BOT 3 2ND LEC EXAM REVIEWER Chlorophyceae Ulvophyceae Charophyceae III.

BRYOPHYTES
I. EUGLENOPHYTA - phycoplast division - phycoplast - phragmoplast Non vascular plants (LW, HW, M)
- Chl a & B; B-carotene; xanthophylls - closed mitosis division division
- Plastid: 2-6 thylakoid/stack (nuclear envelope (furrowing) - open mitosis Liverworts Hornworts Mosses
- Storage: Paramylon; oils persistent - closed mitosis (nuclear - Division: - Division: - Division:
- Flagella – tinsel, equal or unequal throughout mitosis) - apical flagella envelope Marchantiophyta Anthocerophyta Bryophyta
- undergo metaboly - 2 to many flagella, - filamentous disintegrate at - small, flat, - thin, rosette/ - moist, humid
- eyespot/stigma: sense light apical (Ulothrix, start of mitosis) ribbon like ribbon like thallus places
- unicellular/colonial - cruciate Cladophora) - persistent - lack specialized - antheridia & - gametophyte:
- cell wall: absent arrangement - parenchymous mitosis conducting tissue archegonia > Protonema:
- cells covered with pellicle (periplastic envelope) – helically - unicellular green (Ulva- sea - asymmetrical - directly from - elongated & arise from germ
arranged chon algae (Volvocales) lettuce) flagella, spore upright spore
- freshwater envt - coenobic algae - Ventricaria – lateral/subapical - grow from apical sporophyte > Leafy: from
(siphonous) mermaid’s wine - multilayered meristem - distinct feature: minute bud like
Reproduction: - filamentous & glass - haplontic life - moist places, on pseudo elaters in - antheridia
- asexual; longitudinal cell division; unknown heterotrichous forms - coenocytic cycle (produce mud sporangium, clustered w/ leafy
- cysts are formed: thick, mucilaginous cell wall, loss of (Fritschiella – forms (Valonia, dormant - distinct feature: columella, structure called
flagella, eyespot, rounding of cells, increase paramylon freshwater/haplontic) Codium) zygospore) oil bodies & intercalary growth splash cups
- mainly marine; - conjugating elaters of sporophyte - patterns of
Classification Chlamydomonas - diplohaplontic algae (Spirogyra) growth
Division: Euglenophyta volvoline - desmids Thallose Anthoceros > cushiony: erect
Class: Euglenophyceae Volvox - volvoline - stoneworts - non leafy; thick & little terminal
Order: Euglenales (Euglena) Oedogonium – - *rise to land thallus; thin chl; > feathery:
Eutreptiales (Eutreptia) tetrasporine plants w/ rhizoids; creeping, lateral
Ulothrix – prostate,
II. CHLOROPHYTA tetrasporine, Coleochaete & flattened, ribbon Hydroids: central
- ancestor of terrestrial plants filamentous Chara – plant like strand of water
- chl a + b (BC, X – photoprotective role) Chlorella – volvoline; like - Marchantia, conducting cells;
- uninucleate, also multinucleate (Siphonous) single cell protein Riccia, Cyathodim lack specialized
- 6 orders: Ulvales, Cladophorales, Caulerpales wall thickenings
- cosmopolitan and tropical CHLORO CHARO Leafy Leptoids: food
- Thylakoids as lamellae, grana, pseudograma, stacks 2-6 or Cell division Phycoplast Phragmoplast - leaves 1 cell conducting cells
more Persistent nuclear Nuclear envelope thick, arranged in
- Storage: Starch envelope disintegrates 2 rows; antheridia Fissidens
- Cell wall: cellulose; xylans & mannans; wall absent; Flagella Apical, form Sub-apical in packet like Sphagnum
calcified in some cruciate Multilayered w/ swelling
- Flagellated some Volvocales Arrangement of 4 single wide band (androecium); Erect:
- Eyespot in chloroplast narrow bands flattened stem Pogonatum,
- Growth form: Glycolate Absent Present Mnium
unicellular Oxidase
colonial (coenobic&noncoenobic) Creeping:
filamentous Ancestry of Green Algae Thuidium,
foliose - evolved from primitive/early green flagellates Sphagnum
siphonaceaous (tubular)
Volvoline line: single cells remain flagellated at vegetative Evolutionary relationship
Group Flagella Mitosis Cytokinesis Habitat LH - Mosses share a more recent common ancestor w/ vascular
Chlor Symmetrical Closed, Furrowing Freshwate Zygotic Chlamydomonas, Gonium, Pandorina, Volvox
o non some w/ cell r or meiosi plants than liverworts/hornworts
persisten plate, terrestrial s Tetrasporine line: single cells lost motility, filament/foliose
t phycoplast Introduction to Vascular Plants
Ulvo Symmetrical Closed, Furrowing Marine or Zygotic Ulothrix, Cladophora, Ulva, Fritschiella
non terrestrial meiosi Evolution
persisten s Siphonaceous/Chlorococcine: single cell lost motility at - recall bryophytes: small + dominant gametophyte
t - xylem & phloem
Charo Asymmetrica Open, Furrowing Freshwate Zygotic
vegetative; lost capacity to divide
l persisten some w/ cell r or meiosi Chlorella, Acetabularia, Codium, Caulerpa, Halimeda - synthesize lignins
t plate, terrestrial s - branched profusely through apical meristems
phragmoplas
Caulerpa tacifolia – killer algae - branched sporophyte = multiple sporangia
t
- nutritionally dependent on sporophyte
Plant Tissue Type - Transformation theory: gametophytes were upright & D Diff r, s Hm / Ht Leaves
Dermal Ground Vascular dichotomously branched; with time, sporophytes become Branch , l?
- Epidermis - Parenchyma - Xylem larger & more complex; gametophytes became simpler; Rhynio Often Stem Hm None
- Periderm - Collenchyma microgametophyte develops in spore wall and Zostero Often Stem Hm, Ht None
- Sclerenchyma megagametophyte protrudes only slightly from spore Trimero - Stem Hm None
Lyco - Yes L-Hm Micro
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Tracheophytes Psilophytes Lycophytes S, I-Ht
- large, thin - unevenly - thick wall, - terrestrial - Whiskferns - progenitos: Pterido Yes Yes All hm except Mega
walled, w/ central thickened walled uniform layer - chl a&b, BC, Psilotum & Zosterophyllophytes M, S = Ht
vacuole cells - support & lutein Tmesipteris - small to large Whisk Yes Stem Hm Scalelike
- storage, - support tissue in protection - starch food - no true roots & trees Ferns
photosynthesis young growing reserves leaves - roots dichopodial Horse No Yes Hm, ht Micro
plants - cell wall is - rhizome w/ (apical meristem tails
cellulose rhizoids may branch into
Types of protostele - predominantly - protostele two) V. Pterophyta
Haplostele: most basic, cylindrical core; most common in axial - homosporous - root protoxylem – Ferns
roots - heteromorphic - multiflagellated endarch (to inside) - originated from trimerophytes
Actinostele: core is lobed; Psilotum sperm - floating: Salvinia & Azolla
Plectostele: interconnected plate; immersed in phloem; club - leaves reduced > Protoxylem – first - submerged: Ceratopteris
mosses (microphylls or formed - epiphytes/vines: Polypodium, Lygodium
enations) > Metaxylem – later
Types of siphonostele - synangium w/ Eusporangium development
Solenostele: central core pith; found in fern stems bifid appendage - stem protoxylem – Leptosporangium development
Dictyostele: dense leaf production exarch (to outside)
Eustele: vascular tissue in vascular bundles; in one or two Psilotum nudum - sporangia Classification
rings around central pith; roots of monocot flowering plants – dich doriventeral Ophioglossales & Marattiales: hm & eus
branching; - shoot = stem + Filicales: hm & lep
Extinct Vascular Plants enations; bidif leaves Salviniales: ht & lep
Rhyniophyta Zosterophyllophytes Trimerophytes synangium - lycophyll – Marsileales: ht & lep
- seedless; - leafless & - evolved unveined, no leaf
simple dichotomously directly from Tmesipteris – gaps Introduction to the Seed Plants
dichotomously branched rhyniophytes leaflike
branched - aerial stem w/ - lacked leaves appendages Lycopodium Introduction to Land Plants
- not cuticle Psilophyton - homosporous. - Charophyceans: closest to plants
differentiated - ancestors of Both: multicellular, eukaryotic, photoautotrophs
into r, s, l lycophytes Evidence: homologous chloroplasts; homologous
Rhynia gywne- Sawdonia ornata Selaginellaceae Isoetaceae Sphenophyta cell walls made of cellulose; homologous
vaughanii - heterosporous - each leaf is - ribbed stem w/ peroxisomes; similar DNA sequence
Rhynia major - biflagellated potential canals Rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes
Cooksonia sperm sporophyll - reduced, Inhabit shallow water
- heterospory – - heterosporous whorled leaves
Early in the History of Vascular Plants foreshadows - specialized - Features: plasmodesmata; whorls of lateral branches
- evolution of efficient fluid conducting system: xylen & seed devt cambium Equisetum / “leaves”; specialized gametangia (oogonia & antheridia)
phloem - Spike moss fam - Quillwort fam Horsetails
- ability to synthesize lignin Selaginella Isoetes / Merlin’s Terrestrial adaptations of plants:
- capacity to branch profusely thru apical meristem grass 1. Apical meristems
- development of root, stem, leaves w/ specialized function - localized areas of CD at tips of R & S
- development of seeds 2. Multicellular, dependent embryos
- embryo develops w/n female tissue; female plant provides
IV. Lower Vascular Plants nutrition)
Psilophytes, Lycophytes, Sphenophytes 3. Alternation of generations
- two body forms: Gametophyte: haploid, produce gamete;
Origin of Vascular Plant Life cycle Sporophytes: produce spores; Spores: haploid cells that
- recall mosses-> dominant: gametophyte develop into new org w/o fusing w/ another cell
- Interpolation theory: no sporophyte -> zygote germinated - Originated from delayed meiosis
by meiosis = haploid spores -> gametophyte; zygote = Zygote: Sporophye: Many, many spores
germinate mitotically = sporangium & food; resembled > occurs on land bc it’s more difficult to produce zygote (no
liverwort sporophyte water for swimming sperm)
> maximizes output of sexual reproduction VI. Gymnosperms Ginkgophyta
- naked seeds; not enclosed in specialized chambers - deciduous, dioecious trees
4. Spore walls contain sporopollenin - Mesozoic era, age of gymnosperms - last surviving member of a lineage in late Paleozoic
- Sporopollenin: polymer that makes the walls of plant - four phyla of extant gymnosperms - closely resemble conifers
spores very tough & resistant to harsh conditions; most Cycadophyta (cycads) - 20-35 meters (66-115 ft)
durable organic material known Ginkgophyta (Ginkgo biloba) - wood: resistant to wind, snow, diseases, insects
- spores produced by sporangia through meiosis Pinophyta (conifers, pines, spruces) - leaves: 5-10 cm (2-4”)
- durable spores -> surviving land Gnetophyta (Gnetum, Ephedra) - life cycle resemble that of pine
> easily transported by wind and water - Gingko tree = the maidenhair tree
Cycadophyta - dioecious
5. Multicellular gametangia - monophyletic lineage > female: bears stalks terminated by 2 ovules
- gametangia are gametophyte forms of bryophytes, - short, erect stem/trunk > male: bears catkin-like microsporongiate strobili
pteridophytes and gymnosperms - rarely talk & palmlike (Microcycas) - monopodial growth – overstopping of large central stem w/
> female: archegonia - trunk bears spirally arranged, pinnately compound leaves smaller lateral branches
> male: antheridia - pinnately/bipinnately compound leaves (palm-like) - two types of leafy shoots: long & spur
- leaves have circinate vernation as in ferns - Ginkgo biloba
Other terrestrial adaptations common to many land plants - loss of axillary branching on aerial trunk (apomorphy)
1. epidermis covered by waxy cuticle to prevent excess loss - secondary growth occurs in stem Asexual reproduction
of water. Pores (stomata) in cell layer can be opened and - Coralloid roots -> lightly colored, club shaped structures; - occurs when burls grown down from underneath large
closed to allow O2 out and O2 in. impt in nitrogen fixation branches
> Burls – rounded outgrowths on tree trunks; product of
2. except for bryophytes, land plants have vascular tissue in Reproductive cambium
roots, stems, and leaves. - dioecious (bear strobili either mega/micro w/ ovules/pollen
sac) Sexual reproduction
> Xylem: dead cells that carry water and nutrients from roots - pollen produce haustorial pollen tube (deliver flagellated - pollen cones & seeds structure grow from the spur shoots
to rest of the plant sperm to egg)
> Phloem: living cells that distribute sugar and aa throughout Similarities to conifers
plant Female Reproductive structures - primitive vascular systems
- cones usually singular - eustele & bifacial vascular cambium
The Seed Plants (Spermatophytes) - two ovules per megasporophyll attached to inner end - secondary xylem composed of thin walled tracheids &
Overview of seed plant evolution - mature cone splits open & dehisces its seeds narrow vascular rats
3 major reproductive adaptations - presence of butyric acid = strong odor
Male Reproductive structures
- reduction of gametophytes (microscopic, exist w/n - cones can be singular but more often two/more Pinophyta
sporophytes; gametophyte develops from spores, retained in - microsporophyll are bladelike - most diverse
sporangia of sporophyte; female gametophyte are protected - microsporangia are radially in sori - habit: trees of moderate to gigantic size, few shrubs
from stress, embryos are also protected from stress) - sperm of Cycads are flagellated - lifespan: perennial
- growth: excurrent type
- seeds as means of dispersal (seeds resistant from envt Cycadaceae Zamiaceae Stangeriaceae - heterosporous, monoecious, bisexual; pollen cones & seed
stress; complex structure -> embryo, food supply, protective -Female -female -female cones are found in same plant but separate branches
coat; fertilized egg retained in sporangium; sperm -> pollen sporophylls not in sporophylls in sporophylls in
grain released from sporangium) cones cones cones Leaves
-Leaflets w/ single -Leaflets w/ -Leaflets w/ - small, flat, scale-like leaves
*all seed plants are heterosporous unbranched multiple multiple Junipers (Juniperus), cypresses (Cupresses), Thuja,
- female spores -> female gametes; male spores -> male midrib & no lateral branching veins branching veins Agathis, Auracaria, Podocarpus
gametes; megasporangia produce megaspores (female); veins - adapted for harsh environments, xeromorphic traits
microsporangia produce microspores (male) -Germination -Germiantion -Germiantion > hypodermis, thick cuticle, sunken stomata, transfusion
- megasporangium is enveloped by layers of tissue called platyspermic radiospermic radiospermic tissue, no air space system in mesophyll
integuments -Carpophyls -Carpophulls bi- -Carpophulls bi- > resin canals – prevents fungus growth & insect feeding
multiovulate ovulate ovulate
integuments + megasporangium = ovule -Ovules -Ovules inverted -Ovules inverted Stem
ascending - wood, softwood
- pollen (sperm cells) eliminated water dependent fertilization -Stipules present -Stipules present -Stipules absent - no parenchyma
(pollen travels by air/animals) -Leaflet vernation -Leaflet vernation -Leaflet vernation - absence of fibers
circinate flat circinate - xylem lacks vessels
- phloem lacks sieve tubes
- annual rings
Reproductive characteristics
- pine is a mature sporophyte Order Gnetales
- small gametophyte and dependent on sporophyte Family Gnetaceae: Gnetum
- heterosporous and monoecious Order Ephedrales
- female cone produce megaspores by meiosis Famile Ephedraceae: Ephedra
- after pollination, pollen tube penetrates megasporangium Order Welweitschiales
- pollen tube reaches egg in archegonium Family Welwitschiaceae: Welwitschia mirabilis

Key reproductive adaptations of seed plants Gnetum

- tree is sporophyte - vine like; closely related to angiosperms
- female gametophyte develops w/n sporangium - large leathery leaves; fleshy seeds
- pollen cone has microsporangium that develops into pollen - cooked as vegetable
- after fertilization, the embryo develops and is surrounded by food reserves and seed coat - Gnetum paviflorum anti-asthmatic properties
- embryo grows to produce a new sporophyte - Gnetum ula used as flavoring

Cupressaceae: Thuja, Cypress, Juniperus Ephedra

Araucariaceae: Araucaria - shrubs/vines; dioecious
Taxodiaceae: Sequoia - erect, procumbent stems
Podocarpaceae: Podocarpus - branches opposite/whorled
Taxaceae: Taxus - resin canals, absent
Pinaceae: Pinus - Ephedra funereal – joing fir; Mormon tea
- Ephedra viridis
Wollemia nobilis: living fossil - Ephedra intermedia
- used to treat nasal congestion & asthma
Pinus: high in vit A and C
Welwitschia
Gnetophyta - live up to 1,500 years
- most unusual - leaves leathery, broad, star shaped, on ground, ribbons
- angiosperm like features: including xylem - dioecious
- resemble flower clusters
- have three genera Gnetophytes Conifers Ginkgo Cycads
- extant species are woody Rep Ephedra, Abies, Picea, Ginkgo Cycas, Zamia
- decussate phylotaxis Gnetum, Pinus, Tsuga
- embryo has two cotyledons Welwitschia
Tracheary Tracheids & Tracheids Tracheids Tracheids
Gnetum – tropical vine & trees similar to angiosperm vessel elements
Ephedra – shrubs; horsetails in appearance Motile sperm No No Yes Yes
Welwitschia – Africa; body grows underground Pollen tube Yes Yes No No
Leaves E: small & scale Needle like Fan shaped Palm like
Features shared w/ angiosperms G: broad, opp scale like
- vessel elements in xylem W: 2 strap
- pollen in stamens Stem Woody streesm Branching Branching trees Woody
- complex reticulate leaf venation in Welwitschia and cotyledons in Gnetum shrubs woody plants w/ w/ dimorphic unbranched
- double fertilization long & short shoots
- no flagellated sperm shoots
- flower-like strobili Leaves Leaves simple Needle scale Leathery fan Large pinnate
like shaped
Reproduction Dioecious Monoecious Dioecious Dioecious
Female Ovules in cmod Obules in seed Ovules in pairs Megasporphyll
Double fertilization in Gnetophytes
structures flower like cones leaflike cones
- both Gnetum & Ephedra
- results in a supernumerary embryo, not in endosperm Male structures Microsporphyll Microsporophyll Microsporophyll Mircosporophyll
- supernumerary embryo is aborted in flower like in simple strobili catkin scale like