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Engineering Structures
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a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with bolted steel plates on their vertical faces are known as
Received 6 March 2013 bolted side-plated (BSP) beams. The behaviour and performance of BSP beams are controlled by the
Revised 3 June 2013 arrangement of the steel plates and the interfacial slips caused by the shear deformation of anchor bolts
Accepted 7 June 2013
due to shear force transfer. In this study, a nonlinear finite element model validated by available exper-
Available online 11 August 2013
imental results has been used to investigate the shear stress transfer in BSP beams. The effects of loading
arrangements and the stiffnesses of RC beams, steel plates and bolt connections were investigated in
Keywords:
detail by a parametric study. The results of this study shed light on the basic understanding of the inter-
Reinforced concrete beam
Strengthening
nal shear transfer mechanism between steel plates and RC beams. A new design approach is also provided
Bolted side-plated beam to help structural engineers in the determination of the shear transfer profile and the critical bolt shear
Transverse slip force in the design of BSP beams.
Shear transfer Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Nonlinear finite element analysis
1. Introduction is the result of the deformation of anchor bolts under the trans-
verse bolt force (Vm):
Bolting steel plates to existing reinforced concrete (RC) beams
Vm
has become a widely accepted retrofitting technique in the past Str ¼ ð1Þ
Kb
several decades due to its minimal space requirements and conve-
nience of installation. Although bonding steel plates or fibre rein- where Kb = Rby/Sby is the bolt stiffness, which can be determined
forced polymers (FRPs) by adhesive mortar is the most popular from bolt shear tests; Rby is the yield shear force of the bolt; and
technique, it would lead to premature debonding and peeling fail- Sby is the corresponding yield deformation. Assuming that the bolt
ures at the ends of the bonded plates or FRPs [1–3], thus consider- behaves in elasto-plastic manner, the bolt stiffness of the shear
able efforts have been made to supress and evaluate this force–deformation relation in the elastic region is denoted by Kb.
premature failures [4,5]. On the other hand, steel plates attached The shear stress transfer vm is defined as the bolt shear force Vm di-
mechanically by anchor bolts are immune to these adverse effects vided by the bolt spacing Sb, i.e.,
[6–8]. Although attaching steel plates or channels to beam soffits
Vm Kb
can effectively increase their flexural strength and stiffness, it vm ¼ ¼ Str ¼ km Str ð2Þ
may lead to over-reinforcement and a subsequent decrease in Sb Sb
the ductility of strengthened beams [6,9]. Some researchers thus where km = Kb/Sb is the bolt stiffness per unit length. If a uniform
proposed a bolted side-plating (BSP) technique to anchor steel bolt spacing is used, km is a constant along the beam. Theoretically,
plates to the side faces of beams by anchor bolts [7,10]. The RC the shear stress transfer vm and the bolt shear forces Vm can be esti-
beams strengthened using this technique, i.e., the bolted side-pla- mated once the transverse slip Str is measured. However, previous
ted (BSP) beams, have proven to possess enhanced flexural experimental studies [13] have shown that the transverse slip,
strength without a significant reduction in ductility [11–13]. which usually ranges from 0.01 to 0.5 mm, is hard to measure accu-
Unlike RC beams strengthened with steel plates on the beam rately. Due to the difficulty of accurate measurement and the com-
soffit, the BSP beams often suffer from plate buckling [14] and bolt plex nature of transverse slip and shear transfer, various
slip problems [15–17]. The degree of partial interaction, which assumptions are adopted for the transverse slip on the performance
controls the behaviour of BSP beams, is affected by both longitudi- of BSP beams. Oehlers et al. [17] established a relationship between
nal and transverse slips, as shown in Fig. 1. The transverse slip (Str) the degree of transverse–partial-interaction and the properties of
anchor bolts, but assuming a uniform shear distribution at the
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +852 28592648; fax: +852 25595337. steel–concrete interface can hardly be justified in many practical
E-mail addresses: klsu@hku.hk (R.K.L. Su), tjlilingzhi@gmail.com (L.Z. Li), applications. Based on this model, Nguyen et al. [18] derived
hreclsh@hku.hk (S.H. Lo). he relationship between longitudinal and transverse partial
0141-0296/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.06.007
R.K.L. Su et al. / Engineering Structures 56 (2013) 1372–1383 1373
Nomenclature
interactions, but the postulation of a single curvature for both steel In light of the aforementioned limitations concerning various
plates and RC beams in the calculation of the neutral axis separation assumptions, a nonlinear finite element analysis (NLFEA) was con-
violates the transverse–partial-interaction condition. Su and Siu ducted in this study using the computer program ATENA [21] to
proposed numerical procedures for predicting the nonlinear load– investigate the transverse slip and shear transfer behaviour of
deformation response of bolt groups [19,20] and the longitudinal BSP beams with different beam geometries and under various
and transverse slip profiles [11,16] in BSP beams. This approach loading conditions. The test results reported in our companion pa-
provides a simple way to determine the transverse slip, despite per [13] were extracted to validate the finite element model. The
the fact that the assumption of a linear transverse slip profile has validated numerical model was used to conduct a parametric study
yet to be verified. to evaluate the shear stress transfer of BSP beams. Based on the re-
sults, a new design approach for estimating the shear stress trans-
fer profile has been developed. An example is presented to
illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in the deter-
mination of the shear transfer profile of a BSP beam under realistic
loading conditions.
2. Numerical modelling
The concrete in the ATENA model is idealised as a two-dimen- A bilinear elastic material model with hardening was chosen to
sional body with a unit thickness. The behaviour of the concrete represent reinforcement. The transverse reinforcement was
is simulated by the concrete constitutive model SBETA, which con- modelled by adding a smeared reinforcement layer to the
siders (1) the nonlinear behaviour of concrete in compression, concrete layer. The longitudinal reinforcement was modelled in
including hardening and softening; (2) fracturing of concrete in ATENA using the discrete bar element CCBarWithBond [22] to
tension, based on nonlinear fracture mechanics; (3) a biaxial consider the bond–slip effect according to the CEB-FIP Model
strength failure criterion; (4) the reduction in compressive Code 90 [27].
strength after cracking; and (5) the reduction in shear stiffness The steel plates were idealised as a plane stress layer and the
after cracking [23]. The constitutive SBETA model is based on the steel material was simulated using the bilinear steel Von Mises
biaxial failure criterion proposed by Kupfer and Gerstle [24] and model, which considers a biaxial failure law and a bilinear
the equivalent uniaxial stress–strain curve proposed by Darwin stress–strain curve, taking into account both the elastic state and
and Pecknold [25]. The effective concrete tensile and compressive the hardening of the steel.
strengths were determined as functions of the current stress states
according to the Kupfer failure criterion [24]. The effective princi-
pal stresses were determined from the equivalent uniaxial strains 2.3. Modelling of bolt connections
according to the modified equivalent constitutive curve, which
considers four states (see Fig. 2): (1) concrete in tension before In the NLFEA, steel plates were not directly connected to the RC
cracking is idealised as a linearly elastic material, (2) concrete after beam as interfacial slips exist between the plate and RC beam [10].
cracking is considered using a fictitious crack model based on the In this study, bolt connections were modelled by discrete bolt ele-
exponential crack opening model and fracture energy [26] (see ments using the bilinear Von Mises model as shown in Fig. 3(a).
Eq. (3)), (3) concrete in compression before the peak stress is de- Two types of element were used to model a single bolt connection:
scribed by CEB-FIP Model Code 90 [27] (see Eq. (4)), and (4) con- (1) the four internal triangular elements with a high stiffness were
crete after the peak stress is described by a fictitious employed to simulate the possible compressive deformation of the
compression plane model [28] (see Eq. (5)). bolt shaft, and (2) the four external quadrilateral elements with a
" 3 # lower stiffness were utilised to simulate the shear deformation of
rcn 3wc wc 10wc the bolt shaft. The central node and outer nodes of the bolt ele-
¼ 1þ exp 6:93 expð6:93Þ;
fcef wcr wcr wcr ments were connected to steel plate layer and concrete layer
Gf respectively as illustrated in Fig. 3(b). A simple NLFEA model using
where wcr ¼ 5:14 ð3Þ the aforementioned discrete bolt elements was constructed to sim-
ftef
ulate the experimentally results from bolt shear tests. The material
eq 2 properties of the bolt elements were calibrated against the exper-
E0 ec
Ecc
ec0 imental results [13]. A comparison of the predicted and measured
refc ¼
E0
eq fcef
ec
ð4Þ load-slip curves of a bolt connection is shown in Fig. 3(c). Good
1þ Ecc
2 ec0 agreement between the test and numerical results is observed.
The calibrated bolt elements were used in the subsequent finite
wcd
ecd ¼ ec0 þ ð5Þ element models of BSP beams.
Lcd
To represent the material properties of the locally mixed concrete
used in the experiment, the compressive strength and elastic mod- 2.4. Finite element meshes and load steps
ulus were chosen as the values obtained in the experiment, and the
strain at peak stress and the plastic displacement for the fictitious Both the concrete and smeared transverse reinforcement layers
compression plane model were taken as the following [23]: were composed of 4-node iso-parametric plane stress elements
( with an element size of 12.5 mm. Their meshes were identical
ec0 ¼ 3:46jfcu j0:75 =E0 and connected to each other at every node so that perfect bonding
ð6Þ
wcd ¼ 6 mm could be assumed. The discrete longitudinal reinforcement was
modelled by 2-node bar elements, and the bond–slip effect was ta-
ken into account by introducing the bond–slip relation into the dis-
placement discrepancy between the bar nodes and the
corresponding concrete layer nodes. The steel plates were mod-
elled by a layer of 4-node isoparametric plane stress elements with
an element size of 12.5 mm. The node coordinates of the concrete
and steel plate layers were designed so that the nodes located at
the anchor bolts were exactly coincident with the external and
central nodes of the bolt elements. The hinge and rollers at the sup-
ports and the loading points were simulated by 4-node isopara-
metric plane-stress rigid plates to prevent high stress
concentration. The finite element meshes of the specimen
P100B450 [13] are shown in Fig. 4, in which only half of the mesh-
ing is illustrated owing to the symmetry of the geometry and
loading.
Monotonic displacements were induced at the two loading
points, and the modified Newton–Raphson method was used to
determine the complete load–deflection curve, including the
Fig. 2. The equivalent uniaxial stress–strain curve for concrete. post-peak descending branch.
R.K.L. Su et al. / Engineering Structures 56 (2013) 1372–1383 1375
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 3. Simulation of bolt connection: (a) bolt element and bolt connection, (b) simulation of bolt shear test and (c) comparison of bolt shear force–slip curves.
3. Validation of the numerical model of BSP beams. The transverse slip profiles and load–deflection
curves of four BSP beams with the same RC geometry for different
3.1. A brief introduction to the experimental study bolt-plate arrangements were used to validate the numerical
model.
In the previous experimental study, seven RC beams were These four BSP beams and the control beam were of length
tested under four-point bending [13] to investigate the behaviour 4000 mm and cross section 225 mm 350 mm. 2T10 compressive
1376 R.K.L. Su et al. / Engineering Structures 56 (2013) 1372–1383
Table 1 Set A, one was in the transverse direction with the probe tip in con-
Material properties of reinforcement and steel plates. tact with the lower edge of the steel plate, and the other two were
Sample Yield strength (MPa) Young’s modulus (GPa) in the longitudinal direction with the probe tips pointing at the
Steel plate 329 202 upper and lower sides of Set B. Hence, if slips occurred, the first
T10 rebar 501 211 LVDT measured the transverse slip, and the other two recorded
T16 rebar 522 201 the longitudinal slips. Therefore, three LVDTs are needed for the
slip measuring of a single position. A total of 12 sets were fabri-
cated to precisely measure the distribution of slips along the beam
reinforcement, R10–100 transverse reinforcement and 6T16 tensile span.
reinforcement with a tensile steel ratio of 1.77% were used. The The experimental results showed that for the BSP beams with
material properties of the reinforcement and steel plates are listed the same size of steel plates, the transverse slip increased with
in Table 1. the bolt spacing when the load level was less than 0.75, but after-
Fig. 5 shows the reinforcement and strengthening arrange- wards it increased drastically and was controlled by the concrete
ments of the specimens. HIT-RE 500 adhesive and 10-mm-diame- strength. This enormous increase was caused by the rapid deterio-
ter HAS-E anchor bolts [29] were used to attach the steel plates ration of the flexural stiffness of the RC beam after the formation of
to the vertical faces of the beam. Steel plates with 6 mm thickness plastic hinges. For the BSP beams have the same bolt spacing, the
but two different depths, Dp = 100 mm (i.e., shallow plates for Dp/ transverse slips increase significantly with the increase in plate
Dc = 100/350 < 1/3, where Dc is the beam depth) and Dp = 250 mm depth.
(i.e., deep plates for Dp/Dc = 250/350 > 1/2) were chosen to yield
distinct strengthening effects. Buckling restraint devices were 3.2. Comparison of the test and numerical results
introduced to alleviate the plate buckling that might occur in the
compressive regions of the deep steel plates. Table 2 summarises The overall load–deflection curves derived from the numerical
the specimen names, concrete strengths, and design parameters and experimental studies are compared in Fig. 7. The numerical
of the steel plates, anchor bolts and buckling restraint arrange- results generally capture the full range behaviour of all the spec-
ments, as well as the recorded peak loads Fp of these specimens. imens with shallow (P100B300 and P100B450) and deep steel
Four-point bending tests were conducted on specimens with plates (P250B300R and P250B450R) in the tests, except for a
clear spans of L = 3600 mm and pure bending zones of 1200 mm. slight overestimation of both stiffness and peak load. This out-
A displacement-controlled loading process was designed to inves- come may be due to the difference in concrete strength between
tigate the load–deflection behaviour, especially in the post-peak the RC beams and concrete cubes and the inevitable plate
region. The loading rate was chosen as 0.01 mm/s up to 50% of buckling that occurred despite the use of buckling restraint
the theoretical peak load and was then increased to 0.02 mm/s un- measures. It should be noted that there is a small overestimation
til the post-peak load decreased to 80% of the actual peak load and of the peak load; the values are off by only 2.0%, 0.5%, 1.7% and
the test was terminated. 3.7% in specimens P100B300, P100B450, P250B300R and
The shear force–slip response of the anchor bolts was tested P250B450R, respectively.
using three specially designed samples. The recorded bolt shear The transverse slip profiles for specimens P100B300 and
force–slip curve is shown in Fig. 3(b). P250B300R at two load levels (F/Fp = 0.25 and 0.75, where F is
A new slip measuring device was tailor-made to precisely mea- the total applied load) are compared in Fig. 8. The numerical and
sure the longitudinal and the transverse slips as shown in Fig. 6. experimental profiles are in good agreement with each other. The
This device was composed of two sets: Set A was embedded into numerical and experimental transverse slip at the loading points
the RC beam, and Set B was fixed onto and moved with the steel are listed in Table 3 for all specimens at four different load levels
plate when relative slips occurred. Three LVDTs were installed on (F/Fp = 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00). The numerical predictions agree
T10
Table 2
Concrete material properties and strengthening details.
Specimen fcu (MPa) fco (MPa) Dp (mm) Sb (mm) Rows of bolts Buckling restraint F (KN)
Control 39.1 31.3 – – – – 267.6
P100B300 33.9 28.9 100 300 1 No 316.9
P100B450 40.8 33.2 100 450 1 No 326.5
P250B300R 35.8 26.6 250 300 2 Yes 382.0
P250B450R 37.7 27.0 250 450 2 Yes 376.7
R.K.L. Su et al. / Engineering Structures 56 (2013) 1372–1383 1377
4. Parametric study
Fig. 9(a) shows the reference BSP beam used in the parametric
study, which has the same geometry as specimen P100B300. The
flexural stiffness of the RC beam and the steel plates and the stiff-
ness of the bolt connections of the reference beam are as follows:
(a)
(a)
(b) (b)
Specimen F/Fp Str,exp Str,num Str,num/Str,exp Average By varying the position of the point loads acting on the refer-
P100B300 1.00 0.300 0.283 0.94 1.13 ence beam, the influence of the applied load location on the shear
0.75 0.070 0.075 1.07 transfer profile was investigated. Fig. 10 shows the typical varia-
0.50 0.030 0.036 1.20 tions of shear transfer profiles for both the asymmetrically ar-
0.25 0.010 0.013 1.30 ranged single point load and symmetrically arranged two-point
P100B450 1.00 0.230 0.285 1.24 0.93 load cases. For the single-point-load case, when the point load
0.75 0.120 0.089 0.74 was close to the left support (xF/L = 1/6), the negative shear transfer
0.50 0.040 0.033 0.83
0.25 0.010 0.009 0.90
at its right side was negligible, but was concentrated at its left side
with a very steep slope (vm,LS > vm, F > vm,RS). As the load moved to-
P250B300R 1.00 0.460 0.426 0.93 1.10
0.75 0.169 0.196 1.16
ward the midspan, the positive shear transfer and the negative
0.50 0.080 0.088 1.10 shear transfer on its right side increased gradually, while those
0.25 0.030 0.037 1.23 on its left side decreased and acquired a gentler slope (the ratio
P250B450R 1.00 0.520 0.585 1.13 1.28 vm,LS/vm,F decreased, whereas vm,F and the ratio vm,LS/vm,F increased).
0.75 0.190 0.239 1.26 As shown in Fig. 10(b), when two point loads were relatively far
0.50 0.090 0.115 1.28 apart and close to the supports (xF/L = 1/12), the positive shear
0.25 0.030 0.044 1.47
transfer from the RC beam to the steel plates was resisted mainly
by the negative shear transfer at the supports, and the shear trans-
fers at the supports were more critical than those under the point
The half bandwidth of the shear transfer profile w is a distance loads (vm,LS = vm, RS > vm,F). As the two loads got closer to each other
measured from the location of vm,F to the first intersection of the and eventually became a single load (xF/L = 1/2), the positive shear
shear transfer profile and the beam axis, as shown in Figs. 10 and transfer near the midspan increased and the shear transfer vm,F in-
11. It reflects the extent of the influence zone of the transverse creased gradually. Meanwhile, the negative shear transfers at the
loads and the interaction between the adjacent loads. supports and the slopes of the negative shear transfers between
The half bandwidth (w) together with the shear transfers at the the loads and the supports became more and more gentle
midspan (vm,F) and the support–midspan shear transfer ratio (vm,LS/vm,F = vm,RS/vm,F decreased). In other words, the magnitude
(vm,LS/vm,F and vm,RS/vm,F) is useful for defining the entire shear of the shear transfer (vm,F) and the shear transfer ratios (vm,LS/vm,F
transfer profile of some basic loading cases. and vm,RS/vm,F) were highly dependent on the locations of the
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Fig. 9. Reference beam under (a) a midspan point load, (b) an asymmetric point load, (c) two symmetric point loads, (d) a uniformly distributed load, (e) a trapezoidal
distributed load and (f) a triangular distributed load (dimensions in mm).
R.K.L. Su et al. / Engineering Structures 56 (2013) 1372–1383 1379
4.3. Shear transfers under different load levels and beam geometries
The shear transfer factors due to the changes in (EI)c, (EI)p and km
are denoted by fEIc, fEIp and fkm, respectively. Combining the dimen-
sionless shear transfer ratio nFp and the shear transfer factors (fEIc,
fEIp and fkm), the shear stress transfer vm,F can be evaluated as
follows:
Fp
v m;F ¼ fEIc fEIp fkm nFp ð12Þ
L
(a)
The dimensionless shear transfer ratios nFp at different load levels F/
Fp are depicted in Fig. 12(a). Under the load level F/Fp < 0.75, the
square root of the dimensionless shear transfer ratio (n1=2Fp ), in gen-
eral, increases linearly with the load level (F/Fp). However, when
F/Fp > 0.75, the results from the NLFEA revealed that serious degra-
dation of concrete occurs and the steel plates take up more of the
loading. As a result, the dimensionless shear transfer ratio increases
rapidly. Because the shear transfer vm,F increases dramatically when
the load level approaches unity, a load level of F/Fp < 0.75 should be
adopted for the design of BSP beams. When F/Fp < 0.75, the dimen-
sionless shear transfer ratios for all single point load cases and all
distributed load cases can be estimated as follows:
(
½0:65 ðF=F p Þ2 under a point load
nFp ¼ ð13Þ
½0:30 ðF=F p Þ2 under a distributed load
(b)
The variations in the shear transfer factors fEIc, fEIp and fkm for the
corresponding stiffness (EI)c, (EI)p and km (under a load level F/
Fp < 0.75) are plotted in Fig. 12(b). After some trials of different
Fig. 11. Superposition of the shear transfer profiles for (a) two loads and (b) a curve-fitting functions, it was found that the variation of the shear
uniformly distributed load (F/Fp = 0.25). transfer factors could be approximated as follows:
1380 R.K.L. Su et al. / Engineering Structures 56 (2013) 1372–1383
Table 4 plate–RC stiffness ratio (bp = (EI)p /(EI)c) should be avoided in the
Dimensionless half bandwidth and support–midspan shear transfer ratios. design of BSP beams.
Force location (xF/L 6 1/ Dimensionless half Shallow plates
2) bandwidth (w/L < 1/2)
4.4. Half bandwidths under different load levels and beam geometries
Shallow Deep mm,LS/ mm,RS/
plates plates mm,F mm,F
The shear transfer profiles of BSP beams subjected to a single
1/12 0.038 0.040 1.22 0.11
point load at the midspan for different F/Fp, (EI)c, bp and bm were
1/6 0.100 0.105 1.20 0.21
1/4 0.133 0.145 1.04 0.32
evaluated. The computed shear transfer profiles were normalised
1/3 0.139 0.167 0.92 0.45 by vm,F so that the normalised shear transfer stress at the mid-
5/12 0.145 0.203 0.78 0.56 span was equal to one. Fig. 13 presents the normalised shear
1/2 0.155 0.250 0.66 0.66 transfer profiles. As shown in Fig. 13(a) and (b), the shapes of
TDL 0.330 0.360 1.33 1.33
the normalised profiles for different F/Fp and different (EI)c were
UDL 0.360 0.400 2.43 2.43
very similar, and the half bandwidth w remained almost
unchanged. However, it is evident in Fig. 13(c) and (d) that w
increased with increasing bp and decreasing bm. The results
further revealed that w is a constant when the plate–bolt stiff-
ness ratio remains unchanged, i.e., (EI)p/km = bp/bm = C1, where
C1 is a constant.
In other words, the half bandwidth w is independent of the
load level F/Fp and the stiffness of the RC beam (EI)c but is
controlled by the plate–bolt stiffness ratio bp/bm. The variation
in the relative half bandwidth (w/L) as (bp/bm)1/4 is plotted in
Fig. 14 and can be expressed by the following approximately
linear relationship:
14
(a) w
¼ 0:07
bp
þ 0:10 ð17Þ
L bm
Therefore, for a BSP beam under three-point bending, w can be ob-
tained using Eq. (17). For a proper strengthening design, the
number of anchor bolts used should be proportional to the area of
the steel plates so that yielding of the steel plates happens prior
to failure of the anchor bolts. Thus
1
nb Rby ¼ fyp Ap ð18Þ
cb
where cb is a partial safety factor, nb is the number of anchor bolts in
a shear span, and fyp and Ap are the yield strength and cross-sec-
tional area, respectively, of the steel plates.
As Eq. (19) shows, the ratio of the axial plate stiffness to the bolt
(b) connection stiffness, ba/bm, is a constant.
ba nb Rby Rby LSby E
¼ ðEAÞp =km ¼ E ¼ ¼ C2 ð19Þ
bm cb fyp Sby Sb 2cb fyp
Fig. 12. Variation in the shear transfer base on (a) load level and (b) stiffness of RC, where nbSb = L/2 is the length of a shear span. However, the flexural
plates and bolt connection. stiffness ratio bp /bm, which controls the length of the half band-
width w, is not a constant but rather increases with increasing plate
16 depth Dp:
fEIc ¼ f1 0:13 log½ðEIÞc =ðEIÞc ’g where ðEIÞ0c ¼ 8000 kM m2
ð14Þ bp 2 LSby E C2
¼ ðEIÞp =km ¼ ip ðEAÞp =km ¼ D2p ¼ D2 ð20Þ
fEIp ¼ f1 þ 0:19 log½ðEIÞp =ðEIÞp ’g
8
where ðEIÞ0p ¼ 220 kM m2 bm 24cb fyp 12 p
ð15Þ where ip is the radius of gyration of the steel plates. Substituting Eq.
13 " #13 (20) into Eq. (17) yields the following expression for the half
1:8 1:8 bandwidth:
fkm ¼ 0 ¼ 0 ;
1 þ 0:8 10 logðkm =km Þ 1 þ 0:8 ðkm =km Þ
0 w 1 1
where km ¼ 370 kN=m2 ð16Þ ¼ 0:038C 42 D2p þ 0:10 ð21Þ
L
It can be observed from the figures that as the stiffness ((EI)c, (EI)p or Eq. (21) demonstrates that the half bandwidthw can be determined
km) is reduced to 1% or increased by 100 times, the variation in once the strengthening layout is known. It is also evident that w
f1=16 1=8 3
EIc ; fEIp and fkm are all within the range of 0–2. However, the rates varies linearly with D1=2
p and thus is not very sensitive to changes
of change of the various shear transfer factors (fEIc, fEIp and fkm) are in the plate depth. Hence, in real strengthening design, BSP beams
very different, due to the differences in the magnitudes of the expo- can be roughly categorised into two types with respect to the plate
nents (1/16, 1/8 and 3). Because the shear transfer vm, F decreases depth (Dp): shallow plate (Dp < Dc/3) and deep plate (Dp > Dc/2)
(or increases) dramatically as (EI)c (or (EI)p) increases, an excessive cases. Two single values (w/L = 0.155 and 0.250, respectively) can
R.K.L. Su et al. / Engineering Structures 56 (2013) 1372–1383 1381
(a)
Fig. 14. Variation in the half bandwidth of the shear force profile of a BSP beam
under three-point bending.
4.5. Support–midspan shear transfer ratios for different load levels and
beam geometries
Fig. 13(a) and (b) shows that the variations in the support–mid-
span shear transfer ratios (vm,LS/vm,F and vm,RS/vm,F) for different
load levels (F/Fp) and RC stiffnesses (EI)c are relatively small. How-
(b) ever, it is evident from Fig. 13(c) and (d) that the ratios vary signif-
icantly with increasing bp and decreasing bm.
Although curve-fitting results similar to Eq. (17) can be ob-
tained for the support–midspan shear transfer ratios (vm,LS/vm,F or
vm,RS/vm,F), they are omitted for brevity. This approach is used be-
cause their variations in bp/bm and D p are similar to that of the half
bandwidth (w/L). The ratios for a BSP beam with shallow steel
plates for different load cases are listed in Table 4. For deep steel
plates, these ratios can be slightly modified by multiplying them
by the ratio of the w values for deep and shallow plates. For in-
stance, the ratio vm,LS/vm,F for deep plates under a UDL can be com-
puted as 2.70 = 2.43(0.400/0.360), where 2.43 is the ratio vm,LS/
vm,F for shallow plates and 0.400/0.360 is the ratio of w values
for deep and shallow plates.
(c) 4.6. Evaluation of shear transfer and bolt shear force in BSP beams
Fig. 15. An example of the evaluation of shear transfer profile in a BSP beam (dimensions in mm).
8
4.7. Example < v m;LS;1 ¼ 1:04 6:76 ¼ 7:0 kN=m
>
>
v m;RS;1 ¼ 0:32 6:76 ¼ 2:2 kN=m ð28Þ
Consider a simply supported RC beam under a point load :
v m;LS;2 ¼ v m;RS;2 ¼ 2:43 2:93 ¼ 7:1 kN=m
(F1 = 250 kN) and a UDL (q2 = 120 kN/m), as shown in Fig. 15. The
clear span is 4200 mm and the cross section is 300 mm 600 mm. By superimposing the shear stress transfers for both load cases, the
Compression reinforcement of 3T10 and tension reinforcement of shear transfer as well as the bolt shear force can be evaluated as
4T25 are employed. Two steel plates of 6 mm 200 mm are bolted follows:
to the side faces of the beam by a row of anchor bolts at a spacing 8
of 350 mm. The material properties are as follows: < v m;LS ¼ 7:0 þ 7:1 ¼ 14:2 kN=m
>
>
v m;RS ¼ 2:2 þ 7:1 ¼ 9:3 kN=m ð29Þ
8 :
> fc ¼ 30 MPa; Ec ¼ 23 GPa v m;F ¼ 6:8 þ 2:9 ¼ 9:7 kN=m
>
>
< fy ¼ 460 MPa; Es ¼ 211 GPa
ð22Þ 8
>
>
> fyp ¼ 355 MPa; Ep ¼ 210 GPa < V m;LS ¼ 14:2 0:35 ¼ 5:0 kN
>
:
Rby ¼ 58 kN; Sby ¼ 0:5 mm V m;RS ¼ 9:3 0:35 ¼ 3:3 kN ð30Þ
>
:
V m;F ¼ 9:7 0:35 ¼ 3:4 kN
The stiffness of the RC beam, the steel plates and the bolt connec-
tion can be computed based on the geometry of the beam and the The maximum shear transfer and bolt shear force are found to occur
material properties, which are given by: at the left support. Their magnitudes are 14.2 kN/m and 5.0 kN,
8 respectively.
2
< ðEIÞc ¼ 31400 kN m
> The dimensionless half bandwidths (w/L) for F1 and q2 are 0.133
2
ðEIÞp ¼ 168 kN m ð23Þ and 0.360 (see Table 4). Because the negative shear transfer near
>
:
km ¼ 320 kN=m2 the left support is influenced by both F1 and q2 and that near the
right support is mainly controlled by q2, the locations where shear
Substituting the stiffnesses into Eqs. (14)–(16) yields the following transfer is zero can be approximately computed as follows:
shear transfer factors: (
8 xL ¼ 4200 ð0:50:360Þ þ2 ð0:250:133Þ ¼ 540 mm
16 ð31Þ
>
> f ¼ ½1 0:13 logð31400=80000Þ ¼ 0:043 xR ¼ 4200 ð0:5 þ 0:360Þ ¼ 3610 mm
> EIc
< 8
fEIp ¼ ½1 þ 0:19 logð168=220Þ ¼ 13:90 ð24Þ
> h i13 The shear transfer profile is found by connecting the shear transfers
>
>
:f ¼ 1:8
¼ 0:980 at specific locations using a piecewise polyline:
km 1þ0:8ð370=320Þ
x ¼ 0; 540; 1050; 3610; 4200 mm
The ultimate bending moment, computed from a moment–curva- : ð32Þ
ture analysis, is Mu = 576 kN m. Thus, the peak loads when only
v m ¼ 14:2; 0:0; 9:3; 0:0; 9:7 kN=m
the point load (F1) or the UDL (q2) is imposed can be obtained as A comparison between the computed shear transfer profiles and
follows: those derived using the numerical model in ATENA is shown in
8 Fig. 16. Very good agreement between the computed and predicted
< F p;1 ¼ ML u ¼ 1:05
576
¼ 549 kN
1 shear transfer profiles is observed.
ð25Þ
: F p;2 ¼ M2 u L ¼ 5768
4:2
¼ 1101 kN
L =8
Substituting the peak forces (Fp1 and Fp2) into Eq. (13) yields the fol-
lowing values:
(
250 2
nFp;1 ¼ 0:65 549 ¼ 0:087
ð26Þ
1204:2 2
nFp;2 ¼ 0:30 1101 ¼ 0:019
Substituting Eqs. (24) and (26) into Eq. (12) yields the following val-
ues for shear transfer in the midspan:
(
v m;F;1 ¼ 0:043 13:9 0:98 0:087 549
4:2
¼ 6:76 kN=m
v m;F;2 ¼ 0:043 13:9 0:98 0:019 1101
4:2
¼ 2:93 kN=m
ð27Þ
Multiplying the midspan shear transfer by the support–midspan
shear transfer ratios in Table 4 yields the following shear transfers Fig. 16. Comparison between the computed shear transfer profiles and that derived
at the supports (x = 0 mm and 4200 mm): from a numerical model.
R.K.L. Su et al. / Engineering Structures 56 (2013) 1372–1383 1383