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7/20/12
Methods of Determining Beam Deflections
1. Double-integration method
2. Area-moment method
3. Conjugate-beam method
4. Strain-energy method (Castigliano's Theorem)
5. Method of superposition
Of these methods, the first three are the ones that are commonly used.
EI (d2y/dx2 ) = M
EI dy/dx = ∫ Mdx + C1
EI y = ∫∫ M(dx)(dx) + C1 x + C2 7/20/12
where x and y are the coordinates shown in the figure of the
elastic curve of the beam under load, y is the deflection of the beam at any
distance x.
450 N/m
Moment equation M: A B C
D
0≤ x<2 2m 1m
2m
M = 400x
400N
920N
2 ≤ x < 3: V M
3≤ x<5
x 200N
M = 400x - 200 <x-2> - 450<x-3><x-3>/2 400 N
V
M
Single Moment equation
2m x-2
M = 400x - 200 <x-2> - 450 <x-3><x-3>/2 x
= 400x - 200 <x-2> - 450 <x-3>2/2
400N 200N
450N/m
7/20/12
V M
Note: the single moment equation is formulated
M = 400x - 200 <x-2> - 225<x-3>2
EI (d2y/dx2 ) = M
Boundary conditions:
At point A : At point D :
x = 0 ; y = 0, x=5 : y=0
Thus, from eqn. 1 Thus, from eqn. 1
0 = 0 – 0 – 0 + 0 + C2 EI (0) = 200(5) 3/3 - 100<5-2>3 /3 - 75<5 - 3>
4/4 + C1 5 + 0
C2 = 0 C1 = - [8333.33 - 900 - 300] / 5
= - 1426.67
Thus:
At point B , x = 2 m. negative
EI y B = 200(2) 3/3 - 100<2-2>3 /3 - 75<2- 3> 4/4 - 1426.67(2)
EI y B = 533.333 - 2853.33
y B = - 2320 /EI (answer) . The NEGATIVE SIGN means 7/20/12
downward.
Problem: For the previous problem, obtain the maximum deflection of the beam.
Solution;
For simply supported beams, the point of maximum deflection is where the slope
of
the tangent to the elastic curve is zero, or dy/dx = 0
Assume that the point of maximum deflection is within the range 0≤x<2
Assume that the point of maximum deflection is within the range 2<x<3
7/20/12
Solution: Figure: w
P
∑MA = 0 A B
C
MA
w(L/2)(L/4) + PL – MA = 0 L/2
L/2
MA = w(L 2/8) + PL RA
∑Fy = 0 w
P
RA – w(L/2) – P = 0 MA
RA = wL/2 + P
Boundary conditions:
at A : x = 0 ; y = 0,
thus , from eqn. 2 , C2 = 0
at A : x = 0 ; dy/dx = 0 (slope of tangent to the elastic curve is horizontal at the
fixed support)
thus, from eqn. 1, C1 = 0
Thus:
EIy = - MA x2/2 + RA x3/(6) - wx4/(24) + w<x – L/2>4/(24) eqn. 2
Theorem I :
M/EI diagram
Area = A
The change in slope between tangents drawn
to the elastic curve at any two points A and B is
equal to the product of 1/EI multiplied by the area c.g.
in the moment diagram between these two points
(ӨAB = A) A
B
x
Theorem II:
elastic curve
The deviation of any point B relative to a
tangent drawn to the elastic curve at any other A
B
point A, in a direction perpendicular to the original
position of the beam, is equal to the product of
1/EI multiplied by the moment of area about B
ӨAB t B/A
of that part of the moment diagram between points
A and B. 7/20/12
(t B/A = A x )
Sign Convention:
+’ve : A
B
ӨAB : counterclockwise
t B/A : point B is above the tangent at A
ӨAB
t B/A
-’ve:
ӨAB : clockwise
t B/A : point B is below the tangent at A
ӨAB
t B/A
7/20/12A
B
P
P
Solution: A B C
D
Theorem II:
= PL3/9
Solution:
L/3
L/3 L/3
ӨA = ӨAm x
M = (∑M) L = (∑M)R
x
(∑M) R = sum of moments caused by all forces to y = kxn
the right of the section.
h
2. The moment effect of any single specified loading is
y = k xn
b
2. Concentrated P 4. Triangular wo
Area = - PL2 Area = -1/24woL3
x = L/3 x = L/5
degree of curve = 1 degree of curve = 3
7/20/12
with respect to left support A . (b) Compute the deviation of point A with
respect to
a tangent drawn at point B. (c) Compute the deflection at 3m from left
support of the beam.
Assume constant EI.
Solution: Figure:
∑MA = 0
R2 (4) = 500(2) + 400(3)(1.5)
c
R2 = 700N
∑Fy = 0
R1+ R2 = 500 + 400(3)
R1 = 500 + 1200 +- 700
R1 = 1000N
EI t C/B = ½(2800/4)((1)(1/3)
= 116.67
by similar triangles:
δc = t A/B /4 - t C/B
= 1/EI[5450/4 – 116.67]
δc
tA/B
tC/B
7/20/12
the tangent to the elastic curve over support C to be horizontal. What will
then
be the value of EIδ under the 100-lb load?
P = 56 lbs. A B
C
thus: 7/20/12
600 – 3P = 432
δB = t B/C
CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD
Thus:
1. If M/EI of the actual beam is used as the fictitious load in the conjugate beam,
7/20/12
y=0 y=0 M=0
M=0
slope ≠ 0 slope ≠ 0 V≠0
V≠0
y=0 M= 0
slope ≠ 0 V≠ 0
7/20/12
Problem: Using conjugate beam method, obtain the deflection at
point C of the beam
below. Assume EI is constant all throughout the beam’s
span.
Solution: Figure: P P