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EC6712 - Optical & Microwave Lab, DGCT
DHIRAJLAL GANDHI COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Salem Airport (Opp.), Salem – 636 309
Ph. (04290) 233333, www.dgct.ac.in
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Name :
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Degree :
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Branch :
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Semester :
……………Year: ……………Section: ……………
Reg. No. :
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Certified that this is the bonafide record of the work done by the above student in
…………….…………………………………………………………………………………… Laboratory
during the academic year …………………………………
LAB-IN-CHARGE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Submitted for University Practical Examination held on……………………………………
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
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DHIRAJLAL GANDHI COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
University : Anna University
Year of Syllabus : R 2013
Subject Name : Optical & Microwave Lab
Subject Code : EC6712
Department : ECE
Semester : VII
PREPARED BY REVIEWED BY
APPROVED BY
Ms.S.Ramya
Name Ms.P.Bhuvaneswari Dr.S.Venkatesh Dr. M. Sumathi

Mr.N.Ayyanar
Dhirajlal Gandhi College of Technology, Opp. Salem Airport,

Sikanampatty, Omalur, Salem.
Tel: +91 04290 233333 Email: dgctsalem@gmail.com
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TIPS FOR A BETTER LAB SESSION
Some of the Best Practices to help the Lab run smoothly while maximizing Student Learning.
1. Students should be thoroughly familiar with the Lab exercises before coming to Lab.
2. Students should treat the Laboratory Exercises as original Research.
3. Students should make sure not to miss even a single Lab Class.
4. Students must apply the concepts learned in class to New Situations.
5. Each student must try to do their Lab Exercises Individually.
6. The instructor will hold a pre-laboratory discussion on the lab exercises.
7. Before every lab session each student should draw the circuit diagram for the lab exercise, write the
purpose of each component in the circuit and its application in the empty space provided.
8. Each student must be able to design the circuit for the specifications given during the lab session.
9. Students are encouraged to do the additional lab exercise provided in the manual. Extra credit will
be awarded for the same.
10. The progress of every student will be monitored on a regular basis. Based on the progress report
Extra Credit Marks will be awarded for the students in their Internals.
11. Every student must be able to explain the circuit, its functioning and application clearly at the end
of each Lab Session.
12. Labs are for you students and so consider it as your duty to leave the lab exactly how you found it,
by taking care of the computer systems and the other equipments.
“ENJOY THE JOY OF DESIGNING”
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LAB MANNERS
 Students should bring their own calculators, drawing instruments, charts, data book, etc. whenever
needed.
 Students should wear their own lab coats and bring observation note books to the laboratory classes
regularly.
 Record of experiments done in a particular class should be submitted in the next lab class.
 Students who do not submit the record note book in time will not be allowed to do the next
experiment and will not be given attendance for that laboratory class.
 Students will not be allowed to leave the laboratory until they complete the experiment
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SYLLABUS
EC6712 OPTICAL & MICROWAVE LAB
Microwave experiments:
1. Reflex Klystron – Mode characteristics
2. Gunn Diode – Characteristics
3. VSWR, Frequency and Wave Length Measurement
4. Directional Coupler – Directivity and Coupling Coefficient – S – parameter measurement
5. Isolator and Circulator – S - parameter measurement
6. Attenuation and Power measurement
7. S - matrix Characterization of E-Plane T, H-Plane T and Magic T.
8. Radiation Pattern of Antennas.
9. Antenna Gain Measurement
Optical experiments:
1. DC characteristics of LED and PIN Photo Diode.
2. Mode Characteristics of Fibers
3. Measurement of Connector and Bending Losses.
4. Fiber Optic Analog and Digital Link
5. Numerical Aperture Determination for Fibers
6. Attenuation Measurement in Fibers.
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Dhirajlal Gandhi College of Technology
Vision
To improve the quality of human life through multi-disciplinary programs in Engineering,

architecture and management that are internationally recognized and would facilitate research
work to incorporate social, economical and environmental development.
Mission
 To create a vibrant atmosphere that creates competent engineers, innovators, scientists,

entrepreneurs, academicians and thinkers of tomorrow.
 To establish centers of excellence that provides sustainable solutions to industry and society.
 To enhance capability through various value added programs so as to meet the challenges of
dynamically changing global needs.
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Vision
To be globally recognized for providing value based engineering education and research in the
field of Electronics and Communication Engineering.
Mission
 To provide a congenial learning environment which fosters creativity and innovation among
students
 To conduct value based courses for improving technical competency
 To encourage faculty to attend workshops, seminars, faculty development programs and engage
them in continuous learning and to use innovative teaching methodologies
 To impart moral values and inculcate moral and ethical behavior
 To establish Centre of Excellence in emerging areas in the field of Communication Engineering
 To undertake collaborative work with industry and institutes and provide solutions for societal
challenge
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Program Educational Objectives(PEOs)
The graduates of the program would have a successful professional career and engage in
PEO1 lifetime learning
The graduates will be able to work as a team or a team leader and exhibit professional and
PEO2 ethical behavior
The graduates will be able to understand, analyze the technical problems and provide
PEO3 suitable solutions
Program Specific Outcomes(PSOs)
Ability of the students to design and develop embedded solution for engineering
PSO1 applications.
PSO2 Ability of the students to design and implement communication sub systems.
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Program Outcomes(POs)
Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals to the solution of

PO1 complex problems in Electronics and Communication Engineering.
Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex Electronics and

PO2 Communication engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
Design solutions for complex Electronics and Communication engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet t h e specified needs with appropriate
PO3
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
PO4 Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments,
analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid
conclusion
Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT
PO5 tools including prediction and modeling to complex Electronics and Communication
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety,
PO6 legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional
engineering practice.
Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and

PO7 environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
PO8 Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms
of the engineering practice
PO9 Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in
multidisciplinary settings.
Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective
PO10
reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear
instructions.
Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of t h e engineering and management principles

PO11 and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects
and in multidisciplinary environments.
Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and
PO12
life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
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Course Outcomes(COs)
CO1 Define sampling and multiplexing of analog signals
CO2 Distinguish the various analog modulation techniques and its advantages
CO3 Demonstrate the digital modulation techniques by observing its waveforms
CO4 Analyze the various shift keying techniques along with signal constellations by simulation
CO5 Identify the communication links and various line coding schemes
CO6 Manipulate and solve error coding techniques and equalization schemes
MAPPING
Course
PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PSO PSO
Outcomes
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2
(COs)
CO1 3 3 2 1 1
CO2 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
CO3 3 1
CO4 3 1 1 2 1
CO5 3 3 2 1 1
CO6 2 2 1 1
Mapping Grade: 1-Slightly, 2-Moderately, 3-Substantially
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Ex.No Name of the Experiment Page No
MICROWAVE EXPERIMENTS
1 Reflex Klystron – Mode characteristics 33
2 Gunn Diode – Characteristics 45
3 VSWR, Frequency and Wave Length Measurement 55
4 Isolator and Circulator – S - parameter measurement 67
Radiation Pattern and Antenna Gain Measurement of Horn

5 77
Antennas.
6 Attenuation and Power measurement 89
S - matrix Characterization of E-Plane Tee, H-Plane Tee and Magic

7 99
Tee
Directional Coupler-Directivity And Coupling Coefficient-S-
8 109
Parameter
OPTICAL EXPERIMENTS
9 DC characteristics of Light sources 121
10 DC characteristics of PIN photo diode 135
11 Measurement of Connector and Bending Losses. 149
12 Fiber Optic Analog and Digital Link 159
13 Numerical Aperture Determination for Fibers 171
14 Attenuation Measurement in Fibers 181
15 Mode Characteristics of Fiber 189
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INDEX
Ex.No Date Name of the Experiments Marks Signature
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Ex.No Date Name of the Experiments Marks Signature
AVERAGE:
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STUDY OF MICROWAVE COMPONENTS
AIM:
To study the different microwave components like microwave power supply, microwave sources,
attenuators, ferrite devices, and frequency meters, microwave antennas, wave guide bends and twists,
waveguide Tee junction, dielectric cells etc.,
THEORY:
POWER SUPPLIES
KLYSTRON POWER SUPPLIES
Klystron power supplies generate voltage required for driving the klystron tube (reflex) like 2k25
(a source of microwave energy). It is absolutely stable, regulated and short circuit protected power supply.
It has built in facility to generate square wave and saw tooth wave for amplitude and frequency modulation
respectively. It works as an amplifier with input being fed to buncher cavity and output from second
cavity called catcher cavity.
GUNN POWER SUPPLY
Gunn power supply consists of electronically regulated D.C. power supply and square wave
generator designed to operate the generator and pin modulator. The D.C. voltage is variable from 0 to 10
volt. The front panel meter monitors the Gunn voltage and Gunn current drawn by the Gunn diode. The
square wave generator is variable from 0-10 volt in amplitude and 900 to 1100 Hz in frequency. The
power supply has been so designed to protect the Gunn diode from reverse voltage application over transit
and low frequency oscillation by negative resistance of the diode.
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MICROWAVE SOURCES
REFLEX KLYSTRON
Reflex Klystron uses only a single cavity resonator and operates as an oscillator.
The various parts are
1. Electron Gunn.
2. Resonator.
3. Reflector.
4. Catcher cavity.
The repeller electrode is at a negative position and sends partially bunched electron beam back to
the resonator cavity. This provides a positive feedback mechanism, which supports the oscillation. The
bunching phenomenon of reflex klystron can be visualized by studying the electron trajection in the region
between the resonator and the repeller.
251 series klystron mount provides easy means of transmission of microwave power from reflex
klystron to rectangular waveguide system. It consists of waveguide whose one end is fitted with movable
short plunger. A small hole on the broad wall of the waveguide whose one end is provided through which
coupling pair of the reflex klystron tube enters into the waveguide, the maximum power transfer is
achieved by matching impedance of the waveguide and reflex klystron tube through movable plunger.
GUNN OSCILLATOR
These are the solid-state microwave energy generators. It consists of waveguide flanged on one end and
micrometer driven plunger fitted on other end. The Gunn diode is mounted inside the waveguides with
BNC (f) connector for D.C. bias.
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MODULATORS
Many applications of microwave testing require amplitude modulation and pulse modulation of
signal source. Pin diode modulators offer an ideal way of amplitude modulation and pulse modulation of
microwave signals through a wide range of frequency. These modulators utilize pin diode which is
mounted across a waveguide line with RF isolated D.C. bias lead passing to an external TNC connector.
VSWR METER
It has high gain voltage amplifier tuned at center frequency of 1 kHz. It is used for measuring
VSWR, attenuation and total mismatch on the line.
ATTENUATORS
Attenuators are required to adjust the power flowing in a waveguide. Three types of attenuators are
1. Fixed
2. Variable
3. Rotary
FIXED ATTENUATOR
Any amount of fixed attenuation can be supplied between 3 to 40 dB. These attenuators are
calibrated at center frequency of respective frequency band. They consist of lossy vane inserted in a
section of waveguide flanged on both the ends.
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VARIABLE ATTENUATOR
Variable attenuator provides a convenient means of adjusting power level very accurately. These
consist of movable lossy vane inserted in a section of waveguide.
ROTARY VANE ATTENUATOR
The rotary vane attenuator is the ideal instrument for use in waveguide system where
broadband direct reading of attenuation is required, particularly as a standard for reflectometer and swept
measuring system.
DETECTOR MOUNT
The crystal detector can be used for the detection of microwave signal. RF choke is built into the
crystal mounting to reduce leakage from BNC connector. At Low level of microwave power, the response
of each detector approximates to square law characteristics and may be used with high gain selective
amplifier having square law meter calibration.
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MULTIHOLE DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
At microwave frequencies the directional coupler are easy tool to sample the microwave energy traveling
in one direction. These consist of a section of waveguide with addition of second parallel section of
waveguide making it a port network. The fourth port is terminated with matched load. These two parallel
sections are coupled to each other through many loads to give uniform coupling minimum frequency
sensitivity and high directivity.
Attenuation measurement, reflectometer setup power measuring source leveling an n/w analysis are
few areas in which couplers are used.
CROSS DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
Cross directional couplers consist of two waveguide sectional joints at 90 with coupling element
mounted into the common broad wall. Each model is furnished with a nominal midband coupling value of
20 dB. It is used for maintaining signal frequency, Power in non-resonant, non-microwave system.
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FERRITE DEVICES
CIRCULATORS
The ferrite circulators are T and Y type of matched three port devices, which offers low insertion
loss and high isolation over 1GHz bandwidth. The performance of these circulators optimize at the
frequency 8.6-10 GHz. Circulators are matched three Port devices and are meant for allowing microwave
energy to flow in clockwise direction with negligible loss but almost no transmission in the anticlockwise
direction.
ISOLATOR
Circulators may be converted to isolators by terminating one of its ports with matched load. This
will work over a frequency range of oscillator and are well-matched devices offering low forward
attenuation and high reverse attenuation.
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FREQUENCY METER
Frequency meters are intended for moderate accuracy applications in microwave measurements
and are usually best for this purpose since they permit full power flow down the transmission line except at
précised tuned frequency. They compare the harmonics of the known lower frequency with unknown
microwave frequency.
PROBES::
These are very important for measuring SWR and impedance.
TUNABLE PROBE
These tunable probes consist of crystal, wire antenna, inconvenient coaxial housing. Its depth of
penetration into the slotted section is variable and may be locked at any position of penetration.
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BROAD BAND PROBE
These tunable probes consist of crystal plus a wire antenna in convenient coaxial housing for
sampling microwave energy. No tuning is required for maximizing the sampled signal. These probes are
extremely sensitive over a wide frequency range.
SHORTS
These are used as variable impedance elements or as training elements. The component consists of
waveguide with flange at one end shorted at other end with special shorting plunger. The plunger can be
moved by means of precision spindle. The spindle is moved to and fro means of micrometer. The former
is known as movable short and the later is precision short. Precision short is used for very fine adjustment
of the plunger.
SLOTTED LINE WITH PROBE CARRIAGE
Slotted line is a fundamental tool for microwave measurement and consists of the following parts,
the lower part with 4 legs and adjusting screws on which a wave-guide is mounted. The wave-guide has a
longitudinal narrow slot on upper surface of broad wall, as at this point electrical vector is maximum. The
upper most part is known as carriage, which can accumulate a tunable detector probe. A vernier scale fixed
on the carriage move over the detector probe extended inside a wave-guide through Slot without touching
the wave-guide wall. The Vernier and the main scale arrangement facilities in measurement of probe
position. The characteristic impedance of slotted line must be matched with main line in between which is
to be connected.
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MICROWAVE ANTENNA
HORN ANTENNA
Horn antenna may be regarded as opened out or flared out wave-guide. A wave-guide is capable of
radiating; radiation into open space provided the same is excited at one end and opened at the other end. If
flaring is done only in one direction then sectorial horn is produced. Flaring in the direction of electric
vector and magnetic vector, the sectional E-plane and H-plane horn are obtained respectively. If flaring is
done in both the wall of rectangular wave-guide, pyramidal horn is obtained. By flaring the wall of
circular wave guide conical horn is produced.
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PARABOLIC REFLECTOR
A parabolic is a 2 dimensional curve. Practical reflector is a three dimensional curved surface.

Rotating a parabola about its axis forms parabolic reflector. Surface so generated is paraboloid, which is
often called as microwave dish. This produces a parallel beam of circular cross section, as the mouth of
parabola is circular.
TERMINATION
These are designed for terminating the waveguide system operating at low average power. The
loads are carefully designed to observe virtually all the applied power and assure low SWR. They may be
used where matched load is required as in the measurement of reflection, discontinuities of obstacles in
wave-guide system.
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WAVEGUIDE BENDS AND TWIST:
BENDS
In measurements, it is necessary to bend the wave-guide to some angle. There are two types of
bends. E bends and H bends.
E-Bend
When microwave propagate in TE10 mode E lines are bend in transition and H lines remain.
H-Bends
When microwave propagate in TE10 mode H lines are bend in transition and E lines remain more
are less vertical.
TWISTS
Twist is used to rotate the plane of polarization of the waveguide transmission line. They are
manufactured from a section of standard wave guide, which has been precisely adjusted maintaining the
internal wave guide dimension any desired angular orientation is obtained with the combination of three
type of sections H, E bends and twists.
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DIELECTRIC CELLS
These are measuring components for solid and liquid dielectric constant measurement. These
consist of cavities for keeping the sample and the position of the sample can be read by means of
micrometers.
FILTERS
They are low loss filters designed for using wave-guide system. BW of 5% is standard at center
frequency.
WAVE GUIDE HORN
They are intended for using general-purpose radiators and used to determine the gain of the antenna
by a conventional substitution method. They are also used as reference sources in dual channel antenna test
receivers and can be used as pickup horns for radiation monitoring.
TUNERS
EH plane tuners provide a convenient means of tuning out discontinuities in waveguide systems.
Mismatches up to 20:1 can be tuned to a VSWR of less than 1.02 at any frequency in the microwave bend.
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PHASE SHIFTER/TEE JUNCTIONS
Phase shifters are used to change the electrical length of the transmission line without changing its
physical length. They are particularly used in microwave bridge circuit where phase and amplitude must be
adjusted independently.
E PLANE TEE JUNCTION
They are series type. They consist of three sections of wave-guides joint together in order to divide
on compare power level. Signal entering the first port will be equally divided between port 2 and port 3 of
same magnitude but in opposite phase.
H PLANE TEE
These are shunt type TEE junction with VSWR meter frequency meter and other detectors. Signals fed
into port1 will be equally divided in magnitude at port 2 and port 3 in same phase.
MAGIC TEE
It is a EH plane TEE with both series and shunt wave-guides at exact midpoint of midmain arm. Both
arms are flanged on either side. These are employed in balanced mixers AFC circuits and impedance
measurement circuits.
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PORT 3
PORT 2 E - PLANE TEE

PORT 1
PORT 4
PORT 2
PORT 1
MAGIC TEE
PORT 3
PORT 2
PORT 1
H - PLANE TEE
PORT 3
UNIVERSAL WAVEGUIDE STAND
This stand accepts K, X, L, S band components for setting up the waveguide test benches. They are
adjustable in height and can be latched in any position by means of a screw to hold the waveguide system
horizontally.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM:
KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY
KLYSTRON
CRO
MOUNT
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DETECTOR

ISOLATOR ATTENUATOR METER MOUNT
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Ex No:
REFLEX KLYSTRON MODE CHARACTERISTICS
Date:
AIM:
To study the characteristics of reflex klystron tube and determine the electronic tuning range
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
S.NO. EQUIPMENTS MODEL NO. QTY
1 Klystron power supply SKPS-610 1
2 Klystron tube 2K-25 1
3 Klystron mount XM-251 1
4 Isolator XI-621 1
5 Frequency meter XF-710 1
6 Variable attenuator XA-520 1
7 Detector Mount XD - 451 1
8 Wave Guide Stand XU - 535 1
9 VSWR meter SW-115 1
10 Oscilloscope 30MHz 1
11 BNC- BNC cable 1
PROCEDURE:
A. Carrier wave operation:
1. Connect the components as shown in the fig.
2. Keep variable attenuator in minimum position
3. Keep control Knobs of Klystron power supply as below
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MODEL GRAPH:
TABULATION:
MODES Repeller Voltage(V) Frequency(GHz) Output Voltage(mV)
Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
Beam voltage : OFF

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Mod –Switch : CW
Beam voltage Knob : Fully: anticlockwise
Reflector voltage Knob : Fully clockwise
AM-Amplitude : Around fully clockwise
AM- Frequency Knob : Around Mid position
4. Rotate the knob of frequency meter at one side fully.
5. Switch ON the Klystron Power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan for the klystron tube. Switch
on the beam voltage switch position and set beam voltage at 300V and observe the current position
(The beam current should not increase more than 30mA
6. Adjust Reflector voltage Knob to get some deflection on the VSWR meter
7. Maximize the deflection with the help of AM amplitude and frequency control Knob
8. Tune the plunger of the Klystron Mount for max.deflection
9. Tune the reflector voltage knob for maximum deflection
10. Tune the probe for maximum deflection in the VSWR meter
11. Rotate the knob of frequency meter slowly and stop at the position where there is lowest output
current on the multimeter. Read directly the frequency meter between two horizontal line and
vertical marker.
12. Change the reflect voltage and read the current and frequency for each reflector voltage.
B. Square wave operation:
1. Connect the components as shown in the fig.
 Beam voltage : OFF
 Mod –Switch : AM MOD
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 Beam voltage Knob : Fully: anticlockwise
 Reflector voltage Knob : Fully clockwise
 AM-Amplitude : Around fully clockwise
 AM- Frequency Knob : Around Mid position
4. Rotate the knob of frequency meter at one side fully.
5. Switch ON the Klystron Power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan for the klystron tube.
6. Switch on the beam voltage switch position and set beam voltage at 300V and observe the current
position (The beam current should not increase more than 30mA)
12. Rotate the knob of frequency meter slowly and stop at the position where there is lowest output
current on the multimeter. Read directly the frequency meter between two horizontal line and
vertical marker.
13. Change the reflect voltage and read the current and frequency for each reflector voltage.
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Explain the principle of operation of a reflex klystron?
2. What is velocity modulation?
3. Draw the electronic admittance diagram of reflex klystron.
4. State the differences between TWT and klystron?
5. How is bunching achieved in a cavity magnetron?
6. How is tuning achieved in reflex klystron oscillators?
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7. Explain the transit time effect?
8. When the output power of reflex klystron maximum?
9. What is repeller voltage? How it is determined?
10. Which mode number is most frequently used? Why?
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INFERENCE:
 Tuning range is obtained for different modes by increasing the repeller voltage.
 With increase in repeller voltage, the peak value of output voltage increases from mode 1 to
mode 3.
Mark Allocation
Preparation 05
Execution & Result 10
Viva 05
Total 20
RESULT:
Thus the mode characteristic of Klystron has been studied and also calculated electronic tuning
range.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM:
GUNN POWER
SUPPLY CRO
GUNN DETECTOR
OSCILLATOR MOUNT
PIN VARIABLE FREQUENCY

ISOLATOR MODULATOR ATTENUATOR METER
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Ex No:
CHARACTERISTIC OF GUNN OSCILLATOR
Date:
AIM:
To study the V-I Characteristics of Gunn Oscillator and to the threshold voltage of the Gunn
oscillator
S.NO EQUIPMENT MODEL NO. QTY
1 Gunn Power supply GS-610 1
2 Gunn Oscillator XG-11 1
3 Isolator XI-621 1
5 Variable Attenuator XA-520 1
6 Termination XL-400 1
THEORY
Gunn diode oscillator normally consist of a resonant cavity, an arrangement

for coupling diode to the cavity a circuit for biasing the diode and a mechanism to couple the
RF power from cavity to external circuit load. A co-axial cavity or a rectangular wave guide cavity is
commonly used.
The circuit using co-axial cavity has the Gunn diode at one end at one end of cavity along with the
central conductor of the co-axial line. The O/P is taken using an inductively or capacitively coupled probe.
The length of the cavity determines the frequency of oscillation. The location of the coupling loop or probe
within the resonator determines the load impedance presented to the Gunn diode. Heat sink conducts
away the heat due to power dissipation of the device.
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TABULATION:
S.No Gunn bias Voltage(V) Gunn Current(mA)
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PROCEDURE:
1. Setup the component as shown in the fig.
2. Keep the control Knobs of Gunn Power supply as given below
Meter Switch : OFF
Gunn Bias Knob : Fully anticlockwise
PIN Bias Knob : Fully anticlockwise
Set the micrometer of Gunn oscillator for required frequency of operation
3. Switch ‘ON’ the Gunn Power supply.
4. Measure the Gunn Current corresponding to various Gunn bias voltages through the digital panel
meter and meter switch. Do not exceed bias voltage above 10 V
5. Plot voltage and current reading on the graph.
6. Measure the threshold voltage corresponding to Maximum current.
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is the necessary condition for an IMPATT to produce oscillations?
2. What are the materials used in the construction of Gunn diode.
3. What is meant by negative resistance region of Gunn diode??
4. Define Gunn Effect.
5. What are the other names of Gunn diode and Gunn oscillator?
6. What is negative resistance region?
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7. List the several donation formation modes of a Gunn diode.
8. Explain the operation of a Gunn diode?
9. Explain how Gunn diode is acting as an oscillator?
10. What is threshold voltage?
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INFERENCE:
Mark Allocation
Preparation 05
Viva 05
Total 20
RESULT:
Thus the VI characteristic of Gunn diode has been studied.
Threshold voltage = V
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53
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
1. GENERATION OF SQUARE WAVE
KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY
KLYSTRON
CRO
MOUNT

2. SETUP FOR FREQUENCY & WAVELENGTH MEASUREMENT
KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY
KLYSTRON
TUNABLE VSWR
MOUNT
PROBE METER
VARIABLE FREQUENCY SLOTTED TERMINATION

ISOLATOR
ATTENUATOR METER SECTION
MOVABLE
SHORT
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Ex. No:
MEASUREMENT OF FREQUENCY, WAVELENGTH AND
Date: VSWR
AIM:
To determine the frequency, wavelength and VSWR of the rectangular waveguide working in TE10
mode.
S.NO EQUIPMENTS MODEL NO. QTY
2 Klystron tube 2K-25 1
3 Klystron mount XM-251 1
4 Isolator XI-621 1
7 Slotted line XS-565 1
8 Tunable probe XP-655 1
10 Universal wave guide stand XU-535 1
12 Movable short XT-481 1
13 BNC- BNC cable 1
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3. SETUP FOR VSWR MEASUREMENT
KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY
KLYSTRON
TUNABLE VSWR
MOUNT
PROBE METER
VARIABLE FREQUENCY SLOTTED SS TUNER

ISOLATOR
MATCHED
TERMINATION
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THEORY:
The cut-off frequency relationship shows that the physical size of the wave guide will determine
the propagation of the particular modes of specific orders determined by values of m and n. The minimum
cut-off frequency is obtained for a rectangular wave guide having dimension a>b, for values of m=1, n=0,
i.e. TE10 mode is the dominant mode since for TMmn modes, m#0 or n#0 the lowest-order mode
possible is TE 10, called the dominant mode in a rectangular wave guide for a>b.
For dominant TE10mode rectangular wave guide λo, λg and λc are related as below.
1 1 1
 
2o 2g 2c
Where
λo is free space wave length; λg is guide wave length; λc is cut off wave length
For TE10 mode λc= 2a where ‘a’ is broad dimension of wave guide.
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the components as shown in the fig.
3. Keep control Knob of variable attenuator as below
Range : 40/50 dB
Input switch : Low impedance
Meter switch : Normal
Gain (course- fine) : Mid position
Beam voltage : OFF
Mod –Switch : AM
Beam voltage Knob : Fully: anticlockwise
Reflector voltage Knob : Fully clockwise
57
TABULATION:
Direct Method:
Frequency = GHz
Repeller voltage = V
Dip frequency = GHz
FREQUENCY WAVELENGTH MEASUREMENT
Indirect Method:
Vernier scale reading Wavelength of wave guide Observed frequency
d1 (cm) d2 (cm) λg=2(d1~d2) fo = √(1/λg2 + 1/(2a)2 )
Vmin
Vmax
Where a is broad dimension of waveguide,
Normalized impedance from Smith chart Z=
Actual impedance = Normalized impedance * Characteristic impedance
For VSWR MEASUREMENT
VSWR = V max /V min
Frequency Load Load Short Minima λg =

D=d1/d2
(GHz) VSWR min d1 (cm) d2 (cm) 2 (d1~ d2)
58
AM-Amplitude : Around fully clockwise
AM- Frequency Knob : Around Mid position
5. Switch ON the Klystron Power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan switch
6. Switch on the beam voltage switch position and set beam voltage at 300V
12. Tune the frequency meter Knob to get dip on the VSWR scale. Note the Frequency Directly from the
frequency meter between two horizontal line and a vertical line
13. Replace the termination with movable short and detune the frequency meter.
14. Move the probe along the slotted line so that there is some deflection in VSWR meter .Move the
probe to locate two successive min or max. Position. Note the probe Position as d1 and d2. Move the
probe to the next minimum position and record the probe position again
15. Calculate the guide wavelength as 2 (d1~ d2)
16. Measure the Waveguide inner broad dimension as 22.8 mm for X-band.
17. Calculate Frequency f0 as
fo = C/λ = √(1/λg2 + 1/λc2 )
where C = 3*108 m/s
18. Verify the frequency with the frequency obtained from frequency meter.
59
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. State Faraday’s rotation law.
2. State the properties of S matrix.
3. Explain the relation b/w wavelength and frequency?
4. Define dominant mode with respect to a waveguide.
5. Mention dominant mode for rectangular and circular waveguides.
6. What is guide wavelength &cutoff wave length?
60
7. Explain the formation of stationary wave?
8. What is SWR? Explain its significance.
9. What is VSWR?
10. What is square law device?
11. Explain the impedance of smith chart?
12. What are the reasons that low frequency parameters cannot be measured in microwaves?
61
13. Describe how an ordinary voltmeter can be calibrated to VSWR directly.
14. List any two methods of measuring impedance of a terminating load in a microwave system.
15. Explain the concept of double minimum method of measuring VSWR.
62
INFERENCE:
Mark Allocation
Preparation 05
Viva 05
Total 20
RESULT:
Thus the frequency is measured using direct reading frequency meter and verified using indirect frequency
measurement method.
Frequency = ________ (GHZ)
Wavelength = __________ (M)
VSWR = __________
63
64
65
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY
KLYSTRON
TUNABLE VSWR
MOUNT
PROBE METER
VARIABLE FREQUENCY SLOTTED ISOLATOR /

ISOLATOR
ATTENUATOR METER SECTION CIRCULATOR
MATCHED
TERMINATION
ISOLATOR:
OUTPUT
INPUT
CIRCULATOR:
PORT 2
PORT 3
PORT 1
66
Ex No:
SCATTERING PARAMETERS OF CIRCULATOR AND
Date: ISOLATOR
AIM:
To determine the isolation and insertion loss for isolator and circulators.
S.NO ITEM MODEL NO QTY
2 Klystron tube with mount XM-251 1
3 Isolator XI-651 1
6 Detector mount XD-451 1
8 Magic Tee XE 350 1
10 Wave guide stand XU-535 4
11 BNC-BNC connector 2
67
TABULATION:
VSWR Meter
S- Element Input-Output port
reading (dB) Sij
Diagonal Element S calculation:
VSWR Meter
S- Element Input-Output port Sij
reading (dB)
68
CIRCULATOR:
Circulator is defined as device with ports arranged such that energy entering a port is coupled to an
adjacent port but not coupled to the other ports. This is depicted in figure circulator can have any number
of ports.
ISOLATOR:
An Isolator is a two-port device that transfers energy from input to output with little attenuation and
from output to input with very high attenuation. The isolator, shown in Fig. can be derived from a three-
port circulator by simply placing a matched load (reflection less termination) on one port.
The important circulator and isolator parameters are:
1.Insertion Loss
Insertion Loss is the ratio of power detected at the output port to the power supplied by source to
the input port, measured with other ports terminated in the matched Load. It is expressed in dB.
2. Isolation
Isolation is the ratio of power applied to t he output to that measured at the input. This
ratio is expressed in db. The isolation of a circulator is measured with the third port
terminated in a matched load.
PROCEDURE:
Measurement of insertion
1. Remove the isolator or circulator from slotted line and connect the detector mount to
the slotted section. The output of the detector mount should be connected with CRO.
2. Energize the microwave source for maximum output for a particular frequency of operation. Tune
the detector mount for maximum output in the CRO.
3. Set any reference level of output in CRO with the help of variable attenuator (V1).
4. Carefully remove the detector mount from slotted line without disturbing the position
of the set up. Insert the circulator between slotted line and detector mount. Keep input port to
slotted line and detector at its output port and matched termination at third port of the
Circulator.
5. Record the output in CRO (V2)
6. Compute Insertion loss V1-V2 in db.
69
S-matrix of Circulator:
70
Measurement of Isolation
1. F or m e as u r em en t of i s ol at i o n, t h e ci r cul at o r h a s t o b e c o nn ec t e d i n r ev e rs e i .e .
output port to slotted line and detector to input port with other port terminated by matched
termination.
2. Record the output of CRO (V3).
3. Compute Isolation as V1-V3in db.
4. The same experiment can be done for other ports of circulator.
5. Repeat the above experiment for other frequency if needed
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Define insertion loss.
2. Define isolation loss.
3. What is isolator?
4. What is circulator?
71
5. Differentiate isolator and circulator.
6. What is meant by reflection less termination?
7. Mention the advantages of isolator.
8. Mention the advantages of circulator.
9. What is meant by slotted line?
10. Mention the parameters of isolator and circulator.
72
INFERENCE:
Mark Allocation
Preparation 05
Viva 05
Total 20
RESULT:
Thus the Isolation & Insertion loss is calculated for Isolator & Circulator.
Isolation loss = ________________
Insertion loss = ________________
73
74
75
BLOCK DIAGRAM: (Antenna Gain and Radiation Pattern Measurement)
KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY VSWR
METER
KLYSTRON
MOUNT DETECTOR
MOUNT
VARIABLE FREQUENCY
ISOLATOR
ATTENUATOR METER
76
Ex No: MEASUREMENT OF DIRECTIVITY AND RADIATION PATTERN
Date: OF HORN ANTENNA
AIM:
To measure the polar pattern and the gain of wave guide horn antenna
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No ITEM MODEL NO QTY
3 Isolator XI-651 1
8 Radiation pattern XTB-105 1
9 Horn antenna XH-541 2
PROCEDURE
1. Set up the equipment as shown in the fig. Keeping the axis of both the antennas in the same line
2. Energize the Klystron or Gunn power supply for maximum output at desired frequency with square
wave modulation.
77
TABULATION
Angular position
S.No Relative Power (in dB) Received power (in dB)
(in Degrees)
78
3. Obtain full-scale deflection (0 dB) on normal dB scale at any convenient rage switch position on
VSWR meter by adjusting Gain control Knob of VSWR meter or by variable attenuator.
4. Tune the receiving Horn antenna to Left in 2º or 5 º steps and note down the corresponding VSWR
dB reading in normal dB range. When necessary change the range switches to next higher range
and add 10dBs to observed value.
5. Repeat the above steps by tuning the receiving antenna to the right in steps of 2 º or 5 º and note
the corresponding VSWR value.
6. Plot the relative power VS angle.
7. From the plot determine the 3dB width (beam width) of the horn antenna.
GAIN MEASUREMENT:
1. Set up the equipment as shown in the fig. Keeping the axis of both the antennas in the same line.
2. Keep the range dB switch at 50dB position with gain control full.
wave modulation.
4. Obtain full-scale deflection (0 dB) on normal dB scale at any convenient rage switch position on
VSWR meter by adjusting Gain control Knob of VSWR meter or by variable attenuator.
5. Replace the transmitting horn antenna by detector mount and change appropriate range dB position
to get the deflection. On scale (without touching the gain control Knob) note and record the range
dB position and deflection of VSWR meter.
6. Calculate the difference in dB between the transmitting and the receiving power and convert it into
power ratio which is Pt/Pr
7. Calculate the gain G
G = [(4π rmin/λ0). (Pr/Pt) ]^ 1/2
Where rmin = 2d2/ λ0
8. Convert G into dB
G dB = 10 log G
79
80
CALCULATION:
81
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. List the application of Horn antenna
2. Draw the radiation pattern of Horn antenna
3. Write the gain formula of the antenna measurement
4. List the various types of Horn antenna
5. Name few antennas used in microwave frequency range?
6. What are the special features of microwave antenna?
82
7. What is radiator?
8. How you will find out the distance b/w the transmitter & receiver in microwave frequency range?
9. Define Gain.
10 Mention the advantages of Horn antenna.
83
84
INFERENCE:
Mark Allocation
Preparation 05
Viva 05
Total 20
RESULT:
Thus the directivity and radiation pattern is measured for the given Horn antenna.
85
86
87
BLOCK DIAGRAM
KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY
KLYSTRON
CRO
MOUNT

2. ATTENUATION AND POWER MEASUREMENT
KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY
KLYSTRON
MOUNT
VARIABLE FREQUENCY FIXED / DETECTOR

ISOLATOR VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR METER MOUNT
ATTENUATOR
CRO
88
Ex No:
ATTENUATION AND POWER MEASUREMENT
Date:
AIM:
To study the attenuation and power measurement
APPRATUS REQUIRED:
S.No ITEM MODEL NO QTY
1 Klystron Tube 2K-25 1
2 Isolator XI-21 1
5 Slotted line XS-651 1
7 Tunable Probe XP-655 1
8 Matched Termination XL-400 1
9 Test attenuator a. Fixed b. Variable XTB-105 1
10 Klystron Power Supply + Klystron Mount 1
11 VSWR Meter SW-115 1
12 Cooling Fan
13 BNC-BNC cable and TNC-TNC cable 2
89
TABULATION
Micrometer
P1 (dB) P2 (dB) Attenuation = P1-P2 (dB)
reading
MODEL GRAPH
CALCULATION:
90
THEORY:
The attenuator is a two port bidirectional device which attenuates some power when
inserted into a transmission line.
Attenuation A (dB) = 10 log (P1/P2)
Where
P1 = Power detected by the load without the attenuator in the line
P2 = Power detected by the load with the attenuator in the line.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the equipments as shown in the above figure.
2. Energize the microwave source for maximum power at any frequency of operation
3. Connect the detector mount to the slotted line and tune the detector mount also for max deflection
on VSWR or on CRO Set any reference level on the VSWR meter or on CRO with the help of
variable attenuator. Let it be P1.
4. Carefully disconnect the detector mount from the slotted line without disturbing any position on the
setup place the test variable attenuator to the slotted line and detector mount to O/P port of test
variable attenuator. Keep the micrometer reading of text variable attenuator to zero and record the
readings of VSWR meter or on CRO. Let it to be P2.
5. Then the insertion loss of test attenuator will be P1-P2 db.
6. For measurement of attenuation of fixed and variable attenuator. Place the test attenuator to the
slotted line and detector mount at the other port of test attenuator. Record the reading of VSWR
meter or on CRO. Let it be P3 then the attenuation value of variable attenuator for particular
position of micrometer reading of will be P1-P3 db.
7. In case the variable attenuator changes the micro meter reading and record the VSWR meter or
CRO reading. Find out attenuation value for different position of micrometer reading and plot a
graph.
8. Now change the operating frequency and all steps should be repeated for finding frequency
sensitivity of fixed and variable attenuator.
91
92
Note:1. For measuring frequency sensitivity of variable attenuator the position of micrometer reading of
the variable attenuator should be same for all frequencies of operation.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. How can you extend the range of power measurement?
2. What are the losses in strip lines?
3. What are the properties of dielectric materials?
4. What are the reasons that low frequency parameters cannot be measured in microwaves?
5. What are the advantages of micro strip line over strip line?
93
6. Define attenuation (A).
7. Write down the formula of Attenuation (A).
8. What is meant by variable attenuator?
9. What is the need of frequency attenuator?
10. What is meant by power measurement?
94
INFERENCE:
Mark Allocation
Preparation 05
Viva 05
Total 20
RESULT:
Thus the attenuation and power measurement is studied and analyzed
95
96
97
BLOCK DIAGRAM
KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY
KLYSTRON
CRO
MOUNT

2. CHARACTERIZATION OF E-PLANE TEE, H-PLANE TEE AND MAGIC TEE
KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY CRO
KLYSTRON
MOUNT DETECTOR
MOUNT
VARIABLE FREQUENCY SLOTTED E PLANE TEE/

ISOLATOR H PLANE TEE/
MAGIC TEE
98
Ex No:
S MATRIX CHARACTERIZATION OF E-PLANE TEE, H-PLANE TEE
Date: AND MAGIC TEE
AIM:
1. To study the S matrix characterization of E-Plane Tee, H-Plane Tee and Magic Tee
2. To determine its Isolation and Coupling factor.
3 Isolator XI-651 1
8 Magic Tee XE 350 1
99
TABULATION:
1. INSOLATION FACTOR
Input Signal (Vi) = V
IL = 20 log(Vi/Vj)
Input Port Output Port Vo
dB
2. COUPLING FACTOR
P1 (dB) P2 (dB)
Isolation α = P1~P2 Cij = 10-α/20
Power without Power with Magic (dB) (dB)
Magic Tee Tee
Relative power input to Tees =
P1 (dB) P2 (dB) P3 (dB) P4 (dB)
H PLANE TEE NA
E PLANE TEE NA
MAGIC TEE
100
THEORY
The device Magic Tee is a combination of E and H plane Tee. Arm 3 is the H-arm and arm 4 is the
E-arm. If the power is fed, into arm 3 (H -arm) the electric fields divides equally between arm1
and 2 with the same phase and no electric field exists in the arm 4. If power is fed in arm 4(E-arm) it
divides equally into arm 1 and 2 but out of phase wit h no power to arm 3, further, if the power
is fed in arm 1 and 2 simultaneously it is added in arm 3 (H-arm) and it is subtracted in E-arm i.e., arm 4.
A. Isolation:
The Isolation between E and H arm is defined as the ratio of the power supplied by the
generator connected to the E-arm (port 4) to the power detected at H-arm (port 3) when side arm1 and 2
terminated in matched load.
Isolation (dB) = 10 log10 [P4/P3]
B. Coupling Factor:
It is defined as Cij = 10 – ∝/20
Where ‘∝’ is attenuation / isolation in dB when ‘i' is input arm and ‘j’ is output arm.
Thus, ∝= 10 log10[P4/P3]
Where P3 is the power delivered to arm ‘i’ and P4 is power detected at ‘j’ arm.
PROCEDURE:
1. Setup the components as shown in the fig.
2. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and tune the detector mount
for maximum output.
3. With the help of variable attenuator and gain control Knob of VSWR meter set any Power level in
the VSWR meter and Note it down as P1.
4. Without disturbing the Position of variable attenuator and gain control Knob carefully place the
magic Tee after slotted Line Keeping H-arm connected to slotted line, E-arm to detector and arms 1
and 2 to Matched termination.
5. Note the reading from VSWR meter as P2.
6. Determine the Isolation between port 3 and 4 as P1 - P2 in dB
7. Determine the coupling coefficient as cij = 10 - a/20
where a = 10 log10( p2/p1)
101
CALCULATION:
102
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is Magic Tee?
2. Draw the structure of Magic Tee in E plane and H plane
3. Why are propagating modes along the strip lines are non-TEM and not pure TEM modes?
4. How are waveguides different from normal two – wire transmission lines?
5. Give the physical interpretation for phase and group velocity in relation to speed of light.
6. What are cross field devices?
103
7. What is the other name for e-arm?
8. What is the operation of H-plane tee?
9. Mention the difference between E & H plane tee junction?
10. How the magic tee is working?
11. What is the application of tee junction?
104
INFERENCE:
Mark Allocation
Preparation 05
Viva 05
Total 20
RESULT:
Thus the characteristics of magic Tee were studied and calculated the following factors
Isolation factor =
Coupling factor =
105
106
107
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
108
Ex No:
DIRECTIONAL COUPLER-DIRECIVITY AND COUPLING
Date: COEFFICIENT-S-PARAMETER
AIM:
To study the function of multihole directional coupler by measuring following parameters
1. Mainline and auxiliary line VSWR
2. Coupling factor and directivity of the coupler
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
3 Isolator XI-651 1
8 Directional coupler XK-620 1
9 Matched termination XL-441 2
109
TABULATION:
Relative power output Relative power output

Output power
from main arm Pm from auxiliary arm Pa
Before reversing
After reversing
110
THEORY
A directional coupler is a device with which it is possible to measure the incident and
reflected wave separately. It consist of two transmission lines the main arm and auxiliary arm,
electromagnetically coupled to each other Refer to the Fig.1. The power entering, in the main -
a rm get s di vi d ed b e t w ee n p ort 2 a nd 3 , and al m ost no p ow e r c om es o ut i n p o r t (4 )
P ow e r entering at port 2 is divided between port 1 and 4.
1. The coupling factor is defined as
 Coupling (dB) = 10 log10 [P1/P3] where port 2 is terminated,
 Isolation (dB) = 10 log10 [P2/P3] where P1 is matched.
2. With built-in termination and power entering at Port 1, the directivity of the coupler is
a measure of separation between incident wave and the reflected wave. Directivity is
measured indirectly as follows:
 Hence Directivity D (dB) = I - C = 10 log10 [P2/P1]
Main line VSWR is SWR measured, looking into the main -line input terminal when the
matched loads are placed at all other ports. Auxiliary live VSWR is SWR measured in the auxiliary
line looking into the output terminal when the matched loads are placed on other terminals. Main
line insertion loss is the attenuation introduced in the tran smission line by insertion of coupler,
it is defined as: Insertion
Loss (dB) = 10 log10[P1/P2]
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the components as shown in the fig.
wave modulation.
3. Set any reference level of power on VSWR meter with the help of Variable attenuator Gain control
Knob of VSWR meter and note the reading(X)
4. Insert the directional coupler, with detector to Auxiliary port 3 and Matched termination to port 2
without changing the position of variable attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR meter.
111
CALCULATION:
Repeller voltage =
Mid frequency =
1. Reference power level before inserting Directional coupler (X) dB=
2. Power level after inserting Directional coupler (Y) dB=
3. Power level after Directional coupler Reversed (Yd) dB=
4. Power level with Port 3 Matched and Port 2 to detector (Z)=
Coupling factor (C) = X – Y= 10 log(Pi/Pa)
Insertion Loss (I) = X – Z= 10 log(Pm/Pi)
Directivity =Y – Yd =Is – C = 10 log(Pa/Pi)
Isolation (Is) = X- Yd
112
5. Note down the reading on VSWR meter on the scale with the help of range dB switch if required (Y)
6. Calculate coupling factor C= X – Y in dB.
7. Now carefully disconnect the detector from the Auxiliary port 3 and matched termination from port2
without disturbing the setup.
8. Connect the matched termination to the Auxiliary port 3 and detector to port 2 and measure the
reading on VSWR meter (Z)
9. Compute insertion loss I = X – Z in dB.
10. Connect the directional coupler in reverse direction i.e. Port 2 to frequency meter side, Matched
termination to port1 and detector mount to port 3,without disturbing the position of the variable
attenuator and gain control Knob of VSWR meter.
11. Measure and Note the reading on VSWR meter (Yd). Isolation (Is= X-Yd) in dB
12. Compute the directivity as Y - Yd = Is
113
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. State the two parameters that describe a directional coupler? Define them.
2. What is meant by hybrid coupler?
3. Compare z parameters and ABCD parameters with S-parameters.
4. What are hybrid rings?
5. List the parameters that determine the performance of a directional coupler.
6. Why are waveguide bends and twists constructed so that the direction of propagated energy is
gradually changed?
114
7. Explain the operation of a directional coupler?
8. Find out the s-matrix for the directional coupler from its operation?
9. Mention few application of directional coupler?
10. Define directivity?
11. Explain coupling factor?
115
116
INFERENCE:
Mark Allocation
Preparation 05
Viva 05
Total 20
RESULT:
Thus the Characteristic of Multihole directional coupler is studied
VSWR =
Coupling factor =
Directivity of the coupler =
117
118
119
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM for LED:
TABULATIONS for LED:
R = _____ Ω
Sl. No V1 (Volts) ILED(µA) VLED(Volts) P (dBm) P0 (mW)
120
Ex No:
DC CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHT SOURCES
Date:
AIM:
1. To obtain the DC characteristics of the given LED and LASER

2. To plot its VI and PI characteristics.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. LED module (850nm)
2. OFT power source
3. Optic power meter
4. Multimeter
5. Bare fiber adaptor
6. Plastic fiber (850nm)
7. LD module (650nm)
8. 1m Patch cord (PSTO-PC-1)
9.10K, 6.8K 4.7K, 3.3K, 3.9K & 2.2K resistors

,
THEORY:
LED’s and laser diodes the commonly used sources in optical communication systems,
whether the system transmits digital or analog signals. In the case of analog transmission, direct intensity
modulation of the optical source is possible, provided the optical output from the source can be varied
linearly as a function of the modulating electrical signal amplitude. LEDs have a linear optical
output with relation to the forward current over a certain region of operation. It may be mentioned that
in many low-cost and small band-width applications LEDs at 660nm and850nm are popular.
While direct intensity modulation is simple to realize, higher performance is achieved by FM
modulation is simple to realize, higher performance is achieved by FM modulating the base
band signal prior to intensity modulation.FO pin has a 66% higher sensitivity at 85 0nm as
compared to 660nm for the same input optical power .
121
MODEL GRAPH for LED:
V-I Characteristics of LED
Po
ILED
P-I Characteristics of LED
CALCULATIONS:
1. LED cut in voltage:
2. Forward resistance:

∆V
Rf 


∆I
Rf = v2 –v1/ I2 –I1 =
3. LED conversion efficiency:
122
PROCEDURE FOR LED SOURCE
1. Measure the voltage V across the resistor R (180ohms) and calculate the current through the LED
1 1
I which is given as
f
I = V /180
f 1
2. Now measure the voltage V across the LED and note down.
LED
3. Remove the dummy adaptor cap from the power meter PD exposing the large area photo-detector.
Mount the bare fiber adaptor – plastic over the PD. Carefully hold the LED source very close to the
photo-detector window perpendicular to it to couple all the optical power from the LED to the
power meter. Now without changing any voltage or the potentiometer, measure the optical power
output P of the LED.
4. Calculate the power in mW and note it down which is given as
P/10
P = 10
0
5. Turn the potentiometer clockwise direction slightly towards the maximum till you get a convenient
reading V and repeat the steps 1 to 3 and tabulate them
1
6. Repeat step 4 till the potentiometer reaches its maximum position and plot the graph for V Vs I
LED f
and I Vs P .
f 0
123
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM for LASER:
TABULATIONS for LASER:
R = _____ Ω
Sl. No V1 (Volts) ILD(mA) VLD(Volts) P (dBm) P0 (mW)
124
PROCEDURE FOR LASER SOURCE
2. Measure the voltage V across the resistor R (180ohms) and calculate the current through the
1 1
LASER I which is given as
f
I = V /180
f 1
2. Now measure the voltage V across the LASER and note down.
LD
3. Remove the dummy adaptor cap from the power meter PD exposing the large area photo-detector.
Mount the bare fiber adaptor – plastic over the PD. Carefully hold the LASER source very close to
the photo-detector window perpendicular to it to couple all the optical power from the LASER to
the power meter. Now without changing any voltage or the potentiometer, measure the optical
power output P of the LASER.
4. Calculate the power in mW and note it down which is given as
P/10
P = 10
0
5. Turn the potentiometer clockwise direction slightly towards the maximum till you get a convenient
reading V and repeat the steps 1 to 3 and tabulate them
1
6. Repeat step 4 till the potentiometer reaches its maximum position and plot the graph for V Vs I
LD f
and I Vs P .
f 0
125
MODEL GRAPH for LASER:
ILD (mA)
Voltage(V)
V-I Characteristics of LASER
P-I Characterisitcs of LASER
126
127
128
Review Questions
1. What is the difference between LED and LASER diode?
2. What are the characteristics needed for an LED to be used in fiber transmission?
3. What determine the wavelength of emission of LED.
4. Determine the quantum efficiency and responsivity of the photodiode at 0.75µm. When 2×1011
photons with 0.75µm wavelength incident on photodiode, on average 1.2×1011 electron-hole pairs
are generated at the terminals of the device
129
5. What is cut in voltage?
6. Which materials are used to fabricate LED?
7. Difference between spontaneous emission and stimulated emission.
8. Define population inversion
9. Mention the various types of LASER.
130
INFERENCE:
 As the forward voltage of LED increase, the current increases exponentially after the cut in voltage.
 In PI characteristics of LED, as forward current increases the power also increases.
 As the forward voltage of LASER increases, the current increases exponentially.
 In PI characteristics of LASER, as forward current increases the power also increases after the
threshold value.
Mark Allocation
Preparation 05
Viva 05
Total 20
RESULT:
The DC characteristics of the LED and LASER diode is studied and the following results
were obtained
LED cut-in voltage(volts) =
LED forward resistance (Ω) =
LED conversion efficiency =
LASER threshold current (mA) =
131
132
133
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (PD - ZERO BIAS CONFIGURATIONS)
TABULATION:
S.No. Power P dBm Power P V I

0 L z
μW Volts μA
6
I = V /1x10
z L
MODEL GRAPH:
134
Ex No:
DC CHARACTERISTICS OF PIN PHOTO DIODE
Date:
AIM:
1. To obtain the DC characteristics of the given PIN photo diode

2. To plot its PI characteristics.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. PD Module
2. OFT power source
3. Optic power meter
4. Multimeter
5. Bare fiber adaptor
6. Plastic fiber (850nm)
7.8. 1m Patch cord (PSTO-PC-1)
9.10K, 6.8K 4.7K, 3.3K, 3.9K & 2.2K resistors

,
135
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ( PD - FORWARD BIAS CONFIGURATION)
TABULATION:

0 L z
μW Volts μA
3
I = V /10x10
f L
MODEL GRAPH:
136
PROCEDURE FOR PD WITH ZERO BIAS CONFIGURATIONS
Connect the OFT power supply to the module using the DIN-DIN cable provided with the power
supply. Set the bias switch to the zero bias configuration (Bias switch moved to the top most position).
Turn the bias voltage varying pot in the PD module to its minimum position and switch ON the module.
The zero bias LED lights up.
The module at the zero bias configurations is shown in Fig. The photodiode is given no bias
voltage. The current induced by the photo-detector due to the incident optical power on to it, flows through
the load resistor.
1. Put 1Mohm resistor across V .

L
2. Connect the ST connector end of the patch cord supplied with the module to the power source.
3. Set the Power source in CW mode and to give maximum output power (refer Benchmark power
source manual on how to adjust the power). Connect 1m patch cord between source and meter (use
bare fiber adaptor - plastic at the power meter end) and measure this optical power P and adjust the
power in source such that it reads -18dBm approx. Note down this power.
4. Slightly unscrew the black colored cap of the PD to loosen it, without removing it from the
connector assembly. Remove the patch cord from the power meter and gently push the fiber into
the black cap until it is held in place. Now tighten the black cap by screwing it back. The fiber will
now be held firmly in place. Now measure the voltage across V
L.
5. Vary the optical power P from –18dBm to –40dBm approx in steps of 5dBm. To reduce the power
more than what the power source can attenuate, remove the ST connector of the patch cord slightly
that is connected to the power source. This gives the natural attenuation. Ensure that this loose
connector is not disturbed while connecting and removing the patch cord between meter and PD.
May be you can stick the cable on to the table with a sticking tape near the source. Tabulate the
readings as follows:
6. Plot the graph P vs I

z..
7. Responsitivity is calculated by R(λ) = VL/RLPS. Finally the efficiency η is calculated using the
formula . η =( Rλ hν/e)100.
137
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM (PD - REVERSE BIAS CONFIGURATION)
TABULATION:

0 L z
μW Volts μA
3
I = V /10x10
R L
MODEL GRAPH:
138
PROCEDURE FOR PD WITH FORWARD BIAS CONFIGURATION
supply. Set the bias switch to the forward bias configuration (Bias switch moved to the middle position).
Turn the bias voltage varying pot in the PD module to its minimum position and switch ON the module.
The forward bias LED lights up.
The module at the forward bias configuration switches the photodiode to a basic configuration as
shown in Fig. 3.3. The photodiode is given forward bias voltage.
1. Put 10K resistor across V .

L
2. Adjust the potentiometer and fix the bias voltage at 10V
bare fiber adaptor - plastic at the power meter end) and measure this optical power P and adjust the
now be held firmly in place. Now measure the voltage V
L
May be you can stick the cable on to the

f.
139
140
PROCEDURE FOR PD WITH REVERSE BIAS CONFIGURATION
supply. Set the bias switch to the reverse bias configuration (Bias switch moved to the bottom most
position). Turn the bias voltage varying pot in the PD module to its minimum position and switch ON the
module. The reverse bias LED lights up.
The module at the reverse bias configuration switches the photodiode to a basic configuration as
shown in Fig. The photodiode is given reverse bias voltage. The current induced by the photodiode due to
the incident optical power on to it, flows through the load resistor.
1. Put 10K resistor across V .

L
2. Adjust the potentiometer and fix the bias voltage at 10V.
bare fiber adaptor plastic at the power meter end) and measure this optical power P and adjust the
now be held firmly in place. Now measure the voltage V
L
May be you can stick the cable on to the table with a sticking tape near the source. Tabulate the
readings as follows:

R.
141
142
143
Review Question:
1. What type of biasing is preferred for PD? Why?
2. Draw the structure of pin photodiode?
3. Define photodiode dark current.
4. A photo diode is constructed of GaAs, which has a band-gap of 1.53ev at 300K. Find out cut-off
wavelength.
5. Mention the various modes of operation of photo diode.
6. What happens if the photo diode is forward biased?
144
INFERENCE:
Mark Allocation
Preparation 05
Viva 05
Total 20
RESULT:
The DC characteristics of the PIN photo diode is studied and the following results were
obtained
PIN Responsivity(A/W*10-3) =
PIN Quantum Efficiency =
145
146
147
BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR MEASURING LOSSES IN FIBER
148
Ex No:
MEASUREMENT OF COUPLING AND BENDING LOSSES
Date:
AIM:
To determine the coupling and bending losses of the given fiber.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Optical fiber trainer
2. CRO
3. Function generator
4. Optical fiber
PROCEDURE
Bending loss measurement:
1. Setup an Analog link(Refer APPENDIX A)
2. Bend the fiber to form a loop.
3. Reduce the diameter of the loop and measure the amplitude of the received signal.
4. Plot the graph between radius of the bend and output amplitude.
Coupling loss:
1. Setup an Analog link(Refer APPENDIX A)
2. Remove the fiber from LED1 and insert the 3.25m fiber.
3. Now align these two pieces of fiber using the Fiber Alignment Unit.
4. Measure the received signal amplitude as V4.
Formula:
η = 10 log (V4/V1) - α' (L3 + L1)
149
TABULATION FOR BENDING LOSS
Diameter Amplitude of signal (v)
TABULATION FOR COUPLING LOSS
Received signal voltage

Parameter Coupling loss
(V)
V1
(Connect Tx & Rx with 1m fiber)
V4
(Connect Tx(1m fiber) & Rx(3m fiber)

using fiber alignment unit)
η = -10 log (V4/V1) - α' (L3 + L1)

Where
η = Coupling loss
α' = 4.343α
P3/P1= V3/V1 = exp [-α (L3 - L1)]
150
151
CALCULATION:
152
Review Questions
1. Define macroscopic bending loss.
2. Why scattering losses will occur more in multimode fibers?
3. Name the type of scattering losses.
4. When micro bending losses occur?
5. Define coupling loss.
6. Define Cross Talk.
153
7. Write down the coupling loss formula.
8. How to reduce the bending losses?
9. A 3.5 km length of two polarization mode PM fiber has a polarization cross talk of -27dB at its
output end. Determine mode-coupling parameter for the fiber.
10. Find the radius of curvature at which the number of modes (in a bent fiber) decreases by 50% in a
graded index fiber. N1=1.5, α=2, Δ=0.01, a=25um and λ=1.3um.
154
INFERENCE:
Mark Allocation
Preparation 05
Viva 05
Total 20
RESULT:
Thus the losses in fiber optic is studied and determined
Bending loss =
Coupling loss =
155
156
157
BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR THE ANALOG LINK
TABULATION FOR THE ANALOG LINK
Input Voltage = volts
S.No Length of Input Output Voltage (volts) Gain in dB

the fiber frequency(Hz) (20log Vo/Vin)
158
Ex No:
FIBER OPTIC ANALOG AND DIGITAL LINK
Date:
AIM:
To determine the Fiber Optic Analog and Digital Link
APPARATUS REQUIRED
OFT
Two channel
20Mhz Oscilloscope
Function generator 1Hz to 10 MHz
PROCEDURE:
PROCEDURE FOR ANALOG LINK:
1. Set the switch position to Analog in the kit.
2. Apply a 1 V P-P sine wave without any D.C. to I/O 3 BNC post.
3. Connect the 3 pin patch cord between I/O 3 and I/O 2 and P11 post.
4. Connect the 1.25m fiber patch cord between LED1 and PD1.
5. Connect a 2 pin patch cord between P31 and I/O 1.
6. Connect I/O 2 to oscilloscope channel 1 and I/O 1 to channel 2.
7. Observe the input sine wave at channel 1 and output at channel 2.
8. Adjust the gain such that no clipping take place.
9. Vary the input signal from 100 Hz to 5 MHz and measure the amplitude of the received signal.
10. Plot the received signal amplitude as a function of frequency using a logarithmic scale and measure
the frequency range for which the response is flat to find the bandwidth.
159
BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR THE DIGITAL LINK
TABULATION:
Maximum bit rate(2*f)

Input
OUTPUT
Input Voltage (V) frequency
(KHz)
Freq (Hz) Amp (V) Time (ms)
160
PROCEDURE FOR DIGITAL LINK:
1. Set the switch position to digital in the kit.
2. Apply a TTL signal to I/O 3 BNC post.
3. Connect the 3 pin patch cord between I/O 3 and I/O 2 and B post of S6.
4. Connect the 1.25m fiber patch cord between LED1 and PD1.
5. Connect a 2 pin patch cord between A post of S26 and I/O 1.
6. Connect I/O 2 to oscilloscope channel 1 and I/O 1 to channel 2.
7. Observe the input TTL signal at channel 1 and output at channel 2.
8. Vary the input signal from 100 Hz to 5 MHz and observe the cut-off frequency at the received
signal becomes distorted.
161
CALCULATION:
Cut off frequency = Hz
Bandwidth = 2 x cut-off frequency
= Mbps
162
163
164
Review Questions
1. What is meridional ray?
2. What are the advantages of multimode fiber over single mode fibers?
3. Write down the wavelength regions corresponding to first, second and third windows?
4. A Multimode GI fiber exhibits a total pulse broadening of 0.1µsec over a distance of

15km.Estimate maximum possible bandwidth on the line.
5. Mention the application where analog data is transmitted
165
6. Explain how data is transmitted through optical fibres?
7. Find the maximum bit rate for the fiber link of 5kms. The numerical aperature is 0.25 and the
refractive index is 1.487.
8. What are the processes involved in digitizing analog signal?
9. Mention some of the application where digital data transmission is being implemented?
10. A digital fiber optic link operating at 850nm requires a maximum BER of 10-9. Determine the
energy of incident photon.
166
INFERENCE:
Mark Allocation
Preparation 05
Viva 05
Total 20
RESULT:
Thus the fiber optic analog and digital link is setup.
The bandwidth supported by the system is =
The maximum bit rate =
167
168
169
NUMERICAL MEASUREMENT APERTURE
D E
A
C X
170
Ex No:
NUMERICAL APERTURE DETERMINATION IN FIBER
Date:
AIM:
To determine the numerical aperture of the given fiber.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Optical fiber trainer
2. Optical fiber
3. Numerical aperture measurement unit
PROCEDURE FOR NUMERICAL APERTURE MEASUREMENT:
1. Insert one end of the fiber into the Numerical Aperture Measurement unit as shown in Fig. Adjust
the fiber such that its tip is 10 mm from the screen.
2. Gently tighten the screw to hold the fiber firmly in place.
3. Connect the other end of the fiber to LED2 through the simplex connector. The fiber will project a
circular patch of red light onto the screen. Let d be the distance between the fiber-tip and the
screen. Now measure the diameter of the circular patch of red light in two perpendicular directions
(BC and DE in Fig). The mean radius of the circular patch is given by
X = (DE + BC) / 4
4. Carefully measure the distance d between the tip of the fiber and the illuminated screen (OA in
Fig). The Numerical Aperture of the fiber is given by
NA = n sin Ɵ =
√
5. Repeat above steps for different values of d.
6. Compute the average value of Numerical Aperture.

171
TABULATION FOR CALCULATING NUMERICAL APERTURE:
BC DE X=(BC + DE)/4
S.No D (mm) NA
(mm) (mm) (mm)
172
Review Questions
1. Define numerical aperture
2. Define acceptance angle.
3. Give the relation between rays and modes.
4. Calculate the cut-off wavelength of an optical signal through a fiber with its core refractive index
of 1.50 and that of cladding 1.46. the core radius of 25µm. the normalized frequency is 2.405.
5. What is TIR?
6. Explain about critical angle?
173
7. Estimate cut-off wavelength for step index fiber in single mode operation. The core refractive
index is 1.46 and core radius is 4.5um. the relative index difference is 0.25%.
8. What is the need for forming acceptance cone? Explain its importance?
9. What is the main advantage of data transmission through optical fiber from conventional method of
transmission?
10. What are the losses occur during the data transmission in an optical fiber?
11. Give the expression for the effective number of modes guided by a curved multimode fiber.
174
12. Determine cutoff wavelength for a step index fiber to exhibit single-mode operation when the core
refractive index and radius are 1.46 and 4.5µm, respectively. With the refractive index difference is
0.25%.
13. Determine the fiber core diameter for a single-mode step index fiber which has a MFD of 11.6µm
when the normalized frequency is 2.2.
14. Consider a multimode silica fiber that has a core refractive index n1=1.480 and cladding index
n2=1.460. Find (a) the critical angle, (b) the numerical aperture and (c) the acceptance angle.
175
176
INFERENCE:
Mark Allocation
Preparation 05
Viva 05
Total 20
RESULT:
Thus the Numerical aperture is determined.
177
178
179
BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR THE ANALOG LINK
180
Ex No:
ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT IN FIBERS
Date:
AIM:
To determine the Fiber Optic Analog and Digital Link
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 OFT
 Two channel
 20Mhz Oscilloscope
 Function generator 1Hz to 10 MHz
PROCEDURE
Attenuation Loss:
1. Connect a 1M fiber to LED 1 in the Tx1 block and the detector PD1 in the Rx1 block
2. For a given 1 Vp-p at input, note the output peak values on a CRO
3. Now replace the fiber with a 3m fiber and note the output peak voltage as V3
P3 V3
  e  (l3  l1 )
P1 V1
l3  3M
l1  1M
Determine the attenuation α in nepers
α' (dB/m) = 4.34 α
Where α is in nepers/m
181
TABULATION:
ATTENUATION LOSS
Input voltage =
Fiber length Output voltage Attenuation loss
CALCULATION:
To find α:
P3 V3
  e  (l3  l1 )
P1 V1
l3  3M
l1  1M
182
Review Questions
1. What are the losses (or) signal attenuation mechanism occurs in a fiber?
2. Name three different mechanism caused by absorption
3. Define signals attenuation of fiber loss
4. What is attenuation?
5. What are the different types of attenuation?
6. Define Raleigh Scattering loss.
183
7. Define Mie Scattering loss.
8. How are micro bending losses reduced?
9. Distinguish intrinsic and extrinsic absorption.
10. If the attenuation of an optical fiber is 0.2dB/km, determine the output power of a 30km long fiber
when the input power is 100µW.
11. Calculate the maximum transmission distance for a fiber link with an attenuation of 0.2dB/km if
the power launched in 1mW and the receiver sensitivity is 50µW. Calculate the attenuation for an
other link with same parameters the distance of 26kms.
184
INFERENCE:
Mark Allocation
Preparation 05
Viva 05
Total 20
RESULT:
Thus the attenuation loss is determined.
185
186
187
Fig.1: XYZ positioned with mounting post setup for coupling Laser Beam into fiber
Fig.2: Rotating stage with XYZ positioned setup for observation modes on the screen
188
Ex No:
MODE CHARACTERISTICS OF FIBER
Date:
AIM:
To analyze the mode characteristics and to measure the MFD of the fiber
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Equipment needed for Modes observation
1. Various single mode and multimode fiber as follows
 Single-mode fiber with cut-off wavelength at 1260nm and 8.2µm core diameter. Part #
SST-ST- PC-3-A
 Single-mode fiber with cut-off wavelength at 600nm and 3.8µm core diameter. Part # SST-
ST-PC-3-C
 Multimode graded index 50/125 µm fiber.ST-PC-3
2. Benchmark 650nm LD unit and LD driver module with its accessories
3. Benchmark XYZ positioner with mounting post setup
4. Benchmark rotation stagwith XYZ positioned &mounting post setup
PROCEDURE:
Procedure for Modes observation
1. Mount the 650nm LD unit onto the mounting post.
2. Insert the SST-ST-PC-3-A patch cord fully to connector holder mounted in XYZ positioner and
connect the other end of the patch cord to filter mounted in the XYZ positioned for focusing the
output light from the fiber to the screen
3. Adjust the distance between the screen and filter to get the required image size
4. Keep the LD driver multiturn potentiometer at minimum position and turn on the module
5. Increase the LD power to maximum by turning the multiturn potentiometer in clockwise direction
189
CALCULATION:
To calculate the O/P Power (P0) in nW which is given as
P0= 10 P/10 * 1000000
Calculation of 13.5% level O/P Power (P0) which is given as
P13.5% = Output Power (P0) (nW) at 0o * 0.135
Calculation of 5% level O/P Power (P0) which is given as
P5% = Output Power (P0) (nW) at 0o * 0.05
190
6. Adjust the collimating lens of the LD unit such that th e bright spot turns to very small focused spot
and focus the spot to fiber tip.
7. Modes propagating inside the fiber can be changed by changing the light launching condition of the
fiber
EQUIPMENT NEEDED FOR MFD & NA MEASUREMENT:
1. Various single mode and multimode fiber as follows
 Single-mode fiber with cut-off wavelength at 1260nm and 8.2µm core diameter. Part #
SST-ST-PC-3-A
 Single-mode fiber with cut-off wavelength at 600nm and 3.8µm core diameter. Part # SST-
ST-PC-3-C
 Multimode graded index 50/125 µm fiber.ST-PC-3
2. Benchmark 650nm LD unit and LD driver module with its accessories
3. Benchmark XYZ positioner with mounting post setup.
4. Benchmark rotation stagwith XYZ positioned with mounting post setup.
5. Benchmark 650nm LD power meter with pin hole adapter
PROCEDURE FOR MFD & NA MEASUREMENT:
1. Mount the 650nm LD unit onto the mounting post.

2. Insert the SST-ST-PC-3-C patch cord fully to connector holder mounted in XYZ positioner and
connect the other end of the patch cord to power meter.
3. Keep the LD driver multiturn potentiometer at minimum position and turn on the module
4. Increase the LD power to maximum by turning the multiturn potentiometer in clockwise direction
5. Adjust the collimating lens of the LD unit such that th e bright spot turns to very small focused spot
and focus the spot to fiber tip.
6. Remove the connected patchcord from ST adapter of power meter and connect this end to
connector holder with screen in the mounting post of rotation stage.
7. Keep the rotation stage at zero degree and use pin hole adapter for remote PD.
191
TABULATION FOR MFD MEASUREMENT
S.No Angle in θ O/P Power (P) O/P Power (P0) 13.5% level O/P Power
dBm nW (P13.5%) nW
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
10
192
8. Move the rotation stage in clockwise and anticlockwise direction and tabulate the power meter
readings.
9. Plot a graph with angle in vs O/P power(P0) in nW.
From 13.5% O/P power (P0) in the graph, find out the angle and e2 at 13.5% power level and can be
written as
10. Use the below formula to find out MFD of the fiber
MFD= 2*λ/ *tan θe
Where
λ = LD lasing wavelength 650nm
11. From 5% O/P power (P0) in the graph, find out the angle θNA1and θNA2 at 13.5% power level and
θNA can be written as θNA = (θNA1 + θNA2) / 2
12. NA of the fiber can be find by, NA = Sin(θNA)
MODE VIEW:
193
MFD:
194
195
Review Questions
1. Define lateral, longitudinal and transverse modes
2. What is meant by Degenerate modes?
3. Define MFD
4. What is LP mode?
5. Define V number?
6. What is relation between V number and power flow in cladding?
196
7. What is the fundamental parameter of SM fiber?
8. Give the relation between rays and modes?
9. What are the advantages and disadvantages of SM and MM fiber?
10. Define skew rays and merdional rays?
11. A SI fiber with silica core refractive index of 1.458, V=75 and NA=0.3 is to be operated at 820nm.
What should be its core size ad cladding refractive index? Calculate the total number of modes
entering this fiber.
197
198
INFERENCE:
Mark Allocation
Preparation 05
Viva 05
Total 20
RESULT:
Thus the mode characteristics and MFD of the fiber is measured.
199
200
APPENDIX A
201
TRANSMITTER BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR TDM:
RECEIVER BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR TDM:
202
Practice Experiment
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING OF SIGNALS
AIM
To learn the setup of multiplexer and de-multiplexer to observe the simultaneous transmission of several
channels and to calculate the bandwidth of voice signals.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
1. OFT
2. Two channels, 20MHz oscilloscope
3. Function generator
PROCEDURE
1. Set the 850nm digital link.
2. Turn ON at least one of the switches SW0-SW7 in the 8 bit data transmit block. This ensures that the
multiplexer is correctly aligned and should be the normal practice whenever the MUX-DEMUX is being
used.
3. Connect LED1 in the optical Tx1 block and PD1 in the optical Rx1 block using the 1m optical fiber to
set up the 850nm digital link. Adjust the gain control until the LEDs L0-L7 in 8 bit data receiver block
light up corresponding to the ON positions of SW0-SW7.When the TDM link is working, the LEDs
L8&L9 in the marker detection block will be OFF without any flicker. Toggles SW0 and observe the
toggling of L0.The digital link and the TDM MUX-DEMUX are now set up. Connect the telephone
handsets at PHONE1&PHONE2.
4. OFT is now being in the loop back mode. The data and voice channels multiplexed on the transmit side
are de-multiplexed on the receiver side of trainer. The voice input at the mouthpiece is now being looped
back through the fiber to the ear piece. Check this by disturbing the fiber link by removing the fiber from
PD1.Whilw speaking into the mouth piece of one of the handsets. Now that you can now no longer hear
yourself in the ear piece
5. Establishing the fiber link again. Remove the shorting plugs of the voice enable shorting links S7, S8 in
the timing control block on the transmitter side. Using patch cords interchange the voice slots by
interchanging the POST A of S7 to POST B of S8 at the TX side VOICE 1&2 are cross connected and a
conversation can be carried out between two people using the two phones.
6. The two slots carrying voice data are now time switched to provide the necessary connection. Carry on a
conversation while at the same time turning data switches OBSERVATION TIME SLOT FOR TDM
SIGN SW0-SW7 ON and OFF, to observe the simultaneous transmission of 8 bit data in one channel and
two voice channels on the link.
203
OBSERVATION
TIME SLOT FOR TDM SIGNAL
SIGNAL TIME(ms) AMPLITUDE(v)
204
7. Reconnect the shorting links S7, S8 to restore the original connection. However now remove the
shorting plugs of the voice enable shorting links S27 and S28 in the timing and control block on the
receiver side and cross connect them as explained before. Note that once again the voice 1 and voice 2 are
cross connected. This cross connection is now on the Rx side. Now remove S7, S8 again and cross connect
as before. Note that voice 1 TX signal now connected back to voice 1 Rx. Switching at both transmitter
and receiver cancel out each other.
8. Reconnect shorting links S7, S8, S27 and S28.Remove the shorting plugs of voice 1 shorting link S1 in
the voice coder block. Feed a sinusoidal signal of 1 KHz and 1 Vp-p with zero DC at post B of S1 and
display it on channel 1 of the oscilloscope. Observe the received signal at voice 1 signal post P23 on
channel 1 of the oscilloscope. Vary the frequency of the input signal and observe the received signal. Plot
the received signal amplitude as a function of frequency. The frequency response obtained is that of the
CODEC used to digitize and reconstruct the voice signal.
205
BANDWIDTH OF THE VOICE SIGNAL
Vin=
S.No FREQUENCY OUTPUT GAIN in dB

VOLTAGE(V)
(Hz)
206
207
208
INFERENCE:
RESULT
Thus the simultaneous transmission of several channels was observed and bandwidth of voice
signal was calculated.
Bandwidth of voice signal =
209
210
211

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EC6712 - Optical & Microwave Lab, DGCT

DHIRAJLAL GANDHI COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

during the academic year …………………………………

LAB-IN-CHARGE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Submitted for University Practical Examination held on……………………………………

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

DHIRAJLAL GANDHI COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

University : Anna University

Year of Syllabus : R 2013

Subject Name : Optical & Microwave Lab

Subject Code : EC6712

Name Ms.P.Bhuvaneswari Dr.S.Venkatesh Dr. M. Sumathi

Dhirajlal Gandhi College of Technology, Opp. Salem Airport,

TIPS FOR A BETTER LAB SESSION

2. Students should treat the Laboratory Exercises as original Research.

4. Students must apply the concepts learned in class to New Situations.

5. Each student must try to do their Lab Exercises Individually.

6. The instructor will hold a pre-laboratory discussion on the lab exercises.

be awarded for the same.

of each Lab Session.

by taking care of the computer systems and the other equipments.

“ENJOY THE JOY OF DESIGNING”

EC6712 OPTICAL & MICROWAVE LAB

1. Reflex Klystron – Mode characteristics

2. Gunn Diode – Characteristics

3. VSWR, Frequency and Wave Length Measurement

4. Directional Coupler – Directivity and Coupling Coefficient – S – parameter measurement

5. Isolator and Circulator – S - parameter measurement

6. Attenuation and Power measurement

7. S - matrix Characterization of E-Plane T, H-Plane T and Magic T.

8. Radiation Pattern of Antennas.

9. Antenna Gain Measurement

1. DC characteristics of LED and PIN Photo Diode.

2. Mode Characteristics of Fibers

3. Measurement of Connector and Bending Losses.

4. Fiber Optic Analog and Digital Link

5. Numerical Aperture Determination for Fibers

6. Attenuation Measurement in Fibers.

Dhirajlal Gandhi College of Technology

To improve the quality of human life through multi-disciplinary programs in Engineering,

 To create a vibrant atmosphere that creates competent engineers, innovators, scientists,

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

 To conduct value based courses for improving technical competency

 To impart moral values and inculcate moral and ethical behavior

 To establish Centre of Excellence in emerging areas in the field of Communication Engineering

Program Educational Objectives(PEOs)

Program Specific Outcomes(PSOs)

Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals to the solution of

Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex Electronics and

Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and

Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of t h e engineering and management principles

CO1 Define sampling and multiplexing of analog signals

CO3 Demonstrate the digital modulation techniques by observing its waveforms

Mapping Grade: 1-Slightly, 2-Moderately, 3-Substantially

Ex.No Name of the Experiment Page No

1 Reflex Klystron – Mode characteristics 33

2 Gunn Diode – Characteristics 45

3 VSWR, Frequency and Wave Length Measurement 55

4 Isolator and Circulator – S - parameter measurement 67

Radiation Pattern and Antenna Gain Measurement of Horn

6 Attenuation and Power measurement 89

S - matrix Characterization of E-Plane Tee, H-Plane Tee and Magic

9 DC characteristics of Light sources 121