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FORCE SYSTEM
TYPES OF SUPPORT If a grade 60 steel (fy= 60ksi= 414Mpa) reaches a strain 0.0021 it begins to
yield of (2.1mm)
HINGED
ROLLER
FIXED/ RESTRAINED
FEATURES OF A STRAIN STRESS DIAGRAM: ELASTICITY
the property of a material that enables it to deform in response to an applied force and
to recover its original size and shape upon removal of the force
STRESS- STRAIN DIAGRAM
a graphic representation of the relationship between unit stress values and the
MALLEABILITY
corresponding unit strains for a specific material
the ability of a material to regain and rebound to original shape when the load is
released
1. PROPORTINAL LIMIT
maximum stress which the material springs back to the original length when
TOUGHNESS
the load is released
the property of a material that enables it to absorb energy before rupturing, represented
by the area under the stress- strain curve derived from a tensile test of the material.
2. ELASTIC LIMIT
Ductile materials are tougher than brittle materials.
maximum stress below which the material does not return to its original
length but has incurred a permanent deformation we call permanent set
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
a coefficient of elasticity of a material expressing the ratio between a unit stress aSd the
3.YIELD POINT
corresponding unit strain caused by the stress, as derived from Hooke’s law and
the stress wherein the deformation increases without any increase in the load.
represented by the slope of he straight line portion of the stress- strain line diagram.
The material at some portion shows a decrease in its cross section
Also called COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY, ELASTIC MODULUS
4. ULTIMATE STRENGTH
PERMANENT SET
the maximum stress that can be attained immediately before actual failure or
the inelastic strain remaining in a material after complete release of the stress producing
rupture
deformation
YIELD STRENGTH
RUPTURE STRENGTH the stress necessary to produce a specific limiting permanent set in a material,
stress at which material specimen breaks usually 0.2% of its original length when tested in tension. Yield strength is used to
determine the limit of usefulness of a material having a poorly defined yield point.
ALLOWABLE STRESS Also called POOR STRESS.
the maximum unit stress permitted for a material in the design of a structural member,
usually a fraction of the material’s elastic limit, yield strength, or ultimate strength. STRAIN- RATE EFFECT
Also called ALLOWABLE UNIT STRESS, WORKING STRESS. the behavior an increased rate of load application can cause in normally ductile material
SIMPLE BEAM
a beam resisting on simple supports at both ends which are free to rotate and have no
moment resistance. As with any statistically determinate structure, the values of all
reactions, shears, and moments for a simple beam are independent of its cross
sectional shape and material
CANTILEVER BEAM
a projecting beam supported at only one fixed end
CANTILEVER
a beam or other rigid structural member extending beyond a fulcrum and supported by a
balancing member or a downward force behind the fulcrum
OVERHANGING BEAM
a simple beam extending beyond one of its supports. The overhanging reduces the
positive moment at midspan while developing a negative moment at the base of the
cantilever over the support
LONG COLUMN
BUCKLING
a slender column subject to failure by buckling rather than by crushing
the sudden lateral or torsional instability of a slender structural member induced by the
action of a compressive load. Buckling can occur well before the yield stress of the
material is reached
SHORT COLUMN
a thick column subject to failure by crushing rather than by buckling. Failure occurs
when the direct stress from an axial load exceeds the compressive strength of the
BUCKLING
material available in the cross section. An eccentric load, however, can produce bending
the axial load at which a column begins to deflect laterally and becomes unsuitable.
and result in uneven stress distribution in the section
DRIFT BOLT
is a long pin of steel or wood, made with or without the head, driven through the timber JETTING
and into an adjacent timber to hold them together and to transmit stresses a method of driving piles or well points into the sand in the situations where a pile
hammer might not be suitable owing to the risk of damage by vibration to the piles of
EXPANSION OR CONTRACTION adjacent buildings.
a joint designed to take expansion and contraction
the designed break in a structure to allow for the drying and temperature shrinkage of LINTEL BEAM
concrete, brickwork of similar material, thereby preventing the formation of harmful a beam especially provided over an opening for a door, window, to carry the wall over
cracks the opening
MAGNITUDE PORTLAND CEMENT
the measure of the energy released by an earthquake (measured by instrument) is the product obtained by finely pulverizing clinker produced by calcining to incipient
fusion an intimate and properly proportioned mixture of argillaceous and calcareous
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY materials with no additions subsequent to calcinations except water and calcined or
is the constant which, within the proportional limit, express ratio between the unit stress uncalcined gypsum
to the unit strain. It is the measure of the relative abilities of the different materials of
construction to resist deformation under stress within proportional limit PROPORTIONAL LIMIT
is the highest unit stress for which the deformation of a body is proportional to the
MODULUS OF RESILIENCE stress. Beyond this point, permanent deformation occurs
is a measure of the capacity of the material to absorb energy without danger of being
permanently deformed REDUNDANT MEMBER
is any framed structure or truss, is one which maybe omitted in the structure without
MOMENT OF RESITANCE affect in the possibility of analyzing the frame or truss by ordinary static method of
is the internal resisting moment of a beam. It is opposite in sense to the bending computations such as the counter diagonal truss
moment but of the same magnitude
RIP-RAP
MORTAR consist of rough stones of various placed compactly or irregularly to prevent scour by
is a mixture, composed of one part of Portland cement and one part of clean sand, used water and protect material which maybe washed out by the water
as a filter
SAGROD
MULLION structural member in the steel truss framing that counteracts forces in compression
is a vertical member between two portions of window sash usually designed to resist because of high probability of the purlins to deflect and bend down during purlin
wind load and not vertical load. It is different from muntin, which is smaller member installation.
which separates the panels of glass within the whole sash.
SAND DRAIN
NON- BEARING WALL it is provided to help in the compaction of natural soil which provide channels through
is wall that carries no load other than its own weight which water can escape much more rapidly then through the clay itself. The weight of
the drain itself helps in the compaction.
ORTHOGONAL EFFECT
the effect on the structure due to extreme lateral (earthquake) motions acting in SHEAR WALL
directions other than parallel to the direction to the direction of resistance under a wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of a wall
consideration
SOFFIT is the concave surface of an arch
PARTY WALL
is a wall used or adopted for joint service between two buildings SPANDREL BEAM
is a beam from column to column, carrying an exterior wall in a skeleton building
PLASTER CEMENT FINISH
a mixture of Portland cement, with water and sand applied to surfaces such as walls STIFFNESS RATIO (K)
ceilings in a plastic state, later it sets to form a hard surface in moment distribution method- (as used in analysis of indeterminate structures) is the
ratio of moment of inertia of the cross section of its length
POINTING
in masonry, the final treatment of joints by the troweling of mortar or putty like filler into STRESS
joints is the cohesive force in a body, which resists the tendency of an external force to
change the shape of the body
PORTAL METHOD
method of analyzing indeterminate modular building frames by assuming hinges at the STRAIN OR DEFORMATION
center of beam spans and column heights or the interior column carries twice as much is the change in the shape of any material when subjected to the action force
shear as the exterior column
TIE BAR SEISMIC DESIGN PROVISION
a deformed bar, embedded in a concrete construction at a joint and designed to hold a
butting edges together, not designed for direct load transfer
ARTIFICIAL RIGIDITY
will cause torsion (twisting)
TORSION OR MOMENT OF INERTIA
is a quality which measures the resistance of the mass to being revolved about a line
BASE
is the level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the
TRANSFORMED SECTION
structure
is one in which the flexural steel is conceived to be replaced by large area of imaginary
concrete which can take tension. This gives a homogeneous section of concrete to
BASE SHEAR
which ordinary beam analysis may be applied
is the total designed lateral force or shear at the base of the structure
TREMIE
BEARING WALL SYSTEM (shear type)
is a watertight pipe 300 mm to 600 mm in diameter with a flared top used in depositing
is a structural system without a complete vertical load carrying space frame
concrete under water
BOUNDARY ELEMENT
UNDERPINNING
is an element at edges of opening or at the perimeters of shear walls or diaphragm
is an art of placing new foundation under old foundation
BRACED FRAME
VIBRATOR
is an essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type which is
is an oscillating power operated machine used to agitate fresh concrete so as to
provided to resist lateral forces
eliminate gross voids including entrapped air and to produce intimate contact with form
surfaces and embedded materials
BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM
is an essentially complete space frame which provides supports for gravity loads
VOID- CEMENT RATIO
is the ratio of volume of air plus water to the volume cement
CONCENTRIC BRACED FRAME
is a braced frame in which the members are subjected primarily to axial forces
WALL FOOTING
a continuous type of spread footing the supports vertical load, the weight of the wall
COLLECTOR
itself and the weight of the footing
is a member or an element provided to transfer lateral forces from a portion of a
structure to the vertical elements of the lateral force resisting system
WATER CEMENT RATIO
the ration of the amount of water, to the amount of cement in a concrete or mortar
DIAPHRAGM
mixture
is a horizontal or nearly horizontal system (including horizontal bracing system) acting to
transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements
WEB CRIPPLING
local failure of a thin web plate of a steel beam or girder in the immediate vicinity of a
DIAPHRAGM STRUT
concentrated load
also known as tie or collector, is the element of a diaphragm parallel to the applied load
which collects and transfer diaphragm shear to the vertical resisting elements or
distribute loads within the diaphragm. Such members may also take axial tension or
ASD
compression.
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN
DIAPHRAGM CHORD
LRFD
is the boundary element of a diaphragm or a shear wall which is assumed to take axial
LOAD RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN
stresses analogous to the flanges of the beam
DUAL SYSTEM SOIL- STRUCTURE RESONANCE
is a combination of a Special or Intermediate Moment Resisting Space Frame and is the coincidence of the natural period of structure which dominant frequency in the
Shearwalls or Braced Frame ground motion
1. maximum spacing of hoops shall not exceed 24 times the diameter of the hoop bars ADMIXTURE
a material used as ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during its
2. maximum spacing of hoops shall not be 8 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal mixing to modify its properties
bars
AGGREGATE
3. maximum spacing of hoops shall not be more than d/4 granular material such as sand gravel stone and iron blast furnace slag used with a
cementing medium to form a hydraulic cement concrete or mortar
4. the first hoop shall be located not more than 50 mm from the face of the supporting
member AGGREGATE LIGHTWEIGHT
aggregate with a dry, loose weight of 100 kg/m or less
ANCHORAGE
in post tensioning, a device used to anchor tendon to concrete member, in pre-
GRADING AND EARTHWORK tensioning, a device used to anchor a tendon during hardening of concrete
BONDED TENDON
AS GRADED is the extent of surface conditions on completion of grading
pre-stressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or through grouting
BEDROCK is in-place solid rock
COLUMN
member with a ratio to least lateral dimension of 3 or greater used primarily to support
BENCH is a relatively level step excavated into earth material
axial compressive load
on which fill is to be placed
COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS
BURROW is earth material acquired from an off site location
concrete flexural members of pre-cast and/or cast in place concrete elements but so
for use in grading on a site
interconnected that all elements respond to loads as a unit
COMPACTION s the densification of a fill by mechanical means
CONCRETE
mixture of Portland cement or any other hydraulic cement, fine aggregate, coarse
EARTH MATERIAL is any rock, natural soil or fill or any combination
aggregate, and water, with or without admixtures
EROSION is the wearing away of the ground surface as a result of the
SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE (f’)
movement of the wind, water or ice
compressive strength of concrete used in design expressed in megapascals (Mpa).
Whenever the quantity F”c is under a radical sign, square root of numerical value only is
EXCAVATION s the mechanical removal of the earth material
intended, and result has units of megapascals (Mpa).
FILL is a deposit of earth material placed by artificial means
CONCRETE, STRUCTURAL LIGHT WEIGHT
GRADE is the vertical location of the ground surface concrete containing lightweight aggregate and has an air-dry unit weight not
exceeding 1900 kg/m3. lightweight concrete without natural sand is termed all- light
EXISTING GRADE is the grade prior to the grading weight concrete and lightweight concrete in which of the fine aggregate consists of
normal weight sand is termed sand- lightweight concrete.
FINISH GRADE is the final grade of the site that conforms to the approved plan
CURVATURE FRICTION
GRADING is any excavating or filling or combination thereof friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified pre-stressing tendon profile
YIELD STRENGTH
specified minimum yield strength or yield point or reinforcing in Mpa CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT
BALANCED DESIGN 75 mm -for concrete cast and permanently exposed to earth such as footings
a design so proportioned that the maximum stress in concrete (with strain of 0.003) and
steel (with strain of Fy/Es) are reached simultaneously once the ultimate load is 40-50 mm for concrete members exposed to weather
reached, causing them to fall simultaneously
40 mm concrete cover of pipes, conduits or fittings and exposed to weather
UNDERREINFORCED DESIGN
a design in which the steel reinforcement is lesser than what is required for balanced 40 mm for beams and columns
conditioned. Failure under this condition is ductile and will give warning to the user of
thee structure to decrease the load 20 mm for concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground, such as slabs,
walls and joists
OVERREINFORCED DESIGN
a design in which the steel reinforcement is more than what is required for balanced
condition
FOR BUNDLED BARS
a. groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact as a unit shall be limited to 4 in any
one bundle
d. individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members should
terminate at a different points at least 40db stagger
A. 180º bend plus 4db extension but not less than 65 mm at free end
Dead load, DL……………………………………………….. 1.40
B. 90º bend plus 12db extension, at free end of bar
Live load, LL…………………………….…………………… 1.70
C. for stirrups and tie hooks:
16 mm bar and smaller, 90º bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar or Wind load, WL………...…………………………………….. 1.70
20 mm and 25 mm bar, 90º bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar or
25 mm bar and smaller, 135º bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar
Earthquake, E……………………………………….………. 1.87
The diameter of bend measured on the inside of the bar shall not be less than the following:
4db minimum inside diameter of bend of stirrups and ties for 16 mm bar and smaller in diameter
Flexure w/o axial load……………………………………………….. 0.90
A one-way slab is considered as wide shallow rectangular beam. The reinforcing steel is usually Shear and torsion ……………………………………………………. 0.85
spaced uniformly over its width. The flexural reinforcement of a one-way slab extends in one
direction only. Axial compression & axial compression w/ flexure
Maximum flexural reinforcement spacing:
3 times the slab thickness or 450 mm a. spiral reinforcement ……………………………………… 0.75
Required strength U to resist dead load DL and live load LL is 1. not less than 12 db
U= 1.4DL + 1.7LL
2. not less than 1/16 clear span
Wind load W are included in design
U= 0.75 (1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.7W) 3. not less than d
whichever is greater
Earthquake loads or forces are included in design
U= 0.75 (1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.87E)
CRITERION FOR CONDUITS AND PIPES EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE
Where structural effect T of differential settlement, creep, shrinkage or
temperature change are significant in design a. Conduits and pipes embedded in slab, the wall or beam shall not be larger in outside
U= 0.75 (1.4DL + 1.4T + 1.7LL) dimension than 1/3 the overall thickness of slab, wall or beam
b. Reinforcement with an area not less than 0.002 times the area of cross- section shall be
but required strength U shall not be less than provided normal to piping
U= 1.4 (DL + T)
c. Conduits and pipes with their fittings, embedded within a column shall not displace more
than 4% of the area of the cross section on which strength is calculated
SIZE AND SPACING OF MAIN BARS AND TIES d. Concrete cover for pipes, conduits and fittings shall not be less than 40 mm for concrete
exposed to earth or weather
1. Clear distance between longitudinal bars shall be not less than
1.5 db nor 40 mm
CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH BOLTED CONNECTION
2. Use 10 mm diameter ties for 32 mm bars or smaller and at least
12 mm in size for 36 mm and bundled longitudinal bars 1. High-strength bolted parts shall fit solidly together when assembled and shall not be
separated by gaskets or any other interposed compressive material.
3. Vertical spacing of ties shall be the smallest of the following: 2. Bolts tightened by means of a calibrated wrench shall be installed with a hardened
a. 16 x db (db = longitudinal bar diameter) washer under the nut or bolt head whichever is the element turned in tightening.
b. 48 x tie diameter
c. least dimension of columns 3. When assembled, all joint surfaces, including those adjacent to the washer, shall be free
of scale, except tight mill scales, dirts and burns.
4. Ties shall be arrange such that every corner and alternate longitudinal 4. Surface in contact with the bolt head and nut head shall have slope of not more than
bar shall have lateral support provided by the corner of the tie with an 1:20 with respect to a plane normal to the bolt axis.
included angle of not more than 135º and no bar shall be farther than
150 mm clear on each side along the tie from such a laterally
supported bar. Where longitudinal bars are located around the
perimeter of a circle tie is allowed.