MODUL OF TRANSLATION 1

COMPOSED BY

ENNI AKHMAD, S.S, M.Pd

Nama: Erik Lajulu

Semester: IV (Empat)
 MODUL OF TRANSLATION 1

INTRODUCTION

Now day, some efforts in translating books of science and technology in Indonesia are
needed more. It is generally belief that translating books of science and technology will help us
understand and know more about the development of science and technology especially in
overseas. Because some references of science and technology are written in English language, it
makes difficult to be understood and adopted by some scholars. Their ability in comprehending
a text is still lack. Therefore, many books of how to translate a text from English to Indonesia or
vice versa are composed. It is to fulfill the translator needed and also the English students who
study translation in their subject.

Related to the fact above, in running a translation subject in the classroom successfully,
I myself as a lecturer which introduce translation 1 as a subject of English Department (TBI) of
IAIN SULTAN AMAI GORONTALO, is necessary to compose a module. It is to prepare a
handbook to students, to make them easy to understand the lesson.

Furthermore, this handbook (module) is consisted at 3 chapters. Chapter 1 will discuss

about translation definition, forms of translation, kinds of translation, and process of
translation. Chapter 2 will discuss about translation English text to Indonesia text. Chapter 3 will
give some examples and some exercises as students’ tasks.
 CHAPTER 1

A. Definition of Translation
Definitions about “translate” which is argued by some linguists as follows:
 A.S. Horby (p.919) define “to translate”= “to give” the meaning of something
said or written in another language”.
 Morgan Walters (p.763) in short sentence said that “to translate” = “to change
from one language into another” or “to put into different words”.

Whilst the term of “translation” can be adopted from many sources as follows:

 Encyclopedia Americana (V0l.27,p.12) mention that “translation is the art of

rendering a work of one language into another”
 Peter Newmark (p.7) define that “translation as a craft in the attempt to
replace a written message in one language by the same message in another
language”.
 Catriona Picken who writes a book “The Translator’s Handbook (1983 : 13)
limited “translation is any method of transfer, oral or written of a message
from one language to another.
 Nida and Taber (p.12) define “translating consists in reproducing in the
receptor message, first in term of meaning and secondly in term of style”.
 Juliana House which adopted by Nurachman Hanafi (p.26) said that
“translation is the replacement of a text in the source language semantically
and pragmatically equivalent text in the target language”
 Catford (p.1) define that “translation is an operation performed on languages:
a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in another”.
  Jack Richards (p.299) said that “translation is the process of changing speech or
writing from one language(the source language) into another language(the
target language).
B. Form of Translation
Generally, form of translation can be divided into two main categories. They are oral
translation and written translation.
Oral translation according to Picken and Richards which is called “interpretation” is
translating words or sentences said by someone to another language directly to make a
listener understand the intention of the speaker. Clearly, oral translation needs a very
well skill to understand source language and target language. Beside that, a translator
has to have a speed and a fluent in speaking, because he doesn’t have time to think too
long, however open dictionary. It is usually happen when two of presidents meet and
they don’t understand their language each other, automatically they need a translator.
In other side, written translation is more flexible, because it allows the translator to
open dictionary, arrange his sentence, and restructure it, in order to suit with the
message in source language to target language. Translation activity can be found in
many kinds of knowledge. In education, politic, bank, history, technology, health, etc.
Also the form of text is translating such as, subject of lesson, letters, office documents,
literature work, comic, etc.
C. Types of Translation
Before doing translation, a translator needs to know about types of translation,
because he will apply them in his translation. It is also caused by four factors: 1) there is
a different system between source language and target language, 2) there is a different
about kinds of text which is translated, 3) there is consideration that translation is a tool
of communication, 4) there is a different goal in translating a text.
Therefore, in translating a text translators can combine some types of
translation. In the following, we are going to discuss about some types of translation:
1. Word for Word Translation
 Word for word translation is a kind of translation which is basically depended on the
structure of word. In doing translation, a translator just finds out the meaning of
word in source language to target language, without changing its structure. The
structure of source language is as the same as with the structure of target language.
This type just can be applied, if the structure of source language is as the same as
the structure of target language. For example,
I will go to New York tomorrow
(saya akan pergi ke New York besok)

Joanne gave me two tickets yesterday.

(Joanne memberi saya dua tiket kemarin)
But in doing translation, the examples above are rarely found, the sentences are
more complex. Therefore, word by word translation can’t be applied like the
examples below:
I like that clever student
(saya memyukai itu pintar anak)
Indonesian native speaker spontaneously will say that the structure of this
translation is wrong, even though the meaning is easy to be understood. The
problem will also occur when this type applied in translating the sentence below:
Two third of applicants are interested in studying technology management.
(Dua ketiga dari itu pelamar-pelamar adalah tertarik dalam mempelajari teknologi
manajemen)
Without reading the English text, we will find difficulties in understanding its
meaning.
2. Free Translation
Free translation isn’t often happened to how to look for the meaning of word in
target language, but it is happen in looking for the meaning in a paragraph or
discourse. The translator has to be able to catch the message in source language
through a paragraph or discourse and translate it into target language. But its
 difficult to be done, primarily by inexperienced translator. If there is a free
translation, it is only in phrase, clause, or sentence level. Idiomatic expressions are
usually translated freely. For example, “to play truant” (membolos), “to kick
something around” (membahas), and “Killing two birds with one stone” (Menyelam
sambil minum air).
3. Literal Translation
Literal translation is being between word by word translation and free translation.
Literal translation maybe start by translating word by word, then he arranges the
sentence of his translation into a good order in target language. This type is usually
used, if the structure of sentence in source language different with the structure of
sentence in target language. Let’s see the comparison between three types of
translation which is already discussed above:
English text: His heart is in the right place
Word by word translation: Kepunyaannya hati adalah dalam itu benar tempat
Literal translation: Hatinya berada di tempat yang benar
Free translation: Dia baik hati
4. Dynamic Translation
Dynamic translation translate message in source language with proper
expression in target language. Every expression is improper in target language or
unnatural has to be avoid. This type is focused on message translation and the
specialization of target language. For example: “The author has organized this book
since 1995”.
Its not right if its translate like this:Penulis telah mengorganisasi buku ini sejak
tahun 1995.
Using word “organisasi” in this sentence is wrong. We should use word
“menyusun” as the synonym of “to organize”.
5. Pragmatic Translation
Pragmatic translation focuses on how to transfer the information correctly by
ignoring esthetic form of source language. The examples of pragmatic translation
 can be found in translating technique and trade product which is stressed on
information and fact. Let’s see the example below:
“White Cross Baby powder is soft and smoothing. It absorbs moisture and keeps
baby cool and comfortable. It contains Chlorhexidine, and antiseptic widely used in
hospital and clinics.
For Baby: after bathing, dust generously over the skin, taking special care where the
skin folds and creases. Use after baby’s bath and every change”.

(White Cross Baby Powder lembut dan halus, menyerap kelembaban,

menjaga kesegaran dan kenyamanan bayi anda. Mengandung Chlorhexidine 0,038%
antiseptic yang banyak digunakan di rumah sakit dan klinik-klinik.

Untuk bayi: taburkan bedak pada seluruh kulit sehabis mandi, terutama pada
bagian-bagian lipatan kulit. Gunakan pada setiap menggantikan popok dan sehabis
mandi.)
There are many mistakes in grammar both in source language and target
language. The word “soft” is not synonym with “smoothing”, and it tends to omit
subject in target language.
This indicate that pragmatic translation doesn’t focus on the form of language,
but focus on how to transfer information accurately. Sometimes, the translator adds
some words which are not appeared in source language but are needed in target
language. To make the information more complete, like in the example the word
“bayi anda” and 0,038% are found, but they are not the English text.
6. Esthetic-poetic Translation
In esthetic-poetic translation, the translator doesn’t only focus on how to convey
the information, but also how to convey impression, emotion, and feeling by
considering the esthetic of target language. Therefore, esthetic-poetic translation is
also called Literature translation, such as poetry, drama, and prose. However, this
type is difficult to be done, because the language style of source language is
different with the language style of target language.
D. Process of Translation
In a book which is organized by Nida and Taber (p.33), steps or process of
translation widely divided into :
a. Analyzing text of source language, its vocabularies, structure of its
sentences, and the parts which is difficult to be translated. Before
translating, a translator should read and identify vocabularies which are
difficult to find its meaning in dictionary. Besides that, the structures of
long sentence, compound, and complex have to be divided according to
its group.
b. Transferring source language to target language. In this step, the
translator takes a paper, a pen, etc. The result of the translation is still a
draft, and it can be edited.
c. Restructuring or revising the draft of translation. In this step, the
translator re-writing the draft after making revision of words or
sentences.

For translation which will be published, Nida in his other book (1964 : 246-
247) argued detail steps of translation:

1) Read genuine text completely.

2) Collect as many as information which refer to the background of
text.
3) Compare and study about the result of others translation.
4) Make a draft
5) Revise the draft after keeping for many days.
6) Read loudly the result of translation in order to revise the intonation
and the style.
7) Ask other people to read the result and pay attention to his reaction
and suggestions.
8) Ask helping for the expert to check its accurate.
9) Revise the parts which have consulted with others. Its included
misspell and miswriting.
 10) Send to one of publisher if you are sure that the result of your
translation has already good.

CHAPTER 2

TRANSLATING ENGLISH TEXT TO INDONESIA TEXT

A. General Problems
For a translator, both beginner and expert, doing translation will find some
difficult problem. For instance, how to choose the equivalent word or idiom. As we
know, in many languages, a word can have many meaning. For word “to hold” in John
Echols dictionary gives 9 meaning in Indonesia language, (memegang, berpegang pada,
menggendong, menarik, mengadakan, mempertahankan, menahan, menyimpan, dan
mengganggap). Therefore, to define which meaning is suit with the word “hold” we
have to refer back to the context of the sentence. For example, what did she hold in her
hand? (hold means “memegang”). They often hold a meeting here (hold means
“mengadakan”).
In translating noun phrase, the translator must be quick to find the head or
core of its noun phrase. For example:
This new dictionary = kamus baru ini
The girl next door = gadis di sebelah rumah
A very nice beautiful garden flower = sekuntum bunga kebun yang cantik dan
indah
For verb phrase, verb is its head or core. For example:
To make a mistake = membuat suatu kesalahan
To sleep on his bed = tidur di atas tempat tidurnya
To buy a book for him = membeli sebuah buku untuknya
Singing in the rain = bernyanyi sambil berhujan-hujan
Saved by the bell = diselamatkan oleh sebuah bel
 Taken to hospital = dibawa ke rumah sakit

Two words or more being a compound word, sometimes can’t be identified its
head or core. It has a new meaning, for example:

Newspaper = surat kabar

Man-of-war = kapal perang

Side kick = sahabat karib

Housewarning = selamatan memasuki rumah baru

Paperback = buku bersampul tipis

Lazybones = pemalas

Book-worm = penggemar baca buku

Well-preserved = awet muda

Man of letters = sastrawan

Translating idiom phrase or idiom expression is often more confused, because the
item of words do not related each other. For example:

To get on well = bergaul dengan baik

To get through = selesai, lulus

To give up = menyerah

To make do = merasa puas

To make up for = mengejar

To send away for = memesan

To happen to = kebetulan

To take after = menyerupai, mirip dengan

To wet-nurse = menyusui bayi orang lain

 Translating special terms which can’t be found its meaning in Indonesia language, the
translator can use it without changing. But it has to be underlined or italicized. For
instance, words or term of computer system is still rarely finds its synonym in
Indonesia language.

In linguistic, words or items which use directly to target language is called pure
borrowing, example “click”, “goal”, “email”, etc. Whilst, words or items which used like
its pronunciation but suit with spelling of target language is called intimate borrowing.
For example, “disain”, “akses”, “aksesori”, “manajemen’, etc.

B. The Way of Analyzing Text

In analyzing text, the translator needs a very completely dictionary. Encyclopedia
and others references can be adopted too, in order to help the translator to understand
the context of his translation.
Analyzing text which is refer to the structure of the sentence should make the
translator competences to divide or cut the long sentences into a piece of sentence
correctly. In the following, some example of how to analyze english text which will be
translated to Indonesia text. These examples are excerpted from many sources (books,
magazines, novel, etc) in two version Indonesia and English language.
a. From Novel Peony which is translated to Indonesia by Windrati Selby:

They took their seats as ample round table that had been placed in the middle of the
hall, and Peony began to direct the serving of food in her noiseless graceful fashion.
(p.1)

Vocabularies: ample = luas, besar

hall = ruangan
to direct = mengatur
noiseless = tanpa suara
graceful = anggun, luwes
fashion = cara
 Grouping of the parts of text:
They took their seats = mereka mengambil tempat duduk
At the ample round table = di meja bundar yang besar
That had been placed = yang telah ditempatkan
In the middle of the hall = di tengah-tengah ruangan
And Peony began to direct = dan Peony mulai mengatur
The serving of the food = penyajian makanan
In her noiseless graceful fashion = dengan tanpa suara dan luwes
The result of translation
Mereka mengambil tempat masing-masing di sekitar meja bundar besar di
tengah-tengah ruangan, dan Peony mulai menyajikan makanan dengan caranya
yang luwes dan tanpa suara.
b. From Book of Guidance of TOEFL Examination (Kanisius, 2005)
In 1929 a serious economic depression began. Since audiences could go to the
movies for a fraction of what it cost to see a play, theater-going became a luxury
which few could afford to see a play, theater-going became a luxury which few
could afford, especially as the depression deepened (p.33)
Vocabularies: economic depression = depresi ekonomi
since = karena, berhubung
for a fraction = para pemohon
to see a play = melihat sandiwara
luxury = kemewahan
few could afford = hanya sedikit yang mampu
deepened = menjadi lebih dalam
Grouping the parts of text:
In 1929 = pada tahun 1929
A serious economic depression began= suatu depresi ekonomi mulai
 Since audiences could go to the movies= karena para penonton dapat pergi ke
bioskop
For a fraction of what it cost to see a play= dengan biaya yang lebih sedikit
daripada untuk melihat sebuah sandiwara
Theater-going became luxury= pergi ke teater menjadi sesuatu yang mewah
Which few could afford= yang hanya sedikit saja mereka yang mampu
menggeluarkan biaya
Especially as the depression deepened= lebih-lebih ketika depresi semakin dalam
(berat)
The result of translation:
Pada tahun 1929 terjadilah depresi ekonomi yang parah. Karena para penonton
dapat pergi ke bioskop dengan biaya yang lebih murah daripada melihat
sandiwara, maka teater menjadi suatu kemewahan yang hanya dapat dinikmati
oleh sebagian kecil masyarakat, lebih-lebih setelah depresi menjadi semakin
parah.
c. From Other Source
(1) Costumers entering a restaurant, café or hotel will have certain expectations that
restaurant or hotelier is obliged to meet.
Vocabularies: customer = para pelanggan
expectation = harapan
restaurateur = pemilik restoran

Grouping the parts of sentence:

Customers entering a restaurant, café, or hotel= para pelanggan yang memasuki
restoran, kafe, atau hotel
Will have certain expectations= akan mempunyai harapan-harapan tertentu
That the restaurant or hotelier= bahwa pemilik restoran atau pemilik hotel
Is obliged to meet = wajib menyambut (menemui)
The result of translation:
 Para pelanggan yang masuk ke sebuah restoran, kafe, atau hotel, mempunyai
harapan tertentu bahwa pemilik restoran, kafe atau hotel merasa berkewajiban
menyambutnya.
(2) A special danger presented by chocolate is that it both tastes delicious to almost
everyone and is habit-forming in precisely the same sense as coffee and
cigarettes are habit-forming.
Vocabularies: danger = bahaya
presented = dihadirkan, diberikan
both… and = baik…. maupun..
tastes = terasa
delicious = lezat
habit-forming = membentuk kebiasaan
precisely = (dengan cara yang) persis sama
Grouping of the parts of sentence:
A special danger presented = bahaya khusus yang dihadirkan oleh permen
coklat
Is that it = ialah bahwa permen tersebut
Both tastes delicious to almost everyone = baik terasa lezat bagi hamper setiap
orang
And is habit forming = maupun membentuk kesamaan
In precisely the same sense = dengan cara yang persis sama
As coffee and cigarettes = seperti kopi dan rokok
Are habit forming = (juga) membentuk kebiasaan
The Result of Translation:
Suatu bahaya khusus yang dihadirkan (disebabkan) oleh permen coklat ialah
bahwa selain rasanya lezat bagi hamper setiap orang, permen tersebut juga
membentuk kebiasaan pada diri mereka dengan cara yang persis sama dengan
pembentukan kebiasaan oleh kopi dan rokok.
C. Some Examples of Translation which have been published adopted from many
sources:
a. Sentences in John Echols dictionary English-Indonesia:
1. The teacher pronounces his words clearly
(guru itu mengucapkan kata-katanya dengan jelas)
2. He has great concern for his children.
(ia mempunyai perhatian besar terhadap anak-anaknya.)
3. Please copy out all the important data in this article.
(salinlah semua data yang penting dalam karangan ini.)
4. I am disturbed over what I have just heard.
(saya merasa bingung memikirkan apa yang baru saya dengar itu.)
5. What does the figure of a tree represent?
(apakah arti bentuk pohon itu?)
6. If all you had to pay was a two dollar fine, you got off easy.
(jika yang harus kau bayar hanya dua dollar saja, kau masih beruntung.)
7. I had difficulty making myself heard above the shouting.
(sukar sekali bagi saya untuk mendengarkan suara saya di tengah-tengah suara
hiruk pikuk itu)
8. What is the proportion of teachers to students?
(berepakah perimbangan (rasio) antara jumlah guru-guru dan murid?)
9. He has pretensions to becoming the next president.
(Ia berkeinginan untuk menjadi presiden yang akan datang.)
10. How much pressure do you keep in your car tires?
(berapa tekanan udara yang kau pakai dalam ban-ban mobilmu?)
11. I was some puzzled how to answer.
(saya agak bingung bagaimana menjawabnya.)
12. Our contract has only six more months to run.
(kontrak kami hanya berlaku untuk enam bulan lagi.)
b. Sentences adopted from comic Tarzan at Suara Merdeka Newspaper.
 1. The hardest part will be to keep from being seen. (bagian yang paling berat
adalah menjaga agar tidak terlihat)
2. Now the battle will just last long enough to hold their attention. (Sekarang
mudah-mudahan pertempuran berlangsung cukup lama dan memikat seluruh
perhatian mereka)
3. I don’t think the attack is going well, Tarzan. (Kurasa serangan merekaa tak
begitu berhasil, Tarzan)
4. Take me away from this hideous place, John! (Bawa aku keluar dari tempat
menyeramkan ini, John!
5. My added weight will bring it down slowly. (Berat tambahanku akan
membawanya ke bawah perlahan-lahan)
c. Sentences adopted from Third Girl Novel.
1. The door opened and his well-trained servant entered. (pintu terbuka dan
masuklah pelayannya yang terlatih)
2. It seems she had some kind of mysterious illness gastric in nature and the
doctors were puzzled. (Rupanya dia terkena suatu penyakit aneh yang pada
dasarnya berhubungan dengan pencernaan, dan para dokter bingung)
3. You know we had that sort of Shindy thing in the courtyard? (Kau tahu waktu ada
kejadian ramai-ramai di halaman)
4. She was going to find out more about this mysterious girl. (dia akan memcari
lebih banyak keterangan mengenai gaadis misterius ini)
5. Mrs. Oliver could think of to do several protracted but noiseless blows of the
nose. (satu-satunya yang terpikir oleh Ny Oliver adalah membungkuk dan
membersihkan hidungnya tanpa suara)
d. Sentences adopted from Novel the pearl
1. This doctor was of a race which for nearly four hundred years had beaten,
starved, robbed, and despised Kino’s race, and frightened it too, so that the
indigence came humbly to the door. (dokter ini adalah keturunan suatu
bangsa yang hampir 400 tahun telah menjajah, memiskinkan, memati-
 laparkn, menindas, dan memeras harta kekayaan bangsa Kino. Karena
miskinnya maka bangsa Kinopun sangat takut untuk muncul di depan pintu
mereka)
2. He was growing very stout and his voice was hoarse with the fat that pressed
on his throat. (Badannya sudah terlalu gemuk sedangkan suaranya sudah
serak oleh zat lemak yang terlalu menekan tali kerongkongannya)
e. Sentences adopted from Diana’s biography
1. “He looks very grey,” she will say, and becomes vexed about his heavy word-load
in the way she did during their courtship. (“ia kelihatan sangat kusut”, kata
Diana, dan akan menjadi jengkel karena beban kerja Charles yang berat, sama
seperti ketika mereka msih dalam masa perkenalan.
2. You do not show a princess who has the benefit or the best of everything and say
here’s an example of someone with this problem. (anda tidak menunjukkan
sikap sebagai seorang putri yang mempunyai keuntungan terbaik dari segalanya
dan mengatakan inilah sebuah contoh seseorang yang mempunyai
permasalahan seperti itu)
f. Sentences adopted from Book’s Daily Conversation
A : How are you getting along with your English. (bagaimana dengan bahasa
Inggris Anda?
B : It’s going very well. (baik- baik saja)
A : Do you study English everyday? (apakah anda belajar bahasa Inggris
setiap hari)
B : Yes, of course. Reading, writing and speaking. (ya, tentu saja. Membaca,
menulis dan berbicara)
A : I really envy you. (saya sungguh-sungguh irihati kepada Anda)
B : Why do you say so? (mengapa anda berkata begitu.)
A : You have a talent for language, don’t you? (anda berbakat dalam bahasa,
bukan?)
f. Letters Translation adopted from The Complete Letter Writer):

1. Dear Ruth

Tom and I wouldn’t miss Margaret’ wedding for anything in the world. You may
be sure that we’ll be there on Wednesday, June the 14th at 4.30 p.m

Thank so much for including us among the friends you want to have with you at
this wonderful event.

Fondly

Linda
Ruth Tersayang
Tom dan aku tak ingin kehilangan kesempatan untuk menghadiri pernikahan
Margaret, apapun alasannya. Percayalah kami akan hadir pada Rabu, tanggal 14
Juni jam 4.30 sore.
Terima kasih banyak atas undanganmu bersama-sama teman-teman yang lain
untuk menghadiri peristiwa yang indah ini.
Salam kasih
Linda
3. Dear Sir
Thank you for your order three thermos bottles as advertised in the
Sunday Sentinel.
Since we have no facilities for mailing merchandise on a C.O.D basis, we
must ask that you send a check or money order. The price of three bottles is $
12.75.
In the meantime, we are marking and placing your order aside with
instructions to rush shipment to you as soon as your remittance arrives.
Very truly yours,
George Kendall
Sales Department
Tuan yang terhormat,
Terima kasih atas pesanan Anda untuk tiga buah termos seperti yang
kami iklankan dalam harian Sentinel edisi Minggu.
Berhubung kami tidak memiliki sarana untuk mengirimkan barang-barang
atas dasaar C.O.D (cash on delivery- barang sampai, bayar tunai), maka kami
terpaksa mohon anda mengirimkan cek saja atau poswesel. Adapun harga ketig
termos tersebut adalah $ 12.75
Dalam pada itu kami juga akan mencatat dan memperhatikan secara
khusus pesanan anda tersebut dengan perintah untuk segera mengirimkannya
kepada anda, begitu kiriman uang anda kami terima.
Hormat Kami,
George Kendall
Bagian penjualan

Poetry Translation adopted from William Blake poetry

Holy Thursday
Is this a holy thing to see?
In a rich and fruitful land,
Babes reduced to misery,
Fed with cold and usurious hand?

Is that trembling cry a song?

Can it be a song of joy?
And so many children poor?
It is a land of poverty!

And their sun does never shines

And their fields are bleak and bare,
And their ways are filled with thorns
It is eternal winter there,

For where’er the sun does shine,

And where’er the rain does fall
Babes can never hunger there,
Nor poverty the mind appall

Hari Kamis Suci

Inikah sesuatu yang suci untuk diamati?
Di tanah yang kaya dan subur,
Dengan bayi-bayi yang terbaring memelas,
Dan disuapi tangan-tangan dingin yang mengerikan?

Adakah taangis yang memilukan itu sebuah madah?

Sebuah lagu kegembiraan?
Dan begitu banyak anak-anaak dirundung malang?
Di tanah kemiskinan itu!

Matahari mereka tk pernah bersinar,

Dan lading-ladangpun Nampak seram dan tandus,
Jalan-jalan penuh dengan duri,
Dimana musim dingin tak pernah berganti,

Sebab di mana matahari mau bersinar,

Dan di mana hujan mau turun,
Di situ bayi-bayi tak’kan kelaparan,
Dan kemiskinanpun tak pernah mengerikan
 CHAPTER 3
STUDENTS’ EXERCISES AND TASKS

Exercise 1
Translate the text below by making its vocabularies and grouping it into parts of
text, see example in chapter 2.
1. His wife made a gesture of impatience with her plump gold ringed
hands.”That naughty girl!” she explained. “She will not learn her embroidery
and I am sure Chu Ma does it for her”.
2. If the defendants are willing to change their pleas to guilty the judges have
agreed to give each of them a five years of which four years will be
suspended.
3. At the battle a Gettysburg, General G.Meade, who succeeded General
Hooker as commander of the Army of the Potomac, threw back Lee’s attacks
and hurt the Confederate army badly.
4. Bacteria are, like other living things, sensitive to their environment; and
while they are highly adaptable, their growth may be contained by
controlling temperature, moisture, acidity and the availability of oxygen in
their immediate surroundings.
5. Many who take the test do not get the score that they are entitled to
because they spend too much time dwelling on hard questions, leaving
insufficient time to answer the easy questions they can get right.
Exercise 2
Translate these excerpt texts below. Consult to your representative
dictionary!
1. Nowadays people who do manual work often receive more money than
clerks who work in offices.
2. Children often have far more sense than their elders. This truth was
demonstrated rather dramatically during a civil defense exercise in a
small town in Canada.
3. I have