HIGH EFFICIENCY LOW

EMISSIONS CONFERENCE
Milan, 27 September 2016

REGASIFICATION PLANTS:
ENERGY EFFICIENT

LNG
TECHNOLOGIES

Anton Marco Fantolini

Saipem LNG Technology Projects Manager

Co-authors:
Salvatore De Rinaldis Innovation Dpt.
Luca Davide Inglese LNG Dpt.

giovedì 29 settembre 2016 1

Saipem. Engineering Energy
 INTRODUCTION
LNG Value Chain

7-10% 0.1-1% 0.2-2%

Energy Loss 1-3%

245 757 MTPA

MTPA 108 FACILITIES
TRADED (REF 2015 – Source IGU World LNG Report 2015)
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LNG
INTRODUCTION
LNG Regasification

IGU World LNG Report 2016

 Global Regasification capacity: 757 MTPA
 Increase from 2014: 33 MTPA, +5%
 Floating Regasification: 77 MTPA, +35% yoy

 LNG Regasification is an excellent chance to diversify energy sources

 Global Regasification market continues to expand at a steady pace

 LNG supply is increasing thanks to new

Liquefaction plants entering into the
production phase

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ENERGY EFFICIENT LNG REGASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES
Recover Energy – Reduce Emissions

 Import Terminals pay considerable expenses for electrical power import

 Low usage, recurring seasonally, increases power cost weight on income

 Possible Carbon Tax would further increase the costs for power consumption

Saipem, in cooperation with POLIMI (Politecnico di Milano)

 studied possible schemes to improve energy efficiency in Regasification

 assessed several HELE alternatives, with various flow diagrams now available

 investigated the market for Equipment technical

FSRU TOSCANAfeasibility and Economics
Offshore (Italy)
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ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
Thermal and Electric Power

TSW = 9°C 27 MWt 2.25 MWe

LNG: 139 t/h TNG = 3°C

TLNG= -160 °C P=63÷84 barg
216,000 m3
(1,362 GWh)

16.2 kWe CO2: 45 kg/h 23.3 kWe CO2: 9.5 kg/h

1000 Regasification 987 kg/h 1000 Regasification 1000

kg/h line NG kg/h line kg/h
LNG SCV LNG ORV NG

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ENERGY EFFICIENT LNG REGASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES
Energy Recovery Performances

Performance indexes Target

0

 -100

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ENERGY EFFICIENT LNG REGASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES
Technologies Overview

Direct expansion, pumping the cryogenic LNG to high pressures and

expanding the regasified LNG to delivery pressures

Cogeneration, producing simultaneously electric and thermal power

from burning a fraction of the regasified LNG

Gas Cycle, producing electric power from a fraction of the regasified

LNG rejecting heat (thermal power) to regasify LNG

Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), producing electric power using

seawater as an energy source and rejecting heat to regasify LNG

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ENERGY EFFICIENT LNG REGASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES
Direct Expansion: Concepts & References

LNG is pumped at a higher pressure than

network and is vaporized by a heat source
(seawater or SCV at high temperature)

HP Natural Gas is then expanded to

transform mechanical energy into
electrical energy by using an expander
coupled to a power generator
Himej direct expansion layout
References (Japan) Year
 Sodegaura 1979
 Senboku Daini 1982
 Kitakyushu 1982
 Tobata 1982
 Himej 1984
 Chita 1984
 Yokkaichi 1989
Chita LNG Import Terminal 8
ENERGY EFFICIENT LNG REGASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES
Direct Expansion: application schemes
Direct Expansion linked to ORV

Nikkiso: Booster Pump

L.A. Turbines Turbo-expander

Direct Expansion linked to SCV 9
ENERGY EFFICIENT LNG REGASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES
Cogeneration: Concepts & References

COGENERATION: simultaneous generation of

electricity and recovery of heat from a single
source and via a single process

UNBALANCE:
Heat/power ratio of LNG line: 8÷10
Heat/power ratio of Cogenerator: 1÷3
Zeebrugge plant scheme

Heat recovery from exhaust gas via water

closed loop provides only part of thermal duty

References – on stream plants:

Andres, Himeji, Kochi, Manzanillo, Penuelas,
Zeebrugge

Penuelas Import Terminal 10

ENERGY EFFICIENT LNG REGASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES
Cogeneration: Main Components Feasibility

Gas Turbines
Solar: Gas Turbines

GE: PGT16
(Alternative: PGT25)

Internal Combustion Engines

Bergen: Internal
combustion Engine
(Other Vendors: GE
Jenbacher, Wartsila)
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ENERGY EFFICIENT LNG REGASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES
Gas Cycles: Concepts
GAS CYCLE: Brayton Cycle where the working fluid operates between a low
temperature boiler and a cold sink

FLUID Argon Nitrogen Helium Air

MW [kg/kmol] 39.95 28.01 4.00 28.96
Critical temperature [°C] -122 -146 -268 -140
Critical pressure [bar] 48.6 33.9 2.3 38.5 12
ENERGY EFFICIENT LNG REGASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES
Gas Cycles: Main Components Feasibility

Cannon: Boiler Atlas Copco: Integrally geared

Generator turbo-expander

Heatric: Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger (PCHE) 13

 ENERGY EFFICIENT LNG REGASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES
Organic Rankine Cycles: Concepts & References
Turbine Generator
 Rankine thermodynamic cycles using a suitable
organic fluid instead of water (steam) NG
 Exploits the cold heat sink to produce power Organic
Fluid Condenser
 Working fluid selection:
thermodynamic, economical, hazard aspects Pump

 Large variety of Organic Fluids:

different plant configurations  additional LNG Tank
Vaporizer
criteria: safety, min. pressure/temperature TLNG -160°C
Sea Water
TSW= 9°C

References:
 Japan, installations in
LNG terminals (80’s)
 ORC often coupled
to other technologies

Negishi plant 14
Himeji Osaka gas
ENERGY EFFICIENT LNG REGASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES
Organic Rankine Cycles: Main Components Feasibility

 Working fluid - LNG HEAT EXCHANGER:

S&T Vendors, Heatric (Printed Circuit)

 Working fluid - SEA WATER:

S&T Vendors

 CRYOGENIC PUMPS:
Ebara, Nikkiso, JC Carter, Ruhrpumpen, Cryostar
Ebara: vertical in-pot pump
 TURBINES :
• Radial inflow: L.A. Turbines, Cryostar, Atlas Copco
• Radial outflow: Exergy
• Axial: Ormat, Turboden
L.A. Turbines:
Radial inflow turbine 15
ENERGY EFFICIENT LNG REGASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES
Organic Rankine Cycles: Single Level

 No assessed fluid covers the entire regasification line power demand

 The constraint of Tcond has a small effect on power production
 High critical temperature fluids penalized due to minimum condensing
pressure constraint
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ENERGY EFFICIENT LNG REGASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES
Organic Rankine Cycles: Single Level

SINGLE LEVEL
Pure fluid
Single condensation level

Plant complexity
recuperative

ORC net power is not sufficient

TWO LEVELS CASCADE

Pure fluid Two single level cycles
Two condensation levels different pure fluids
Recuperative AP and BP recuperative TOP cycle
economizer BOTTOM cycle

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 ENERGY EFFICIENT LNG REGASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES
Comparison Results
CO2: -2300 tons/yr CO2: -26000 tons/yr

16000 tons/yr 8200 tons/yr

LNG NG LNG NG
1.154 MTPA Direct 1.138 MTPA 1.154 MTPA 1.146 MTPA
Cogeneration
expansion
SCV SCV
FCS = -5% FCS = -58%

CO2: -12500 tons/yr

CO2: -23000 tons/yr (-50000 tons/yr)
11000 tons/yr 0 tons/yr

LNG NG LNG NG
1.154 MTPA Gas 1.143 MTPA 1.154 MTPA ORC Organic 1.154 MTPA
Cycle Rankine Cycle
SCV ORV (SCV)
FCS = -43% FCS = -100%
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COST AND PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
Technology Economic Comparison
CAPEX Total Life Cost

Total Life Cost (TLC), MM$

350 350
300 300
250 250
CAPEX, MM$

200 200
150 150
100 100
50
50
0
0
I t a ly Po la n d Ma la ysi a India China
Cogen ORC Gas Cycle SCV ORV

Payback Time, vs ORV Payback Time, vs SCV

20 20
Payback Time (PBT), yr

Payback Time (PBT), yr

15 Carbon Tax: 15
35 $/ton
10 10

5 5

0 0
I t a ly Po la n d Ma la ysi a I tI nadlyi a Po
Chlai n
nda Ma la ysi a India China
Cogen ORC Gas Cycle

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CONCLUSIONS

LNG Regasification Terminals play a strategic role in the energy sources

diversification, with a particular emphasis in Europe

Saipem and POLIMI have analyzed various solutions to improve the energy
efficiency of Regasification Terminals

Several schemes are available to fit the needs of different plants, in terms of
size, location and constraints

These schemes, assessed with information from executed EPC projects and
referenced equipment manufacturers, are now available for a field application
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Thank you

www.saipem.com

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