SCENARIO 3

STEP 1
Fainting
Gas alkanes
Poisoning
STEP 2, 3, AND 4
Fainting is a sudden loss of consciousness due to a lack of oxygen and a lack of
hypoglycemia
The alkane gas is a long carbon chain having a single bond. Simple example is
methane
Saturated hydrocarbon compounds that do not have functional groups
Hydrocarbons with only sp3
Has the formula moleuku CnH2n + 2
Poisoning is the entry of a substance that is admirable to human health can even
lead to death
1. Are there other substances in the well besides the alkanes
-Another gas is hydrogensulfide, ammonia, and helium
- Ground mud, in sewage pipes, if inhale by humans,
-causes to prevent the operation of cytochrome oxidase enzymes that are essential
for brain cell respiration. As a result someone who inhale can die.
2. What impact if inhalation of alkane gas?
-The bias victims are disrupted in the respiratory flow and cause fainting
-Causes nausea vomiting hilangkehesadaran and dehydration
-The flow to oxygen is inhibited and causes death
- Natural gases that emit carbon monoxide
-Gas alkanes become monoxide for reacting, if they form an adequate reaction.
-Hb faster binds CO than oxygen
-Makes up oxyhemoglobin, undergoes the function of the drug of the body
That means it's the same oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin
3. Examples of Gas Alkanes
-Metana, ethane, propane, butane, isobutane
-As a natural gas alkana means 80% of its methane
-Metana: its form is odorless and non-toxic
-Metana one of its properties is able to shift oxygen, so non-toxic actually react with
other new gas toxic
-Metana with H2S then smells rotten eggs, if inhaled so fainting dizzy
- Flammable mars
-And incomplete combustion produces carbon monoxide
-When he overproduces CO2
4. How to know and tackle before entering the well toxic or not?
-With how to turn the wax into the well when there is a gas wax out by itself
-With animals such as rats, chickens, etc.
Taking samples tested dilab or dibagian sanitaselingkungan if it contains gas or not
-With a special multi-gas detector, detects if there is toxic gas in the well
-Have a mental, physical condition.
-If you have entered after lifted, if the saliva is black, saliva is black, then take the
hospital.
- wells are not exposed to gas, closed but ventilated. Closed with castings are
provided small holes so that the outside air comes in for the toxic gases to come out
5. How to remove alkane gas in a well
Using a blower tool to deliver oxygen to the gas well in the well out the water through
the well wall then seeps and then evaporates the toxic gas in the well
6. What are the physical and chemical properties
Physical properties:
The number of C1-C4 atoms forms Gas
The number of C5-C17 atoms of Liquid form
The number of C atoms> C18 is Solid
- Polar non-solvent
-Diffly mix with water, and when mixed in water will be in the top layer.
Chemical Properties
-Flammable
-Free soluble with other compounds
-More stable with other organic compounds
Alkana gas molecule formulas
7. The impact and usefulness of alkane derived compounds
Alkana-derived compounds
Example
Alcohol, ether, aldehyde, etc.
-Alcohol
Ex: -Methanol usefulness: for solvent organic compounds, disinfectants
(-) may experience blindness
-Eter usefulness: dope
(-) Vomiting and getting drunk
Aldehydes: -Usefulness: corpse preservative
Ketones are useful for nail polish cleaners
Asamcarboxylate-Its usefulness: the smell of cooking like vinegar
Ester - Its Use: Perfume
Aroma perfume
Methane's chemical structure:
Enter the natural gas of alkane compounds
In nature other than alkana there apaaja?
-According
-Ukuna
STEP 5 (LO)
The physical and chemical properties of alkanes, alkenes, alkenes, and examples of
alkanes, alkenes, alkyms
The chemical structure of alkanes, alkenes, and alkalo.
Are they natural gas poisonous?
The naming of alkanes, alkenes, and alkalis
Because we are pharmacists, we study the functions, benefits, and dangers of
alkanes, alkenes, alkyons
STEP 7 (CONCLUSION)
LO
Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkanes, Alkene, Alkaline, Chemical
Compounds - The following is the complete material:
1. Properties of Alkanes Compounds
a. Physical Properties of Alkanes
I want to answer question number 1
Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkanes, Alkene, Alkaline, Chemical
Compounds - The following is the complete material:
1. Properties of Alkanes Compounds
a. Physical Properties of Alkanes
1) All hydrocarbons are nonpolar compounds so they are not soluble in water. If a
hydrocarbon is mixed with water, the hydrocarbon layer is always above because the
density of the species is less than 1. A good solvent for hydrocarbons is a nonpolar
solvent, such as CCl4 or or slightly polar (diethyl ether or benzene).
2) Alkanes are easily soluble in organic solvents. [1]
The increase in the number of C atoms then Mr. also increases as the boiling point
and the higher melting point. The straight chain alkane has a higher boiling point
than the branched chain alkane with the same number of C atoms. The more
branches, the lower the boiling point. [1]
3) At regular temperatures and pressures, the first four alkanes (CH4 to C4H10 are
gaseous, Pentane (C5H12) to heptadecane (C17H36) in liquid form, whereas
octadecane (C18H38) and so on are solid.
Alkanes are lighter than water. [2]
b. Chemical Properties of Alkanes
1) Alkanes and cycloalkanes are not reactive, quite stable when compared with other
organic compounds. Because it is less reactive, alkanes are sometimes called
paraffins (derived from Latin: parum affins, meaning "very small affinities"). [2]
2) The burning / oxidation of alkanes is exothermic (yields heat). Alkana combustion
is perfect and not perfect. Perfect combustion generates CO2 gas while incomplete
combustion generates CO gas. [1] That is why alkanes are used as fuel. On
average, the oxidation of 1 gram alkane produces energy of 50,000 joules.
Perfect combustion reaction:
CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g) + Energy
Incomplete combustion reaction:
2 CH4 (g) + 3 O2 (g) → 2 CO (g) + 4 H2O (g) + Energy
3) When reacted with halogen elements (F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2), then the H atoms of
the alkane readily substitute (exchange) by the halogen atoms.
CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl (methylchloride (chloromethane)) + HCl
CH3Cl + Cl2 → CH2Cl2 (dichloromethane) + HCl
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 → CHCl3 (chloroform (trichloromethane)) + HCl
CHCl3 + Cl2 → CCl4 (carbon tetrachloride) + HCl
4) Long chain alkane compounds may undergo elimination reactions. The elimination
reaction is a reaction to the removal of atoms / clusters of atoms to obtain a simpler
carbon compound. [1] An example of a thermal elimination reaction of petroleum and
natural gas.
800 - 900 oC
CH3 - CH2 - CH3 → CH3 - CH = CH2 + H2
propane
propena
800 - 900 oC
CH3 - CH2 - CH3 → CH2 = CH2 + CH4
propane
ethene
methane
2. Properties of Alkene Compounds
a. Physical Properties of Alkene
1) Alkene has the same physical properties as alkanes. The difference is that alkene
is slightly soluble in water. This is due to the existence of the double bond that forms
the bond π. The π bond will be withdrawn by hydrogen from partially charged water.
2) The melting point and boiling point of alkenes is almost the same as the
corresponding alkanes, the more the number of atoms C, the greater the price of Mr.
the boiling point is higher.
b. Chemical Properties of Alkene
Alkene is much more reactive than alkanes because of the double bond. The alkene
reaction mainly occurs in the double bond.
The alkene reactions are as follows.
a) Addition Reaction (addition or saturation)
The addition reactions, ie the conversion of double bonds into single bonds by
binding to other atoms.
Substances that can tolerate alkenes are:
(1) Hydrogen gas (H2)
The adduct reaction is a double bond termination reaction. In the addition of alkenes,
the double bond is transformed into a single bond. [2]
a) CH2 = CH2 (ethene) + H2 → CH3 - CH3 (ethane)
b) CH2 = CH - CH3 (propene) + H2 → CH3 - CH2 - CH3 (propane)
(2) Halogen (F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2)
The adduct reaction by halogens breaks the alkene-double chains to form alkanes.
Furthermore the halogen will become the branch / substituent of the alkane formed.
[2]
(3) Halide acid (HCl, HBr, HF, and HI)
If alkene capture halide acid apply Markovnikov rule, ie H atom of acid halide will be
bound
on a double-bonded C atom that has more H atoms.
If a double-bonded C atom has the same amount of H, the halide will be attached to
the longest C atom. [2]
Description: H is bound to C1 atoms because C1 binds 2 atoms H and C2 binds only
1 H atom While Br is attached to atomC2.
b) Combustion reaction (oxidation with oxygen)
1) Perfect combustion of alkenes produces CO2 and H2O.
C2H4 + 3 O2 → 2 CO2 + 2 H2O
2) Incomplete combustion of alkenes produces CO and H2O.
C2H4 + 2 O2 → 2 CO + 2 H2O
c) Polymerization reaction
The polymerization reaction is the reaction of combining simple molecules
(monomers) into large molecules (polymers).
Example:
Polymerization of ethene becomes polythene
n CH2 = CH2 → - CH2 - CH2- → [- CH2 - CH2 -] n
3. Properties of the Alkaline Compound
a. Physical Properties of the Alkuna
1) The physical properties of alkalo are similar to alkanes and alkenes. The
alkalo is also slightly soluble in water.
2) Alkaline boiling point is similar to alkanes and alkenes. The more the number
of C atoms the price of Mr. the greater the boiling point the higher.
b. Alkaline Chemical Properties
The reactions to the alkalo are similar to those of alkene, differing only in the
need for the amount of reagents for the double bond fulfillment.
The alkaline requires a reagent amount of twice the reactant requirements of the
alkene for the same number of double bonds.
Example:
The reaction of saturation of ethene by hydrogen gas
CH2 = CH2 (ethene) + H2 → CH3 - CH3 (ethane)
a) Oxidation [2]
As with hydrocarbons in general, the alkalms if completely burned produce CO2
and H2O.
C3H4 + 4O2 → 3CO2 + 2H2O
b) Addition of H2 [2]

The alkalo undergoes two additions by H2 to produce alkanes.

Example:
HC ≡ C - CH3+H2→H2C = CH - CH3+H2→H3C - CH2 - CH3
propuna
propena
propane
c) Addition of Halogen [2]
d) Addition of Halide Acids [2]
The addition of alkaline by acid halides follows the Markovnikov rule as in alkene.
You now know the Physical and Chemical Properties of Alkanes, Alkene,
Alkunes. Thank you for visiting Cyber Library.
Utami, B. A. N. Catur Saputro, L. Mahardiani, and S. Yamtinah, Bakti
Mulyani.2009. Chemistry: For SMA / MA Class X. Book Center, Ministry of
National Education, Jakarta, p. 250.
Understanding Natural Gas, Natural gas has many advantages that make it an
energy source that is efficient, relatively clean, and economical. However, there
remain environmental and safety issues of production and its use. Many areas
that are now being explored and developed to produce relatively original natural
gas and / or wilderness areas; and the opening of this area has a major impact
on the surrounding environment, wildlife, and human populations.
Natural gas is a relatively clean Fossil Fuels
Burning natural gas for energy produces less emissions in almost all types of air
pollutants and carbon dioxide (CO2) per unit of heat generated than coal or
refined petroleum products. Approximately 117 pounds of carbon dioxide is
produced per million Btu of natural gas, compared to more than 200 pounds of
CO2 per million Btu of coal and more than 160 pounds per million Btu of fuel oil.
Natural Gas Mostly Methane - Strong Greenhouse Gases
Natural gas consists mostly of methane, which is a very powerful greenhouse
gas. Methane can leak into the atmosphere from coal mines, oil and gas wells,
natural gas storage tanks, pipes, and processing sites. This leak is one source of
greenhouse gas emissions.
The oil and natural gas industry seeks to prevent gas leakage, and where natural
gas is produced but can not be transported economically, natural gas will be
"ignited" or burned at the site. It is considered safer and better than releasing
methane into the atmosphere because CO2 is less dangerous as a greenhouse
gas than methane.
Read:
10 Frequently Asked Questions Working In Limited Space
Facts About H2S You Need to Know
Exploration, Drilling, and Natural Gas Production Have Many Impacts on the
Environment
When geologists explore natural gas deposits on land, they may have to disrupt
the soil and vegetation with their vehicles. A gas well on land requires clearing of
roads, cleaning and alignment of areas to create a drill pad.
Well drilling activities produce air pollution and can disrupt wildlife. It takes pipes
to transport gas from wells, and it will usually be land clearing to bury pipes.
Natural gas production can also lead to contamination of large volumes of water.
This water should be handled properly, stored, and disinfected so as not to
pollute the soil and water.
The natural gas we use as fuel is mostly methane, but unprocessed gas from the
well may contain other compounds, including hydrogen sulfide, a highly toxic gas.
Hydrogen sulfide solid natural gas will usually flare up. Natural gas combustion
produces CO2, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and other
compounds depending on the chemical composition of natural gas and how well
the gas can burn. Natural gas wells and pipelines often require machines to run
equipment and compressors, resulting in additional noise and air pollution.
Advances in Drilling and Production Technology Have Positive and Negative
Impacts
The latest gas drilling and recovery technology has reduced a large number of
disturbed areas to produce every cubic foot of natural gas. Horizontal drilling
techniques make it possible to produce gas from one well compared to many
wells in the past, so it needs fewer wells to exploit the gas field.
Hydraulic fracturing (commonly called "hydrofracking," or "fracking," or "fracing")
on shale rock formations will open up huge gas reserves, which were previously
too expensive to develop. Hydrofracking is done by pumping high-pressure fluids
into the well to create rock fractures and allowing the gas to free itself from small
pockets on the rocks. However, there are some potential environmental problems
associated with shale gas production, including:
Hydraulic fracturing requires large amounts of water.
If mismanaged, hydraulic fracturing fluid - which may contain potentially
hazardous chemicals - may contaminate by spills, leaking, damaged well
construction, or other exposure paths.
Hydraulic fracturing also produces large amounts of wastewater, which may
contain dissolved chemicals and other contaminants that require treatment before
disposal or reuse.
According to the US Geological Survey, hydraulic fracturing fractures "cause
small earthquakes, although they are too small to be a concern for safety.
Rigorous Safety and Standard Regulations Required for Natural Gas
Since natural gas leaks can cause explosions, there are strict regulations and
industry standards at drilling sites to ensure safe transportation, storage,
distribution and use of natural gas. Because natural gas has no odor, natural gas
companies add strong smelling substances called merkaptan, so it will soon be
noticed in case of leakage.
OMC - Oil and Gas Management Center is a human resources development
institute in the field of Petroleum and Natural Gas industry, as an agency of
human resources development, OMC provides Gas Tester training to detect the
presence of dangerous and toxic gas in the area of oil and gas industry,
Information on Gas Tester training and the nearest schedule can see at:
//petrotrainingasia.com/
Source: //www.indoenergi.com
Arrangement of Alkene and Alkaline according to IUPAC
July 8, 2015 Mahfuzh tnt All, study chemistry, chemistry
After I first discussed the basic chemistry, especially organic chemistry about the
Alkana nomenclature, this time I brought the material of his brother, the Names of
Alkene according to IUPAC. This material is a continuation of hydrocarbon
understanding material that I have previously posted.
Alkene is a hydrocarbon compound that resembles Alkanes, but has a double
carbon chain structure. The alkenes may have one, two, or more double bonds,
but do not have triple bonds (three carbon bonds). Sedanggkan Alkuna is a
hydrocarbon-like Alkana compound that has a triple carbon bond structure.
Akuna can have one, two or more triple bonds.
This hydrocarbon compound is one type of chemical compounds that snagat
important. The use of Alkanes is primarily in the manufacturing industries of
plastics and rubber.
The alkana naming is based on IUPAC
How to Name Alkanes and Alkunas According to IUPAC
The naming of alkane compounds actually resembles alkana nomenclature,
except that there is little difference. In the Explanation this time, I will try to
explain step by step naming alkena and alkuna. But you should read and
understand how to name Alkana.
How to Name Alkene and Alkuna
Here is the easiest way to understand the naming procedure of alakana based on
IUPAC naming.
1. Understanding the Definition of Alkene and Alkuna
The number one thing you must master is to understand the exact meaning of
alkene and alkalo. Alkene is a hydrocarbon compound containing a double
carbon bond. The alkenes have a naming with the -ena suffix.
The alkalo is a hydrocarbon compound containing triple carbon chain bonds.
Alkuna has a naming with the suffix -una.
The only naming difference between alkene and alkaline is the ending in this
naming, the end-of-the-end alkene and the ending
2. Determine the Main Chain
If in Alkana, the determination of the main chain is on the longest chain of carbon,
the Alkene and Alkuna are also the same, but it is only necessary to note the
location of Double and Triple Ties and Triple on the Alkene and the Alkuna.
The main chain of an alkane or alkala is the longest carbon chain containing
double bonds (alkanes) or triple (alkalo).
3. Note the Location of Double and Triple Ties
After determining the main chain, you must assign a number to each of the C
atoms in the chain. Do the numbering by the rule: double bonds are at the
position of atom C numbered smallest. The same applies to Alkunas
3. Count the Number of Multiple Ties
Calculate the number of double or triple bonds on the carbon chain. If there is
only one double / triple bond then the name is as usual (ethene, propene, butuna,
etc.). But if there are two double bonds or three double bonds, then add the -
diene endings (for 2 double bonds), -triene (for 3 double bonds), -tetraene (u / 4
double bonds), etc.
Whereas in Alkunas if there are two double bonds or triple three bonds, then add
the suffix -auna (for 2 double bonds), -triuna (for 3 double bonds), -tetrauna (u / 4
double bonds), etc.
4. Notice the location of the substituent
Notice the location of the substituent (branch) of the alkenes and the alkalo. For
substituent naming and the type of substituent that is often used, you can read
here. This branch numbering is very important and needs to be done thoroughly.
5. Arrange Substituent Naming Alphabetically
Once you know the main chain, the number of double / triple bonds, and the
location of the substituent, the last thing you need to consider is the substituent's
name. Referring to substituents should be alphabetically ordered.
Okay, that's just the theory for writing the nomenclature of Alkene and Alkuna
According to IUPAC. Next, we must practice the matter! Absolute exercise should
be done to test your understanding. Here are some practice questions as an
example you can see.
Sample Problems and Answers
1. Name the following compounds:
then the main chain on the Alkene is:
Then the name for the Alkene is: 2-Propyl-1-heptene
2 -> indicate the location of substituent (branch)
Propyl-> substituent name
1-> indicates the position of the double bond
Heptene-> the name of the main chain
2. Name the following compounds according to IUPAC
then the main chain of the Alkuna is:
Then the name for the Alkene is: 4-butyl-5-methyl-1,4, hexadiene
4 and 5 -> position of the substituent
butyl and methyl -> substituent name
1.4 -> where the double bond
hexadiene -> the name of the major chain of alkenes
https://mystupidtheory.com/tata-nama-alkena-dan-alkuna-sesuai-iupac/
Benefits, Alkanes Use, Alkene, Alkaline, Function Chemical Compounds - The
following is the complete material:
a. Usefulness of Alkana
In general, alkanes are useful as fuel and raw materials in the petrochemical
industry.
Methane; useful as fuel for cooking, and chemical raw materials such as H2 and
NH3.
Ethane; useful as a fuel for cooking and as a refrigerant in a two-stage cooling
system for low temperatures.
Propane; is the main component of LPG gas for cooking and raw materials of
organic compounds.
Butane; useful as vehicle fuel and synthesis rubber raw materials.
Octana; is the main component of motor vehicle fuel, that is gasoline.
b. Use of Alkene
Etena; used as raw material for making polythene plastic (PE).
Propene, used for making plastics Some uses of monomers and polymers, ie
polymers for making synthetic fibers and cooking utensils.
Chair made from plastic polypropylene (PP) [1]
c. Usefulness of Alkuna
Ethane (acetylene), known everyday as carb gas, is produced from carbide rocks
reacted with water:
CaC2 + 2H2O → Ca (OH) 2 + C2H2
Carbide gas if burned will produce a high temperature, so it can be used to weld
and cut metal. Carbide gas is often used to accelerate fruit ripening.
You now know the usefulness of Alkanes, Alkena, Alkuna. Thank you for visiting
Cyber Library.
Reference:
Permana, I. 2009. Understanding Chemistry 1: SMA / MA for Semester 1 and 2.
Bookkeeping Center, Ministry of National Education, Jakarta, p. 175.