MD Mem Laye Adi Effect Prep Memb Pore Porosit Soln LEP Memb Cont Feed Side Operating

emb Cont Feed Side Operating Permeate Side Mass Heat Perm Vapor Tortuo Surf Re
Type rs of modul size y % Thick Angl Variables Operating Flux Flux eate Pressure sity Eng f.
Adi e (µm) (µm) Variables (kg/m2 Flux Differen (×103
h) (kg/ ce N/m)
Inlet Con Vel Inlet Vel m2 h)
Tem c. (l/h) Temp (l/h)
0
rang (g/l C
e 0C )
DCMD PVDF- OTFE Incr E HF 0.22 60±4 NaCl/ 32 to 125±5 124±2 67 40 25 40 13-14
HFP in (No Water 35(OTF 156±2 20 ---- --- 1
Pore change E) psi (after
size by adi) OTFE)
dcmd PTFE- - - - FS 0.20 0.88 Nacl/w 30- 160+-40 - 40- 15 1-12 17-25 1-4 +-7.7% - - - - 2
(GE ater 60kpa 65 ppt l/min l/min
Aspir
e)
Desig - 4
n of
memb
rane
Dcmd PTFE - HF 0.26 45.07 nacl 1.67 bar 129.3 53 140 0.25m 20 - 1.97 3
PP 0.28 50.76 1.32 94.8 /s
PVDF 0.14 83.82 2.97 99.5
dcmd PTFE- fs 0.27 77% Sea 15psi 0.177m 140+-3 40- 90l/h 20 60l/h - 5
PMM water m 70
C
dcmd pvdf Fs 0.22 water - 125 162 60 - 0.11m 20 0.11 12.4 6
/s m/s
dcmd pvdf hf 0.22 75% Discha 204kpa 125 118 40- - 0.4- 20 0.09- 5.5-8.5 7
rged 80 0.12 0.27 l/h*m
Anaer l/min m/s 2
obic
digest
or
Dcmd PP fs 0.06 55% Nacl- 200kpa 25 120 73.6i/ 17.1l 4.191l 8
4 water h /h /m2.h
dcmd pvdf fs Sea 60 350 25 3.5- 19.5 9
water 00 8cm/
pp s
m
Dcmd Pvdf fs 0.15 85% 3Bar 130 70 50 10
g/m2.s
Dcmd 0.2 70.80% Groun 200- 129 137+-5 55 25+- 12.1- 11
d 1000 0.5 13.3
water mbar l/m2h
dcmd Pvdf- Sea 12
FG water
Dcmd PTFE- hf 100 nacl 60- 300 212- 77kg/ 13
CN nm 65 0- 164 m2.h
340 ml/m
00p in
pm
dcmd Pvdf- fs 0.45 Nacl 15kpa 135- 60 100 0.2m/s 25 0.4m 14
TiO2 160 l/m /s
and
fluoro
-
silane
dcmd AC fs 0.23 30-3..1 produc 23.7-0.5 215-18 135 60 1.9l/m 30 1.9l/ 10.5 15
PP 0.38 79-1.8 ed 32-1.7 135-5 136 in min 34.7
PTFE 20 0.21 42-0.5 water 40.3-0.5 112-17 142 32.5
PTFE 0.25 37-1.8 from 37.1-1 210-12 147 20.8
PTFE 60 0.24 60-6.8 uncon 15.5-9 148-30 149 37.5
PVDF 0.19 14-0.7 ventio 14.2-0.7 145-3 107 16.3
nal PSI LMH
gas
well as
feed
dcmd ptfe P&F 0.2 80% TCM+ 60 60 4.5 0.07- 25 16
water g/li 0.13m
t /s
dcmd ptfe 0.15 nacl 78- 50- 500- 20 0.04- 0.97- 17
551bar 70 1500l/ 0.25 5.19kg
hr /m2.hr
AGM nacl 50- 60- 300- 20 18
D 70 900 900
g/li l/hr
t
dmd Pvdf- fs 0.22 Dying- 60 0.5l/m 20 0.5l/ 34-39 19
ptfe waste in min 23-25
water LMH
dcmd hf Brine 80- 25 20
soln 90
USDC ptfe hf 0.26 45.07% CaSO 53 200 0.25m 20 1m/s 21
MD soln 0 /s
 mg
/lit

1. polyvinylidene fluoride-cohexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP)

2. tetrafluoroethylene oligomers (OTFE)
3. E= Electrospinning
4. HF= Hollow Fiber
5. FS= Flat Sheet
6. TB=Tubular
7. SW=Spiral Wound
8. PI=Phase Inversion
9. Single layer=1
10. Dual Layer = 2
11. Composite membrane = 3

References

1. Boor Singh Lalia, Isam Janajreh, Raed Hashaikeh, A facile approach to fabricate superhydrophobic membranes with low contact angle hysteresis, Journal

of Membrane Science Volume 539, 1 October 2017, Pages 144-151

2. An experimentally optimized model for heat and mass transfer in direct contact membrane distillation

3. An ultrasonic assisted direct contact membrane distillation hybrid process for desalination

4. Analysis and design of direct contact membrane distillation

5. Analysis of direct contact membrane distillation based on a lumped-parameter dynamic predictive model

6. Anti-wetting behavior of negatively charged superhydrophobic PVDF membranes in direct contact membrane distillation of emulsified wastewaters

7. Application of direct contact membrane distillation process to treat anaerobic digestate

8. Application of response surface methodology for modeling and optimization of membrane distillation desalination process
9. Assessing the performance of solar thermal driven membrane distillation for seawater desalination by computer simulation

10. Assessment of direct contact membrane distillation under different configurations, velocities and membrane properties

11. Fluoride removal from groundwater using direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) and vacuum enhanced DCMD (VEDCMD)

12. Fluorographite modified PVDF membranes for seawater desalination via direct contact membrane distillation

13. Flux enhancement in direct contact membrane distillation by implementing carbon nanotube immobilized PTFE membrane

14. Fouling and crystallisation behaviour of superhydrophobic nano-composite PVDF membranes in direct contact membrane distillation

15. Fouling in direct contact membrane distillation of produced water from unconventional gas extraction

16. Fouling resistance in concentrating TCM extract by direct contact membrane distillation

17. Full-scale direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) model including membrane compaction effects

18. Full-scale validated Air Gap Membrane Distillation (AGMD) model without calibration parameters

19. High flux and antifouling properties of negatively charged membrane for dyeing wastewater treatment by membrane distillation

20. High water recovery in direct contact membrane distillation using a series of cascades

21. Ultrasonic assisted direct contact membrane distillation hybrid process for membrane scaling mitigation
Commercial flat sheet membrane commonly used in MD

Trade name Manufacturer Material Mean LEPW Reference

pore (kPa)
size
(μm)
GE Aspire Membrane 2
QL 833

The polyte- 3
PTFE andPPhollow fibers were supplied by DD Water trafluoro ethylene(PTFE),polypropylene(PP)and
GroupCo., polyvinylidene
Ltd. fluoride (PVDF)were chosen tofabricate membrane
(China)andtheInstituteofSeawaterDesalinationandMulti- modules.
purpose Utilization,SOA(Tianjin,China),respectively
flat sheet membrane module 5
made of Poly Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA) material. A
composite
membrane with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
active layer and
a non-woven poly propylene support layer was used
in all experiments
GVHP Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd Millipore PVDF flat sheet 6

Sigma.
Shanghai Titan Scientific Co., Ltd.
Millipore(GVHP) Polyvinylidene fluoride 7

Hoechst-Celanese, USA Polypropylene 8

Masdar Institute using electro-spinning technique polyvinylidene fluoride 10

The polymer PVDF, Arkema 12

Kynar HSV900 Inc

N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP, N99.5%), ethylene

Merck glycol (EG, N
 99.5%), isopropanol (N99.5%) and sodium chloride
(NaCl, 99.5%

PTFE particles (b1 μm), fluorographite (N61 wt%

Sigma-Aldrich F) and hexane (N99.5%
CNT Cheap Tubes, Inc., Brattleboro, VT, MWCNT 13
USA

PVDF Polypropylene 14
(Millipore,
HVHP0.45 mm
andGVHP0.22 mm)
Titanium(IV)isoprop-
oxide(97%),acetylacetone(99%),polyethyleneglycol(MW
1000Da), 1H,1H,2H,2H-
Sigma-Aldrich perfluorododecyltrichlorosilane,1H,1H,2H,2H-
perfluo-
rodecyltriethoxysilaneandhumicacid

fromChem-Supply Toluene,anhydrousethanol,andsodiumchloridewere
suppliedbyAjaxFinechem.Perchloricacid(70%)

VWRScientific. Dextran(MW calciumchloridedihydrate

6000Da)wasobtainedfromAlfa
Aesar,
polyaluminiumchloride
Omega
Chemicals
Delstar Technologies (Richland, PA). The membrane module was made 15
of clear acrylic

Flat sheet membrane The flat sheetmembraneswere 16

provided by Beijing Institute of Plastic Research

supplied by Aquastill ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, 17

 The system, supplied by Aquastill 18

The 19
PVDF membrane
with pore size of 0.22
μm (GVHP) and 0.45 Merck Millipore Ltd, USA).
μm (HVHP)

PTFE membrane
used was
107 TF-200 with
0.20 μm pore size

Pall Gelman (USA

(PTFE) hydrophobic DD Water PTFE 21
hollowfibermembrane Group Co., Ltd. (China
Sherwood correlations as used

MD Type Equations Flow Reynolds Reference

Notes No
- - 2
Sh=k.dh/DAB
dh= hydraulic diameter (m)
k= mass transfer coefficient (m/s)
DAB= binary diffusion coefficient (m2/s)
- 3
- laminar 4
- laminar 5
- 6
- 7
- 8
- 9
- 10
- laminar 618 11
- 12
- 13
- 14
- 15
- 16
Sh = Sh0C4 17
Sh = a(Re f )^b(Scb, f )^0.13(Scb, f /Scwf )^0.25
Sh= a(Ree)^b(Scb,e)^0.13(Scb,e/Scw,e)^0.25 18
- 19
- 20
- 21
Nusulte correlations as used

MD Type Equations Flow Notes Reynolds No range Reference

2
[30] E.N. Sieder, G.E. Tate,
Nu=1.86*(Re*Pr/L*dh)^1/3 L Heat transfer and pressure
drop of liquid in tubes, Ind.
L Eng. Chem. 28 (1936)
1429–1435
𝑑ℎ
L [18] M. Gryta, M.
0.036∗𝑅𝑒∗𝑃𝑟∗( ) Tomaszewska, Heat
=4.36+ 𝐿
𝑑ℎ L transport in membrane
1+0.0011(𝑅𝑒∗𝑃𝑟∗( )^0.8
𝑙
distillation process, J.
L Membr. Sci. 144 (1998)
211–222
=0.3*Re0.64*Pr0.38 L [31] M. Gryta, M.
Tomaszewska, A.W.
=1.95(
𝑅𝑒∗𝑃𝑟 1/3
) L Morawski, Membrane
𝐿/𝑑ℎ distillation with
T laminar flow, Sep. Purif.
Technol. 11 (1997) 93–101.
=0:097Re^0.73 Pr^0:13 [32] L.C. Thomas, Heat
T Transfer, Prentice-Hall,
𝑑ℎ Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1992.
0.104∗𝑅𝑒∗𝑃𝑟∗( ) T [31] M. Gryta, M.
=3.66+ 𝑑ℎ
𝑙
1+0.0106(𝑅𝑒∗𝑝𝑟( ))^0.8
𝐿
Tomaszewska, A.W.
Morawski, Membrane
T distillation with
laminar flow, Sep. Purif.
=1.62(Re*Pr(dh/L))^1/3 Technol. 11 (1997) 93–101
[32] L.C. Thomas, Heat
Transfer, Prentice-Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1992.
[18] M. Gryta, M.
Tomaszewska, Heat
transport in membrane
distillation process, J.
Membr. Sci. 144 (1998)
211–222
=0.023(1+
6∗𝑑ℎ
)*Re^0.8*Pr^0.33 [33] F.W. Dittus, L.M.K.
𝐿 Boelter, Publications on
Engineering, vol. 2,
University of
California, Berkeley, 1930.
[34] M.N. Ozisik, Heat
Transfer (A Basic
=0.036*Re^0.8*Pr^0.33*(dh/L)^0.055
Approach), McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1985.
=0.023*Re^0.8*Pr^1/3 [35] J.P. Holman, Heat
Transfer, McGraw-Hill,
NewYork, 1989
[35] J.P. Holman, Heat
Transfer, McGraw-Hill,
=0.036*Re^0.8*Pr^1/3
NewYork, 1989
.

300-1425 4

9
=0.097*Re0.73*Pr0.13*(Prb/Prm)0.25
17
=a*Reb*Pr0.13*(Prb/Prm)0.25
18

= a*Reb*Pr0.13*(Prb/Prm)0.25
 Fig. 7. Scanning electron microscope image of the PTFE membrane R2

Fig. 2. The outersurfaceSEMimagesofthePVDFandPPmembranes:(a-1)non-irradiatedPVDFmembrane,(a-2)PVDFmembraneirradiatedfor3h,(b-1)non-irradiatedPP

membrane and(b-2)PPmembraneirradiatedfor3h R3
The SEMimageandcontactangleofthePTFEmembraneoutersurface:(a)non-irradiatedPTFEmembraneand(b)PTFEmembraneirradiatedfor240h R3

SEM images of the membrane (a) top surface, (c) bottom surface and (e) cross-section of PVDF-V membrane,

and (b) top surface, (d) bottom surface and (f) cross-section of PVDF-M membrane. The inset photos are the water

contact angles and sliding angles of the two membranes (SA: sliding angle). R6
 SEM-EDS analysisresultsonvirginmembrane(a),fouledmembranesurfaceafter72hdistillationwiththetransmembranetemperatureof40 °C, cross flow velocity

of 0.18m/s,andfeedsolutionwiththepHof7(b),8(c),and8.5(d). R8

a b

Membrane SEM images and EDX inorganic element spectra of used MD membranes with (a)

Solution A (CaF2) and (b) Solution B (groundwater). R11

 SEM image of the used VEDCMD membrane upon cleaning with MQ water. R11

Fig. 4. FESEM images of the outer surfaces and cross-section before and after the filtration by different volumes of the fluorographite solution. R12
FESEM images of (a) pristine PVDF membrane and (b) Fil30 after a 200 h MD test (feed solution: 10 wt% NaCl solution at 60 °C).R12

R13

Scanning electron micrographs (a) PTFE unmodified active layer; (b) CNIM-f
AFM images featuring the topography of the (a) unmodified membrane surface and (b) CNIM-f. R13
. SEM imagesofthemembranestructureof(a)virginPTFE,(b)virginPVDF(0.45 mm), (c)PVDF–FTCS, and(d)PVDF–PDTS. Watercontactanglesofthemembrane

surface areprovidednearthebottomrightofeachimage R14

SEM images of PTFE 1 membrane used for (a-b) Experiment 2, (c–d) Experiment 3 and (e–f) Experiment 4. R15
SEM of clean and fouled membrane (a) surface of clean membrane; (b) cross section of clean membrane; (c) surface of fouled membrane; (d) cross section of
fouled membrane. R16
 Images of dye droplets on the surface of (a) PVDF and (b) PTFE membranes used

in this study R19

A b
C d

. SEM images of 6 different membranes: (a) virgin PVDF-0.22 membrane, (b) fouling

PVDF-0.22 after MD in the CV treatment; (c) virgin PVDF-0.45 membrane, (d) fouling PVDF-0.45

after MD in the CV treatment R19

. Morphological image of the fouled PTFE membrane with CaSO4: (a) in the absence of ultrasound and (b) in the presence of ultrasound. R21
. Morphological image of the fouled PTFE membrane with CaCO3: (a) in the absence of ultrasound and (b) in the presence of ultrasound. R21

Morphological image of the fouled PTFE membrane with silica: (a) in the absence of ultrasound and (b) in the presence of ultrasound. R21