12 S.G. Chung et al.
/ Geotextiles and Geomembranes xxx (2014) 1e12
year with kh/ks ¼ 2. Based on the back-analysed ch(LB) and the cor-
rected ch values, a possible range of kh/ks is graphically determined
to lie between 2 and 3, with an upper limit of 3.27
4.52 for the six
case records. Consequently, the back-analysed discharge capacity is
recommended for a preliminary design guideline: i.e.
qw(mob) ¼ (1e5)khl2m and qw(req) ¼ 19.63khl2m which is much larger
than those suggested by Mesri and Lo (1991) and Xie (1987).
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Korea Science and Engineering
Foundation (KOSEF) Mid-Career Research Program grant funded by
the Korea government (MEST) (NRF-2013R1A2A2A01005430), and
by Dong-A University, Busan Korea.
References
Abuel-Naga, H.M., Pender, M.J., Bergado, D.T., 2012. Design curves of prefabricated
vertical drains including smear and transition zones effects. Geotext. Geo-
membr 32, 1e9.
Akagi, T., 1994. Hydraulic applications of geosynthetics to filtration and drainage
problems e with special reference to prefabricated band-shaped drains. In:
Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Geotextiles, Geo-
membranes and Related Products, Singapore, Preprint of Keynote Lecture,
pp. 97e117.
Arulrajah, A., Nikraz, H., Bo, M.W., 2004. Factors affecting field instrumentation
assessment of marine clay treated with prefabricated vertical drains. Geotext.
Geomembrs 22 (5), 415e437.
Asaoka, A., 1978. Observational procedure of settlement prediction. Soils Found. 18
(4), 87e101.
Baligh, M.M., Levadoux, J.N., 1980. Pore pressure Dissipation After Cone Penetration.
Report R80e11. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil
Engineering, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Baligh, M.M., Levadoux, J.N., 1986. Consolidation after undrained piezozone pene-
tration, II: interpretation. J. Geotech. Eng., ASCE 112 (7), 727e745.
Barron, R.A., 1948. Consolidation of fine-grained soils by drains wells. Trans. ASCE
113. Paper No. 2346.
Bergado, D.T., Enriquez, A.S., Sampaco, C.L., Alfaro, M.C., Balasubramaniam, A.S.,
1992. Inversed analysis of geotechnical parameters on improved soft Bangkok
clay. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., ASCE 118 (7), 1012e1030.
Bo, M.W., Chu, J., Low, B.K., Choa, V., 2003. Soil Improvement: Prefabricated Vertical
Drain Techniques. Thomson, Singapore, p. 341.
Carrillo, N., 1942. Simple two and three dimensional cases in the theory of
consolidation of soils. J. Math. Phys. 21 (1), 1e5.
Chu, J., Bo, M.W., Chang, M.F., Choa, V., 2002. Consolidation and permeability
properties of Singapore marine clay. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., ASCE 128 (9),
724e732.
Choa, V., 1995. Changi east reclamation project. In: International Symposium on
Compression and Consolidation of Clayey Soils, IS-Hiroshima ’95. Balkema,
pp. 185e199.
Chung, S.G., 1999. Engineering properties and consolidation characteristics of
Kimhae estuarine clayey soil. In: Thick Deltaic Deposits, ATC-7 Workshop,
Special Publication, the 11th ARC on SMGE, Seoul, pp. 93e108.
Chung, S.G., Lee, N.K., 2010. Smear effect and well resistance of PVD-installed
ground based on the hyperbolic method. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 136 (4),
640e642.
Chung, S.G., Beck, S.H., Ryu, C.K., Kim, S.W., 2003. Keynote lecture: geotechnical
characterization of Pusan clays. In: Korea-Japan Joint Workshop on Character-
ization of Thick Clay Deposits, Reclamation and Port Construction, ATC-7, April
8e10, Busan, pp. 3e44.
Chung, S.G., Lee, N.K., Kim, S.R., 2009. Hyperbolic method for prediction of pre-
fabricated vertical drains performance. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 135 (10),
1519e1528.
Chung, S.G., Kweon, H.J., Jang, W.Y., 2014. A hyperbolic fit method for interpretation
of piezocone dissipation tests. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., ASCE 140 (1),
251e254.
Deng, Y.-B., Xie, K.-H., Lu, M.-M., Tao, H.-B., Liu, G.-B., 2013. Consolidation by pre-
fabricated vertical drains considering the time dependent well resistance.
Geotext. Geomembr. 36, 20e26.
Edil, T.B., Fox, P.J., Lan, L.T., 1991. Observational procedure for settlement of peat. In:
Proceedings of the International Conf. on Geotechnical Engineering for Coastal
Please cite this article in press as: Chung, S.G., et al., Observational method for field performance of prefabricated vertical drains, Geotextiles and
Geomembranes (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2014.06.005
Development Theory and Practice on Soft Ground, Geo-Coast ’91, Yokohama,
Japan, pp. 165e170.
Eriksson, U., Hansbo, S., Torstenson, B.A., 2000. Soil improvement at Stockholm-
Arianda airport. Ground Improv. 4, 73e80.
Foott, R., Koutsoftas, D.C., Handfelt, L.D., 1987. Test Fill at Chek Lap Kok, Hong Kong.
J. Geotech. Eng. ASCE 113 (2), 106e126.
Hansbo, S., 1979. Consolidation of clay by band shaped prefabricated drains. Ground
Eng. 12 (5), 16e25.
Hansbo, S., Jamiolkowski, M., Kok, L., 1981. Consolidation by vertical drains.
Ge otechnique 31, 45e66.
Hansbo, S., 1994. Foundation Engineering. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 519.
Hird, C.C., Moseley, V.J., 2000. Model study of seepage in smearzones around ver-
otechnique 50 (1), 89e97.
tical drains in layered soil. Ge
Holtz, R.D., Jamiolkowski, M.B., Lancellotta, R., Pedroni, R., 1991. Prefabricated
Vertical Drains: Design and Performance. CIRIA Ground Engineering Report.
Indraratna, B., Bamunawita, C.I., 2002. Soft clay stabilization by mandrel driven
geosynthetic vertical drains. In: ISSMGE e TC36 Workshop, Mexico City, May,
pp. 57e86.
Indraratna, B., Rujikiatkamjorn, C., Balasubramaniam, A.S., McIntosh, G., 2012. Soft
ground improvement via vertical drains and vacuum assisted preloading.
Geotext. Geomembr. 30, 16e23.
Koutsoftas, D.C., Foott, R., Handfelt, L.D., 1987. Geotechnical Investigations offshore
Hong Kong. J. Geotech. Eng. ASCE 113 (2), 87e105.
Lee, N.K., Chung, S.G., 2010. Reevaluation of the factors influencing the consolida-
tion of ground by incorporating prefabricated vertical drains. KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 14
(2), 155e164.
Liu, H.L., Chu, J., 2009. A new type of prefabricated vertical drain with improved
properties. Geotext. Geomembr. 27 (2), 152e155.
Liu, M.D., Xu, K.J., Horpibulsuk, S., 2013. A mathematical function to represent S-
shaped relationships for geotechnical applications. Proc. Geotech. Eng. 166
(GE3), 321e327.
Lo, D.O.K., 1991. Soil Improvement by Vertical Drains. PhD. Thesis. University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, pp. 190e231.
Lo, S.R., Mak, J., Gnanendran, C.T., Zhang, R., Manivannan, G., 2008. Long-term
performance of a wide embankment on soft clay improved with prefabricated
vertical drains. Can. Geotech. J. 45 (12), 1073e1091.
Magnan, J.P., Pilot, G., Queyroi, D., 1983. Back analysis of soil consolidation around
vertical drains. In: 8th ECSMFE, vol. 2. Balkema, Helsinki, pp. 653e658.
Mesri, G., Lo, D.O.K., 1991. Field performance of prefabricated vertical drains. In:
Proceedings of the International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering for
Coastal Development, GEO-COAST ’91, Yokohama, Japan, pp. 231e236.
Olson, R.E., 1998. Settlement of embankments on soft clays. J. Geotech. Geoenviron.
Eng., ASCE 124 (4), 278e296, 31th Terzaghi Lecture.
Onoue, A., 1988. Consolidation by vertical drains taking well resistance and smear
into consideration. Soils Found. 28 (4), 165e174.
Onoue, A., Ting, N., Germaine, J.T., Whitman, R.V., 1991. Permeability of disturbed
zone and around vertical drains. In: Geotechnical Special Publication, 27.
American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, pp. 879e890.
Pusan Newport Co., 2005. Busan New Port North Container Terminal Construction
Project (phase 1e1). Field Monitoring Report.
Randolph, M.F., Wroth, C.P., 1979. An analytical solution for the consolidation
around a driven pile. Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 3, 217e229.
Rowe, R.K., Taechakumthorn, C., 2008. Combined effect of PVDs and reinforcement
on embankments over rate-sensitive soils. Geotext. Geomembr. 26 (3),
239e249.
Saowapakpiboon, J., Bergado, D.T., Voottipruex, P., Lam, L.G., Nakakuma, K., 2011.
PVD improvement combined with surcharge and vacuum preloading inclu-
dingsimulations. Geotext. Geomembr. 29 (1), 74e82.
Saye, S.R., 2001. Assessment of soil disturbance by the installation of displacement
sand drains and prefabricated vertical drains. In: Soil Behavior and Soft Ground
Construction. Geotechnical Special Publication. No. 119. ASCE, Cambridge, MA,
pp. 325e353.
Sridharan, A., Murthy, N.S., Prakash, K., 1987. Rectangular hyperbola method of
consolidation analysis. Ge otechnique 37 (3), 355e368.
Stark, T.D., Williamson, T., Fowler, J., Pezza, D., Gibbons, Y., 1999. Prefabricated
vertical-drain test section in Craney island dredged material management area.
J. Perform. Construct. Facilities 13 (1), 8e16.
Tan, S.A., 1995. Validation of hyperbolic method for settlement in clays with vertical
drains. Soils Found. 35 (1), 101e113.
Tan, T.S., Inoue, T., Lee, S.L., 1991. Hyperbolic method for consolidation analysis.
J. Geotech. Eng. ASCE 117 (11), 1723e1737.
Xie, K.H., 1987. Sand Drained Ground: Analytical and Numerical Solutions and
Optimal Design. Dissertation. Zhejijang University, Hangzhou (in Chinese).
Yoshikuni, H., Nakanodo, H., 1974. Consolidation of soils by vertical drain wells with
finite permeability. Soils Found. 14 (2), 35e46.