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The aim of this literature review was to provide essential information about a plant which is known to
everyone as a beverage. In this study we collected particular information about the tea, such as its
history, botanical classification, types, extraction methodologies, plant morphology, its active
constituents and uses as medicine. Every aspect was elaborated briefly with essence of easy
understanding. Special consideration was given to antioxidant potential of the tea and mechanisms by
which it acts as antioxidant. At the end, some suggestions for further expanding of the research were
defined.
INTRODUCT ON
Classification
Genus C. L- camellia
Family Theaceae- Tea family
Order Theales
Subclass Dilleniidae
Class Magnoliopsida- Dicotyledons
Division Magnoliophyta- Flowering plants
Superdivision Spermatophyta- Seed plants
TYPES OF TEA soluble solvents was kept at boiling point temperature while for
water 70, 85 and 100°C was used. The extraction mixture was
constantly stirred with magnetic stirrer. After 2 h extraction the
Depending on fermentation process, tea is categorized mixture was cooled, vacuum filtered (0.45 µm) and solvent
into three types. Green tea is unfermented form; a evaporated at 40°C under vacuum (Perva-Uzunalic et al., 2006).
partially fermented oolong tea and fermented teas. The second method involves the use of a novel packed column
Fermented teas are black and red teas which undergo a extractor coupled with an absorption system to improve the quality
post harvested fermentation stage before drying and of green tea constituents extracted by using high pressure carbon
streaming. Fermentation of black tea is carried out by an dioxide. Effects of various solvents were examined but extraction
with 95% ethanol produced largest amount of total polyphenols
oxidation process which is catalyzed by an enzyme (Chang et al., 2000).
polyphenol oxidase. On the other hand, red or Pu-Erh tea
is attained by fermentation using microorganisms
(Cabrera et al., 2006). Another type of tea is roobios tea
TEA COMPOSITION
which comes from a shrub in South Africa. It contains
high number of antioxidants and is safer to take by
Tea is reported to contain nearly 4000 bioactive
pregnant and breastfeeding women because this type of
compounds of which one third is contributed by
tea is naturally caffeine free (Sharangi, 2009).
polyphenols. Polyphenols are bonded benzene rings with
multiple hydroxyl groups. Polyphenols are either
METHODS OF EXTRACT ON flavonoids or non-flavonoids but chemicals found in tea
are mostly flavonoids (Sumpio et al., 2006). They are
Green tea is receiving a lot of attention by researchers for its secondary plant metabolites derived from the
specific health promoting properties and catechins are major condensation reaction of cinnamic acid with three
contributors to these properties. A suitable extraction methodology malonyl-CoA groups. A number of flavonoids are present
is of utmost importance for extracting these catechins to further
investigate their health benefits (Yoshida et al., 1999). Two
but dietary flavonoids are usually categorized into six
methods are discussed here. In method one, different solvent are major groups (Yilmaz, 2006) (Table 3 and Figure 1).
used at constant temperature while the second method involves
soxhlet apparatus for extraction. In the first method 20 g of green
tea leaves were extracted with 400 ml of solvent using 20ml :1 g Tea flavanols
ratio of solvent and leaves in a round bottom flask fitted with a
condenser. Solvents used were acetonitrile (50 and 100%), ethanol
(25, 50, 80, 90, 96, and 100%), acetone (25, 50, 80, and 100%), These are called tea catechins which constitute up to 20-
methanol (25, 50, 80, and 100%) and water. Temperature for water 30% of dry weight of green tea. Major catechins are (−)-
2030 J. Med. Plant. Res.
Flavonoid Examples
Flavanols EGCG, EG, ECG and catechin
Flavonols Kaempferol and Quercetin
Anthocyanidins Malvidin, Cyanidin and Delphinidin
Flavones Apigenin and Rutin
Flavonones Myricetin
Isoflavonoids Genistein and Biochanin A
epicatechin gallate (ECG), (−)-epicatechin (EC), (−)- myricetin, quercetin and kaempferol in green tea after
epigallocatechin (EGC) and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate acid hydrolysis, when these results are compared on dry
(EGCG). These catechins are colorless, water soluble weight bases (Wang et al., 2000).
compounds imparting astringency and bitterness to tea
infusion. Other characteristics like taste, color and aroma
are associated directly or indirectly with modifications to ANTIOXIDANT POTENT AL OF TEA
these catechins. For example, a decrease in catechin
content leads to improved aroma quality of tea (Wang et All living animals and plants are permanently prone to
al., 2000) (Figure 2). environmental oxidative damages. These damages
originate from increase production of free radicals by
endogenous source such as inflammation or from
Tea flavonols exogenous source such as radiation, pollution and
cigarette smoking. Radicals are unstable oxygen
Quercetin, myricetin and kaempferol are major flavonols compounds with an unpaired electron in atomic electron
making up 2 - 3% of water soluble extractive in tea. shell. They tend to react with other molecules to trap
Flavonols in tea are mainly in glycosidic form because electron away from them. Thus these molecules become
non-glycosidic forms are water insoluble. Variable radicals and start a chain reaction. Various researchers
flavonols content are demonstrated possibly due to use showed that all types of organ and tissues are subjected
of different analytical techniques. For example, 0.83-1.59, to radical damages with varying intensity. That is why
1.79 - 4.05 and 1.56 - 3.31 g/kg are found respectively for plant secondary metabolites have gained lot of attention
Mahmood et al. 2031
to reduce the incidence of degenerative diseases (Grmza • They do not affect endogenous antioxidant protecting
et al., 2005). Preparations of tea have shown to trap system of the body which is constituted by -carotene,
reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen, vitamin E and C.
superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide, • Interaction of nitrogen containing compounds with
peroxynitrite and nitrogen dioxide, hence reducing nitrosating agent to form offensive N-nitroso compounds
damage to proteins, lipid membranes and nucleic acid in is prevented by polyphenols.
cell-free systems (Khan and Mukhtar, 2007). • Flavonoids act as pro-oxidants like ascorbic acid and –
Polyphenols show effective radical scavenging activity tocopherol by inhibiting P-450 catalyzed activity
in three chemical ways: (Ganguly, 2003).
deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) in liver kidney and cerebrum. antioxidants. For example, polyphenols can inhibit
Thus polyphenols from green tea are beneficial against clostridia and Helicobacter pylori but are ineffective
damage from aging process (Zaveri, 2006). against intestinal lactic bacteria. The use of natural
antioxidants as preservative is of great demand but it
depends upon the safety and efficacy to minimize food-
Anticancer effects borne microorganisms (Almajano et al., 2008). A number
of bacteria like staphylococcus aureus, vibrio cholerae,
Main chemopreventive agents in green tea are complex campylobacter jejuni, Stapylococcus epidermidis and
falconoid structures like EGCG, EGC, ECG and Vibrio mimicus are sensitive to polyphenols but it was
proanthocyanidins (Robbers and Tyler, 1999). Recently shown that Gram positive bacteria are more sensitive
green tea catechins have gained significance in cancer than Gram negative and antibacterial activity was
prevention due to their structure similarity with apparent after one hour of incubation (Ray et al., 2004).
chaperones and their interactions with target molecules.
These properties suggest green tea prevent cancer due
to their chaperone like activity (Kuzuhara et al., 2008). Activity against HIV
Cardiovascular effects The fact that green tea can be used as adjuvant therapy
to AIDS is still hypothetical (Ernst et al., 2006).
Epidemiological studies show that a high flavonoid intake
from tea may reduce incidences of coronary heart
disease (CHD) as it improves vasomotion (Yaniv and Conclusion
Bachrach, 2005). Various animal studies have shown a
hypolipidemic activity by the use of green tea Tea as a beverage is known to everyone all over the
constituents. In a study using 2.5% green tea, leaves world. Now its therapeutic potentials are of great interest
feed to rats for number of weeks resulted in decreased due to potent antioxidants present in it. A number of
serum cholesterol, triglycerides as well as no toxicity epidemiological studies and animal model studies have
found to kidney and liver (Chansouria et al., 2006). been investigated for cellular and subcellular targets of
these antioxidants and sustained results have been
observed. Still a lot of work have to be done to further
Anticaries effects investigate its actual potential for human use. For this
purpose, clinical trials are mandatory for satisfactory
Green tea extract is effective in preventing dental caries safety data of its active constituents. Furthermore,
because of its dual effect, that is, its flavor compounds development of best suited dosage forms and selecting
are antibacterial while polyphenols possess a antiplaque administration routes for maximum bioavailbility
activity. A synergistic effect of 128-folds to 256-folds was (Pharmacokinetics studies) are of great importance. In
observed when combined with sesquiterpene all, there is need to explore miracle properties of tea,
hydrocarbons (delta cadinene and –caryophyllene) and especially green tea which is a vast field and has a lot of
indole (Duke, 2000). things to learn about in the upcoming era of research.
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Chevallier A (2000). Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine.2nd ed. New Yark: Chem., 96: 597-605.
Dorling Kindersley, p. 181. Ray AB, Sarma BK, Singh UP (2004). Medicinal Properties of Plants:
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