
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled yā
َّ ‫اـ‬
HEAVY
‫القػيٍرآ ىف يػىٍر ىحمنىا‬

dhamma
fatḥa or dhamma
waṣl
letter
LIGHT
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled yā
َّ ‫اـ‬
HEAVY
dhamma
fatḥa or dhamma
waṣl
letter
LIGHT
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled yā
َّ ‫اـ‬
HEAVY
dhamma
fatḥa or dhamma
waṣl
letter
ً
LIGHT
‫قىديٍر ىخ ٍير‬
following
preceded by kasrah
Note that this sukūn is due to
unvowelled yā
stopping on the word
َّ ‫اـ‬
HEAVY
dhamma
fatḥa or dhamma
waṣl
letter
LIGHT
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled yā
َّ ‫اـ‬
HEAVY
dhamma
fatḥa or dhamma
‫القػى ٍدر البػى ٍحر‬

waṣl
letter
LIGHT
ً
‫السػِّ ٍحر الشػٌٍعر‬

following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled yā
َّ ‫اـ‬
HEAVY
dhamma
fatḥa or dhamma
waṣl
letter
LIGHT
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled yā
َّ ‫اـ‬
HEAVY
dhamma
fatḥa or dhamma
waṣl
letter
LIGHT
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled yā
َّ ‫اـ‬
HEAVY
dhamma
fatḥa or dhamma
waṣl
letter
LIGHT
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled yā
َّ ‫اـ‬
 The Rā is heavy in 5 cases and light in 4 cases.
HEAVY
Only 5 such examples in
dhamma the Qurʼān:
‫ فً ٍرقى وة‬/ ‫اس‬

‫قً ٍرطى و‬
fatḥa or dhamma
‫ادا‬ ‫ر‬ ً
‫ىك إ ٍ ى ن‬
‫ص‬
ً ‫ لىبًال ًٍمرص‬/ ‫ادا‬ ً
waṣl
letter
‫اد‬ ‫ٍ ى‬ ‫ص‬
‫ٍ ىن‬ ‫ر‬‫م‬
LIGHT

• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by 
‫فػًٍر ىعو ىف مػًٍريىوة‬
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled yā
َّ ‫اـ‬
 EXCEPTIONS
HEAVY Advanced Topic
dhamma
fatḥa or dhamma  There are a limited number of
unvowelled (other than yā) and Qurʼānic words which are
preceded by fatḥa or dhamma exceptions to these rules
waṣl
 In their case the rā may be
• 5. Unvowelled and preceded by pronounced heavy or light
letter
LIGHT  These are subject to the rules of
• 1. Vowelled with kasrah Riwāyah
following
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled yā
َّ ‫اـ‬
 EXCEPTIONS
dhamma Unvowelled and preceded by kasrah
fatḥa or dhamma but followed by heavy letter vowelled
unvowelled (other than yā) and with kasrah:
‫فً ٍر وؽ‬
waṣl
kasrah but followed by heavy Only one such example in the Qurʼān: al-
letter
LIGHT Shu‘arā 63
•The rā may be pronounced heavy (due to
kasrah, with no heavy letter the preceding rules)
following • But it may also be pronounced light due to
unvowelled (other than yā) and that heavy letter being vowelled with
preceded by kasrah kasrah, which is a “light vowel” that lessens
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by its heaviness
unvowelled yā
َّ ‫اـ‬
 EXCEPTIONS
dhamma
fatḥa or dhamma
‫ىك ني يذر‬
waṣl
• 5. Unvowelled and preceded by Al-Qamar 54:16
letter •The rā may be pronounced heavy
LIGHT
• 1. Vowelled with kasrah (due to the preceding rules)
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by • But it may also be pronounced
following light due to a fine grammatical
unvowelled (other than yā) and point:
The original word was ‫ُن ُذ ِري‬
preceded by kasrah
unvowelled yā
The yā was dropped in writing
َّ ‫اـ‬
 EXCEPTIONS
dhamma
fatḥa or dhamma
‫ يى ٍس ًر‬/ ‫فىأى ٍس ًر‬

waṣl
• 5. Unvowelled and preceded by •The rā may be pronounced heavy
letter
LIGHT (due to the preceding rules)
• 1. Vowelled with kasrah • But it may also be pronounced
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by light due to a fine grammatical
following point:
preceded by kasrah
ْ َ ‫َفأ‬
The original word was ‫س ِري‬ / ‫ٌَ ْس ِري‬
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by The yā was dropped in writing
unvowelled yā
َّ ‫اـ‬
 EXCEPTIONS
dhamma
• 2. Unvowelled and preceded by Unvowelled and preceded by
fatḥa or dhamma unvowelled (other than yā) heavy
unvowelled (other than yā) and letter and preceded by kasrah
ً ً
waṣl
‫ القطٍر‬/ ‫صر‬
ٍ ‫م‬
letter
LIGHT Only two such words in the Qurʼān: al-Saba’
• 1. Vowelled with kasrah 34:12, Yūsuf 12:21/99, and al-Zukhruf 43:51
•The rā may be pronounced light
following (due to the preceding rules)
unvowelled (other than yā) and • But it may also be pronounced
preceded by kasrah
• 4. Unvowelled and preceded by light due to it being preceded by a
unvowelled yā heavy letter
LESSON SEVEN:
‫اـ ا ًإل ٍدغىاـ‬

 THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION
‫الم ٌد‬
‫ى‬ ‫اـ‬
‫ي‬ ‫ك‬‫ى‬ ‫ىح‬
‫أ‬
 THE RULES OF ELONGATION
SPOTLIGHT
1. Imām Ya‘qūb al-Baṣrī (d

205H)
2. Imām Khalaf (d 229H)

LESSON SEVEN:
‫اـ ا ًإل ٍدغىاـ‬

 THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION
THE RULES OF ASSIMILATION
ً‫ا‬
 ‫إلدغىاـ‬ ‫اـ‬
 Basic Issue: When are two adjacent letters assimilated into each
other?
 Basic Rule:
1. The default articulation of every letter is iẓhār (overt pronunciation)
2. Sometimes the letters are assimilated based upon their similarities and their vowel states
 Basic Principles:
 There are four basic types of adjacent letter pairs:
1. Mithlayn  2 Identical Letters (same makhraj + attributes)
2. Mutaqāribayn  2 Close Letters (similar makhraj + attributes)
3. Mutajānisayn  2 Similar Letters (same makhraj, different attributes)
4. Mutabā‘idayn  2 Distant Letters (very different makraj + attributes)
 There are four basic vowel configurations for adjacent letters:
1. Unvowelled/vowelled  Ṣaghīr Ṣaghīr:: often results in assimilation
2. Both vowelled  Kabīr
Kabīr:: rarely results in assimilation
3. Both unvowelled  Muqayyad
Muqayyad:: no assimilation
4. Vowelled/unvowelled  Muṭlaq Muṭlaq:: no assimilation
ً‫ا‬
Basic Examples:
 ‫بػب‬
Mithlayn Letters:
 Mutaqāribayn Letters: ‫ؽ ػ ؾ‬
 Mutajānisayn Letters: ‫ط ػ ت‬
 Mutabā‘idayn Letters: ‫ح ػ ـ‬
 Four basic vowel configurations for adjacent letters:

Unvowelled/vowelled  Ṣaghīr
Ṣaghīr::
‫ب بً ًكتىابًي‬
1.
ٍ ‫ا ٍذ ىى‬
2. Both vowelled  Kabīr
Kabīr::
ً ‫بًبىػ ٍع‬
‫ض‬
3. Both unvowelled  Muqayyad
Muqayyad::
ْ ‫ِم‬
‫صر‬
4. Vowelled/unvowelled  Muṭlaq
Muṭlaq::
‫س ْخ‬
َ ‫َما َن ْن‬
Note that these last 2 categories never result in assimilation and will not be
discussed further, leaving only Ṣaghīr and Kabīr.
1. MITHLAYN
ً‫ا‬
1. MITHLAYN (IDENTICAL) LETTERS
ṢAGHĪR KABĪR
• When 2 identical letters appear • When 2 identical letters appear

adjacently, with the first adjacently that are both
unvowelled and the second vowelled, their default
vowelled, they are always articulation is iẓhār in nearly all
assimilated cases: ‫النِّ ىكا ًح ىحتَّى ًح ىج وج‬
• This is known as Idghām
Mithlayn Ṣaghīr • Only a few limited exceptions
• This can occur within one word exist, where these letters are
or between 2 words assimilated (Idghām Mithlayn
Kabīr) **details next slide **
• Examples: ‫ىك قى ٍد َّد ىخليوا‬
‫ييك ًرٍى ُّه َّن‬ ‫ييد ًرٍك ُّكم‬
1. MITHLAYN
ً‫ا‬
Idghām Mithlayn Kabīr Examples
Surah Yusuf 12:11
• Original word ‫تىأٍ ىمػنيػنىا‬  ‫تىأٍ ىمػنَّا‬

• The nūn is pronounced with ishmām or ikhtilās as a remnant of the
first nūn
• Ishmām = circling of the lips
• Ikhtilās = 2/3 of a ḥarakah
1. MITHLAYN
ً‫ا‬
Idghām Mithlayn Kabīr Other Examples
Advanced Topic
• The word ‫ ىم َّكػنِّي‬ Original word ‫[ ىم َّكنىنًي‬18:95]

• The word ‫اجونِّي‬ ُّ ‫ أىتي ىح‬ Original word ‫اجونىنًي‬
ُّ ‫[ أىتي ىح‬6:80]
• The word ‫ تى يأم يركنِّي‬ Original word ‫[ تى يأم يركنىنًي‬39:64]
• The word ‫ نً ًع َّما‬ Original word ‫عم ىما‬ ‫ى‬
ً‫[ ن‬2:271/4:58]
2. MUTAQĀRIBAYN
ً‫ا‬
Similar makhraj •‫لـر‬ MUTAQARIBAYN
& attributes •‫تـث‬ (CLOSE) LETTERS
Similar attributes •‫كـث‬
but not makhraj
Similar makhraj •‫دـس‬

but not attributes •‫ضـر‬
Same attributes, •‫دـج‬

similar makhraj • ‫ح ـ هـ‬
•‫كـت‬
Same attributes, • ‫ث ـ هـ‬
different makhraj
•‫حـ ث‬
2. MUTAQĀRIBAYN
ً‫ا‬
2. MUTAQARIBAYN (CLOSE) LETTERS
ṢAGHĪR KABĪR
• Assimilation mandatory in 4 • Never assimilated

specific cases [next slide]
Mutaqāribayn Ṣaghīr
2. MUTAQĀRIBAYN
ً‫ا‬
Idghām Mutaqāribayn Kabīr 4 Cases
• ‫ب‬ ِّ ‫ىك قيل َّر‬ • ‫مس‬
‫الش ي‬َّ
• ‫يم‬‫ح‬ً‫الر‬
• ‫بىل َّرفىػ ىعوي اهللي‬ ‫َّ ي‬
‫ل ـ الحروف‬
‫لـر‬ ‫الشمسٌة‬
Nūn
Sākin/Tanwī
n followed ‫قـك‬
by [ ‫] ٌرملو‬
• Single Qurʼānic
• ‫عمل‬ ‫ىمن يى ى‬ example 77:20
• ‫ًمن ىكىر ًاء ًه‬

3. MUTAJĀNISAYN
ً‫ا‬
3. MUTAJANISAYN (SIMILAR) LETTERS
ṢAGHĪR KABĪR
• General rule is iẓhār • Never assimilated

• Assimilation mandatory in only
5 cases and optional in 2 cases
[next slide]
Mutajānisayn Ṣaghīr
3. MUTAJĀNISAYN
ً‫ا‬
Idghām Mutajānisayn Ṣaghīr 5 Mandatory Cases
1. Unvowelled [ ‫ ] د‬followed by vowelled [ ‫] ت‬
2. Unvowelled [ ‫ ]ت‬followed by vowelled [ ‫]د‬
3. Unvowelled [ ‫ ]ت‬followed by vowelled [ ‫]ط‬
4. Unvowelled [ ‫ ]ذ‬followed by vowelled [ ‫ ]ظ‬occurs in 2 verses
5. Unvowelled [ ‫ ]ط‬followed by vowelled [ ‫ ] ت‬Incomplete Idghām

3. MUTAJĀNISAYN
ً‫ا‬
Idghām Mutajānisayn Ṣaghīr 2 Optional Cases
1. Unvowelled [ ‫ ]ث‬followed by vowelled [ ‫]ذ‬
2. Unvowelled [ ‫ ]ب‬followed by vowelled [ ‫]ـ‬

4. MUTABĀ‘IDAYN
ً‫ا‬
4. MUTABA‘IDAYN (DISTANT) LETTERS
ṢAGHĪR KABĪR
• Never assimilation • Never assimilated
These are the majority of letter combinations

ً‫ا‬
LESSON SEVEN:
‫الم ٌد‬
‫ى‬ ‫اـ‬
‫ي‬ ‫ك‬‫ى‬ ‫ىح‬
‫أ‬
 THE RULES OF ELONGATION
THE RULES OF ELONGATION
 ‫المد‬
‫ى‬ ‫اـ‬
 Basic Issue: When are some vowels and sounds elongated
to longer durations, and exactly how long?
 Only Tajweed term found in the Sunnah
 Linguistically: To elongate/lengthen/prolong
 Technical Definition:
Definition:
 Elongation of the vowel sounds of the three madd letters
‫ُنوحٌِ َها‬
 ‫المد‬
‫ى‬ ‫اـ‬
 A Peak at the Rules of Madd
 ‫المد‬
‫ى‬ ‫اـ‬
Basic
ًِ‫ال َمد األَصل‬
ًِ‫ال َمد ال َّط ِبٌع‬
Types of Madd
‫ال َم ّد‬
Derived
ًِ‫ال َمد ال َفرع‬
 ‫المد‬
‫ى‬ ‫اـ‬
THE BASIC MADD
 All the madd rules are built upon the 3 basic madd letters:
 Unvowelled Alif preceded by Fatḥa ‫اؿ‬
‫قى ى‬
‫يل‬ ً‫ق‬
 Unvowelled Yā preceded by Kasrah
‫ى‬
 Unvowelled Wāw preceded by Dhamma ‫وؿ‬
‫يىػ يق ي‬
 Mnemonic:
ً ‫ني‬
‫وح ىيها‬
 Its duration: 2 ḥarakas [referred to as ‫] ال ىقصر‬
 ‫المد‬
‫ى‬ ‫اـ‬
THE BASIC MADD
 Even small mistakes in Basic Madd changes meanings !!
ٍ‫أىنىا‬ “I” ‫“ أىنَّا‬Verily we” َّ ‫“ أ‬that”

‫ىف‬
‫أى ىخ ٍذنىا‬ “we took” ‫“ أى ىخ ٍذ ىف‬the women took”

 ‫المد‬
‫ى‬ ‫اـ‬
THE BASIC MADD
 The Basic Madd is the most common type of madd, with

examples in every Qurʼānic verse !!
 How many examples can you find in the following verse?

 ‫المد‬
‫ى‬ ‫اـ‬
THE BASIC MADD
 There are 4 additional types of madd that follow the pattern of the Basic Madd:
1. MADD LĪN 3. SUBSTITUTE 4. LESSER
 Unvowelled Wāw MADD [‫]مد ًع ىوض‬
‫ى‬ CONNECTING
preceded by Fatḥa ‫وـ‬
‫يى ى‬  Stopping on tanwīn MADD [‫الص ىغرل‬
ُّ ‫الصلىة‬
ِّ ‫]مد‬
‫ى‬
fatḥa is articulated as a  The attached 3rd person
 Unvowelled Yā preceded
Basic Madd Alif masculine pronoun [‫ـ ِه‬/‫]ـ ُه‬
‫ين‬
‫بى ى‬ ً ‫ ىم‬/ ‫ يى ندا‬/ ‫ىش يكورا‬
‫ بنىاءن‬/ ‫اء‬
by Fatḥa plus the word [‫ ] َه ِذ ِه‬also

‫ن‬ ‫ن‬ follows the basic madd
 Its duration: 2- ḥarakas  Exception words
[‫]ال ىقصر‬ when
ending with ‫ ػة‬are
 it is vowelled and between 2
2. 5 DISJOINTED pronouned with
vowelled letters
LETTERS [ ‫] ىح ُّي طيه ور‬ unvowelled hā on
stopping
‫ ح‬ ‫ ىحا‬, ‫ م‬ ‫ يىا‬,
‫حمةن‬
‫ىر ى‬

‫ ط‬ ‫ طىا‬, ‫ ق‬ ‫ ىىا‬,


‫عمةن‬ً‫ن‬
‫ ر‬ ‫ىرا‬ 
‫ى‬
 ‫المد‬
‫ى‬ ‫اـ‬
THE BASIC MADD
EXCEPTIONS TO THE LESSER CONNECTING MADD [‫الص ىغرل‬
ُّ ‫الصلىة‬
ِّ ‫]مد‬
‫ى‬
 There are 5 exceptions to this rule according to the Ḥafṣ reading
Al-Zumar 39:7
Al-Furqan 25:69
They said: "Keep him and his brother and send to the cities men to collect.” Al-A‘raf 7:111
Al-Shuaraa 26:36
Al-Naml 27:28
 ‫المد‬
‫ى‬ ‫اـ‬
THE DERIVED MADD
 Sometimes the basic madd is prolonged beyond 2 durations

due to certain elements (known as causes, sabab, for madd)
 There are 2 causes of madd
Hamzah
Causes of َ ‫ه‬
‫َمزة‬
Madd
‫أس َباب ال َم ّد‬ Sukūn
‫س ُكون‬
ُ
 ‫المد‬
‫ى‬ ‫اـ‬
THE DERIVED MADD
The Derived Madd
Hamzah Sukūn (following madd letter)
Presented
After Before Actual (due to
stop)
Different Same ‫َمد َجائِز‬
word word ‫ َمد َبدَل‬2 ‫َمد َال ِزم‬ 6 ḥarakahs
2, 4, 6
‫َمد َجائِز‬ ‫َمد َوا ِجب‬
‫ُمن َفصِ ل‬ ‫ُم َّتصِ ل‬ ‫اد ىـ‬
‫ىء ى‬ ًِ‫ ال َكلِم‬In a word ًِ‫الحرف‬
َ In a letter
‫العالىمػًي ىػن‬
‫ى‬
2,4,5 4,5 ‫سل َن َقص‬
َ ‫َكم َع‬
‫الى أىعبي يد‬ ‫ِّس ى‬

‫اء‬ ‫الن ى‬
Shaddah Sukūn Shaddah Sukūn
Heavy Light Heavy Light
‫الحآقَّةي‬
‫ى‬ ‫ىءالٍئىػٰ ىن‬  
 Congratulations!
 What NEXT ?
 The Advice to Sufyaan
ibn Abdillah:
ISTIQAMAH
، ‫ ىكلً يكل ًش َّروة فىػ ٍتػ ىرةن‬،‫إً َّف لً يكل ىع ىم ول ًش َّرةن‬
،‫فى ىم ٍن ىكا ىف فىػ ٍتػ ىرتيوي إًلىى يسنَّتًي فىػ ىق ًد ٍاىتى ىد ٰل‬
‫ك‬‫ك فىػ ىق ٍد ىىلى ى‬ ‫ت إًلىى غىٍي ًر ٰذلً ى‬ ٍ ‫ىكىم ٍن ىكانى‬
[Ibn Hibban, authenticated by al-Mundhiri,
Ahmad Shakir, Albani and Arnaut]

The Childrens Bequest

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Copyright:

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The Childrens Bequest

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T h e A r t o f T a j w e e d

10 Lessons to Tajweed Comprehension

‫الم ىق ِّد ىمة‬

The Formal Rules

Practice Iqrā’ ‫اإلقراء‬

‫ُتح َف ُة األط َفال‬

The Childrens Bequest

• Basic knowledge of Tajweed

WHAT YOU NEED FOR

Will improve your pronunciation and recitation of the Qur’an.

Will deepen your appreciation of the beauty and majesty of

Will help you live a purpose-driven and organized life.

Will help you appreciate real reciters versus popular ones

Lesson 2: How to Begin (Rules of Istiadhah and

Lesson 3: Rules of Nun Sakin/Tanwin, Nun/Meem

Lesson 4: Rules of Meem Sakin, Rules of Lam

Lesson 5: The Makharij

Lesson 6: The Sifaat

Lesson 8: The Rules of Assimilation

Lesson 9: The Rules of Madd

 Tarteel Surah al-Muzammil 4

‫ِقرا َءة‬ ‫قارئ‬

‫ِر َوا ٌَة‬ ‫او‬

‫أصحاب‬ ‫أصحاب‬ ‫أصحاب‬

‫‪Learning the Variant Readings Today‬‬

‫ابو َجع َفر‬

The Companions and early Muslims were very

Experts Noble Company

Tajweed is the only science where mistakes are

HOW TO BEGIN YOUR RECITATION

‫سملى ًة‬‫الب‬ ‫ك‬ ً ‫أىح ىكاـ ا ًإلستًعا ىذ‬

‫‪Surah al-Nahl 98‬‬

Why Only 3 Ways ?

‫الساكًنى ًة ىك التَّن ًوي ًن‬

1.Imām Ibn ‘Āmir

1. What is tarteel in the Qur’an?

3. What are the 2 forms of istiadha?

Imām ‘Alī’s definition of

 The Rules of the Letter Nun ‫ن‬

Why do we begin with Nun and Meem?

ِ ‫اإل ْظ َها ُر قـَ ْب َل اَحْ ـر‬

2. Its Letters: [Guttural Letters]

‫خ‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ع‬ ‫هـ‬ ‫ء‬

ْ ‫دؼـا ٌم ِب ِس َّتـ ٍة أَ َت‬

The second is Idghām

‫ُدؼـ َما * ِفٌـ ِه ِب ُؽ َّنـ ٍة ِبـ ٌَـ ْنمُو عُـلِ َما‬

1. With Ghunnah: ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ي‬

2. Without Ghunnah: ‫ر‬ ‫ل‬

Surah al-Nisa 123

EXAMPLES WITHOUT GHUNNAH

EXAMPLES WITHOUT GHUNNAH

Surah Yasin 1-2

‫ث اإلِ ْقـالَبُ ِع ْندَ ال َبا ِء‬ َّ ‫َو‬

The fourth is Ikhfā for the respected student,

Manifestation 4 Scenarios Assimilation

‫الم ىش َّد ىد ًة‬

1.Imām Ibn ‘Āmir

ُ ‫َو ُؼنَّ ِمٌ ًما ُث َّم ُنو ًنا‬

And articulate ghunnah of the nūn and meem

• Definition ‫ّم‬ ّ‫ن‬

ِ ‫َو ال ِم ٌْ ُم إِنْ َتسْ ُكنْ َت ِجً َق ْب َل‬

‫َفاألَوَّ ُل اإلِ ْخ َفا ُء ِع ْندَ ال َبا ِء‬

• The Letter: ‫ب‬