National Technological Institute of Mexico

Technological Institute of Tijuana

Electronic Engineering
Transistor Design

Preliminary: Leak gas and fire system detector

Team 5
Infinity Team
González García Alan Ramón 15212191
Quevedo Villanueva Jorge 15212208
Rojas Adame Javier Alfonso 15212212

Facilitator:
Ing. Jair de Jesus Nevarez Valerdi

Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico February 1, 2018.

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 CONTENT
I. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1
II. Objectives .................................................................................................................................... 1
II.1 General ................................................................................................................................ 1
II.2 Specific ................................................................................................................................ 1
III. Hypothesis .................................................................................................................................. 2
IV. Blocks diagram ............................................................................................................................ 2
V. Justification ................................................................................................................................. 3
VI. Theoretical fundament ................................................................................................................ 4
VI.1 Fire sensor ........................................................................................................................... 4
VI.2 Smoke sensor ...................................................................................................................... 5
VI.3 Radio frequency antenna .................................................................................................... 6
VII. References ................................................................................................................................... 9

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I. INTRODUCTION
Now days, fire accidents are increasing due to climate change and the lack of
prevention in the event of a contingency. A conventional home does not have an
alarm system that detects a possible gas leak or an imminent fire. Statistics show
that households that have prevention devices in case of fire or a domestic gas leak,
has a greater chance of surviving catastrophes without losing resources and even
saving human lives, compared to those who lack these systems.

Established the above, we as a team will implement a remote alarm system in the
event of a possible gas leak or imminent fire; managing to avoid harm to human
health or material losses through contingency plans.

II. OBJECTIVES

II.1 GENERAL
 Warn about the possibility of a fire in a room.
 Prevent the loss of human lives and valuable objects.

II.2 SPECIFIC
 Detect smoke in a room.
 Send a signal to warn about a possible fire.
 Notify to trigger a contingency plan for a possible fire in homes or closed
rooms.

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III. HYPOTHESIS
A smoke detector that, upon receiving a disturbance from the environment of the
room, is interpreted and notified of the possibility of a fire by transmitting a signal to
a receiver, which will show a message informing of the existence of smoke in the
room and that will alert in case the smoke increases and it is a fire through an alarm.

IV. BLOCKS DIAGRAM

In a general way, it is represented by a diagram how the detector will be shaped

according to the stages that are needed, such as the power supply, the sensors, the
control, as well as the transmission of the message for the warning and its receiver
that will show an alert message.

Supply Control Transmitter Receiver

Display and
Sensors
Alarm

Figure 1. Blocks diagram.

Supply: the alternating current provided by a house or room, usually 127 v, will be
used, a power supply will be implemented for the power supply of the circuit.

Control: once the circuit is powered, the control of the sensors will be taken and
according to the signal they detect, a predetermined action will be taken towards the
sending of a signal.

Sensors: to detect disturbances in the room or atmosphere specifically smoke or fire

to indicate that they exist inside the room and that the control determines the next
action.

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 Transmitter: depending on the action taken by the control, a signal will be transmitted
indicating that there is smoke or fire in the room that you are controlling.

Receiver: once the signal is sent, it will be received to project a message or activate
an alarm depending on the case.

Display and Alarm: since the action is taken, it is notified of the existence of smoke
in the room through the protection of a message and whether there is a fire, activate
an alarm to notify of the danger.

V. JUSTIFICATION
The objective of the Project is to develop a remote alarm system to detect a gas and
fire contingency. The system can be implemented in; confined spaces, bedrooms
and even laboratories. We decided to focus the project on people of old age, with
movement difficulties or a disability. In order to offer an action plan during the
accident. We are convinced that we offer security guarantee against a possible
threat of natural gas leaks and fire. The idea of the project arises from the growing
domestic fires that often happen in the city, as a team we are interested in finding a
solution to this problem and to make the population aware of the security measures.

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VI. THEORETICAL FUNDAMENT
Some of the components and concepts used for the development and training of the
project are shown below

VI.1 FIRE SENSOR

An optical flame sensor is a device that detects the existence of combustion by the
light emitted by it. This light can be detected by an optical sensor, and be captured
by digital inputs and analog inputs of Arduino.

The flame is a phenomenon of emission of light associated with combustion

processes. Combustion is a process that releases large amounts of energy in the
form of heat. During the reaction, intermediate compounds are generated that
release part of their energy through the emission of light.

The spectrum of flame emission depends on the elements that intervene in the
reaction. In the case of combustion of products with carbon in the presence of
oxygen, we have two characteristic peaks in ultraviolet at wavelengths of 185nm-
260nm and in infrared at wavelengths 4400-4600nm.

Figure 2. Wavelengths.

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Flame sensors are widely used in the industry. Many machines execute processes
that can generate flames, such as machining processes or spark erosion. Frequently
they are made in the presence of combustible elements such as oil or shavings.

VI.2 SMOKE SENSOR

A smoke detector is an alarm that detects the presence of smoke in the air and emits
an acoustic signal warning of the danger of fire. Depending on the detection method
they use, they can be of several types:

- Ionic detectors: Used for the detection of gases and combustion fumes that are not
visible to the naked eye.

- Optical detectors: Detect visible smoke by absorbing or diffusing light.

When the device is connected to a control panel that activates the visual or audible
alarms, it is called a "smoke detector". On the other hand, an individual device that
receives its energy through batteries and acts independently of a control panel is
called an "alarm". of smoke ".

They can be of three types, depending on whether they detect smoke due to
obscuration or dispersion of air in a space.

- Infrared ray: are composed of an emitting device and another receiver. When
the space between them darkens due to smoke, only a fraction of the emitted
light reaches the receiver, causing the electrical signal produced by it to be
weaker and the alarm activated.
- Of punctual type: in them, emitter and receiver are housed in the same
chamber, but they are not seen when forming their axes an angle greater than
90º and to be separated by a screen, so that the emitted ray does not reach
the receiver. When smoke enters the chamber, the beam of light emitted is
refracted in the smoke particles and can reach the receiver, activating the
alarm. It is the most used technology today.
- Laser: detect dimming of a bonding chamber with laser technology.
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 In addition, within the optical / photoelectric detectors, there are two types of
technologies: analog detectors and digital detectors (these technologies are
found in conventional and addressable systems).
- Analog optical detector: this detector has the simplest technology. It is
calibrated with electronic resistors. It does not have any software inside the
device to do verifications. It is not designed to verify if it really is smoke or if it
is dust or dirt. This system, when it reaches the opacity parameters, is
activated.
- Optical digital detector: this detector includes a small software that, through
mathematical calculations, verifies with several variables whether it is smoke
or dirt, performing a self-check before activating and sending the signal to the
control panel.

VI.3 RADIO FREQUENCY ANTENNA

An antenna is a device made to transmit (radiate) and receive radio waves

(electromagnetic). There are several important features of an antenna that should
be considered when choosing a specific for your application:

1. Radiation pattern

2. Gain

3. Directivity

4. Polarization

Radiation patterns:

The radiation pattern of an antenna can be represented as a three-dimensional plot

of the radiated energy seen from outside of it. Radiation patterns are usually
represented in two ways, the elevation pattern and the azimuth pattern. The
elevation pattern is a graph of the energy radiated by the antenna seen in profile.
The azimuth pattern is a graph of the radiated energy seen directly from above. By

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combining both graphs we have a three-dimensional representation of how the
energy is really radiated from the antenna.

Gain:

The gain of an antenna is the ratio between the power that enters an antenna and
the power that comes out of it. This gain is commonly referred to in dBi's, and refers
to the comparison of how much energy comes out of the antenna in question,
compared to what would come out of an isotropic antenna. An isotropic antenna is
one that has a perfect spherical radiation pattern and a unit linear gain.

Directivity:

The directivity of the antenna is a measure of the concentration of the radiated power
in a particular direction. It can also be understood as the ability of the antenna to
direct the radiated energy in a specific direction. It is usually a ratio of radiation
intensity in a particular direction compared to the average isotropic intensity.

Polarization:

It is the orientation of the electromagnetic waves when leaving the antenna. There
are two basic types of polarization that apply to antennas, such as: Linear (includes
vertical, horizontal and oblique) and circular (including right circular, left circular, right
elliptical, and left elliptical). Do not forget that taking into account the polarity of the
antenna is very important if you want to get the most out of it. The transmitting
antenna must have the same polarity as the receiving antenna for maximum
performance.

There are several types of antennas. The most relevant for applications in free bands
are:

1. Dipole antennas
2. Dipole multi-element antennas
3. Yagi antennas
4. Antennas Flat Panel (Flat Panel)
5. Satellite dishes (parabolic dish)
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 To assist in choosing the correct antenna for your application, table 1 is provided as
a means of comparison between the different types:

Table 1. Comparison between types of antennas.

Type of Antenna Radiation Pattern Gain Directivity Polarization

Dipole antennas Large Low Low Linear

Multi-element dipole Large Low / Medium Low Linear

Flat panel Large Medium Medium / High Linear / Circular

Parabolic dish Large High High Linear / Circular

Yagi Enfire Medium / High Medium / High Linear

Groove Large Low / Medium Low / Medium Linear

MicroStrip Enfire Medium Medium Linear

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VII. REFERENCES

[1] Luis Llamas. (2016). DETECTOR DE LLAMA CON ARDUINO Y SENSOR

INFRARROJO. 2018, de Luis Llamas; Ingeniería, informática y diseño Sitio web:
https://www.luisllamas.es/detector-llama-arduino/

[2] X. Vázquez. (2018). Detector de humo. 2018, de Wikipedia Sitio web:

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detector_de_humo

[3] WNI. (2018). Tipos de Antenas y Funcionamiento. 2018, de WNI México Sitio
web:
http://www.wni.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=62:antenassop
orte&catid=31:general&Itemid=79