CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

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1.1 Introduction

Agriculture holds the 80% of India’s economy and is the backbone of India.
Agriculture mainly refers to human activities and how they bring up crop cultivation to
satisfy the needs of every individual, a connection with all irrigation fields, drip and
flood irrigation types, production and harvesting process. Although agriculture
products are observed in our daily life, we are not aware of the happenings in
agriculture in depth. In terms, to practice and take up agriculture in our day to day
life is to use natural resources to that is, "produce commodities which maintain life,
including food, fibre, forest products, horticultural crops, and their related
services." Agriculture is the principal source of every individual and the main form of
livelihood for more than 40 percent of the population of Tamil Nadu.

It is based on a definition includes arable farming – (a serious type of farming

where initial stage is ploughing, next, the seeds are sowed the natural way and are
harvested) or agronomy, and horticulture, all terms for the growing of plants.
Cropping systems vary among farms and farmers based on the available resources
for harvesting and irrigation and other constraints; geography and climate of the
agricultural farm; government policies that are to availed to farmers; economic base
for the growth of our country, social and political pressures; and the philosophy along
with cultures followed by farmers. Agriculture, as implemented through farming
methods, imposes external costs upon society in the form of pesticides, nutrient
runoff –where it is getting insufficient, excessive water usage and also scarce of
water including loss of natural environment.

Agri sector also helps on the growth of our economy and that plays key role for the
nation growth. Such dealing with the economy is called as agricultural economy.
Agricultural economics refines and relates as "production, distribution and
consumption of [agricultural] goods and services". On the history of agriculture, it
deals with the combining agricultural production with general theories of marketing,
business and economics, as a discipline of study began in the late 1800s, and grew
significantly through the 20th century. Agricultural science covers a broad area of
multidisciplinary field in biology that encompasses the parts of exact, natural,
economic and social sciences that are used in the practices and understanding the
concepts of agriculture.
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1.2 Theoretical Background of the Study
The Gross Domestic Product popularly known as GDP of an economy requires
contribution from major industries to be healthy. India is largely an agrarian economy;
so agriculture makes the major contribution to the GDP. India is a global agricultural
powerhouse. It is the world’s largest producer of milk, pulses, and spices, and has
the world’s largest cattle herd (buffalos), as well as the largest area under wheat, rice
and cotton. It is the second largest producer of rice, wheat, cotton, sugarcane,
farmed fish, sheep & goat meat, fruit, vegetables and tea. The country has some 195
m ha under cultivation of which some 63 percent are rain fed (roughly 125m ha) while
37 percent are irrigated (70m ha). In addition, forests cover some (65m ha) of India’s
land.
While agriculture’s share in India’s economy has progressively declined to less
than 15% due to the high growth rates of the industrial and services sectors in the
recent years, the sector’s importance in India’s economic and social fabric goes well
beyond this indicator. Initially, around three-quarters of India’s families depend on
rural incomes. Second, the majority of India’s poor (some 770 million people or about
70 percent) are found in rural areas. And third, India’s food security depends on
producing cereal crops, as well as increasing its production of fruits, vegetables and
milk to meet the demands of a growing population with rising incomes. To do so, a
productive, competitive, diversified and sustainable agricultural sector will need to
emerge at an accelerated pace. This research study is mainly focused on analysing
why the agriculture sector dipping its contribution towards the GDP growth rate and
also the researcher analyzes whether the future generation would take up farming.

Sector 2011- 12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 %shar

e
Agricultur 1,501,81 1,680,79 1,932,69 2,067,93 2,172,91 2,382,28 17.32
al Sector 6 8 2 5 0 9 %

Table1.1: Statistical data in agriculture and its amount if share to the economy.

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 The table 1.1 explains about the agriculture and allied sector shares
17.32% and GVA is around of 23.82 lakh crore INR from the years 2011-2017. We
could see the improve mention the agricultural sector yet a serious hit on quitting
farming.

The below diagram Fig1.0 explains about the Gross Value Added (GVA) for the
agricultural sector On Today’s update as of 2017, 2011-12 prices, composition of
Agriculture & allied, Industry, and Services sector are 15.11%, 31.12%, and 53.77%,
respectively.

Fig1.1 Sector wise Contribution of GDP of India

Few key facts are analyzed from the agricultural sector around the globe:

 More than 90 percent of the 570 million farms worldwide are managed by an
individual or a family and rely primarily on family labour.
 Family farms produce more than 80 percent of the world’s food in value terms,
confirming family farming’s central importance in world food security today and for
future generations.

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 The vast majority of the world’s farms are small or very small. Farms smaller than
2 hectares account for 84 percent of all farms and control only 12 percent of all
agricultural land.
 Many of the larger farms are family-owned also.
 Public policies that recognize the diversity and complexity of the challenges faced
by family farms are key to end hunger and achieve inclusive and efficient agricultural
and food systems.

The future scenario is also recorded and the future is analyzed. Amongst all
uncertainty and concern and the laggings in agriculture, the agricultural industry will
stay strong and help in increase in Indian economy; it will continue to be more volatile
than it has been in the past yet it will remain an active stage and an improving
industry. Scrutiny and regulations will continue to grow due to concerns over food
safety and sustainability in crop and harvesting. Integration within the industry is
expected to have a possible increase, leading to an ever evolving trade under
agricultural industry. As with most other industries, the agricultural industry will
continue to evolve and the level of innovation is expected to continue at recent high
levels. In many countries, this industry is subsidized into local government to make
up for tight gross profit margins, but still, the world population is growing and this
industry must grow in proportion with it.

The growth of the agriculture is analyzed for the present year in USD released by
the ministry of Agriculture.

Fig 1.2 GDP Value in agriculture

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 The fig1.2 explains about the in the statistical format explaining about the values
added to the agricultural products in USD.

1.3 Background of the topic

Agriculture, known also as husbandry or farming in our country, plays a major role
in our economy which is the science of cultivating plants, animals, and other life
forms for food, fibre, and fuel. The agricultural industry, which has its value and
enterprises engaged in growing crops, raising fish and animals, and logging wood,
dairies, hatcheries, and other forms of farming. The background of the study goes
back to the Green Revolution. Tamil Nadu is known for its greenery scenario and the
green revolution age.
Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan (born on 7 August 1925) is an
Indian geneticist and international administrator, renowned for his leading role in
India's Green Revolution a program under the high-yield varieties of wheat and rice
seedlings for harvesting were planted in the fields of poor farmers. M.S.
Swaminathan is known as "Indian Father of Green Revolution" for his leadership and
success in introducing and further developing high-yielding varieties of wheat in
India. He is the founder and chairman of the MS Swaminathan Research Foundation.
His stated vision is to rid the world of hunger and poverty
In order to keep agriculture on the cutting edge and to withstand our growth in
economy, many farmers now implement a variety of technologies, including precision
agriculture with improved technology such as, remote sensing, computers, the
internet, specialized software, global positioning, flood irrigation, drip irrigation, and
biotechnology. The known source, Global Positioning System (GPS) is a key
technology utilized in precision agriculture. Linking to a system of satellites, a farmer
uses a receiver to pinpoint his or her position to within inches. The information
gathered by the usage of technology helps the farmer to identify precisely where to
plant, the type of the soil to be tested for agriculture, and when to plant based on the
climate and weather support, seasonal changes, and where to apply pesticides and
fertilizer.
The reason for the research mainly relies on the changes in agriculture that has
happened in the recent years. Agriculture in Tamil Nadu has faced a thunder like hit
due to low rainfall and the result is that it had left the crops and agricultural lands with
no water for irrigational purposes. Tamil Nadu is facing drought and has officially
6
declared. One of the reasons for drought is the Kaveri water issue became a huge
headache for the farmers in Tamil Nadu, as no enough of water is obtained from the
tributaries of Kaveri river, where it is the only source of irrigation for the Tamil Nadu
farmers. The crops had severely cracked in lakhs of hectares. It is said that the
harvest in the year will be the worst ever in Tamil Nadu.
A report says, on 10 January 2017, Chief Minister O. Panneerselvam announced
that Tamil Nadu will be announced as drought-hit state. Now entire Tamil Nadu was
devastated by the drought because of low rainfall, huge expenses will be incurred in
protecting the people and central financial assistance will be sought because of this,
he said. By the words of Chief Minister, he further said that Rs.5465 per acre will be
provided for farmers who suffered 33% loss sowing paddy and other irrigational
crops and Rs.7287 per acre for long term crops. “It is an unprecedented situation,” S
Panneerselvam, Professor and Head, Agro Climate Research Centre, Tamil Nadu
Agriculture University, Coimbatore, told India. “It has severely affected 21 of 32
districts of Tamil Nadu.”

The Green Revolution refers to a set of research and development of technology

transfer initiatives occurring between the 1930s and the late 1960s (with prequels in
the work of the agrarian geneticist Nazareno Strampelli in the 1920s and 1930s), that
increased agricultural production worldwide, particularly in the developing world,
beginning most markedly in the late 1960

The rapid growth of the world’s population has caused an increase in demand for
food production. Now, the agricultural industry has caused serious changes and
problems. Many farmers do complain about the negative environmental impacts on
large-scale cultivation, such as soil erosion, the loss of ecosystems and eco balance
as they are turned into an arable land, land pollution from harmful chemical fertilizers
and also more amount if usage of fertilizers. As interest in bio fuels continues to
grow, farmers also make their expectations at a higher price of crops used to
produce these fuels to increase as well. Finally, there are concerns about increased
usage of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). GMOs basically allow for cheaper
agricultural products, however; it is still stays to be a huge issue with commodity
prices rise. This increase in commodity prices impacts the agricultural industry in two

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ways: it raises the price of inputs (fuel and fertilizer) while also raising the price of
outputs (actual food products).

1.4 Statement of the problem

The problem of the research is discussed on the present scenario agriculture that
it is in a bad state across India. The researcher raises questions, whether the study
can make agriculture get revived to its former glory and make it as a viable career
option for the youngsters.
One of the problems noticed is that farmers are in the confused stage whether to
regret farming and get into non-farming occupation or not. These happenings are
analyzed in this research and the solutions are interpreted.

1.5 Need of the study

This study tries to analyse the year on year reduction in the growth rate of
agriculture sector in India. Through this study, we also want to analyse why the
youngsters do not take up agriculture as their career option and why the second
generation of the farmers are not into agriculture.

1.6 Scope of the study

The Food and Agriculture Organisation, the United Nations’ agency charged with
thinking about such matters, published a report in 2009 which suggested that by
2050 agricultural production will have to rise by 70% to meet projected demand.
Since most land suitable for farming is already farmed, this growth must come from
higher yields. Agriculture has undergone yield-enhancing shifts in the past, and this
in result has shown in our growth of our country, including use of agricultural
mechanisms in harvesting and irrigation.
In today’s scenario on agriculture is one of the hot topics is next green revolution
across the country. We first analyze the success and failure of the present green
revolution. The researcher needs a reframe of the findings and executions of the
revolution. Even though the country has achieved self sufficiency, the producer – the
farmers are still economy crippled and deprived. The main reason for this situation is
that the policy makers have addressed issues related to irrigation facilities, drought

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happenings, low supply of water and inputs such as chemical fertilizers, seeds,
pesticides and improved agronomic practices, extension services etc and achieved
one sided success.
The researcher’s main scope of this study is to make the data useful for the
Agricultural University for Coimbatore city and make it efficient for the farmers to
provide their crop funds, issue new schemes, allot compensation schemes for the
drought period and help in the growth of the city.
Indian agricultural productivity is a cyclical order, with high growth periods followed
on a routine basis. The sector is now in the latter phase; resulting in annual growth
rates of 4% across the 11th Plan period. There is a change in the data and it has
been stuttering at 1.7% three years into the 12th Plan. The government wholly relies
on—the dependence on the monsoons—with the guidance of Pradhan Mantri Krishi
Sinchai Yojana. The main idea of this plan is to extend irrigation and to cover every
farm for crop cultivation and maximize water-use efficiency with an outlay of
Rs.50,000 crore over five years.

Rural people still feel electrification, the missing link. NITI Aayog’s Raising
Agricultural Productivity and Making Farming Remunerative for Farmers report, talks
about India—stated to be a water-stressed country as per international norms and
also finding the change in sliding into water-scarce status—which has created
irrigation potential through existing infrastructure of 81% of its ultimate irrigation
potential, estimated to be around 140 million hectares. The only financially
sustainable with electric pump-sets—also plays a major role in the agriculture where
it happens to be a form of supply of water to crop cultivation. Hence electricity also
plays a part of the agricultural plan in rural areas.

The NITI Aayog report also points to the most critical and long-running
inefficiencies in the agricultural sector, the mandi system. The main reason is the lack
of rural infrastructure and constraints of the various states’ Agricultural Produce
Marketing Committee Acts that has created a long supply chains and has compelled
farmers to depend on intermediaries. This has a continuous effect that prevails:
farmers receive a low share of the rupee that leads to increased demands for
minimum support prices and consequent food inflation and this intern causes
changes in our GDP.

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 Several attempts were taken to work around this and to bring up changes. Under
this, a new model has been created, that is, the centre’s Model APMC Act of 2003
provided a template for state governments to adopt and act accordingly. Only 16
have been done and satisfied as of now, and the other initiative suffers from
ultimately working within the framework of the mandi system, yet the result is
considered to be flawed at its core. The establishment of a new portal called,
National Agriculture Market as an electronic trading portal, approved by the cabinet
last year, gave a better chance and showed some serious effect with the mandias by
enabling farmers’ options for sale and access to markets, also in the form of auction
basis sale. On the other hand, investment to enable transport and storage of produce
is provided for it to be used efficiently for the system to function— but it turned out to
be complicated by regulatory inefficiencies and was hit by the foreign direct
investment in multi-brand retail that scared away private investment.

Other schemes like the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee
Scheme and interest rate subvention on farmer loans can help to waive off the bad
loans and also MGNREGA has brought up new job opportunities in farming. The bulk
of the demand for MGNREGA funds this year has come from middle-income states,
and not those hit by drought which explains us the demand is high in the middle
income groups. Reserve Bank of India, have questioned the efficacy of farm loan
subsidies. Most of the credit is absorbed by farmers with larger holdings than the
ones are the lower bottom, while the rest—two-thirds of farm holders have less than
one hectare of land— and they continue to depend on money lenders, on interest
basis and it results in high levels of indebtedness in the end.

If the government’s budget majorly focuses on agriculture then it is to have a real

impact on the agricultural sector, leading to a solution that the spending and reforms
must address the underlying structural issues.

1.7 Objectives of the study

 To understand the reason of migration from farming to other professions
 To study the attitude of successive generation in taking up farming.

1.8 Hypothesis of the study

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Ho: There is no significant difference between the earlier and present scenario in
agriculture
Ha: there is a significant difference between the earlier and present scenario in
agriculture sector in Tamil Nadu.

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 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

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1HAROLD D. GUITHER made a study about Families who quit farming. This
paper deals with why families left farming. It reveals that about 34 percent faced
financial problems due to shortage of money to meet expenses and too low return
on capital and labour and some also had the ability for higher paying off-farm
employment. About 19 percent left due to the sale of farm or termination of lease.
About 26 percent decided to retire due to age constraints and 11 percent of the
people suffered physical health problem and decided to find other employment.
About 10 percent of the operators faced some family or other sociological problem
that caused them to leave farming. The farm families who leave farming represent
a small but important group that frequently need some educational assistance.
Extension workers in federal, state and county positions could provide some
assistance. But in doing so they would depart from some of the traditional
extension programmes usually provided to farm families. Since most operators
who leave farming know about the Extension service, the extension worker has a
unique opportunity in performing needed educational services for this group. He
could do the jobs needed educational services for this group. While the extension
agent might not be the authority in all the subjects in which instruction is needed,
he could be the leader in organizing the program, bringing the audience together
and building confidence amongst the farmers and their wives.

1
Guither, H. D. (1965). Families Who Quit Farming. Journal of Cooperative Extension. Ill,(Fall, 1965), 173-9.

13
2Kyösti Pietola, Minna Väre and Alfons Oude Lansink made study about
Farmers’ exit decisions and early retirement programs in Finland. The Authors
through this paper estimates farmer decisions between three discrete occupational
choices. This paper estimates the timing and the type of exit decisions among
farmers who have the option to exit from farming or continue farming while
retaining the option to exit later. The results suggest that the timing and the type of
farmer exit decisions respond elastically to farmer and farm characteristics and
economic environment, such as farmer age, farm land area, prices and retirement
benefits. Nevertheless, as the exit decision is delayed and the age of farmer is
increased, the probability to transfer the farm for new entrant will decrease. Less
young farmers will enter farming and the structural development will be
accelerated in the long run.

2
Pietola, K., Vare, M., & Lansink, A. O. (2002). Farmers’ exit decisions and early retirement programs in Finland. Zaragoza (Spain), 28,
31.

14
3Srijit Mishra (2007) made a study on Risks, Farmers’ Suicides and Agrarian
Crisis in India: Is There a Way Out. The policy implication from the above-
discussion calls for an emphasis on the larger crisis; that of low returns and
declining profitability from agriculture and that of poor non-farm opportunities. Risk
management in agriculture should address yield, price, credit, income or weather
related uncertainties among others. Improving water availability will facilitate
diversification of cropping pattern, but this should go hand in hand with policies
that increase non-farm employment. Improving agricultural extension that
addresses deskilling because of technological changes and also facilitates
appropriate technical know-how for alternative forms of cultivation such as organic
farming will be of help. Availability of affordable credit requires revitalisation of the
rural credit market. There is also a strong case for regulating private credit and
input markets. A challenge for the technological and financial gurus is to provide
innovative products that reduce costs while increasing returns. Organising farmers
through a federation of self-help groups (SHGs) with government, banks and other
stakeholders playing a pro-active role would be welcome. Besides, public
institutions, there is need for a greater involvement from the civil society. Long
term strategies requires more stable income from agriculture, and more
importantly, from non-farm sources. Private credit and input markets need to be
regulated. A challenge for the technological and financial gurus is to provide
innovative products that reduce costs while increasing returns. The institutional
vacuum of organising farmers needs to be addressed through a federation of self-
help groups (SHGs) or alternative structures.

3
Mishra, S. (2008). Risks, farmers’ suicides and agrarian crisis in India: Is there a way out?. Indian Journal of Agricultural
Economics, 63(1).

15
4Sukhpal Singh and Shruti Bhogal made a study on Depeasantization in Punjab:
status of farmers who left farming. It deals with the total number of smaller land
holdings has been rising and the larger farm holdings have been following a
declining trend, contrastingly in Punjab, the number of smaller land holdings is
declining unlike the large land holdings whose number is increasing. The process
of depeasantization in Punjab began since 1991 and has gathered momentum
since the mid-1990s. A considerable proportion of marginal and small farmers are
pushed out of agriculture because it is non-viable and majority of them have joined
other sectors like wage labour. It is significant to note that about one-third of the
marginal and small farmers were dissatisfied with their new occupations and
wanted to shift to another profession. In such a situation, it is of utmost importance
to address the problem of the small farmers who are leaving farming. There is a
need to look into the viability of the farming sector, particularly small farmers.

4
Singh, S., & Bhogal, S. (2014). Depeasantization in Punjab: status of farmers who left farming. Curr Sci, 106(10), 1364-8.

16
5Schirmer J.1,2, Peel D.1 and Mylek, M.1(2015) made a study on The 2014
Regional Wellbeing Survey Farmers and Agriculture. The authors highlight that
many farmers are experiencing positive wellbeing and are in good financial health
on the farm. However, farmers are almost twice as likely as non-farmers to be
experiencing moderate to high levels of psychological distress, and a substantial
proportion are experiencing financial difficulties on the farm. In particular our
findings highlight the strong association between poor farm financial performance
and poor wellbeing: farmers experiencing farm financial stress typically have much
lower levels of life satisfaction, and higher levels of psychological distress. These
are likely to reinforce each other: financial stress places pressure on wellbeing,
and a person with poorer wellbeing has less capacity to successfully manage their
farm back to a position of financial security While these were not the only farmers
experiencing difficult times on the farm, a much larger proportion of these types of
farmers were experiencing difficulty than was typical across all farmers. Other
farmers were more commonly experiencing positive personal and farm financial
wellbeing, particularly dairy and rice farmers.

5
Schirmer, J., Peel, D., & Mylek, M. (2015). The 2014 Regional Wellbeing Survey: Farmers and Agriculture. University of Canberra,
Canberra.

17
6Sreya Mozumdar, Gayatri Mahar, Pranab R. Choudhury, Tapan K. Padhi, Arman
Mohanty and Akshaya Kumar Samal made a study on A study on Farmer Suicides
in Odisha. This report tries to provide compelling queries and experiences that
were gathered during the process of this study. A few weeks into the study, we
were compelled to ask ourselves: Is this an enquiry into suicides by a few farmers
or is it also a narrative of a large section of the farmers who have been in the
same/worse plight than the ones who committed suicide. A large number of
farmers have been contemplating giving up farming, running away from the
challenges that they are pied against and may have even contemplated suicide,
but, were strong enough not to take the drastic step. A large section of the farmers
want to give up farming, but have not been able to do so as they are not left with
any other options for livelihood. Farmers, in general, and small and marginal
farmers, in particular, have been forced into an agricultural practice that they are
not quite able to carry forward. In the prevailing situation, input intensive farming is
not their cup of tea. Small holdings, no irrigation, inadequate arrangement for
institutional credit, ever minimum support prices, ineffective safety nets,
inadequate extension services, incomplete knowledge of new farming and, over
and above, an exploitative market, cripples the farmers on all fronts. May be the
new input intensive agriculture with all its imperfections is not working for the small
and marginal farmers. In a state where small and marginal farmers account for
more than 90 per cent of the holdings, they should have been at the centre of
agricultural planning by design. But unfortunately this is not the case. SMFs are
being forced to fit into the design of new agriculture. It is time that the state and
agricultural scientists think of out of the box solutions to put these farmers in the
driver’s seat for agricultural growth. The state also needs to play an effective role
in enacting SMF sensitive policies, creating an enabling environment, protecting
the farmers from an overpowering market and providing safety nets for climate
change uncertainties; else, the farmers will continue to quit farming and give up on
themselves.

6
Indo-Global Social Service Society (2017). Why farmers quit? A study on farmers’ suicides in Odisha, conducted by
Baitarani Initiative, IGSSS, New Delhi

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7Ika Darnhofer, David Gibbon and Benoît Dedieu made a study on Farming
Systems Research: An approach to inquiry. Farming Systems Research took the
farm as a starting point for an analysis of a broad range of issues linked to
agricultural production. Soon afterwards, it was recognised that to understand
farming, the scale of analysis needed to be broadened, to capture the interactions
between farms and their natural, social and economic context. Topics of research
now range from on farm issues such as interactions between crop production and
animal husbandry, to farmer pluriactivity, civic food networks, and how cultural
landscapes are shaped by farming activities. Underlying this breadth of topics,
three characteristics are identified as being constituent of Farming Systems
Research: systems thinking, inter-disciplinarity and a participatory approach to
research. In this chapter we discuss these three characteristics, and the
challenges they pose in their operationalization. Given these challenges, we
discuss the reasons why Farming Systems Research is demanding, and we
highlight that the core quality of a researcher is reflexivity, in designing, in
implementing and in evaluating research. In the 20 years since its introduction to
Europe, it has developed a strong identity. It now offers unique insights on how to
understand farming, and proposes a range of participatory methods to work with
farmers and other actors to shape a sustainable future. Interdependencies need to
be understood as having simultaneously a material and a value dimension; they
cannot be reduced to only one of these dimensions. Farming Systems Research
has done much to highlight this connection. It is well placed to go further, and to
develop its ability to capture both the complexity, diversity and the dynamics of
contemporary farming.

7
Darnhofer, I., Gibbon, D., & Dedieu, B. (2012). Farming systems research: an approach to inquiry. In Farming systems research into
the 21st century: The new dynamic (pp. 3-31). Springer Netherlands.

19
8Jennifer Leavy and Sally Smith (June 2010) made a study on Future Farmers:
Youth Aspirations, Expectations and Life Choices. This paper explains about the
youth aspirations, expectations and life choices. It describes the processes
through which aspirations are formed on this by economic context, social norms
and customs, parental and peer influence, media, previous attainment and gender
relations, and relates this to the agrarian context of sub-Saharan Africa. The paper
concludes about youth aspirations, how they link to choose their career rural
African context, and the implications for agricultural policy and practice. This paper
maps the research terrain relating to young people’s aspirations, focusing on
defining and conceptualising aspirations and expectations, and themes emerging
from empirical studies focusing on the African agricultural setting. This paper maps
the research terrain relating to young people’s aspirations, focusing on defining
and conceptualising aspirations and expectations, and themes emerging from
empirical studies focusing on the African agrarian setting. Initial, tentative,
hypotheses are set out based on ‘stylised facts’ suggested by the literature and
Discussion Paper situating young people’s aspirations and expectations within
their ‘opportunity space’ in the rural African agrarian context. This will form the
basis for new research under the Future Farmers theme of the Future Agricultures
Consortium.

8
Leavy, J., & Smith, S. (2010). Future farmers: youth aspirations, expectations and life choices. Future Agricultures Discussion
Paper, 13, 1-15.

20
9Aragaw Sergo (2014) made a study on Aspirations of Rural Youth towards
Agriculture: The Case of Hulet Eju Enese Woreda. The data presented in this
thesis is drawn from in-school and out of school rural youth that have been
categorized in to four different age groups to understand how and why aspiration
and hopes change in the life course of young people. The study also showed that
in spite of most rural youth non-agricultural aspiration, an attempt to start and/or
do agriculture as a last resort is also challenging since it is constrained by many
structural factors. The constraints are more sever particularly for youth who were
in school empty handed. Land problem, asset problems like shortage of money,
the problem of agricultural input, attitudinal problem, backwardness of agricultural
tools are among constraints to mention few of them. Moreover, the young people
should be at the forefront of revitalizing agriculture since they tend to be more
innovative. In addition to these, the continued migration of the rural youth to city by
aspiring city life can be the problem not only to the prospects of agriculture but
also to urban areas by increasing youth unemployment. Thus, the constraints
facing rural youths in agriculture should be examined to improve participation in
agriculture.

9
ARAGAW, S. (2014). ASPIRATIONS OF RURAL YOUTH TOWARDS AGRICULTURE: THE CASE OF HULET EJU ENESE WOREDA, EAST
GOJJAM ZONE (Doctoral dissertation, AAU).

21
10Tahir Munir Butt, Muhammad Zakaria Yousuf Hassan, Shahbaz Talib Sahi,
Muhammad Atiq, Abdual Jabbar, Irfan Ahmad, Muhammad Luqman and Wasif
Shafique (2009) made a study on Role of rural youth in agricultural and rural
development: A self-perceived case study of Okara District, Punjab, Pakistan. The
study reveals that agricultural production in Pakistan is affected by a number of
factors including lack of continuity in agricultural policies, politicized environment in
agricultural support institutions, isolation of agricultural education, research and
extension wings, unfavourable prices, buyer’s and middleman “Mafia”, absence of
necessary infrastructure for farm exports, deficient management and marketing
skills, a large number of small operators. These problems may be overcome with
the help of youth-serving organizations and the practitioners who work with them.
During critical hours, they extend learning through rewarding growth and
development experiences. They also foster caring environments that optimize the
development of young people in community settings. It was concluded that youth
were the important asset of the nation but was exploited by the different agencies
and their capabilities/competencies were not fully utilized by the Government or
nation Government should initiate various agricultural developmental programmes
for the betterment of Rural Youth. Government should establish technical and
vocational institutes in villages for the training of Rural Youth.

10
Extension and Journal of Agricultural Rural Development Vol. 3(2), pp. 23-28, February 2011, ISSN 2141-2154 ©2011 Academic
Journals

22
11Abdul Aziz Abdullah (2013) made a study on Factors That Influence the
Interest of Youths in Agricultural Entrepreneurship. The paper explains about the
interest of youth to become entrepreneurs with agriculture as their career. The
study also identified the factors such as family support, government support and
promotion through of festivals and carnivals. The finding indicated that the attitude
and acceptance has significant relationship with the interest of youth to become
entrepreneur while the knowledge has no significant relationship with interest of
youth to become entrepreneurs. The study concluded that the decision on whether
to be involved in agriculture entrepreneurship is not only based attitude,
acceptance and knowledge but is also determined by the other factors such as
family support, government support and the intensity of promotion by related
government agencies and related authorities. The finding also indicates that
attitude and acceptances are the factors which significantly influence the youth
interest in agriculture entrepreneurship. This study also surprisingly reveals that
knowledge factor is not significant in influencing interest of youth to become
entrepreneurs. Further, the open-ended questions reveals other factors which
influenced young people to become entrepreneurs are; family support,
government support and promotion through carnivals and festivals.

11
Abdullah, A. A., & Sulaiman, N. N. (2013). Factors that influence the interest of youths in agricultural entrepreneurship. International
Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(3), 288-302.

23
12Stephen C. Mukembo, M. Craig Edwards, Jon W. Ramsey, and Shida R.
Henneberry (2014) made a study on Attracting Youth to Agriculture: The Career
Interests of Young Farmers Club Members in Uganda. The study’s multifold
purpose was to describe YFC members’ personal characteristics and their reasons
for joining the clubs. In addition, the study sought to determine the career
interests/aspirations of the Young Farmers Club members and factors influencing
their decisions about career choices. Four objectives were to describe select
personal characteristics of the YFC members, describe students’ reasons for
joining their Young Farmers club, determine the career interests/aspirations of the
YFC members and to determine factors that influenced the career
interests/aspirations of the YFC members. The development of the survey
questionnaire was done by the researchers and a panel of experts from the
Department of Agricultural Education, Communications, and Leadership at
Oklahoma State University, including three faculty members. The questionnaire
was reviewed by the panelists and three agriculture teachers in Uganda for
content and face validity. Minor revisions, as suggested by the reviewers, were
made. A field test was conducted to determine if the subjects were capable of
completing the survey instrument and understood the questions. A large majority
of the students agreed or strongly agreed that the main reason for joining the
YFCs was to improve their academic performance. Personal interest held second
place with, and gaining life skills, such as leadership, communication, and team
work, followed closely in third place. More than two-thirds either disagreed or
strongly disagreed that they joined their clubs to make money, and more than
three-fourths disagreed or strongly disagreed that it was a school requirement for
them to join their clubs.

12
Mukembo, S. C., Edwards, M. C., Ramsey, J. W., & Henneberry, S. R. (2014). Attracting youth to agriculture: The career interests of
young farmers club members in Uganda. Journal of Agricultural Education, 55(5), 155-172.

24
13William A.Masters, with Agnes Andersson Djurfeldt, Cornelis De Haan,
PeterHazell, Thomas Jayne, Magnus Jirström, Thomas Reardon (2013) made a
study on Urbanization and farm size in Asia and Africa: Implications for food
security and Agricultural Research. The study reveals that urbanization and
economic development have made global agriculture increasingly differentiated.
Many hinterland farms remain largely self-sufficient, while farms closer to markets
become increasingly specialized and linked to agribusinesses. Both semi-
subsistence and commercialized farms remain family operations, with the few
successful investor-owned farms found mainly for livestock and crops processed
on sites such as sugar, tea and oil palm. Meanwhile, demographic transition drives
rapid change in farm sizes, with less land available per family until non-farm
opportunities expand enough to absorb all new workers. Asia has saw whole has
now passed this turning points on its average farm sizes can rise, while in Africa
average farm sizes will continue to fall for many years, posing special challenges
in both hinterland and commercialized areas.

13
Masters, W.A., et al., Urbanization and farm size in Asia and Africa: Implications for food security and agricultural research. Global
Food Security (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2013.07.002i

25
14Russell L. Lamb (2011) made a study on Fertilizer Use, Risk, and Off-farm
Labour Markets in the Semi-Arid Tropics of India. It deals with the opportunity to
work in the off-farm labour market allows farmers to smooth consumption in the
face of a negative weather shock. This allows farmers to make production choices
that have higher average returns, and greater risk. I develop a two-period dynamic
programming model to explain the relationship between fertilizer demand and off-
farm labour markets for a risk-averse farmer. I use a well-known sample of farmers
in the semi-arid tropics of India to test the model. I show that fertilizer demand
increases with the depth of the off-farm labour market. Controlling for exogenous
weather risk, farmers use more fertilizer the lower the unemployment rate and the
higher the share of non-agricultural work in total off-farm labour. The results have
important policy implications, suggesting that labour markets and farm production
are complementary in risky production environments.

14
Russell L. Lamb, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 85, No. 2 (May, 2003), pp. 359-371

26
15Philip G. Pardey and Jason M. Beddow made a study on Revitalizing
Agricultural Research and Development to Sustain US Competitiveness. This
paper describes the downward trends in US public agricultural research and
development (R&D) funding and argues for a doubling of such spending over the
next eight to 10 years to ensure that US agriculture maintains its global
competiveness. To address the decline, the US government can reverse current
trends in public agricultural R&D spending by creating incentives for increased
research funding from state governments and national commodity groups, much
as the new Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research is designed to leverage
private sector R&D funding. This paper also suggests ways to better coordinate
agricultural research activities both between US government agencies and
between US and international research institutions, and proposes more precise
targeting of USDA funds to those places where agricultural production actually
occurs. Unfortunately, the rapid productivity growth of the USagricultural sector
over the past half-century is unlikely to continue. Indeed, growth in US productivity
is slowing, and that trend is likely to persist since the US government spending on
agricultural R&D has flat-lined. At the same time, other countries have been
ramping up public investments in this area. As a result, the US share of global
public agricultural R&D has almost halved over the past five decades.

15
Pardey, P. G., & Beddow, J. M. REVITALIZING AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT TO SUSTAIN US COMPETITIVENESS .

27
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

28
3.1 Research design
This study researches about problems faced in agriculture and prospects and findings to
know more about and bring the sustainability level high in the near future. The descriptive
research includes survey and fact finding enquiring about different kinds of categories. The
main characteristics of descriptive research are to study about the variables where the
researcher does not have control over the variables and the report is contented with the
facts and figures from the research.

3.2 Method of data collection

The data collection consists of data collected on a purpose to improve the agricultural
sector from various farmers in and around Coimbatore city. Systematically the data is fed
and the result is analyzed from the inputs.
3.2.1 Primary data: The researcher collected the data from the farmers who own the
agricultural fields in and around Coimbatore city. Data was also collected from the farmer’s
successor for the research. The primary data collection was done with the help of structured
questionnaire with the use of variable that helps to measure.
3.2.2 Secondary data: From the state department of agriculture the researcher
collected data based on the census 2011-2012.

3.3 Sample design

3.3.1 Population Sample size:
Population Sample size of farmers for the research is 150 from the agricultural sector
containing 1.72 lakhs farmers in and around Coimbatore. The population of this study was
collected from the farmers and their sons who are in the mindset of changing their
professions from farming to non-farming in and around Coimbatore districts.
3.3.2 Sampling method and techniques:
The researcher has taken up convenience sampling method. Convenience sampling is
is a type of sampling where in, the primary data source is used for the research
without requirement of additional sampling. Also, this sampling method involves
observing participants wherever the researcher can find responses and typically
observe them; know the researcher’s view on the samples collected. In convenience
sampling no inclusion criteria can be identified prior to this selection of subject. All

29
subjects under agriculture are collected as samples and are used in the research
study.

Under business study convenience sampling method can be applied in order to

gain initial primary data regarding issues such as perception of farmers in today’s
generation and perception of farmer’s successor to take up farming and also
collecting opinions from farmers.

3.4 Instrument for data collection

Structured questionnaire was designed and tested to collect data with the help of
SPSS software to check the CronBach’s alpha.

3.4.1 Reliability test

Cronbach’s alpha is a measure of internal consistency, that is, how closely the
items are related within a group. It is considered to be a measure of reliability scale.
A "high" value for alpha does not imply that the measure is unidimensional; also, in
addition to measuring the internal consistency, the researcher wishes to provide
evidence data, stating that the scale in questionnaire is unidimensional, and
additional analyses can be reliably performed. “Exploratory factor analysis” is one
method of checking dimensionality of the data collected. On Technical thoughts,
Cronbach’s alpha is not stated to be a statistical test – it is a coefficient of reliability
(or consistency).
Cronbach’s alpha is written as a function based on the number of test items and
the average inter-correlation amongst the items. The below given formula, can be
used for conceptual purposes, which stands to be the standard formula in to identify
the alpha value.

From the above formula,

N = number of items

c-bar = the average inter-item covariance amongst the items

30
v-bar = the average variance.

From this formula the researcher can observe the increase the number of items,
thereby resulting in high Cronbach’s alpha. On addition, if the average inter-item
correlation is low, Cronbach’s alpha will be low. As the average inter-item correlation
increases, Cronbach’s alpha increases as well, where in the inter - item are directly
proportional to the alpha value.

When the alpha coefficient is closer to 0.7 and more than that, then it can be
suggested that the items have relatively high internal consistency. Also it should be
noted that if the reliability coefficient is less than 0.70 then it is considered to be
“unacceptable” amongst most social science research situations.

Table 3.1 Cronbach’s Alpha –Reason for farmer quitting

Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's N of Items
Alpha
.701 10

The above table 3.1 defines about the Cronbach’s value for the reason of why farmers
are quitting agriculture.

Table 3.2 Cronbach’s Alpha – Successor’s prospects to take up farming

Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's N of Items
Alpha
.708 10

The above table 3.2 defines about the Cronbach’s Alpha value for the successor’s
prospects and mindset to take up farming.

In both results we can analyze that the values are accepted under research conditions
on reliability tests.

31
 Reliability of a test refers to stability of measurement over time. Reliability analysis is
done using the data which is collected through the pilot study.

1. Pilot study was conducted with 150 respondents, who were basically farmers by
professions and they belong to the nearby villages of Coimbatore city.
2. The collected data was fed into SPSS software to test the reliability of the questionnaire
also to analysis the responds given by the famers.
3. The data was then tested for reliability using the following steps
Analysis  Scale  Reliability Analysis

3.5 Tools for analysis

3.5.1 Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA)
The purpose of performing Analysis of Variance is to test the significant differences
between two means. Elementary concepts in ANOVA provide a brief introduction to the
basis of statistical testing. When the researcher compares more than two means,
ANOVA is performed and the results are produced. Observation shows the similarity
between two groups and how they vary from the other group. Another observation is that
ANOVA produces sae results as T test for independent samples ( if the researcher
compares two variables with the point of different observation). Also, the T test for
dependent samples also result as same as ANOVA ( if the researcher compares two
variables under same group).

3.5.2 Correlation
Correlation is a statistical technique which can be used to show whether and how
strongly pairs of variables are related. For this research paper the researcher can
apple correlation and analyze the problems and prospects, causes in taking up
farming or quitting farming.
Correlation is one of the most common and most useful analysis between groups
in statistics. A correlation is a single number that describes the degree of relationship
between two variables of different group. Correlation is used to measure the strength
and direction of association that exists between two variables on an interval scale.

32
3.5.3Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics is the descriptive coefficients that summarize the given data
set, which can be either a representation of the entire population or a sample of it.
Descriptive statistics are broken down into measures of central tendency and
measures of variability. Measures of central tendency under descriptive statistics
include the mean, median and mode, while measures of variability under descriptive
include the standard deviation or variance, the minimum and maximum variables.
Descriptive statistics provide simple summaries about the sample and the
observations that have been made. Such summaries may be either quantitative
analysis, i.e. summary statistics, or visual, which is made much simpler to understand
graphs.
3.5.4 Regression
Regression is a statistical measure used in business analysis such as finance,
investing and other disciplines that helps to determine the strength of the relationship
between one dependent variable (normally denoted by Y) and a series of other
changing variables (known as independent variables and denoted as X). Regression
helps business persons, investment and financial managers to value assets and
understand the relationships between variables, such as commodity prices and the
stocks of businesses dealing in those commodities.
the general formula used in regression is
Y= aX+b
Where,
Y- Dependent variable
X- Independent Variable
a,b –intercepts
The two basics of regression is studied and analyzed by the researcher: linear
and non-linear regression. According to that under linear regression, simple linear
regression is performed by the researcher. Simple Linear regression uses one
independent variable to explain or predict the outcome of the dependent variable Y,
while multiple regressions use two or more independent variables to predict the
outcome.

33
3.5.5 Factor Analysis
Factor analysis is a way to take a mass of data and compress it to a smaller data
set that is more manageable and even more understandable. This analysis is also a
way to find hidden patterns, show how those patterns overlap and result what
characteristics are seen in multiple patterns. It is also used to create a set
of variables for similar items within the set (these sets of variables are called
dimensions). A “factor” is a set of observed variables that have similar response
patterns because they are associated with a variable which is not directly measured.
Factors are listed according to factor loadings, or how much variation in the data they
can explain.

3.5.6 Cluster analysis

Cluster analysis or clustering is the task of grouping set of objects in such a way
that objects in the same group are more similar in sensible way or the another than
to those in other groups. Cluster analysis is used to identify groups of cases if the
grouping is not previously earlier. Because of these explorative groups it makes
distinction between dependent and independent variables. The different cluster
analysis methods that SPSS offers can handle binary, nominal, ordinal, and scaling
of (interval or ratio) data.

3.5.7 Limitations
 The data collected by the researcher from the farmers and successive
generation is based on the questionnaires and the result will be varying
according to an individual’s perspective.
 Findings from the study are based on the assumptions of the respondents that
were given to the researcher in an unbiased format.
 This research was exclusively in and around Coimbatore where, the population
level for this study is 1.72 lakhs.

34
 CHAPTER 4

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTREPRETATION

35
4.1 TEST OF NORMALITY ON PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS: FARMING
INTO NON-FARMING OCCUPATION

Tests of Normality
gender Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
Preference to take up family male .199 125 .000 .901 125 .000
business female .210 24 .008 .878 24 .008
Preference to work for an male .199 125 .000 .898 125 .000
organization female .182 24 .038 .904 24 .026
Government attractive male .321 125 .000 .779 125 .000
subsidiaries female .297 24 .000 .807 24 .000
male .262 125 .000 .874 125 .000
Modernization agriculture
female .272 24 .000 .873 24 .006
Agriculture as an attractive male .254 125 .000 .813 125 .000
career female .226 24 .003 .861 24 .004
Less prestigious less male .226 125 .000 .869 125 .000
profitability business female .280 24 .000 .869 24 .005
male .287 125 .000 .745 125 .000
Young farmers club
female .333 24 .000 .733 24 .000
Youngsters to take up male .222 125 .000 .898 125 .000
agriculture female .215 24 .006 .887 24 .011
Agriculturist in the near male .221 125 .000 .890 125 .000
future female .244 24 .001 .882 24 .009
male .310 125 .000 .706 125 .000
Agriculture in school
female .256 24 .000 .783 24 .000
Farming to increase amongst male .247 125 .000 .811 125 .000
generation female .333 24 .000 .789 24 .000
Youngsters taking up male .209 125 .000 .870 125 .000
farming female .305 24 .000 .813 24 .000
male .220 125 .000 .861 125 .000
Agriculture degrading status
female .226 24 .003 .898 24 .020
male .371 125 .000 .697 125 .000
Agriculture helping economy
female .307 24 .000 .662 24 .000
male .240 125 .000 .873 125 .000
Low return profits
female .239 24 .001 .875 24 .006
male .198 125 .000 .863 125 .000
Poor irrigation
female .255 24 .000 .853 24 .002
male .222 125 .000 .844 125 .000
Uneven pricing
female .300 24 .000 .829 24 .001
male .327 125 .000 .773 125 .000
Expensive fertilizers
female .359 24 .000 .794 24 .000

36
 male .191 125 .000 .884 125 .000
Political environment
female .326 24 .000 .842 24 .002
male .279 125 .000 .731 125 .000
Labour unavailability
female .348 24 .000 .742 24 .000
male .237 125 .000 .896 125 .000
Well paid jobs
female .283 24 .000 .868 24 .005
male .198 125 .000 .862 125 .000
Migration to cities
female .185 24 .032 .917 24 .051
male .281 125 .000 .869 125 .000
Government schemes
female .239 24 .001 .843 24 .002
male .272 125 .000 .728 125 .000
Monsoon changes
female .192 24 .022 .875 24 .007
male .192 125 .000 .891 125 .000
Real estate
female .281 24 .000 .860 24 .003
male .210 125 .000 .886 125 .000
Young farmers
female .294 24 .000 .726 24 .000
male .212 125 .000 .847 125 .000
Storage facility
female .248 24 .001 .855 24 .003
male .260 125 .000 .871 125 .000
Other incomes
female .273 24 .000 .840 24 .001
male .183 125 .000 .911 125 .000
Middle aged owners
female .282 24 .000 .840 24 .001
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction

Table 4.1.1 Test of normality

Interpretation:
From the table 4.1.1 the researcher infers that two well known tests are
performed namely, Kolmogonov – Smirnov Test and Shapiro –Wilk test. The
Shapiro –Wilk test is more appropriate for small sample sizes (< 50 samples ) but
can also handle sample sizes as large as 2000. The Researcher uses Shapiro –
Wilk test as numerical means of assessing normality.

37
 Fig 4.1.1 Q-Q plot; Test of normality
Interpretation:
From the fig 4.1.1, in order to determine normality graphically, the
researcher can use the output of a normality; Q-Q plot. If the data points are
normally distributed, the data points will be close to the diagonal line. If the data
points stray from the line in an obvious non-linear fashion, the data are not
normally distributed. As the researcher can see the normal Q-Q plot below, the
data is not normally distributed.

38
4.2 FACTOR ANALYSIS: TO UNDERSTAND THE REASON FOR MIGRATION
FROM FARMING TO OTHER PROFESSIONS

Descriptive Statistics
Mean Std. Deviation Analysis N

Low profitability 3.55 1.237 151

Poor irrigation 3.46 1.274 151
Uneven pricing 3.95 1.009 151

Expensive fertilizers 3.93 1.065 151

Political environment 2.90 1.279 151

Labour unavailability 4.25 .945 151

Well paid jobs 3.44 1.117 151

Migration to cities 2.64 1.373 151

Government schemes 2.77 1.138 151

Monsoon change 4.10 1.100 151

Real estates 3.07 1.317 151

Youngsters taking up Agri 3.70 1.131 151

Storage facilities 3.55 1.305 151

Other incomes 3.70 1.058 151

Middle-aged land keepers 3.30 1.118 151

Table 4.2.1 Factor analysis: to understand the reason for migration from
farming to other professions

KMO and Bartlett's Test

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. .707

Approx. Chi-Square 489.137
Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Df 91

Sig. .000

Table 4.2.2 KMO Value: To understand the reason for migration from farming

39
 Component Matrixa
Component
1 2 3 4 5
Low profitability -.055 .518 -.498 -.228 .145
Poor irrigation -.582 .263 -.253 .164 .407
Uneven pricing .723 .359 -.079 -.015 .041

Expensive fertilizers .312 .631 .081 .168 -.093

Political environment .662 -.311 -.019 .113 .059

Labour unavailability .407 .723 .203 -.007 .152

Well paid jobs .416 .189 -.185 -.317 -.293

Migration to cities .534 -.385 -.444 .055 .235

Government schemes .158 -.355 .294 -.280 .380

Monsoon change -.117 .435 .193 .174 .614

Real estates .532 -.489 -.100 -.054 .395
Youngsters taking up
.199 -.135 .524 .550 -.002
Agri
Storage facilities .822 .144 .031 -.074 .015
Other incomes .310 .112 -.074 .465 -.228
Middle-aged land
.045 .116 .521 -.626 -.001
keepers
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
a. 5 components extracted.

Table 4.2.3 Component Matrix: Migration from of farming to other

professions
Interpretation:
From the table 4.2.1, the above factor analysis the researcher inferred the
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy values should be above 0.5.
Here the value is 0.70 which is above the standard value. It helps to group the
variables under different categories for the ease of analyzing the variables by the
researcher for the questionnaire 1(problems in agriculture)
Following is the table4.2.3 is segregated with factors :

40
a. Poor irrigation
b. Uneven pricing
c. Political environment
d. Interest in well paid jobs
e. Moving to cities for better FACTOR 1
infrastructure and development
f. Real estate
g. Storage facilities

a. Low return profits

b. Expensive fertilizers
c. Labour unavailability FACTOR 2

a. Young generations in the family

will take up agriculture. FACTOR 3

a. Middle age generations wants be

an keepers of land FACTOR 4
b. Other income encourage you to
give up farming

a. Drawback of monsoon
changes
b. Government schemes given FACTOR 5
to farmers.

Table 4.2.3 Factor Analysis

41
Stage Cluster Stage Stage Cluster Combined Stage Cluster First
Combined Cluster Appears
First
Appears
Cluster 1 Cluster Cluster Cluster Cluster Cluster Cluster Cluster
2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 136 150 0 0 43 2 29 37 22
2 135 149 0 0 44 20 143 0 0
3 134 148 0 0 45 104 115 0 0
4 133 147 0 0 46 75 83 39 0
5 130 144 0 0 47 63 74 40 20
6 44 142 0 0 48 52 69 0 0
7 40 138 0 0 49 58 61 0 0
8 32 130 0 5 50 8 41 0 0
9 30 128 0 0 51 32 141 28 0
10 99 113 0 0 52 35 131 31 0
11 96 110 0 0 53 26 85 0 0
12 34 146 0 0 54 7 39 25 14
13 135 140 2 0 55 10 13 0 0
14 39 137 0 0 56 62 63 29 47
15 31 129 0 0 57 2 65 43 27
16 102 116 0 0 58 72 81 26 42
17 100 114 0 0 59 36 134 0 3
18 94 108 0 0 60 117 126 0 0
19 79 87 0 0 61 98 112 0 0
20 74 82 0 0 62 105 107 0 0
21 38 136 0 1 63 88 106 0 0
22 29 133 0 4 64 22 58 35 49
23 34 132 12 0 65 21 45 0 0
24 59 76 0 0 66 33 35 0 52
25 7 55 0 0 67 12 14 0 0
26 72 80 0 0 68 37 135 0 13
27 65 77 0 0 69 32 59 51 36
28 32 40 8 7 70 18 139 0 0
29 62 79 0 19 71 119 124 0 0
30 22 31 0 15 72 49 66 0 0
31 35 38 0 21 73 22 27 64 32
32 27 145 0 0 74 5 125 0 0
33 93 118 0 0 75 99 122 10 0
34 56 57 0 0 76 16 71 0 0

35 22 48 30 0

36 59 84 24 0

37 2 34 0 23

38 100 102 17 16

42
 39 75 86 0 0

40 63 73 0 0

41 4 30 0 9

42 81 93 0 33

Table 4.2.4 Agglomeration Table: Problems and Prospects

Interpretation:

The above table 4.2.4 explains about the cluster that is formed and grouped
for the variables in this research. The level of homogeneity and level of
heterogeneity is analyzed between the groups

43
 4.3 CLUSTER ANALYSIS: TO UNDERSTAND THE REASON FOR
MIGRATION FROM FARMING TO OTHER PROFESSIONS

Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
151 100.0 0 .0 151 100.0
a. Average Linkage (Between Groups)
Table 4.3.1 Linkage between the clustered groups

Final Cluster Centres

Cluster
1 2 3 4
Low profitability 3 4 3 4
Poor irrigation 3 4 3 3
Uneven pricing 2 4 4 5
Expensive fertilizers 2 4 3 4
Political environment 2 1 3 4
Labour unavailability 2 5 4 5
Well paid jobs 3 3 3 4
Migration to cities 3 1 2 4
Government schemes 3 2 3 3
Monsoon changes 3 5 4 4
Real estate 3 2 4 4
Youngsters taking up Agri 3 3 4 4
Storage facility 2 2 4 5
Other incomes 4 4 3 4
Middle-aged Land keepers 3 3 4 3

Table 4.3.2 Final cluster groups : to understand the reason for migration

44
Interpretation:
From the table 4.3.2, the 1st cluster group we could identify that they are mostly
neutral to the above questions and also the researcher inferred that the above factors
influence very less to the group 1. They are not much concern about the changes
happening in farming. They don’t have idea of quitting farming in the future.

In the 2nd cluster group we can identify that most of the factors are affecting the
famers and they agree to the variables asked by the researcher. It is also clear that a
little change in environmental factor as well as the cost factor influence a lot in this
group. They may quit farming in the near future if these factors prevail.
In the 3rd cluster we can see the combination 1st cluster and 2nd cluster
characteristics. In this group they were influence more on certain variables and
certain variables doesn’t create more impact and they influential is neutral. The
group doesn’t have intention for quitting as well as continuing the farming they stand
neutral.
In the 4th cluster we can found that most of the people were highly agreeing the
factors influencing to them to quitting of agriculture. The farmers belong to this group
are already started quitting and have their farm land as unused.

4.4 FACTOR ANALYSIS: TO STUDY THE ATTITUDE OF SUCCESSOR

GENERATION IN TAKING UP FARMING AS THEIR CAREER

Descriptive Statistics
Mean Std. Deviation Analysis N

Preference in taking up family business 3.13 1.278 150

Preference to work for an organisation 3.15 1.313 150

Government subsidiaries 3.97 1.058 150

Modernised Agriculture 3.64 1.095 150

Agriculture as an attractive career 3.81 1.268 150

Agriculture as less prestigious 3.18 1.376 150

45
Young farmer club 4.24 .981 150

Interest to take up agriculture .969 150

3.40
Future agriculturist 3.59 1.037 150
Agriculture in schools 4.03 1.351 150

Farming in next generation 4.07 .967 150

Youngsters to take up farming 3.77 1.094 150

Degrading your status 2.61 1.380 150

Agriculture helping in economy 4.33 1.007 150

Table 4.4.1 Factor Analysis: Attitude of successor generation in taking up

farming

KMO and Bartlett’s Test

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. .674
Approx. Chi-Square 518.977
Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity
Sig. .000

Table 4.4.2 KMO value successor generation in taking up agriculture

Component Matrixa
Component
1 2 3 4 5
Preference in taking up
.397 .259 .060 -.398 -.219
family business
Preference to work for
-.002 .166 .118 .812 -.243
an organisation
Government subsidiaries .530 .115 -.464 -.118 .385

Modernised Agriculture .033 .730 .000 -.323 -.181

Agriculture as an
.543 .097 .300 .067 -.449
attractive career
Agriculture as less
-.414 .502 .073 .188 .466
prestigious

46
Young farmer club .736 .201 .248 .045 .101

Interest to take up
-.354 .546 -.424 .260 -.021
agriculture
Future agriculturist .558 .102 .281 .023 -.012

Agriculture in schools .547 -.428 -.181 .031 .244

Farming in next
.274 .422 .604 .045 .468
generation
Youngsters to take up
.386 .595 -.472 .010 -.140
farming
Degrading your status -.598 .393 .194 -.181 -.061

Agriculture helping in
.781 .102 -.216 .229 .008
economy
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
a. 5 components extracted.

Table 4.4.3 Component Matrix: Successive generation to take up agriculture

Interpretation:
In the above Table 4.4, factor analysis the researcher inferred the Kaiser-
Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy values should be above 0.5. Here
the value is 0.674 which is above the standard value. It helps to group the
variables under different categories for the ease of analyzing the variables by the
researcher for the questionnaire 2 (youngsters taking up farming in
future).Following are the factors tahr are grouped 47ccordingly

Government announce attractive

subsidiaries
Agriculture be an attractive career
Agriculture related clubs Factor 1
Agriculture helps to grow the economy
of the country.
Agriculture may degrade your status

Agriculturist in future. Factor 2

Agriculture should be taught in school

47
modernization impact on agriculture
agriculture as less prestigious and less
profitable income
parents influence towards taking up Factor 3
agriculture
youngsters taking up farming for
supervision position
Sustainability of farming amongst the
young generation Factor 4

Preference towards working for an

organisation than taking up agriculture.
Preference towards taking up family Factor 5
business

Table 4.4.4 Factor Analysis

48
Stage Cluster Stage Stage Cluster Combined Stage Cluster First
Combined Cluster Appears
First
Appears
Cluster 1 Cluster Cluster 1 Cluster Cluster Cluster Cluster Cluster
2 2 1 2 1 2
77 51 68 0 0 116 7 8 109 96
78 33 47 66 0 117 20 64 100 101
79 10 62 55 56 118 10 49 93 106
80 28 52 0 48 119 50 120 87 0
81 32 43 69 0 120 16 19 76 0
82 89 91 0 0 121 2 7 102 116
83 100 104 38 45 122 25 37 108 68
84 32 75 81 46 123 10 44 118 98
85 22 33 73 78 124 70 89 0 112
86 72 103 58 0 125 117 119 110 71
87 50 121 0 0 126 6 16 0 120
88 97 111 0 0 127 5 98 74 103
89 95 109 0 0 128 6 54 126 0
90 89 92 82 0 129 2 3 121 115
91 2 4 57 41 130 1 51 0 77
92 7 18 54 70 131 10 56 123 113
93 10 72 79 86 132 2 36 129 59
94 3 99 0 75 133 2 20 132 117
95 28 32 80 84 134 5 50 127 119
96 8 26 50 53 135 94 95 18 89
97 2 28 91 95 136 2 25 133 122
98 44 60 6 0 137 2 10 136 131
99 100 101 83 0 138 24 94 0 135
100 20 46 44 0 139 53 70 105 124
101 64 78 0 0 140 6 117 128 125
102 2 22 97 85 141 1 2 130 137
103 98 105 61 62 142 1 5 141 134
104 7 12 92 67 143 21 53 114 139
105 53 96 0 11 144 1 6 142 140
106 49 88 72 63 145 11 23 0 0
107 56 100 34 99 146 1 11 144 145
108 25 42 0 0 147 1 24 146 138
109 7 9 104 0 148 1 21 147 143

110 117 123 60 0 115 3 15 111 0

111 3 17 94 0

112 89 90 90 0

113 56 97 107 88

114 21 67 65 0

49
 4.5: CLUSTER ANALYSIS : TO STUDY THE ATTITUDE OF SUCCESSOR

GENERATION IN TAKING UP FARMING AS THEIR CAREER

Case Processing Summarya

Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
150 100.0 0 .0 150 100.0
Table 4.5.1 Cluster Analysis to study the attitude of successive
generation

a. Average Linkage (Between Groups)

Number of Cases in each Cluster
1 26.000
Cluster 2 51.000
3 73.000
Valid 150.000
Missing .000

Table 4.5.2 Cluster groups ; To study the attitude successive generation

Final Cluster Centres

Cluster
1 2 3
Preference in taking up family
2 3 3
business
Preference to work in an
3 3 3
organisation

Government subsidiaries 3 4 4

Modernisation in agriculture 3 4 3

Agriculture as attractive career 3 4 4

50
 Agriculture as less prestigious 4 4 2

Young farmer club 3 4 5

Interest in agriculture 4 4 3
future agriculture 3 4 4

Agriculture in schools 3 3 5

Farming in next generation 4 4 4

Youngsters to take up farming 3 4 4

Degrading your status 3 4 2

Agriculture helping in economy 3 4 5

Table 4.5.3 Final Cluster analysis: Attitude of successive generation towards

farming
Interpretation:

In the 1st cluster group we could identify that the respondents are mostly neutral and
few tend to disagree to the above questions and the researcher inferred that the above
factors have very less influence on the group 1. It is clear from the above table that the
Interpretation:
youngster neither take up farming nor do they work for organization.

From the 2nd cluster group we can identify that most of the factors were inducing the
youngster to take up agriculture. Most of the respondents agree to the variables asked by
the researcher. It is also clear that introducing the agriculture from the school level helps
them to create more interest in taking up it as a profession. The respondents have idea of
taking up agriculture as their profession in near future.

The 3rd cluster is the combination of people who are apprehensive to take up agriculture
and people who have very strong intention to take up agriculture as their profession. This
group also have respondents who disagree to take up agriculture. So, From this cluster, it
can be inferred that respondents cannot be particularly grouped into any of the above
characteristics.

51
4.6 MANN WHITNEY TEST

Ranks
Gender N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks
Male 125 76.76 9595.00
Agriculture as attractive
female 25 69.20 1730.00
career
Total 150
Table 4.6.1 Mann Whitney test on gender ranking

Test Statisticsa
Agriculture as attractive career

Mann-Whitney U 1405.000
Wilcoxon W 1730.000
Z -.831
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .406
a. Grouping Variable: gender
Table 4.6.2 Statistical data in Agriculture as attractive career

Hypothetical Analysis:
Ho: there is no significant difference between perceiving agriculture as an
attractive career and successor generation in taking up farming.
Ha: there is significant difference between perceiving agriculture as an attractive
career and successor generation in taking up farming.
Interpretation:
From the Table 4.6.2, the p-value is 0.406 which is more than 0.05 hence
accept null hypothesis therefore, there is no significant difference between
perceiving agriculture as an attractive career and successor generation in taking
up farming.

52
4.7 REGRESSION ANALYSIS

Model Summaryb
Mode R R Adjusted R Std. Error of
l Square Square the
Estimate
1 .436a .191 .179 .910

Table 4.7.1 Agriculture Contribution In Future

a. Predictors: (Constant), middle aged land owner,

youngsters taking up farming
b. Dependent Variable: agriculture helping the
economy

ANOVAa
Model Sum of df Mean F Sig.
Squares Square
Regressio
28.431 2 14.215 17.182 .000b
n
1
Residual 120.791 146 .827
Total 149.221 148
Table 4.7.2 ANOVA for regression in Agricultural Contribution

a. Dependent Variable: agriculture helping the economy

b. Predictors: (Constant), middle aged land owner, youngsters taking
up farming

53
 Coefficients
Model Unstandardized Standardize t Sig.
Coefficients d
Coefficients
B Std. Error Beta
(Constant) 2.836 .347 8.180 .000
Youngsters taking up
.400 .068 .436 5.862 .000
1 farming
Middle aged land
-.003 .067 -.004 -.052 .959
owners
a. Dependent Variable: agriculture helping economy
Table 4.7.3 Coefficients for youngsters taking up farming and middle aged
land owners
Interpretation:

The table 4.7.2, analyses a comparison between agricultural sector

contribution to economy growth and youngsters taking up farming in future, middle
age generation wants to keeper of farm land as bear or left unused.
It is also evidently seen that, agriculture will help economy to grow if the
current generation take up farming as their professions. Also in futurity can be
observed that middle aged generation people (who only want to be the keepers of
land and not for farmers) will definitely increase the price of food products and
create more demand for the food products in the market and end up in high
Inflation.
When analyzing the above variables for its relationship, it is clear that the
value of regression value is 0.436 which is positive .Since the value of regression
is nearer to ‘0’ the impact is that they are statistically significant. Hence the
country’s economy depends on future generation.

54
4.8 CORRELATION: TAKING UP AGRICULTURE VS AGRICULTURE
DEGRADING YOUR STATUS

Preference Agriculture
to take up degrading
family your status
business

Correlation
1.000 -.133
Preference to Coefficient
take up family
Sig. (2-tailed) . .104
business

Spearman’s N 150 150

rho Correlation
-.133 1.000
Agriculture Coefficient
degrading
Sig. (2-tailed) .104 .
your status
N 150 150

Table 4.8.1 Correlation in taking up agriculture Vs Agriculture degrading

status

Interpretation:
From the table 4.8.1, the correlation between taking up family business and
status degradation is found to be negative with the value -0.133 which is
negatively correlated. This indicates that the taking up farming by the young
generation people doesn’t create much impact on degradation of their social
status.

Descriptive Statistics
N Minimu Maximu Mean Std. Varianc
m m Deviation e
middle_keepers_l
150 1 5 3.29 1.115 1.242
and

55
cm_cost_analysis 150 2.17 4.67 3.5633 .52338 .274
Valid N (listwise) 150

Table 4.8.2 Middle Aged Land Keepers Vs Cost Analysis

Interpretation:
From the table4.8.2, it is clear that mean value of middle aged generation
keep their farming land unused which is reflecting in the increased in the cost of
agricultural products as well as increase in the expense of cultivation.

Descriptive Statistics
N Minimu Maximu Mean Std. Varianc
m m Deviation e
Government
150 1 5 2.79 1.131 1.279
schemes
Government
150 1 5 3.97 1.058 1.120
subsidiaries
Valid N (listwise) 150

Table 4.8.3 Government Schemes Vs Subsidiaries Announcement

3.97
2.79

1 2

1* current government subsidiaries

2* expected subsidiaries from youngsters to take up farming.
Fig 4.8.3

56
Interpretation:
From the Table 4.8.3 the mean values show the current government
subsidiaries given to farmers valued as 2.79 doesn’t not meet the expectation of
the youngsters’ who are willing to take up farming, Meanwhile, the expectations of
future announcement of subsidiaries by the government has a significant influence
on the youngsters.

4.9 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS: ATTITUDE OF SUCCESSOR GENERATION IN

TAKING UP FARMING

Descriptive Statistics

N Minimu Maximu Mean Std.

m m Deviation
Preference in taking
150 1 5 3.13 1.278
up family business
Preference to work
150 1 5 3.15 1.313
for an organisation
Government
150 1 5 3.97 1.058
subsidiaries
Modernised
150 1 5 3.64 1.095
Agriculture
Agriculture as an
150 1 5 3.81 1.268
attractive career
Agriculture as less
150 1 5 3.18 1.376
prestigious
Young farmer club 150 1 5 4.24 .981
Interest to take up
150 1 5 3.40 .969
agriculture
Future agriculturist 150 1 5 3.59 1.037
Agriculture in schools 150 1 5 4.03 1.351
Farming in next
150 1 5 4.07 .967
generation
Youngsters to take
150 1 5 3.77 1.094
up farming
Degrading your
150 1 5 2.61 1.380
status

57
 Agriculture helping in
149 1 5 4.34 1.004
economy
Valid N (listwise) 149
Table 4.9.1 Descriptive Statistics: attitude of successor generation taking up
farming
Interpretation:
From the table 4.9.1, the factors such as
1. Agriculture will help to increase growth of economy has a mean value of 4.34
2. Young farmer club and other agriculture related clubs has a mean value of 4.24
3. Agriculture should be taught in school has a value of 4.03
4. Farming to increase among your generation has 4.07
5. Government subsidiaries has 3.97
6. Attractive career to be perceived in future has value of 3.81
7. Modernization impact as 3.62
These 7 were major influencing most over the successor generation taking up
farming.

T
Descriptive Statistics

N Minimu Maximu Mean Std. Varianc

m m Deviation e
Preference to take
150 1 5 3.13 1.278 1.633
up family business
preference to work
150 1 5 3.15 1.313 1.723
for an organization
Valid N (listwise) 150

Table4.9.2 ANALYSIS BETWEEN PREFERENCES TO TAKE UP FAMILY

BUSINESS Vs PREFERENCE TO WORK FOR AN ORGANIZATION

58
Interpretation:
From the above Table 4.9.2, descriptive statistics is analyzed and it is clear that
people who prefer to work for an organization is slightly higher than the people
who are willing to take up farming. Thus the researcher analyses the mean value,
standard deviation and variance in descriptive statistics.

4.10 COST ANALYSIS

Descriptive Statistics
N Minimu Maximu Mean Std. Varianc
m m Deviation e
Low return profits 150 1 5 3.54 1.246 1.552
Uneven pricing 150 1 5 3.96 .996 .992
Expensive fertilizers 150 1 5 3.93 1.066 1.136
Other income 150 1 5 3.71 1.065 1.135
Well paid jobs 150 1 5 3.45 1.114 1.242
Taking up agriculture 150 1 5 3.40 .969 .940
Government
150 1 5 2.79 1.131 1.279
schemes
Valid N (listwise) 150
Table 4.10.1 Cost analysis group with cost based variables
Interpretation:
From the table 4.10.1, above cost variable analysis it is clear that the
farmers of Coimbatore district are facing low return or losses due to uneven pricing
of farmer’s agricultural - products.
The mean value of “uneven pricing” is 3.96 which results that there is significantly
higher than the other cost related variables. The lowest contributor among the cost
variables is the government schemes provided to farmers, which has a value of
2.79.
4.11 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
Descriptive Statistics
N Minimu Maximu Mean Std. Varianc
m m Deviation e

59
Poor irrigation 150 1 5 3.45 1.272 1.618
Political environment 150 1 5 2.91 1.281 1.642
Labour unavailability 150 1 5 4.23 .963 .928
Migration to cities 150 1 5 2.64 1.377 1.896
Real estates 150 1 5 3.06 1.312 1.721
Monsoon changes 150 1 5 4.13 1.076 1.158
Storage facility 150 1 5 3.56 1.298 1.684
Valid N (listwise) 150
Table 4.11.1 Environmental Analysis group containing environment
variables
Interpretation:
From the table 4.11.1 The descriptive statistics done on the above Environmental
related variables shows that the high impact on agriculture is due to Labour
unavailability valued as 4.23 and the current changes in the monsoon valued as
4.13.
These two mean values indicates that the farmers are most affected by the labour
unavailability and there also seems to be monsoon changes which can be
consider as one of the most serious environmental factors where farmers are
induced to quit farming.

4.12 CORRELATION: ENVIRONMENTAL VS COST ANALYSIS

Correlations
Combined Combined
mean cost mean
analysis Environmen
tal analysis
Correlation
1.000 .373**
Spearman's Combined mean Coefficient
rho cost analysis Sig. (2-tailed) . .000
N 150 150

60
 Correlation
Combined mean .373** 1.000
Coefficient
Environmental
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .
analysis
N 150 150
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table 4.12.1 Correlation on Environmental Vs Cost analysis
Interpretation:
From the table 4.12.1, a comparison is performed between environmental factor
Vs cost analysis. Since the value of correlation coefficient is 0.373, it implies that
there is a positive correlation between the cost related variables and environment
related variables which are affecting the farmers.

4.13 COMBINE MEAN OF PROBLEMS IN FARMING AND PROSPECTS IN

FARMING

Correlations
Combine Combine
mean mean
prospects problems
analysis analysis
Correlation
1.000 1.000**
Combine mean Coefficient
prospects analysis Sig. (2-tailed) . .
Spearman's N 150 150
rho Correlation
1.000** 1.000
Combine mean Coefficient
problems analysis Sig. (2-tailed) . .
N 150 150
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table 4.13.1 Combined Mean on problems and prospects in farming

4.14 PERCENTAGE ANALYSIS

gender_
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid Male 126 83.4 83.4 83.4

61
 Female 25 16.6 16.6 100.0
Total 151 100.0 100.0

Table 4.14.1 Percentage Analysis on gender

16%

male
Female

84%

Fig 4.14.1 Percentage on Gender

Interpretation:
From the above pie chart Fig 4.14.1 we inferred that the percentage of
female (16%) doing is farming is very less when compared to the male (84%). The
researcher found that the number of males who gave respondent are larger than
the female respondents.

Age
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
1-30 1 .7 .7 .7
31-50 68 45.0 45.0 45.7
Valid
51- 75 82 54.3 54.3 100.0
Total 151 100.0 100.0
Table 4.14.2 Age of farmers

Age
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
1-20 7 4.7 4.7 4.7
Valid
21-30 113 75.3 75.3 80.0

62
 31-40 30 20.0 20.0 100.0
Total 150 100.0 100.0
Table 4.14.3 Age of successive generation

AGE

100
AGE
50

0
0-30 31-50 51-75

Fig 4.14.2 AGE of farmers:

Interpretation:
From the above Fig 4.14.2 in our respondents the researcher found that
more number of people lies in between the age group of (51-75) were highly
involved in farming activities than the other groups.

70 68.7

60
50
40
30 22
20 9.3
Series1
10
0
1 2 3

Fig 4.14.3 Education qualification

63
 Education
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
schooling 14 9.3 9.3 9.3
UG 103 68.7 68.7 78.0
Valid
PG 33 22.0 22.0 100.0
Total 150 100.0 100.0

Table 4.14.3 Analysis on education on various degrees

Interpretation:

From the table 4.14.3, the maximum respondents from the education
qualification of youngster are from under Graduate group. 68% of the respondents
belong to the Under Graduate group.

From the above chart the researcher found that

1. Respondents from the schoolings (9.3%)

2. Respondents from Under Graduate group (68.7%)

3. Respondents from Post Graduate group (22%)

The respondents who belong to Under Graduate group may step into agriculture if
the government aided them with subsidiaries and other technological supports.

Income
Frequen Percent Valid Cumulative
cy Percent Percent
5000-
70 46.7 46.7 46.7
20000
21000-
Valid 62 41.3 41.3 88.0
40000
>40000 18 12.0 12.0 100.0
Total 150 100.0 100.0
Fig 4.14.4 Income Group

64
 50
45
40
35
30
25 46.7
41.3
20
15
10
12
5
0
1 2 3 4

Fig4.14.4 Income Group Bar chart

Interpretation:
From the table 4.14.4, the respondents who falls under income group 1
(5000-20000) are readily willing to take up agriculture as their career, if they are
provided with support from the government.
The frequency distributions of income level of respondents are
Group 1: Low level incomes (5000-20000) are 46.7%
Group2: middle income level (21000-40000) is 41.3%

Group 3: High level incomes (above 40000) are 12%

65
 CHAPTER 5
FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION

66
Findings

 Majority of the respondents fall under the age group 51-75 years
 Majority of the respondents are Male 84 % and female 16%.
 From the findings the researcher analyzes that, awareness amongst female is
not very healthy.
 The researcher also finds that female persons are discouraged and are of less
in number.
 The researcher can infer that expensive fertilizers are one of the reasons which
discourage the farmers to quit farming. Spending more on fertilizers ends up in
low return profits.
 Under comparison, the researcher finds between taking up family business and
status degradation and is found to be negative with the value -0.126 which is
negatively correlated. This indicates that the taking up farming by the young
generation people doesn’t create much impact on degradation of their social
status.
 The researcher finds that there lies a significant value where famers have the
interest to perceive agriculture to be an attractive career and successor
generation in taking up farming.
 The government subsidiaries and modernization has a strong relationship on
the youngsters who are interested in taking up farming and thus on findings the
researcher analyzes that there needs to some increase in agricultural schemes
and help in the modernization of agriculture.
 Based on age group and successor generation there is more reliability in young
and middle generation groups to taking up farming.
 The farmers are most affected by the labour unavailability and there also
seems to be monsoon changes which can be consider as one of the most
serious environmental factors where farmers are induced to quit farming.
 The mean value of “uneven pricing” analyzed is 3.96 which results that there is
significantly higher than the other cost related variables.
 The lowest contributor among the cost variables is the government schemes
provided to farmers, which has a value of 2.79 and hence sufficient amount
should be provided by the government to famers.

67
 On analysis, there is no significant relation between youngster’s preference to
work for an organization and parents’ opinion to take up farming. This also
implies that the parents’ opinion doesn’t influence youngsters’ decision to work
in organization or to take up farming.
 The expectations of future announcement of subsidiaries by the government
have more influence and it seems to be more important variable to be satisfied
for future farmers.
 A Finding indicates that the farmers are most affected by the labour
unavailability and there also seems to be monsoon changes which can be
consider as one of the most serious environmental factors where farmers are
induced to quit farming.

Suggestions
 Most of the farmers feel that the price of the fertilizers is quite high and so the
government should find ways to reduce the price of the fertilizers.
 In order to encourage the youngsters to take up farming as their career, the
government should come up with subsidiaries and introduce new technologies
in farming.
 Irrigation facilities are found to be one of the major reasons to quit farming. So
the government should make necessary sustainable arrangements to solve the
problem.
 Labour unavailability is yet another major problem which is faced by the
farmers. So modernisation and introduction of new equipments to substitute
the labour unavailability.
 The pricing of the agricultural commodities should be made even with a good
minimum support price in order to prevent farmers from quitting agriculture.
 The government may help the farmers by waiving off their loans during the
times of drought and natural calamities

68
Conclusion

The farmers certainly need educational assistance to adopt the latest

technologies in agriculture. The low returns and the profitability factor in agriculture
make them to step out of agriculture. Improving the irrigation facilities will facilitate
the farmers to cultivate various crops and prevent them from quitting agriculture.
The price fixation for agricultural commodities should be re-looked. Farmers feel
that the climatic conditions have changed abruptly and weather is not behaving in
a predictable way, which results in low yields and sometimes no yield. Farmer’s
decision to exit is also mainly influenced by the agricultural prices. The study also
shows the relationship between various socio-economic factors with the choice of
Youths to become entrepreneurs with agriculture as their career. It also shows that
the interest of youth choosing agriculture as their career is not only confined to
attitude but also other factors like support of the government and family and
income factors. Area of cultivation changes relatively from year on year with the
successor generation which is due to migration to cities for better job
opportunities. The study also shows that the youth feel that the current state of
rural life and agricultural practice does not fulfil their needs and aspirations; And
also that they would step up to do agriculture if the right support is given by the
government. Youths being the assets of the nation, the government should take
serious steps to make the youths actively participate in agriculture.

69
 CHAPTER 6
MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS AND SOCIETAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE PROJECT
WORK

70
Implications

Based on the analysis we could find the major reasons which majorly
contribute for the farmers to quit agriculture. From the study, the local governing
bodies and the government can make facilities and arrangement for the better
productivity and eradication of poverty of the farmers. It suggests the socio-
economic reforms which have to be done and need of assisting the farmers
technically to adopt new technologies. Government could also find the
expectations of the farmers in terms of price fixation, procurement of commodities
and build warehouses to store the commodities. A great support is always needed
during the times of drought and other natural calamities when farmers face
extreme difficulties with no returns from cultivation, by releasing disaster funds and
waiving off their loans is also expected by the farmers.

The study also says about the expectations of the youth to step in to
agriculture and make it as their career, so that, the government can make
necessary steps to bring in more of successor generation to agriculture and it
clearly shows the importance of agriculture to be taught in school.

71
BIBLIOGRAPHY

72
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List of Websites:
 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2013.07.002i
 http://www.tn.gov.in/dear/Agriculture.pdf
 http://www.coimbatore.nic.in/pdf/SHB003.pdf
 http://statisticstimes.com/economy/sectorwise-gdp-contribution-of-india.php
 http://www.firstpost.com/india/tamil-nadu-declares-drought-as-144-farmers-die-
amid-worst-north-east-monsoon-in-140-years-3197616.html
 http://statisticstimes.com/economy/sectorwise-gdp-contribution-of-india.php
 https://globaledge.msu.edu/industries/agriculture/background
 http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/7aPpXijuZ2517NTW4n4OWM/Indian-
agriculture-needs-smart-investment.html
 https://www.ibef.org/industry/agriculture-india.aspx

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QUESTIONNARIE

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 Problems and prospects - farming family into non farming

Occupation

Questionnaire 1- To understand the reason for migration from farming

to other professions

Name:

Age:

Gender:

Place of residence:

Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Questions disagree Agree
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
1. Did you leave farming
due to low return
profits?
2. Is poor irrigation is
one of the reasons?
3. Do you regret farming
due to uneven
pricing?
4. Are expensive
fertilizers the reason
for quitting?
5. Does political
environment
influence you for land
acquisition for
industries and infra
development?
6. Is labour unavailability
a major reason for
your cultivation?
7. Do you show interest
on well-paid jobs?

8. Do you prefer to
move to cities for
better living?
9. Are you government
schemes provides

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 support for farming?
10. Are monsoon changes
a major drawback in
cultivation?
11. Is real estate a major
drawback for
agriculture?
12. Will more number of
Youngsters take up
farming in your
family?
13. Are storage facilities a
problem for
preserving the agri
products?
14. Do other incomes
discourage you to give
up agriculture?
15. Does middle age
generation want to be
only keepers of land?

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 Occupation

Questionnaire 2- To study the attitude of successor generation in taking

up farming as their career

Age:

Education:

Income:

Area of cultivation:

Level of agreeability

Rank the below questions from strongly disagree as 1 to strongly agree as

5

Questions Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

disagree Agree
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
1. Do you prefer taking
up family business?
2. Do you prefer to
work for an
organization than
taking up
agriculture?
3. Will you come back
to agriculture if Govt
announces
subsidiaries for
young farmers?
4. Do you think
modernization has
an impact on
farming?
5. Do you perceive
agriculture to be an
attractive career?
6. Does Society see
agriculture as a less
prestigious and less
profitable business?
7. Do you like the idea
of young farmer club
and other
agricultural related

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 clubs?
8. Do your parents
influence you to take
up agriculture?
9. Do you like to be an
agriculturist in the
near future?

10. Do you think the

importance of
agriculture should be
thought in a school?
11. Will you bring
farming to
sustainability
amongst your
generation?
12. Are today’s
youngsters taking up
farming only for
supervision position?
13. Do you feel that
agriculture may
degrade your status
to outside world?
14. Do you think
agriculture will help
the economy to
grow faster?

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