TEX Reference Card Relations Accents

(for Plain TEX) ≤ \leq or \le ≥ \geq or \ge ≡ \equiv Type Example In Math In Text
≺ \prec  \succ ∼ \sim hat â \hat \^
Greek Letters ¹ \preceq º \succeq ' \simeq expanding hat acbc \widehat none
α \alpha ι \iota % \varrho ¿ \ll À \gg ³ \asymp check ǎ \check \v
β \beta κ \kappa σ \sigma ⊂ \subset ⊃ \supset ≈ \approx tilde ã \tilde \~
γ \gamma λ \lambda ς \varsigma ⊆ \subseteq ⊇ \supseteq ∼
= \cong expanding tilde afbc \widetilde none
δ \delta µ \mu τ \tau v \sqsubseteq w \sqsupseteq ./ \bowtie acute á \acute \’
² \epsilon ν \nu υ \upsilon ∈ \in ∈
/ \notin 3 \ni or \owns grave à \grave \‘
ε \varepsilon ξ \xi φ \phi ` \vdash a \dashv |= \models dot ȧ \dot \.
.
ζ \zeta o \o ϕ \varphi ^ \smile | \mid = \doteq double dot ä \ddot \"
η \eta π \pi χ \chi _ \frown k \parallel ⊥ \perp breve ă \breve \u
θ \theta $ \varpi ψ \psi ∝ \propto bar ā \bar \=
ϑ \vartheta ρ \rho ω \omega Most relations can be negated by prefixing them with \not. vector ~a \vec none
Γ \Gamma Ξ \Xi Φ \Phi 6≡ \not\equiv ∈
/ \notin 6= \ne The \skewhnumberi command shifts accents for proper posi-
∆ \Delta Π \Pi Ψ \Psi tioning, the larger the hnumberi, the more right the shift. Com-
Θ \Theta Σ \Sigma Ω \Omega Arrows pare
Λ \Lambda Υ \Upsilon ˆ ˆ
← \leftarrow or \gets ←− \longleftarrow \hat{\hat A} gives Â, \skew6\hat{\hat A} gives Â.
Symbols of Type Ord ⇐ \Leftarrow ⇐= \Longleftarrow
Elementary Math Control Sequences
→ \rightarrow or \to −→ \longrightarrow
ℵ \aleph 0 \prime ∀ \forall ⇒ \Rightarrow =⇒ \Longrightarrow overline a formula x+y \overline{x+y}
h̄ \hbar ∅ \emptyset ∃ \exists ↔ \leftrightarrow ←→ \longleftrightarrow underline a formula x+y \underline{x+y}
ı \imath ∇ \nabla ¬ \neg or \lnot ⇔ \Leftrightarrow ⇐⇒ \Longleftrightarrow √
√ square root x + 2 \sqrt{x+2}
 \jmath \surd [ \flat 7→ \mapsto 7−→ \longmapsto √
n
` \ell > \top \ \natural higher order roots x+2 \root n\of{x+2}
←- \hookleftarrow ,→ \hookrightarrow n+1
℘ \wp ⊥ \bot ] \sharp ↑ \uparrow ⇑ \Uparrow fraction {n+1\over 3}
< \Re k \| ♣ \clubsuit 3
↓ \downarrow ⇓ \Downarrow n+1
= \Im 6 \angle ♦ \diamondsuit fraction, no line {n+1\atop 3}
l \updownarrow m \Updownarrow 3 ¢
∂ \partial 4 \triangle ♥ \heartsuit % \nearrow & \searrow
¡n + 1
∞ \infty \ \backslash ♠ \spadesuit binomial coeff. {n+1\choose 3}
- \nwarrow . \swarrow ©n +3 ª
The \buildrel macro puts one symbol over another. The for- 1
Large Operators mat is \buildrelhsuperscripti\overhrelationi.
braced fraction
3 ¤
{n+1\brace 3}
P T J £n + 1
\sum \bigcap αβ
Q S N \bigodot −→ \buildrel\alpha\beta\over\longrightarrow
bracketed fraction
3
{n+1\brack 3}
` \prod F \bigcup L \bigotimes def
f (x) = x + 1 f(x)\; {\buildrel\rm def\over=} \;x+1 The following specify a style for typesetting formulas.
\coprod \bigsqcup
R W U \bigoplus \displaystyle \textstyle \scriptstyle \scriptscriptstyle
H \int
V \bigvee \biguplus Delimiters
\oint \bigwedge
[ \lbrack or [ { \lbrace or \{ h \langle
Non-Italic Function Names
] \rbrack or ] } \rbrace or \} i \rangle \arccos \cos \csc \exp \ker \limsup \min \sinh
Binary Operations | \vert or | b \lfloor d \lceil \arcsin \cosh \deg \gcd \lg \ln \Pr \sup
± \pm ∩ \cap ∨ \vee or \lor k \Vert or \| c \rfloor e \rceil \arctan \cot \det \hom \lim \log \sec \tan
∓ \mp ∪ \cup ∧ \wedge or \land [[ [\![ (( (\!( hh \langle\!\langle \arg \coth \dim \inf \liminf \max \sin \tanh
\ \setminus ] \uplus ⊕ \oplus ]] ]\!] )) )\!) ii \rangle\!\rangle a \pmod{m} a (mod m) mod with parentheses
· \cdot u \sqcap ª \ominus a \bmod m a mod m mod without parentheses
Left and right delimiters will be enlarged if they are prefixed
× \times t \sqcup ⊗ \otimes with \left or \right. Each \left must have a matching The following examples use \mathop to create function names.
∗ \ast / \triangleleft ® \oslash Example Command Plain TEX Definition
\right, one of which may be an empty delimiter (\left. or lim \lim_{x\to2} \def\lim{\mathop{\rm lim}}
? \star . \triangleright ¯ \odot \right.). To specify a particular size, use the following: x→2
¦ \diamond o \wr † \dagger \bigl, \bigr \Bigl, \Bigr \biggl, \biggr log2 \log_2 \def\log{\mathop{\rm log}\nolimits}
◦ \circ ° \bigcirc ‡ \ddagger You can also say \bigm for a large delimiter in the middle of a
• \bullet 4 \bigtriangleup q \amalg formula, or just \big for one that acts as an ordinary symbol. Footnotes, Insertions, and Underlines
÷ \div 5 \bigtriangledown
\footnotehmarkeri{htexti} footnote
Page Layout Every Time Insertions \topinserthvmode materiali\endinsert insert at top of page
\everypar insert whenever a paragraph begins \pageinserthvmode materiali\endinsert insert on full page
\hsize=hdimeni set width of page \everymath insert whenever math in text begins
\vsize=hdimeni set height of page \midinserthvmode materiali\endinsert insert middle of page
\everydisplay insert whenever displayed math begins \underbar{htexti} underline text
\displaywidth=hdimeni set width of math displays \everycr insert after every \cr °c 2007 J.H. Silverman, Permissions on back. v1.5
\hoffset=hdimeni move page horizontally Send comments and corrections to J.H. Silverman, Math. Dept., Brown
\voffset=hdimeni move page vertically Univ., Providence, RI 02912 USA. hjhs@math.brown.edui
Useful Parameters and Conversions Indentation and Itemized Lists Dimensions, Spacing, and Glue
\day,\month,\year the current day, month, year \indent indent Dimensions are specified as hnumberihunit of measurei.
\jobname name of current job \noindent do not indent Glue is specified as hdimeni plushdimeni minushdimeni.
\romannumeralhnumberi convert to lower case roman nums. \parindent=hdimeni set indentation of paragraphs point pt pica pc inch in centimeter cm
\uppercase{htoken listi} convert to upper case \displayindent=hdimeni set indentation of math displays
m width em x height ex math unit mu millimeter mm
\lowercase{htoken listi} convert to lower case \leftskip=hdimeni skip space on left
\rightskip=hdimeni skip space on right 1 pc = 12 pt 1 in = 72.72 pt 2.54 cm = 1 in 18 mu = 1 em
Fills, Leaders and Ellipses \narrower make paragraph narrower Horizontal Spacing: \quad (skip 1em) \qquad
\item{hlabeli} singly indented itemized list Horizontal Spacing (Text): \thinspace \enspace \enskip
Text or Math: . . . \dots . ..
.. \vdots . \ddots \itemitem{hlabeli} doubly indented itemized list \hskiphgluei \hfil \hfill \hfilneg
Math: . . . \ldots · · · \cdots
\hangindent=hdimeni hanging indentation for paragraph Horizontal Spacing (Math): thin space \, medium space \>
The following fill space with the indicated item. \hangafter=hnumberi start hanging indent after line n. thick space \; neg. thin space \! \mskiphmugluei
\hrulefill \rightarrowfill \leftarrowfill \dotfill If n < 0, indent first |n| lines. Vertical Spacing: \vskiphgluei \vfil \vfill
The general format for constructing leaders is \parshape=hnumberi general paragraph shaping macro \strut box w/ ht and depth of “(”, zero width
\leadershbox or rulei\hskiphgluei repeat box or rule \phantom{htexti} invisible box with dim of htexti
\leadershbox or rulei\hfill fill space with box or rule
Headers, Footers, and Page Numbers \vphantom{htexti} box w/ ht & depth of htexti, zero width
\nopagenumbers turn off page numbering \hphantom{htexti} box w/ width of htexti, zero ht & depth
TEX Fonts and Magnification \pageno current page number. To get roman nums, \smash{htexti} typeset htexti, set ht & depth to zero
set \pageno=hnegative numberi \raisehdimeni\hbox{htexti} raise box up
\rm Roman \bf Bold \tt Typewriter \folio current page number, roman num if < 0
\sl Slant \it Italic \/ “italic correction” \lowerhdimeni\hbox{htexti} lower box down
\footline material to put at foot of page \movelefthdimeni\vbox{htexti} move box left
\magnification=hnumberi scale document by n/1000 \headline material to put at top of page. To leave \moverighthdimeni\vbox{htexti} move box right
\magstephnumberi 1.2n × 1000
scaling factor of √ space, set \voffset=2\baselineskip, make Skip Space Between Lines: \smallskip \medskip \bigskip
\magstephalf scaling factor of 1.2 room with \advance\vsize by-\voffset. encourage a break \smallbreak \medbreak \bigbreak
\font\FN=hfontnamei load a font, naming it \FN
\font\FN=hfontnamei at hdimeni scaled to dimension Macro Definitions break if no room \filbreak
Set Line Spacing: \baselineskip = hgluei
\font\FN=hfontnamei scaled hnumberi scaled by n/1000 \def\cs{hreplacement texti} define the macro \cs single space \baselineskip = 12pt
true hdimeni dimension with no scaling \def\cs#1 · · · #n{hrepl. texti} macro with parameters 1 1/2 space \baselineskip = 18pt
\char‘\c print the character or symbol c \let\cs=htokeni give \cs token’s current meaning double space \baselineskip = 24pt
Advanced Macro Definition Commands
Alignment Displays \long\def macro whose args may include \par
Increase Line Spacing \openuphdimeni
use \jot’s 1\jot = 3pt
\settabshnumberi\columns set equally spaced tabs \outer\def macro not allowed inside definitions Allow Unjustified Lines \raggedright
\settabs\+hsample linei\cr set tabs as per sample line \global\def or \gdef definition that transcends grouping Allow Unjustified Pages \raggedbottom
\+htext1 i&htext2 i&· · ·\cr tabbed text to be typeset \edef expand while defining macro Braces and Matrices
\halign horizontal alignment \xdef or \global\edef global version of \edef \matrix rectangular array of entries
\halign tohdimeni horizontal alignment \noexpandhtokeni do not expand token \pmatrix matrix with parentheses
\openuphdimeni add space between lines \expandafterhtokeni expand item after token first \bordermatrix matrix with labels on top and left
\noalign{hvmode materiali} insert material after any \cr \futurelet\cshtok1 ihtok2 i equals \let\cs=htok2 ihtok1 ihtok2 i \overbrace overbrace, may be superscripted
\tabskip=hgluei set glue at tab stops \csname. . . \endcsname create a control sequence name \underbrace underbrace, may be subscripted
\omit omit the template for a column \string\cs list characters in name, \ c s
\numberhnumberi list of characters in number For small matrices in text, use the following constructions:
¡a b¢
\span span two columns
\multispanhnumberi span several columns \thehinternal quantityi list of tokens giving value of quantity {a\,b \choose c\,d} cd ¡a b¢
\hidewidth ignore the width of an entry \left( {a\atop c} {b\atop d} \right)
Conditionals cd
\crcr insert \cr if one is not present
The general format of a conditional is Displayed Equations
Boxes \ifhconditionihtrue texti\elsehfalse texti\fi \eqno equation number at right
\ifnumhnum1 ihrelationihnum2 i compare two integers \leqno equation number at left
\hbox tohdimeni hbox of given dimension
\ifdimhdimen1 ihrelationihdimen2 i compare two dimensions \eqalign display several aligned equations
\vbox tohdimeni vbox, bottom justified
\ifoddhnumi test for an odd integer \eqalignno display aligned equations numbered at right
\vtop tohdimeni vbox, top justified
\ifmmode test for math mode \leqalignno display aligned equations numbered at left
\vcenter tohdimeni vbox, center justified (math only)
\ifhtoken1 ihtoken2 i test if character codes agree \displaylines display several equations, centered
\rlap right overlap material
\ifxhtoken1 ihtoken2 i test if tokens agree \cases case by case definitions
\llap left overlap material
\ifdimhdim1 ihdim2 i test if dimensions agree \noalign to insert space between lines in displays,
Overfull Boxes \ifeofhnumberi test for end of file use \noalign{\vskiphgluei} after any \cr
\iftrue, \iffalse always true, always false \openuphdimeni add space between all lines in a display
\hfuzz allowable excess in hboxes
\vfuzz allowable excess in vboxes \ifcasehnumberihtext0 i\orhtext1 i\or· · · Copyright °c 2007 J.H. Silverman, January 2007 v1.5
Math. Dept., Brown Univ., Providence, RI 02912 USA
\overfullrule width of overfull box marker. To eliminate \orhtextn i\elsehtexti\fi choose text by hnumberi
TEX is a trademark of the American Mathematical Society
entirely, set \overfullrule=0pt. \loop α \if. . . β \repeat loop αβα · · · α until \if is false Permission is granted to make and distribute copies of this card pro-
\newif\ifblob create a new conditional called \ifblob vided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on
\blobtrue, \blobfalse set conditional \ifblob true, false all copies.