Optical Fiber Technology 20 (2014) 32–38

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Optical Fiber Technology

www.elsevier.com/locate/yofte

Highly nonlinear and highly birefringent dispersion compensating

photonic crystal fiber
M.I. Hasan a,⇑, M. Selim Habib b, M. Samiul Habib b, S.M. Abdur Razzak b
a
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Rajshahi 6204, Bangladesh
b
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Rajshahi 6204, Bangladesh

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper presents an optimum design for highly birefringent hybrid photonic crystal fiber (HyPCF)
Received 4 June 2013 based on a modified structure for broadband compensation covering the S, C, and L-communication
Revised 29 September 2013 bands i.e. wavelength ranging from 1460 to 1625 nm. The finite element method (FEM) with perfectly
Available online 17 December 2013
matched layer (PML) circular boundary is used to investigate the guiding property. It is demonstrated
that it is possible to obtain broadband large negative dispersion, and dispersion coefficient varies from
Keywords: 388.72 to 723.1 ps nm1 km1 over S, C and L-bands with relative dispersion slope (RDS) matched
Dispersion compensation
to that of single mode fiber (SMF) of about 0.0036 nm1 at 1550 nm. According to simulation, a five-ring
Fiber nonlinearity
Fiber birefringence
dispersion compensating hybrid cladding photonic crystal fiber (DC-HyPCF) is designed that simulta-
Finite element method neously offers birefringence of order 3.79  102, nonlinear coefficient of 40.1 W1 km1 at 1550 nm
wavelength. In addition to this, effective area, residual dispersion, and confinement loss of the proposed
DC-HyPCF are also reported and discussed.
Ó 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Recently, due to increase demand the traffic over transmission
lines has increased rapidly. In wavelength division multiplexing
(WDM) technique higher bit-rate transmissions of more than
40 Gbps have widely been adopted to handle increase data capac-
ity. The transmission impairment caused by dispersion in a SMF is
severe for such high bit-rate transmissions. This has made disper-
sion compensation (DC) techniques essential [1]. There are several
DC techniques such as dispersion compensation grading, electronic
dispersion compensation, dispersion compensation fiber (DCF),
optical phase conjugation. Among them DCF is the most promising
technique. In WDM system the basic requirement is dispersion
must be compensated over a range of wavelengths. That means
at the same time dispersion coefficient and dispersion slope com-
pensation must be carried out [2]. To be a good dispersion compen-
sator these requirements must be performed. Conventional DC
techniques cannot fulfill these requirements because of their low
index contrast. But PCF can fulfill these requirements in a smart
way due to its novel cladding structure with high index contrast
[3].
The idea of applying PCF in the application of DC for high speed
transmission system was first contemplated by Birks et al. [2], who
proposed a PCF that promises a normal dispersion of about
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: imranruet@yahoo.com (M.I. Hasan).
2000 ps nm1 km1 at 1550 nm. The idea of using dual-core con-
ventional fiber for dispersion compensation was introduced in
[4,5]. A conventional single mode dual-core fiber has been fabri-
cated, which exhibits a dispersion of 1800 ps nm1 km1 at
1550 nm [4] and another conventional dual-core single mode fiber
has been proposed, which has dispersion of 5100 ps nm1 km1
[5] at 1550 nm. In the last few years, PCFs with dual concentric
core structures makes more attraction to the researcher, which
are based on the optical coupling between the inner and the outer
core modes, have been extensively investigated for effective dis-
persion compensation. The dual-core PCF has two cores, one is cen-
tral core and another is ring core. If the geometrical parameters are
well selected, then the ring core helps to achieve large negative
dispersion.
Several designs for single material PCFs have been proposed to
achieve high negative dispersion coefficient [6–8]. Those PCFs has
triangular lattice with a dual concentric core [6–8] to achieve high
negative dispersion coefficient. But, those PCFs have limited com-
pensation bandwidth and some has no information about RSD
matched with SMF [6,7] or some has very high RDS [8] than refer-
ence RDS of SMF. Recently, Matsui et al. [9] proposed a PCF which
has DC characteristic in all three telecommunications bands simul-
taneously. The main limitation of [9] is low dispersion parameter
100 ps nm1 km1, which requires a long fiber to compensate a
SMF. On the other hand significant improvements have been
achieved in the development of dispersion compensating PCFs.
Now the dispersion compensation PCF is not bounded only on

1068-5200/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2013.11.005
 M.I. Hasan et al. / Optical Fiber Technology 20 (2014) 32–38
dual-core technique, but using one central core with same air-
holes diameter [1,10], dual-core with doping in particular region
[11–13], one central core with different types of air-holes diameter
[14] and so on are extensively used to compensate the dispersion.
Doped center core PCF provide very high negative dispersion coef-
ficient of about 1350 ps nm1 km1 [11] using honeycomb struc-
ture, -59,000 ps nm1 km1 [12] using dual core PCF structure, and
dual core with one ring of high index inclusions provides
3600 ps nm1 km1 [13] but the doped core or inclusion of high
index will lead to fabrication difficulties. Recently, others structure
such as honeycomb [15], square [16], octagonal [1,17–19] for sin-
gle material PCFs have been proposed to achieve high negative dis-
persion coefficient. Those PCFs has only circular air-holes [16,17]
or elliptical and circular air-holes combination [1,18,19] or circular
and non-circular air-holes combination [15] to realize high nega-
tive dispersion coefficient.
In recent high data rate optical communications, especially for
40 Gbps systems, first order polarization mode dispersion (PMD)
compensation techniques requires polarization maintaining fibers
(PMFs) to utilize its differential group delay between the two eigen
polarization states. In order to enhance the figure of merit in PMD
compensation, large differential group delay, or equivalently high
birefringence is required [20]. Due to the design flexibility and high
index contrast, highly birefringent PCFs (HiBi-PCFs) can easily be
realized. Optical fibers with high birefringence can find important
applications in the field of optical fiber communications, fiber fil-
ters, fiber sensors, fiber lasers and so on. So far, several HiBi-PCFs
have been demonstrated to achieve high birefringence based on
the large index contrast of the silica and the air by introducing
an asymmetric solid fiber core surrounded by air holes, using a fi-
ber core with double defect or triple defect of the photonic crystal
structure [21–23]. In order to combine asymmetry in both the core
and cladding, a PCF formed by a triangular lattice of elliptical air-
holes with a double-defect as fiber core is reported to get birefrin-
gent of order 102 in [23]. Several research papers have also shown
that the ultrahigh birefringence can be achieved by employing
elliptical air holes in the fiber cladding [21,24]. However, it is dif-
ficult to fabricate PCFs with different kinds of noncircular air holes
like as elliptical air-holes [24].
Additionally, to nonlinearities, growing interest is being shown
in birefringence study in PCFs. The design of PCF structures with
small mode areas that lead to high nonlinear coefficient c, is an
ongoing challenge. Moreover, highly birefringent PCFs with nonlin-
ear properties have received growing attention in telecommunica-
tion and supercontinuum applications [25]. Lee et al. [26] has
demonstrated a birefringent PCF having nonlinear coefficient c,
of 31 W1 km1 for the use of optical code-division multiple access
(OCDMA) applications.
PCFs helps in tuning transmission characteristics namely dis-
persion, nonlinearity, and birefringence in smart ways. As a result
PCFs are finding applications nowadays in different areas of com-
munication systems [27]. PCFs are desirable because they offer
additional design parameters such as air-hole diameter d, air-hole
rings, hole-to-hole spacing, and pitch K, and much greater flexibil-
ity in the design of transmission properties to achieve the require-
ments of various applications [28].
In this paper, we propose a modified hybrid PCF (M-HyPCF) that
can realize high negative dispersion coefficient of about
555.93 ps nm1 km1, high birefringence of about 3.79  102
and high nonlinear coefficient of about 40.1 W1 km1 at
1550 nm. We present the M-HyPCF with matched RDS equal to
that of an SMF of about 0.0036 nm1 and numerically investigate
the dispersion compensation characteristics of the M-HyPCF
successfully achieves residual dispersion within ±60 ps nm1 over
S + C + L bands. The proposed DC-PCF that simultaneously exhibit
high negative dispersion, high birefringence and high nonlinear
33
coefficient over 1460–1625 nm wavelength band have potential
for a number of future applications such as high bit-rate
communication systems, polarization maintaining devices, and
sensing systems, nonlinear applications, and optical communica-
tion systems.
2. Design guidelines of the proposed PCF
Fig. 1 shows the transverse cross section of the proposed PCF
which contains five air-hole rings. The proposed PCF is hybrid in
a scene that first two air-hole rings are hexagonal and others are
circular air-hole rings with optimized diameters d1, d2, d3, d4, d5
and pitch K. To realize DC-HyPCF the air-holes of the first ring
are set relatively large, which results higher negative dispersion
[29], better mode field confinement [11], and to match the slope
of the proposed PCF, we have taken the air-hole diameters of the
fourth ring relatively more smaller and second air-holes ring rela-
tively small but greater than fourth ring, because a ring of reduced
diameter induces a change in the slope of the evolution of the
effective refractive index versus wavelength [6]. In addition, for
better mode field confinement the air-holes of the last ring are ta-
ken larger as possible [11].
The DC-HyPCF can be designed simply by introducing the de-
fects into the core and omitting two air-holes from first ring of
the proposed fiber. The main advantage of the proposed PCF is that
it produces high birefringence that has better polarization main-
taining properties without using any elliptical air-hole. In the de-
signed DC-HyPCFs, the total number of air-holes for rings 1, 2, 3,
4, and 5 are 4, 12, 16, 24, and 24 respectively. The air-holes on
the 3rd ring are rotated at an angle 22.5° while air-holes on the
4nd and 5th rings are rotated at same angle 15°. The regulating
parameters, namely air-hole diameter and K are used to design
transmission properties such as chromatic dispersion, dispersion
slope, and RDS, to simultaneously achieve a high negative disper-
sion coefficient, nonlinear coefficient, and high birefringence in
particular frequency regimes over S and L-bands of the five-ring
M-HyPCF lattice. In Fig. 1 the background material is pure silica
surrounding with air-holes. Air-holes in the cladding are arranged
in a circular and hexagonal symmetry with a common pitch K.
Fig. 1. Transverse cross section of the (a) designed DC-HyPCF showing pitch K, air-
hole channels with diameter d1, d2, d3, d4 and d5 and background solid silica. The
dotted circle in the first ring represents the missing air-hole, (b) inner two
hexagonal rings (c) outer three circular rings with rotational angle with respect to
0° (reference x axis) of air-hole in a ring.
34 M.I. Hasan et al. / Optical Fiber Technology 20 (2014) 32–38

3. Numerical method 0

-100
In this work, to characterize the performance of the DC-HyPCF
an efficient FEM has been used. The modal properties of the pro- -200

D (ps.nm-1 .km-1 )
posed fiber are simulated using COMSOL software of version 4.2. -300
The PCF cross sections, with a fixed number of air-holes are divided
-400
into homogeneous subspaces where, Maxwell’s equations are
solved by FEM accounting for the adjacent subspaces. These sub- -500
spaces are triangles that permit a good approximation of the PCF -600
structures. From Maxwell’s curl equations we can obtain the fol-
-700 X-Polarization
lowing vectorial equation [30].
-800 Y-Polarization
r  ð½s1 r  EÞ  k20 n2eff ½s E ¼ 0 ð1Þ 1340 1400 1460 1520 1580 1640
1
Here, E is the electric field vector, k0 is wave number, [s] is an in- λ (nm)
verse matrix of [s] and k is the operating wavelength, neff is effective Fig. 2. Wavelength response of chromatic dispersion of the proposed DC-HyPCF for
refractive index given as neff = b/k0, where, b is the propagation con- both x and y polarization for the optimum design parameters: K = 0.85 lm, d1/
stant, k0 = 2p/k is the free-space wave number. Also, the FEM with K = 0.98, d2/K = 0.95, d3/K = 0.97, d4/K = 0.82, and d5/K = 1.10.
circular PML boundary is used to simulate the wavelength depen-
dence properties of PCF. The FEM directly solves the Maxwell equa-
tions to best approximate the value of the effective refractive index, d3 = 0.9215 lm, d4 = 0.697 lm and d5 = 0.935 lm is shown in
neff. Once, neff are solved, the dispersion D, birefringence B, effective Fig. 2. It can be seen, the designed PCF has negative dispersion
area Aeff, nonlinear coefficient, c and confinement loss Lc can be gi- coefficient of -153.41 ps nm1 km1 and -555.93 ps nm1 km1
ven by the following equations [1,18,31], for x-polarized mode and y-polarized mode respectively at
1550 nm.
2
k d Re½neff  For optimization of the parameters, a simple technique is ap-
DðkÞ ¼  ð2Þ
c dk2 plied and we consider y-polarized mode to get optimum results.
First, d1/K is chosen as 0.97, 0.98 and 0.99 while the others param-
ZZ 2 , ZZ eter are kept constant to K = 0.85 lm, d2/K = 0.95, d3/K = 0.97, d4/
2
Aeff ¼ jEj dx dy jEj4 dx dy ð3Þ K = 0.82, and d5/K = 1.10 which is shown in Fig. 3. Now, the calcu-
lated dispersion coefficient at 1550 nm is 521.83, 555.93 and
   593.52 ps nm1 km1 respectively; the RDS is 0.0035, 0.0036
2p n2 and 0.00363 nm1 respectively.
c¼ ð4Þ
k Aeff Fig. 4 reveals the effect of d2/K on the dispersion behaviour
when the other parameters K = 0.85 lm, d1/K = 0.98, d3/K = 0.97,
B ¼ jnx  ny j ð5Þ d4/K = 0.82, and d5/K = 1.10 are kept constant. Now, d2/K is varied
from 0.97, 0.95 and 0.93 the calculated dispersion coefficient at
Lc ¼ 8:686  k0 Im½neff  ð6Þ 1550 nm is 528.5, 555.93 and 582.8 ps nm1 km1 respec-
tively; the RDS is 0.0037, 0.0036 and 0.0034 nm1 respectively.
Here, Re[neff], and Im[neff] is the real part and imaginary part of
Fig. 5 shows the effect of d3/K on the dispersion characteristic
effective refractive index neff. The material dispersion can be ob-
when the other parameters K = 0.85 lm, d1/K = 0.98, d2/K = 0.95,
tained from the three-term Sellmeier’s formula and it is directly in-
d4/K = 0.82, and d5/K = 1.10 are kept constant. Now, d3/K is chosen
cluded in the calculation. c is the velocity of light in vacuum, E is the
as 0.95, 0.96, 0.97 and 1.0, the calculated dispersion coefficient at
electric field derived by solving the Maxwell equations, n2 is nonlin-
1550 nm is 587.74, 570.94, 555.93 and 519.25 ps nm1 -
ear refractive-index coefficient, and nx and ny are the mode indices
km1 respectively; the RDS is 0.00373, 0.0037, 0.0036 and
of the two orthogonal polarization fundamental modes.
0.0034 nm1 respectively.
If a fiber link consists of a transmission fiber SMF of length LSMF
with the dispersion DSMF and a DCF of length LDCF with the disper-
sion DDCF, the residual dispersion after compensation, DT can be
written as [32]
0
DSMF ðkÞ:LSMF þ DDCF ðkÞ:LDCF ¼ DT ðkÞ ð7Þ
-100
To compensate for the accumulated dispersion of the SMF over
a range of wavelengths, the following conditions must be satisfied -200
D (ps.nm-1 .km-1 )

[32] -300

RDS ¼ SSMF ðkÞ=DSMF ðkÞ ¼ SDCF ðkÞ=DDCF ðkÞ ð8Þ -400

Here, SSMF and SDCF are the dispersion slopes for the SMF and DCF, -500
respectively. Once the RDS of the DCF is close to that of the SMF, -600 d1/Λ = 0.97
the design of the broadband DCF is accomplished. The RDS is used d1/Λ = 0.98
-700
to judge dispersion compensation (DC) satisfaction over a range of
d1/Λ = 0.99
wavelengths [31]. -800
1340 1400 1460 1520 1580 1640

4. Numerical results and discussion λ (nm)

Fig. 3. Dispersion properties of M-HyPCF for different value of d1/K, when other
Fig. 2 shows the dispersion curve of the DC-HyPCF with opti- geometrical parameters: K = 0.85 lm, d2/K = 0.95, d3/K = 0.97, d4/K = 0.82, and d5/
mized parameters K = 0.85 lm, d1 = 0.833 lm, d2 = 0.8075 lm, K = 1.10 are kept constant.
 M.I. Hasan et al. / Optical Fiber Technology 20 (2014) 32–38 35

-100 -100

-200
-300
-300

D (ps.nm-1.km-1)
D (ps.nm-1 .km-1 )

-400 -500

-500
-700
-600
d2/Λ = 0.97
-900 Λ = 0.80 μm
-700 d2/Λ = 0.95
Λ = 0.85 μm
d2/Λ = 0.93 Λ = 0.90 μm
-800 -1100
1340 1400 1460 1520 1580 1640 1340 1400 1460 1520 1580 1640
λ (nm) λ (nm)

Fig. 7. Dispersion properties of M-HyPCF for different value of K, when other

Fig. 4. Dispersion properties of M-HyPCF for different value of d2/K, when other
geometrical parameters: d1/K = 0.98, d2/K = 0.95, d3/K = 0.97, d4/K = 0.82 and d5/
geometrical parameters: K = 0.85 lm, d1/K = 0.98, d3/K = 0.97, d4/K = 0.82, and d5/
K = 1.10 are kept constant. K = 1.10 are kept constant.

-100
d3/Λ =0.95 -100
-200
d3/Λ =0.96
-300 d3/Λ =0.97 -300
D (ps.nm-1.km-1)

D (ps.nm-1.km-1)
-400 d3/Λ =1.00
-500
-500

-600
-700
-700
Optimum
-800 -900 +/-1%
+/-2%
-900
+/-5%
1340 1400 1460 1520 1580 1640 -1100
1340 1400 1460 1520 1580 1640
λ (nm)
λ (nm)
Fig. 5. Dispersion properties of M-HyPCF for different value of d3/K, when other
geometrical parameters: K = 0.85 lm, d1/K = 0.98, d2/K = 0.95, d4/K = 0.82, and d5/ Fig. 8. Dispersion properties of DC-HyPCF: optimum design parameters and fiber’s
K = 1.10 are kept constant. global diameter variations of order ±1–5% around the optimum value.

-100
d4/K = 0.82 and d5/K = 1.10 are kept constant. Now, K is varied as
-200 0.80, 0.85, and 0.90 lm and the dispersion coefficient at 1550 nm
is 815.7, 555.93, and 371.4 ps nm1 km1 respectively; the
-300 calculated RDS is 0.0032, 0.0036, and 0.00395 nm1 respectively.
D (ps.nm-1 .km-1 )

-400 According to the above discussion to act as a DCF and compen-

sate the dispersion of SMF the optimized parameter of the pro-
-500 posed PCF is found as K = 0.85 lm, d1/K = 0.98, d2/K = 0.95, d3/
K = 0.97 d4/K = 0.82, and d5/K = 1.10 at which dispersion coeffi-
-600
d4/Λ = 0.837 cient is -555.93 ps nm1 km1 and RDS is 0.0036 nm1.
-700 d4/Λ = 0.820 After shaping the dispersion curve to the desired level (Fig. 2) in
d4/Λ = 0.804 the way just described, we then have checked the dispersion accu-
-800
racy of the design DC-HyPCF. It is known that in a standard fiber
1340 1400 1460 1520 1580 1640
draw, ±1% variations in fiber global diameter may occur during
λ (nm) the fabrication process [33]. Therefore, roughly an accuracy of
Fig. 6. Dispersion properties of M-HyPCF for different value of d4/K, when other
±2% may require ensuring dispersion tolerance. Also ±5% variation
geometrical parameters: K = 0.85 lm, d1/K = 0.98, d2/K = 0.95, d3/K = 0.97, and d5/ of the global parameter is considered. The corresponding disper-
K = 1.10 are kept constant. sion curve is shown in Fig. 8. Solid lines indicate dispersion curves
due to increment and dashed lines for decrement of global diame-
ter. Here, the term optimum indicates the curve that has perfectly
Fig. 6 exhibits the effect of d4/K on the dispersion behaviour matched RDS value of about 0.0036 nm1, that is describe in above
when the other parameters K = 0.85 lm, d1/K = 0.98, d2/K = 0.95, and Fig. 2.
d3/K = 0.97, and d5/K = 1.10 are kept constant. Now, d4/K is chosen Fig. 8 ensures that design accuracy of the fiber up to ±1% change
as 0.837, 0.82, and 0.804, the dispersion coefficient at 1550 nm is in the pitch is within ±40 ps nm1 km1 maintaining desired dis-
550.7, 555.93, and 562.1 ps nm1 km1 respectively; the cal- persion characteristics and up to ±2% change in the pitch is within
culated RDS is 0.00351, 0.0036, and 0.00365 nm1 respectively. ±82 ps nm1 km1 maintaining desired dispersion characteristics.
Fig. 7 shows the effect of pitch, K on the dispersion characteris- Also, up to ±5% change in the pitch is within ±205.1 ps nm1 km1
tic when the other parameters d1/K = 0.98, d2/K = 0.95, d3/K = 0.97, maintaining desired dispersion characteristics.
36 M.I. Hasan et al. / Optical Fiber Technology 20 (2014) 32–38

According to Eq. (3), Fig. 9 shows effective areas of the DC-HyP- 60

CF for optimum design parameters and for global diameter varia- Optimum
55 +/-1%
tions of order ±1–5%. The effective area of the fiber at 1550 nm is
+/-2%
2.63 lm2. It changes about ±0.028 lm2 for ±1% change in parame- +/-5%
50
ters, ±0.05 lm2 for ±2% change in parameters, ±0.13 lm2 for ±5%

γ (W-1 km-1)
change in parameters. At this point, we would like to address pos- 45
sible limitations to our proposed PCF architecture associated with a
small effective area. First, its small mode field diameter (MFD) 40
presents potential difficulties in the input coupling and output
35
coupling of light. Nevertheless, it has been reported that PCFs
can be interfaced to conventional SMFs using a tapered intermedi- 30
ate PCF (reported 0.1 dB measured taper loss) mode matched to
1340 1400 1460 1520 1580 1640 1700
each fiber at each end [34]. Another possible solution to the
splicing problem is to splice the PCFs to conventional SMFs in a λ (nm)
specially constructed manner [35]. The splice-free interface of PCFs
Fig. 10. Nonlinear coefficient of the proposed DC-HyPCF for optimum design
with the SMF technique is versatile enough to interface with any parameters and for fiber’s global diameter variations of order ±1–5% around the
type of index guiding silica PCF [35]. We believe that our proposed optimum value.
PCF can be interfaced with existing technology without
complications.
The corresponding advantage of the proposed DC-HyPCF is non- 0.044
Optimum
linear processes are improved. Fig. 10 shows nonlinearity of the fi-
0.041 +/-1%
ber for optimum design parameters and for global diameter +/-2%
variations of order ±1–5%. The optimum nonlinear coefficient of +/-5%
0.038
the fiber at 1550 nm is 40.1 W1 km1. As presented in Eq. (4)
the nonlinear coefficient is inversely proportional to the effective 0.035
area. Small effective mode area leads to high nonlinear coefficient B
that would be useful in the context of supercontinuum generation 0.032
and soliton pulse transmission and other nonlinear applications.
Moreover, PCF with higher nonlinear coefficient are found to be 0.029
suitable for dispersion compensation, where four-wave mixing is
prone to appearing [36]. Due to the low effective mode area, our 0.026
proposed DC-HyPCF is expected to be insensitive to bending. Also 1340 1400 1460 1520 1580 1640 1700
it is known that, low effective mode area has a positive effect on λ (nm)
bending loss. Moreover, the impact of angular orientation on
Fig. 11. Birefringence of the proposed DC-HyPCF for optimum design parameters
bending losses is a critical issue in PCFs [25]. According to Fig. 10
and fiber’s global diameter variations of order ±1–5% around the optimum value.
nonlinearity changes about ±0.4 W1 km1 for ±1% change in
parameters, ±0.83 W1 km1 for ±2% change in parameters,
±2 W1 km1 for ±5% change in parameters. Highly birefringent fibers are extensively used in fiber loop mir-
Fig. 11 shows optimum birefringence of the fiber at 1550 nm is rors as a major component for optical fiber sensing applications;
3.79  102 and corresponding beat length of about 0.041 mm. the added property of high negative dispersion would provide
Where, the current conventional PM fiber shows a modal birefrin- better performance for the fiber sensor design and also in long dis-
gence of about 5  104. So, the birefringence of the proposed DC- tance data transmission system [37]. According to figure birefrin-
PCF in this paper has approximately 76 times larger than the gence changes about ±5  104 for ±1% change in parameters,
conventional PM fiber. This shows that the proposed DC-HyPCF ±9  104 for ±2% change in parameters, ±2.2  103 for ±5%
exhibits high birefringence and can be used to eliminate the effect change in parameters.
of PMD in transmission systems and many other areas where PM
properties are required, such as sensing applications.

4
10
3.3
Optimum 2
+/-1% 10
3.1
+/-2%
0
2.9 +/-5% 10
L (dB/m)
Aeff (µm 2)

2.7 -2
10
c

2.5 -4
10 X-Polarization
2.3 Y-Polarization
-6 Higher-order mode
10
2.1 1340 1400 1460 1520 1580 1640 1700
1340 1400 1460 1520 1580 1640 1700
λ (nm)
λ (nm)
Fig. 12. Confinement loss of the proposed DC-HyPCF for x-polarization mode and y-
Fig. 9. Effective area of the proposed DC-HyPCF for optimum design parameters polarization mode for the optimum design parameters: K = 0.85 lm, d1/K = 0.98,
and fiber’s global diameter variations of order ±1–5% around the optimum value. d2/K = 0.95, d3/K = 0.97, d4/K = 0.82, and d5/K = 1.10.
 M.I. Hasan et al. / Optical Fiber Technology 20 (2014) 32–38
Fig. 12 shows the wavelength dependence of fiber’s confine-
ment losses of x-polarized mode and y-polarized mode according
to Eq. (6) for optimum design parameters. Note that the loss is
increasing smoothly with the wavelength and there is no evidence
of abrupt change in leakage. Confinement loss at 1550 nm is less
than 0.007 dB/m and 0.135 dB/m for x-polarized mode and y-polar-
ized mode respectively considering five air-hole rings. It can be
seen in the figure, the loss of x-polarized mode is lower than that
of y-polarized mode. If we want to reduce the loss we have to in-
crease number of air-hole rings into the cladding region where
increasing the air-hole rings does not change the dispersion curve
[38]. It is found that the fibre supports second-order mode in short-
er wavelengths. But confinement loss of the second-order mode at
1550 nm wavelength is more than 34.4 dB/m, which is very higher
than fundamental mode. The calculated confinement loss of the
second order modes is more than 10–20 times higher than the fun-
damental modes which indicates that only fundamental mode will
guided in the core. Therefore, this fibre will effectively operate as a
single mode fibre [39]. Also, single modeness of a fiber can be ver-
ified with the help of the effective V parameter. Fig. 13 shows the
wavelength dependence Veff parameter. It is well known that the
condition for higher order mode cut-off is associated with Veff 6 p
at 1.55 lm [40]. From Fig. 13 the obtained Veff value at 1.55 lm is
1.57, which is less than p and Veff parameter is obtained as
Veff < 1.97 for the entire wavelength band of interest. Therefore,
the proposed DC-HyPCF is a single-mode fiber.
Fig. 14 shows the calculated residual dispersion obtained after
the dispersion compensation by a 1.25 km long optimized DC-HyP-
CF for the dispersion accumulated in one span (40 km long) of the
transmission fiber, SMF. From figure it can be observed that the
residual dispersion ranges is ±43.5 ps nm1 over S to L (1460–
1625 nm) telecom band, which is within ±60 ps nm1. So, it is
clearly proved that our proposed DC-HyPCF (with optimized
parameters) is suitable for systems with high bit rates of 40 Gbps,
particularly in the S to L-bands.
Finally, a comparison is made between properties of the DC-
HyPCF and some other fibers designed for dispersion compensation
applications. Table 1 compares those fibers taking into account the
dispersion magnitude, confinement losses, birefringent, effective
area, air-hole shape, RDS. All values are taken at 1550 nm.
It should be pointed out that the PCF [1,18] both has three de-
fected air-holes like as proposed DC-HyPCF. But both structures
have several elliptical air-holes into first ring. Those elliptical air-
holes lead fabrication difficulties. Because original shapes of ellip-
tical air-hole is almost impossible [24], but this elliptical air-holes
help to realize birefringent in [1,18]. On the other hand realization
of birefringence of the proposed PCF is obtained by using only cir-
cular air-holes. Not only have that, the proposed DC-HyPCF provide
birefringent that is more than 2 times than [18] and more than
2.05
Veff at 1550 nm = 1.57
1.95
1.85
1.75
eff
V
1.65
1.55
1.45
1.35
1340 1400 1460 1520 1580 1640 1700
λ (nm)
Fig. 13. Wavelength dependence of V parameter value for single mode test.
37
60
30
0
DT (ps.nm-1)
-30
-60
-90
-120
-150
-180
1340 1400 1460 1520 1580 1640
λ (nm)
Fig. 14. The wavelength dependence of residual dispersion of DC-HyPCF for the
optimum design parameters: K = 0.85 lm, d1/K = 0.98, d2/K = 0.95, d3/K = 0.97, d4/
K = 0.82, and d5/K = 1.10.
2.2 times than [1]. Kaijage et al. [1] has low dispersion coefficient,
which requires a long fiber to compensate a SMF. Selim et al. [18]
has slightly high negative dispersion coefficient than proposed DC-
HyPCF, but Proposed DC-HyPCF has more than 74 times low con-
finement loss than [18], where the pitch of proposed DC-HyPCF
is 0.85 lm and [18] is 0.90 lm. At the same time, total 80 air-holes
is used in proposed structure to realized this low confinement loss,
whereas [18] has total 120 air-holes in the cladding region.
Although the proposed PCF has lower number of air-hole, but size
of the air-hole is very large than [18], that helps to achieve large
index contrast. This large index contrasts will increase the strength
and confinement ability [41]. Moreover, the proposed DC-PCF is
combination of hexagonal and circular structure and [1,18] has
only octagonal structure. It is well known that hexagonal structure
is the best arrangement of air-holes to shape dispersion [42], circu-
lar structure can provide large index contrasts that minimize the
number of rings required to achieve adequate confinement [41].
Therefore, to manage simultaneously dispersion and confinement
losses, we propose the hybrid cladding structure containing hexag-
onal rings and circular rings. Comparatively octagonal structure
can assume only low confinement losses [42]. Note that there is
an extra asymmetry induces between axes due to the hybrid clad-
ding structure that is not happened in [1,18]. Also, effective area of
[1] and proposed DC-HyPCF is almost equal and [18] has higher
than proposed DC-HyPCF. Low value of effective area leads high
nonlinear coefficient, which is required in four-wave mixing appli-
cation where negative dispersion would provide better perfor-
mance [36]. Besides, dual core is presented in [18], that helps to
achieve high negative dispersion due to mode coupling. Also, dual
core leads low index contrast, so loss is increased in Ref. [18]. Then
again no dual core technique is used in proposed DC-HyPCF and [1]
that offers very lower confinement loss than [18].
Fabrication process is one of the key issue in PCFs. In the pro-
posed PCF five types of different air-hole is considered and shown
in Fig. 1. Also, first two ring is hexagonal and others ring are circu-
lar. Stack and draw methods are limited to closest-packed geome-
tries such as triangular or honeycomb lattices and cannot easily
generate circular patterns. Drilling methods allow adjustment of
both the hole size and spacing, but are generally limited to a small
number of holes and restricted to circular shapes. Extrusion tech-
niques provide design freedom, but are typically limited to soft
glasses. Argyros et al. [41] proposed capillary stacking method.
Using this method we can easily fabricate the proposed PCF. But,
the missing air-holes may be created stress in the fabrication
process. So, considering this stress problem due to missing air-
holes we have to consider alternative solution. Bisen et al. [43]
developed the sol–gel casting technique to fabricate PCFs with
38 M.I. Hasan et al. / Optical Fiber Technology 20 (2014) 32–38
Table 1
Comparison among proposed PCF and other dispersion compensation PCF.
PCFs D (ps nm1 km1) B (102) Aeff (lm2)
Ref. [1] 239.5 1.67 2.60
Ref. [15] 588 1.81 3.43
DC-HyPCF 555.93 3.79 2.63
any structure, and the air-hole size, shape and spacing may all be
adjusted independently. So this method can provide additional de-
sign flexibility that will be necessary for proposed PCF.
5. Conclusions
An ultrahigh birefringent with highly nonlinear DC-HyPCF has
been proposed and analyzed by a full-vector FEM method with
PML. It has been shown through numerical simulation result that
the proposed broadband DC-HyPCF can be designed to provide
high negative dispersion coefficients of about -555.93 ps nm1 -
km1 and an RDS of about 0.0036 nm1 perfectly matched with
conventional SMF at 1550 nm. We also successfully achieved a
residual dispersion within ±60 ps nm1, allowing the fiber to be
deemed suitable for systems with high bit rates within the S, C
and L-communication bands. These reported results can be widely
used for the four wave mixing, fiber loop mirror, polarization con-
trol in fiber-optic sensors and telecommunication applications,
broadband dispersion compensation in high-bit-rate transmission
networks.
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