I.

Introduction

Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) is vast research field which involves cross multi-disciplinary
and highly integrated research. WSNs provide the benefit of accessing information and
communicating the information using the transmission networks [1].

Different classes of communication networks like Sensor networks, Adhoc networks, Cellular
networks etc. have been developed with the advancement in the technology. The networks
dependent on the infrastructure are called Cellular networks. The networks in which nodes
are arbitrarily and dynamically located are called Adhoc networks. The networks in which
the nodes have the capability of computation, sensing and communication are called Wireless
Sensor networks. Some modifications and enhancements are needed in the protocols which
are developed for the Adhoc networks, in order to make them compatible for sensor
networks. The reasons behind this are:

1. As there are large number of nodes in the sensor networks and scalability required is
more than the adhoc networks, so more scalable and different solutions are needed.
2. The rate of data in WSN is quite low and its nature is statistical. On the other hand
mobile networks are capable to transfer large amount of multimedia data.
3. Adhoc networks are run by a number of untitled entities but sensor network is
deployed by a single entity.
4. In Adhoc networks addressing method is unique and they are node centric. But sensor
networks are data centric and there is no possibility to have unique addressing.[40]

A WSN has multiple detection stations which are called sensor nodes. The data gathered by
different nodes is sent to the sink. Sink can use the data locally or is connected to other
network through gateway. Sensor nodes can vary in size from small to large. The size of the
sensor nodes depend on the work efficiency in different fields. [2]

Sensor nodes are used for sensing the information and measuring the changes occurring in
physical environment such as humidity, pressure, vibration and sound etc. Basic functions of
sensor nodes are sensing, processing and transmitting.

Sensing subsystem with in sensor node consists of sensors which convert physical quantity
into electrical signal information which is in analog form. Sensing subsystem also includes

1
analog-to-digital converter. By the use of analog-to-digital converter digital signal is
generated.

Figure 1- WSN basic architecture

Each sensor node has processing subsystem that includes microcontroller and storage for
processing of local data. The role of microcontroller is to process and store the sensor output.
Computation of digital information is done by microcontroller. Sensor node has radio
subsystem that transmits the computed information. The task of receiving commands from
central computer and transmitting data to that computer is done by the wireless
communication. For transmission of data between two nodes various protocols like
Bluetooth, Wi-Fi are used for wireless data communication. Sensor node also includes power
supply unit. A battery is used as the source of power for each sensor node [1] [2].

Figure 2-Components of Sensor Nodes

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Classification of WSNs [3]

From network architecture point of view

i. Flat Architecture – In flat architecture, all sensor nodes are peers and play the
same role in performing sensing task.
ii. Hierarchical Architecture – In hierarchical architecture, sensor nodes are
organized in clusters, where the cluster members send their data to the sink.

Applications of WSNs [1]

Applications of sensor networks are:

 Video surveillance: WSNs help to provide security services. This application area has
attained large importance due to the fact that the number of terroristic attacks had
increased in the last decade.
 Health Applications: Patient monitoring systems, internal monitoring of body parts of
the patients, providing interfaces to the disabled, drug administration in hospitals, and
monitoring of patients by the doctors.
 Environmental Applications: Keeping watch on the environmental conditions
affecting the crops, tracking of birds and animals, forest fire detection, detection of
flood, and study of pollution.
 Automated and smart homes: Domestic devices are available with sensor nodes inside
them. They are capable to communicate by the satellite or internet. E.g. Smart
Kitchens, Vacuum cleaners, Micro Waves etc.
 Monitoring of weather conditions: Satellites and sensors are used to monitor the
weather conditions. The GPS facility in mobile phones etc keeps us update with the
weather information of the place at which the person is presently in.
 Air traffic control: The proper routing and monitoring of the air traffic is of vital
importance. Using the sensors it can be easily monitored and controlled.

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 Figure 3-Applications of WSNs [39]

Thus, WSN technology has very broad application prospects, which can be used in
military, industrial and agricultural control, urban management, biomedical, environmental
testing, disaster relief and other fields. Academia and industry of many countries
attach great importance to WSN technology, which is considered as one of the most
influential technologies in the 21st century.

Critical design issues in WSNs

The performance in WSNs [4] [5] [6] is affected by various design issues. Some of these are:

 Node deployment: Node deployment is a fundamental issue to be solved in WSNs.

The complexity of problems in WSNs can be reduced by proper node
deployment technique such as routing, data fusion, communication etc. Furthermore,
the lifetime of WSN can be extended by minimizing energy consumption.
 Energy consumption without losing accuracy: Node energy level can be
considered as a routing metric if some nodes are energy-constrained and their
involvement in the routing process can lead to path failure if they suffer from
energy diminution. This problem is particularly important in MANETs and WSNs.

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  Fault Tolerance: Due to physical damage, lack of power or environmental
interference, some sensor nodes may fail or be blocked. The failure of sensor nodes
should not affect the overall working of the sensor network. The sensor network
should be fault tolerant i.e. it should be able to sustain sensor network functionalities
due to sensor node failures without any interruption.
 Scalability: The number of sensor nodes in the sensor network may vary from few to
hundreds or thousands. Depending on the applications these nodes can be increased
or removed. The routing schemes should be scalable enough to respond to various
events.
 Production Costs: There can be a very large number of sensor nodes in the sensor
network. The cost of a single node affects the overall cost of the sensor networks. So
the cost of each sensor node has to be very economical.
 Connectivity: Fast hand-offs should be enabled by the routing protocol to assure
mobile user connectivity consistently.
 Quality of service: In addition to support from the MAC layer, finding the optimal
routes for all categories of traffic classes is a vital ingredient for QoS support.
 Energy Management: WSNs have important applications like biomedical research,
military applications, human imaging, target detection and environmental monitoring
etc. Now as the sensor nodes are battery driven the energy management is crucial in
WSNs. Thus the use of energy efficient methods is the only key solution for this
purpose.

Now-a-days WSNs had become an integral part of daily life. Therefore in order to improve
the network lifetime the methods and techniques to reduce the energy consumption
significantly are required. For this purpose we propose to design an energy efficient
technique for WSNs.

Techniques for Energy Efficient Communication [5]

Energy consumption techniques are needed to improve the lifetime of network. Some of the
energy efficient communication methods are:

1. Exploiting Spatio-Temporal Correlation [8]

One of the powerful tools for the lessening of consumption of energy is Exploiting
correlation. This correlation can be characterised in two categories:

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 i) Spatial: Due to high density in the network topology, spatially proximal sensor
observations are highly related with the quantity of correlation increasing with
decreasing internode separation.
ii) Temporal: The nature of the energy-radiating physical occurrence constitutes the
temporal correlation between each consecutive observation of a sensor node. The
degree of correlation between successive sensor measurements may differ
according to the temporal variation characteristics of the phenomenon.

Exploiting Spatial-Temporal Correlation compresses redundant information and reduce

amount of traffic generated. This will bring potential advantages for developing energy
efficient protocols that are well suited for WSN. Due to spatial correlations data from nodes
which are in proximity in space is not as useful as data obtained from sensors nodes which
are spatially separated. Similarly temporal correlations occurring signals should be captured
with minimum energy consumption.

2 Power Management

It is possible to implement the protocols of power management by firmly combining along

with the MAC protocol or independently by running on top of MAC protocol.

It is necessary to save energy by turning off the sensor hardware components like
transmitters, microprocessors etc. that are not in use. The power can be significantly saved
when this wasted energy is saved. The transceivers are the highest energy consumption
nodes. The communication interface when turned off allows saving energy significantly.

3. Load Balancing

It is a major issue in all the types of networks. WSN are mainly used for data collection. As
the number of resources is limited so the prime focus of the routing protocols is to select the
shortest path toward the sink. It is possible that the selected nodes for the shortest path have
heavy workload. A perfect routing protocol can have heavy energy consumption which may
also lead to the killing of the nodes. Thus in order to distribute the energy among the nodes
equally load balancing methods are needed.

In WSNs data is destined towards sink. This many to one traffic scenario lead to overflow of
queue of nodes that are deployed near sink. Sensor nodes have storage which is limited. So
there should be load balancing routing protocols to guide routing mechanism. [25]

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4 Transmission Range Adjustment

The performance of sensor network is affected by the transmission range adjustment in two
ways: a) Selection of high transmission range decreases the number of intermediate nodes of
a path toward the Sink. On the other hand selection of low range transmission range
decreases the interference seen by potential senders but packets need more relay nodes to
reach the Sink; and b) the connectivity of the resulting network is affected by the selection of
transmission range.

A node consumes its energy smoothly by allowing the transmission range to consider two
factors of residual energy and its distance to sink. [34]

5 Cross Layer Design

A lot of research is being going on the designing of efficient protocols at each layer aside.
These layers individually may have good energy efficiency but they are not designed jointly
to have the same. So joint energy saving designs are required for the cross layer
communication.

Battery replacement is not possible to do in WSNs. A joint optimization and design of

network layers is done i.e. cross layer design for an alternative approach to inefficient
traditional layered protocol design. If we have three layers X, Y and Z where X is highest
layer and Z is lowest layer. There is an interface X-Y and Y-Z. There is no direct interface X-
Z. If X and Z need to communicate at run time then using cross layered approach X & Y can
be joint to make a single layer. For this layer a protocol can be designed independently then
data can be shared between X & Y and when needed can be shared with Z. For this purpose
traditional layered approach may not be suitable. [38]

6. Energy Harvesting [1]

WSN extracts energy from various sources. These sources include external environment such
as solar energy, wind energy, kinetic energy etc. The major concern of power management is
to utilize the energy of battery efficiently. Harvesting energy from external environment
plays a major role in solving the issue of energy saving. The effectiveness of an energy
harvesting system depends on the available energy and on the efficiency with which available
energy can be converted to useable electrical energy. Different conversion devices are used
for converting the available energy into useable electrical energy. Some of these are:

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 1. Solar: Solar or photovoltaic cells are most commonly used devices for energy
harvesting. Optical energy is converted into electrical energy. Optical energy
is mainly obtained from sunlight.
2. Thermoelectric: Thermoelectricity deals with generation of electricity using a
temperature gradient. A potential difference is created by temperature
difference between two junctions of a conducting materials and this potential
difference is used for energy harvesting by thermoelectric generators.
3. Mechanical Vibration: Electrical energy is generated by subjecting inertial
mass to some movement using three mechanisms: electromagnetic
piezoelectric and electrostatic.
4. Far Field RF Energy Harvesting: Far field RF energy harvesting can be active
or passive. Active energy harvesting is done by using a dedicated energy
transmitter or Passive energy harvesting is done by using the ambient sources
of energy which are present in environment such as sunlight or propagating
radio waves.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

Chuan Zhu et al. [7] had analysed the issues of connectivity and coverage. The study had
been done with the prime focus on energy consumption. The sleep scheduling
mechanism, coverage deployment strategy and adjustable coverage radius were studied.
The relationship between the coverage and connectivity was analysed.

D. Zhang et al. [9] proposed FAF-EBRM energy balanced routing technique. It was based
on the forward aware factor. Also for local topology a spontaneous reconstruction
mechanism was designed. Experimentally it was compared and showed that FAF-EBRM
was much better than the EEUC and LEACH. It guaranteed the high QoS, and balanced
the energy consumption. It had been demonstrated that power law was followed by the
distribution of node degree, strength and edge weight. The topology reduced chances of
successive node breakdown and increased the synchronization of WSN of IA.

C. Tunca et al. [10] had given the comprehensive study of the distributed mobile sink
routing protocols. They had given a classification of the protocols. Also a virtual structure
had been given with the aim to reduce the overhead of sink advertisement. The degree of
hotspot susceptibility and accessibility varied with the types of virtual structure. The tree

8
structure made the sink advertisement process simpler. It used the root node as the relay
node to transfer the messages. This approach decreased the severity of the hotspots on the
nodes which were near the root node. The techniques based on the area-based methods
solved the problem of hotspot by the distribution of load on the high-tier nodes to a
number of nodes available at different geographic regions.

Ado et al. [11] proposed a cluster based routing protocol called ABC-SD based on the
Artificial Bee Colony metaheuristic. It was fast and built low power clusters. It had
proved experimentally that the proposed protocol was better than the other well
recognized protocols in the terms of the number of packets delivered to the base station,
network coverage and network lifetime. The features of the proposed method included : i)
use of a realistic energy consumption model , ii) it removed the gap between the sensor
energy level and the quality of the communication link , iii ) routing was done using least
number of hops and thus was less costly in terms of power consumption ; and iv) it
performed well on the evaluation metrics. Future work includes analysing the effects of
proposed method on mobile sensors as well as mobile BS.

K. Han et al. [12] reviewed the duty cycled wireless networks (DC-WSNs) .These
networks had critical mechanism for the conservation of energy. The three prime issues
focused in this paper were : i) what were the major issues in the algorithm design for DC-
WSN; ii) what were existing techniques ; and iii) which problems were not yet been
focused. Duty cycling is a critical mechanism for energy conservation in WSN. Recently
data communication protocols were designed which perform efficiently in duty cycled
WSNs (DC-WSNs). It had been found that techniques were required to optimize with the
objectives of capacity, energy efficiency, latency and load balancing improvement.

P. Huang et al. [13] had surveyed the WSN MAC protocols in the period of 2002-2011
and concluded that earlier the focus was on the energy efficiency but now the protocol
development was focused on the multi-task support with efficient delivery of busty
traffic. The design of MAC protocols was evaluated in the terms of delivery of data,
energy efficiency and the mechanisms of overhead maintenance. It had been found that
throughput and delay metrics were also considered along with the energy efficiency when
multichannel and time synchronization were supported.

B. Béjar et al. [14] had found that major issue in WSNs was the efficient utilization of
energy. The speed at which the information was spread in a network was depended on

9
the network topology; and finding an optimal solution for the same was quite difficult. In
this paper the issue of topology optimization was solved by using the broadcast messages
for energy-efficient consensus type communication. It had been shown that objective
function was quasi-convex and can be solved by the bisection search. The proposed
method was optimal solution and could be implemented by any general purpose
optimization software.

E. Kulla et al. [15] had calculated the network’s energy efficiency and energy
consumption with the help of simulating different actor selection methods. A method
called dynamic fuzzy-based actor-selection (DFAS) was proposed. In this method the
energy required for completing the tasks was less than the energy spent for moving
around the area. This method was best for the applications where the calculations were
Complex and decision making was complicated. Future work involves the
implementation of actor coordination in order to fully utilize the automated architecture
and processing of multiple actor decisions.

D. Aggarwal et al. [16] focused on the need of improvement of energy efficiency in

clustering based protocol. In this paper, the impact of heterogeneity of nodes were
related to their nodes energy were considered. In WSNs nodes were categorized in three
categories types (type-1, 2, 3) on the basis of their energy. Every predecessor type was
equipped with more energy than the successor nodes. This proposed model was better in
energy efficiency and ease of the deployment in WSNs as compared to EEHC.

T. D. Nguyen et al. [17] had given an algorithm called ABSD, which was an adaptive
energy efficiency algorithm. It altered the IEEE 802.15.4 parameters for the MAC with
response to occupancy level of the sensor nodes and the conditions offered by the traffic
load. ABSD decreased the level of network contention as a result of which the energy
efficiency was improved. The simulation results performed on OPNET depicted that high
energy efficiency was offered by the proposed algorithm and maintains high QoS.

A. Berger et al. [18] presented an approach in which methods of energy harvesting and
energy management were concatenated with the low power consumption and robustness
in communication. In a solar cell the applicability of two different energy harvesting
chips were studied. Using the simulated environments it was demonstrated that
112μWpowercan be generated and delivered by the 1TI BQ25504 at 750 lx and the

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LTC3105 at 1600 lx. In order to provide the quick availability of node the future work
involves assuring the start-up sequence when the buffers of energy are empty.

In order to study the consumption of energy at different deployment strategy an energy

model was formulated by [19] Poe et al. The deployment models considered were :i)
Uniform random; ii) Pattern based Tri-Hexagon Tiling (THT) and iii) Square grid. To
calculate the relative frequency of exactly k-covered points a new technique was
proposed which can be used for both a square grid and THT deployment models. Sensor
network calculus was built to control the worst-case delay of WSN. It was found that
THT was outstanding node deployment strategy.

S. Sudevalayam et al. [20] had surveyed the technique of energy harvesting in WSNs.
Energy harvesting refers to conversion of ambient energy to electrical energy. It had
emerged as an alternative source of energy for the power sensor nodes. It was very
helpful in solving the issues of performance and lifetime of networks. An understanding
of opportunities of recharging at node level and designing of applications for sensor
networks was given.

Aman Kansal et al. [21] presented the ways in which the power sensor networks could
use energy harvesting. Energy harvesting could be used for to enable an energy neural
mode. In this mode system could utilize only the energy which was available from the
environment. This mode gave good results only when the constraints affecting the
performance at the application layer were satisfied. It was also analysed that how the
Spatio-Temporal energy affected the performance of the network while taking into
account the harvesting of nodes.

Vijay Raghunathan et al. [22] identified the prime issues and the gaps in the design of the
solar energy harvesting and wireless embedded system. They proposed a prototype based
on solar harvesting called Heliomote. Also its design and implementation was given and
thus its performance was evaluated. It worked as plug play module for the
Berkeley/Crossbow motes. The experimental results showed that it was feasible to
continuous use in outdoor sensor networks.

Pratyay Kuila et al. [23] presented an algorithm which was capable to handle load
balancing along with the energy efficiency. The Energy Efficient Load-Balanced
Clustering (EELBC) Algorithm was based on min-heap clustering algorithm in which

11
heap was created using cluster heads on the number of nodes allotted to CHs. With the
equal load of sensor nodes this algorithm ran in O (n log n) time for n sensor nodes. This
algorithm was efficient enough in terms of execution time, energy efficiency and load
balancing. Future work includes for making a scheme cluster head selection.

Wen-Hwa Liao et al. [24] had given load balance data collection scheme LBDC in WSN
to select the rendezvous points (RPs) path. It was a better approach in terms of network
lifetime and balancing the amount of children in each RP’s. As compared to other
schemes this algorithm was better in terms of network lifetime.

Collaborative Load Balancing Algorithm (CoLBA) was proposed by H. Tall et al. [25]. In
order to select the next node to hop it used the routing metrics based on the time spent by
packets in the queue. It had the feature of queue occupancy rate .in case the receiving
node was almost full then all the nodes nearby were alerted and asked to select some
other node for next hop. Contiki OS Cooja simulator was used to get the experimental
results which depict that CoLBA was a better approach in terms of packet delivery rate
and queue overflow.

S. Thaskani et al. [26] presented an alternative to the traditional layered protocol design
i.e. cross layer design. A routing protocol Energy Efficient cross-layer design protocol
was proposed which was based on the token passing mechanism for WSN. It was better
than the earlier protocols in terms of energy efficiency.

S. Kandukuri et al. [27] proposed technique in which utilizes relative variation (RV) and a
data aggregative window function (DAWF). It could overcome the redundancies of
temporal as well as spatial methods in WSNs. RV and window functions were used to
supress the TRs. This method was capable to reduce 90% of redundancy in data
transmissions. The results were depended on dead or faulty readings, due to which the
performance could vary.

L. Quan et al. [28] proposed Neighbour-Aided Compressive Sensing (NACS) for efficient
data gathering in spatial and temporal correlated WSNs. During the sensing period the
node transmitted the raw readings to any uniquely selected neighbour which was selected
randomly. Then, the CS measurements created by the neighbour were sent to the sink
node directly. Experimental results showed that NACS model had vast recovery
performance and receptions with much fewer transmissions.

12
Q. Zhang et al. [29] identified the limitations of the Energy-Balanced Transmission
(EBT) in terms of large energy consumption. An Energy-Efficient with Optimal
Balanced-Factor (EEOBF) was proposed. It was based on the Transmission Range
Adjustment. In order to select the optimized routes and range of transmission, among the
nodes a heuristic algorithm (HA) was presented. The results showed that this technique
was flexible enough and had the capability to reduce the energy consumption by
balancing the use of energy. The heuristic approach given gave best results in real time
applications.

E. Zhao et al. [30] studied the high density WSNs, divided into multiple homogeneous
sectors. An energy balanced solution was proposed for the balancing of energy
consumption. It was done by managing the transmission range along with the quality
coverage under FSCTA (Full Sensing Coverage of Target Area). This scheme was
called energy-balanced variable transmission range adjustment in WSNs with quality
coverage(EBVTC). Simulation results showed the efficiency of the approach.

P. S. Mehra et al. [31] proposed self-organising clustering technique which was based on
the real time parameters used for collection of data. In this method if the CH fell below
threshold level then it reclusters the network. Heterogeneity was proposed due to which
the lifetime and energy of the network can be increased. As compared to other methods it
was more energy efficient, robust and scalable and gave longer persistent results.

E. Zhao et al. [32] had given a dynamic programming algorithm (DPA) which was used
to select the optimized route and transmission ranges. It was based on the variable range
adjustment. The results of the simulation reveal that this algorithm was better than the IA
and was more appropriate for practical applications. It could be easily combined with
other routing algorithms.

C. Wang et al. [33] proposed an algorithm called multi-sink and load-balance routing
algorithm (MSLBR). Its aim was to balance the load in the neighbouring sink nodes. The
quotient of the dividing the residual energy by the shortest hop to the destination was
used a forwarding factor. This factor was used to select the next hop. As compared with
PBR and ELBR the MSLBR showed better performance in terms of load balancing and
was capable of increased network lifetime. Future work involves : i) enhancing MSBLR
to route the data only in which the node was interested in ; and ii) in order to detect the
bottleneck among the multi-sink wireless sensor it should be improved.

13
 A transmission range adjustment method was given by Vinh Tran-Quang et al. [34] to
solve the energy whole problem in WSNs. The DTA was a dynamic algorithm, so that it
permitted the range of transmission of the sensor nodes to be varied on the basis of the
distance from the base station and their residual energy. The selection of the transmission
level facilitated the balancing of energy consumption in the senor nodes, avoided the
energy hole problem and hence extended the lifetime of network.

C. Zhao et al. [35] proposed CSDAS that was capable to adopt Treelet transform as a
sparse transformation tool. It had the features of both spatial and temporal data. It resulted
in energy saving by using a clustering method which was based on the localized
correlation structure of sensory data returned by Treelets. The error rate of reconstruction
in CSDAS was 18% less than the traditional ones and 35% of energy saving was done.
The future work is to find the results of CSDAS with abnormal events and get detail
routing protocol for CSDAS.

B. Gong et al. [36] had given a spatio-temporal compressive network coding (ST-CNC).
Its purpose was to get readings of sensors across the WSNs in a manner which was more
energy efficient. This method had the capability to reduce the number of transmissions
and receptions with similar recovery performance.

S. Kumar et al. [37] presented a Spatial and Temporal Data Correlation algorithm for
Data Aggregation (DASTDC). It had the capability of minimizing the loss of energy
reducing the number of transmissions. It enhanced the network life time and the
redundant data in nodes. The proposed method can be improved to increase the energy
efficiency and decrease the computation cost.

III. Challenges
1. Various methods to remove the inefficiencies of energy are required. It is due
to energy inefficiency that the lifetime of the network decreases. Energy
efficiency is an important issue.
2. The sensor networks are data centric as they collect data from the
environment. A flexible platform is required to maximize the energy
conservation.

14
 3. In networks there are sensor nodes which have multiple redundant data among
them. There is need of protocols that can reduce this redundancy and enhance
the network lifetime and bandwidth utilization.
4. The main aim of sensor nodes is to collect data. The sensors are responsible to
collect the data from the surrounding environment, process it and transmit to
the sink node or base node. So there is need to improve the clustering methods
for data aggregation in order to conserve energy.
5. Limited storage and scarce of energy is another important constraint that needs
to be taken care of in a sensor network database but a traditional database
usually consists of plenty of resources and disk space is not an issue.
6. The level of the service given by the senor node is called Quality of Service. It
is due to the fact that senor networks are being used in critical area like
Military applications, the QoS is important issue.

IV. Objectives
Taking into consideration above challenges to summarize following objectives:
1. To design protocol(s) that provides the longevity to WSN.
2. To optimize the existing algorithms for the energy conservation in WSN.
3. Designing protocol(s) that can be an alternative to energy efficient support.
4. To design protocol(s) with the features like cross layer efficiency, load
balancing etc.

V. Research Methodology

Research methodology is an activity which provides a systematic process to conduct

research in various disciplines. It defines the procedures for data collection,
investigation, analysis and interpretation. Using a research methodology requires a
well-planned approach to reach the research objectives. So in order to perform a
research a research methodology is laid down, which is as follows:

 Review of the literature.

 Critically analysing current routing protocols, their problems and solutions,
methodologies and techniques and then formulates our hypothesis.
 The hypothesis will be tested on simulated environment.

15
  Develop or refine a model to detect the malicious insiders in Clouds.
 Quantitative analysis to evaluate the performance of the algorithm/protocol.
 System documentation.
 Tools to be used: Matlab, Ns-2.

VI. References
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Survey," Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops, 2009.
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[2] Giuseppe Anastasi, Marco Conti, Mario Di Francesco, Andrea Passarella, Energy
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[3] I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, Wireless sensor

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[4] J. N. Al-Karaki, A. E. Kamal, "Routing techniques in WSNs: a survey", in IEEE

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[5] G. R. Sakthidharan and S. Chitra, "A survey on wireless sensor network: An

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[6] Rajashree.V.Biradar, V.C .Patil, Dr. S. R. Sawant, Dr. R. R.

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[7] Chuan Zhu, Chunlin Zheng, Lei Shu, Guangjie Han,“A survey on coverage and
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[8] Mehmet C Vuran, Özgur B. Akan, Ian F. Akyildiz, “Spatio-temporal correlation:

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[9] D. Zhang, G. Li, K. Zheng, X. Ming and Z. H. Pan, "An Energy-Balanced Routing
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[10] C. Tunca, S. Isik, M. Y. Donmez and C. Ersoy, "Distributed Mobile Sink Routing
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[11] Ado Adamou ABBA ARI, Blaise Omer YENKE, Nabila LABRAOUI, Irepran
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