JJ

2013

(2006. .) (2007. .)
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
http://www.sotirovic.blog.com
sotirovic@jugoslavologija.eu
vladislav-b-sotirovic@crucified-kosovo.eu
2013 .

: http://www.crucified-kosovo.eu

. 31, -03111, ,

50
, 2013. .
ISBN 978-609-408-451-5 ( )
ISBN 978-609-408-452-2 ( )
UDK 8127 (497.1) So-121

http://yugoslavia-sociolingvistika.webs.com

Assoc. Prof. Vladislav B. Sotirovi, Ph.D.

SOCIOLINGUISTIC ASPECT OF DISSOLUTION OF

YUGOSLAVIA AND SERBIAN NATIONAL QUESTION
Third revised edition

Book reviewers of the first (2006) and the second (2007) edition
Prof. Dr. Ilija Vujai
Prof. Dr. Boo ori
Prof. Dr. Milo Kovaevi
Prof. Dr. Radmilo Marojevi
Prof. Dr. Petar Milosavljevi
Prof. Dr. Slobodan Jarevi
Cover & design
Vladislav B. Sotirovi
http://www.sotirovic.blog.com
sotirovic@jugoslavologija.eu
vladislav-b-sotirovic@crucified-kosovo.eu
2013 Vladislav B. Sotirovi & The CRUCIFIED KOSOVO Independent Research
Centre for Advanced Balkan Studies
All rights reserved
Publisher & editor
The CRUCIFIED KOSOVO Independent Research Centre for Advanced Balkan
Studies: http://www.crucified-kosovo.eu
Printed by
Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences Press Edukologija
T. evenkos g. 31, LT-03111 Vilnius, Lithuania
Third edition
50 exemplars
Vilnius, 2013
ISBN 978-609-408-451-5 (electronic book)
ISBN 978-609-408-452-2 (printed book)
UDK 8127 (497.1) So-121
Book web presentation
http://yugoslavia-sociolingvistika.webs.com


1.

......................................................................................................................... 6
2. , ,
..................................................................................................................................... 46
3.
()
...................................................................................................................................... 93
4. : ()
...................................................................................... 130
5.
.......................................................................................................................... 169
6.
.................................................................................................................. 176
7. SUMMARY
...................................................................................................................... 219
8. /AUTHORS BIOGRAPHY
...................................................................................................................................... 223

1.

. ,
( )
. ,

.
, 1
. , :
-.
- :
( )
- ( ).

. [Nejlor 1996, 5, 1112].2
,
,
, , ,
.

,
, , /
. : 1)
; 2) ; 3)
.

() .3
1

. ,
( + )
- ( + ).
2
(. )
: 1) , ; 2)
; 3) ; 4) , .

; 5)
.
3 /
[Lencek 1976].

 .

. ,

(, , ) ,
, -

.4 ,
,
.



( )
()
( , , , , .). , .
,

() .5
,
, 1991. .
.
, ,
1991. . ,
: SerboCroatian (or Croato-Serbian) was until recently one language, but is now divided into two
hostile languages []. In Croatia, books in the Cyrillic are put away. They say that the
Cyrillic was supposedly offensive to Croatians. Serbian writers are dropped from the
curricula. In Serbia, books in the Latin alphabet are put away. They say that the Latin
alphabet was supposedly offensive to the Serbs. Croatian writers are dropped from the
curricula [Ugresic 1998, 10].6


( )
(
).
,
,
,
1967. . ( ) (-)

. , , ,
() [Guskova 2003, I, 179].
4 . ., 2001. .
Crnogorski knjievni list izlazi na crnogorskom, srpskom, hrvatskom i bonjakom
jeziku [Crnogorski knjievni list, 2001].
5 (1776. .1783. .)
- .
- .
6
. ,

( )
.7
,
. ,
. (Cathie Carmichael)
() : , ,
, . 1991. .
1918. . 1945. . [Carmichael 2000, 236].
7 ()


, .

.
1926. . --.
(6. 1927. .) .
,

 .

() ( )
1991. .
,

.8


.

-

. ,

. ,
1993. .,9 ,
10 , ,11

(-) [...1928]. 1934./1935.

,
, 21. 1929. .,
[ ...1929; ...1980, 106].
, (1939.1941. .) 1929. .
, .


. .
(1929. .1934. .)

.

[
1934, 13].
8 , (,
, )
: 1) ( ); 2) (
, ), (, ,
) ; 3)
( .
1967. .
).
9 11. 1994. .

.
10 .
11 ,
1993. . . ,
.
. ,
,

 .


12
. ,
13
()

[ 1993, 8].
( ) , . , , -,
.
,
(
),
.
-
,
.
,
,
, (
) [ 1995]. ,

, ( ) ,
.
1818. . (, )
-
: 1) ; 2)
; 3) ; 4)
.

.

.
-
1814. .

. ,
, .
. , , ,
.
12 XIX.
, .
,
. , , . ,
.

,
.
13 ,
[ 2001, 130].

10

 .

-.14 ,
15
( )
(),16 . ,
-

[Greenberg 2000, 637]. -

.17
14 30,000 38,000
(9%) [Nacionalni sastav stanovnitva, 1991, 1992, 17]. ,
, . , 1991. . 130,000 ,
20,000. 30,000 200 1992. .
( 1991. . 49,26% , 6,63%
, 30% , 10,65% 3,52% .
(
), 600,000
.
, 43,8% , 31,5% 17,3%
[Ramet 1996, 187].
, (1992. .2003. .), 10,4 ,
62,5% , 16,5% , 5% , 3,4% , 3,3% , 3,2%
[Carmichael 2000, 229]. , 1991. .,
23,528,000 ; - 4,364,000, 615,000,
4,760,000, 2,033,000, 1,963,000, 5,824,000, 1,954,000
2,034,000 [Guskova 2003, I, 75].
, , ( )
,
,
[Jugoslavija na kriznoj prekretnici, 1991, 236].
15
() natio nascor, natus
. , () ,
.
16
[ 1993, 2636].

[Guskova
2003, I, 132; Mesi 1994].
, ,

.

, ,
.
: zapadne demokrate su morali dva puta da razmisle pre nego to su priznali jednu balkansku dravu ije
se granice u etnikom, lingvistikom i istorijskom smislu nisu poklapale sa tradicionalnim poimanjem nacije i
drave. Kako su zapadni politiari uopte mogli da zamisle da bi Srbi, Hrvati i muslimani ija je uzajamna
mrnja dovela do raspada Jugoslavije mogli da koegzistiraju i zajedno ive u jo manjoj bosanskoj dravi?
[Guskova 2003, II, 79, 25, 28].
17 :
/ [. .
..., 2002, ].
, .

11

 .

,

,



, ,
,
, , , ., .
. , 18
,
( )
.

.19

.
(1989. .1991.
.)
: ,
. , ,
,
,
20 .
( . [ 1887, 240241; , , 1905; 1905; . .,
., 1909; , .]).
: , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
.
18

[ 1998, 820].
19

, .
.

. , , .
.
20
1941. .1945. . [Hayden 1992a, 655; Hayden 1993; Woodward 1995,
239240; Judah 1997, 117134; Allcock 2000, 381410]. ., . ,
12. 1990. .
spremalo ono to je zaustavljeno 1945. i da je iznova kucnuo as da se srpski narod dokraji i
dokolje. , 5. 1993. .: To je bio
nastavak Drugog svetskog rata, ljudi su pamtili ta im je uinila ova ili ona porodica i bojali se da e sve to da
se ponovi, i govorili su: Bolje je da mi njih prve pobijemo, nego da oni pobiju nas. Ljudi nisu zaboravljali ko
im je ubijao njihove oeve, dedove i matere. Svi su se plaili osvete i poinjali su prvi [Guskova 2003, I, 347].

12

 .


-
. ,
( )
.

.
, 1991. .
() ,
,
, .21

( ) ,

.22

,
/,
, , , ,
()
- ()
(
) , . [Greenberg
1998, 711].

, ,
,
:
1.
?
2.

.
3.

1992. . 15.-
. , 27. 1992. .
39,9% . 65,9% ,
17,1% , 3,5% , 2,5% /, 1,4% , 1,1% , .,
61,8% , 14,6% /, 9,2%
, 6,6% , 1% , . [Guskova 2003, II, 334335].
22 1994. ., .,

.
: alergina sam na to da me u mojoj 33 godini ponovo ue hrvatskom jeziku.
lai mi ( [Greenberg
1998, 720]).
21

13

 .




( , , ).
4.
(/)
.
5.

,
() .23
6.
()
.
/
,
, terra incognita .

Ljiljan-a, 100,
1421 1994, 41, : Groktali su: 'Bosna srpska!',
Bosna njima glave smrska! Svijet e pjevat' Sudnjeg Dana: Bosna, Zemlja Muslimana!
, ,
, ( 5. 1898. .)
: .
Poek novin
. XX. [ 1994, 13].
(1991. .1995. .)
, ,
,
: /
. , , ,

: /
.24 -
23


/ .
24 1941. . (-)

( )
[ , , 137127].
,
, 1941. .
: , ,
, . ,
, [Novak 1948, 651].

14

 .

.
[Roksandi
1991, 131, 134].25

(1995. .2006. .)
, ,

-.


/
.

(1991. .1995. .)
, ,


, .
.26 , -
( )

.
, 1941. .
280,000 ,
, , ,
[ - ,
, 23151, , 30.
1941. .].
,
: (
. . .)
. [ - , , 222554].

, ,
, , , ,
[Ramet 1989, 299].
25
27. 1941. .: U krajnjem sluaju Hrvati i Srbi predstavljaju
dva svijeta, sjeverni i juni, koji se nikada nee zbliiti, moda samo udom Bojim. izma je najvee
prokletstvo Evrope, ak vee od protestanstva [Guskova 2003, I, 181].
26 ,
,
(. [Dallago, Uvalic 1998, 72]).

15

 .

je
( )
,
.27
, ,
.
-


. -
.

, 1918.1922. .

,
()
.
, the Muslim
population are Slavs of Serbian and Croatian origin, who, to escape Ottoman oppression and receive benefits,
converted to the Muslim faith [Sorenson 1993, 129].

27

16

 .

, , .
, ,

(1967.
.1995. .) . ,
,
-- ,

-
() .
,

. ,

,
.

.
1989. .,
( )
.
,
[Huntington 1997].
,
, , ,




- .

( 1941. .1945. .)
100,000 300,000 [Allcock 2000, 158], 522,800 1,240,000
.
3,162,800 [UNHCR
Information Notes, 67, 1996, 4].
.
(, . )28
28

, ,
: , , ,
, , , , , , .
[Bugarski 1996b, 196197].
. ,

17

 .

/ -.
(
) -

.

- .
, ,
,
.
,

--
, , ,
,
.

,

: (),
(), , ,
(), ;
(), (),
- (), ( ),
(); Haus-Hof und Staats-Archiv (); LArchivo di Stato di Trieste; Open
Society Archives at Central European University ().
,
Open Society Archives at Central European
University ( , , ),
-
.
(OSA-CEU)
- -
.


.

,
- :
, 1997. .
, , 1985. . ( ,
, , ).

autentian sociolingvistiki problem [Bugarski 1996b, 55] (
).

18

 .



, , ,
, . , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , ,
. , .
,
XVIII., XIX. XX.

, ,
.

.
,
,
, .

: 1)
, , - ,
, ; 2) , , , ,
; 3) , , , , , , ,
, , , ; 4)
.

,
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()
,

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,
.
()
: , (), ,
.

.

19

 .




- .
. .

1967. . .

:
Yugoslavia Through Documents, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1994/1999. .
1809. . 1999. .

,
,
.
,
,
, ,

.

.



.
/, (
)

,
.


XIX.
, ,


.
,
,
,
. ,

.
.
(

20

 .

)29
( ) 1974. .
.30
(
51 ). ,
( ),
,

,
.
.31
32
29 ( 1991. .) : 7,5%;
5,8%; 10,0%; 36,2%; 19,7%, 9,3%, .
23,528,230 ( [Woodward 1995, 32]).
30 , - ,
.
31 7. 1988. .
138.-, 1.-,
, . 378.- . 138.-
137.-
.
,
(),
. 20.21. 1989. .
22. 1990. .

.

,

. -
,

.
lebensraum-
.
,
Zakonskim dekretom za zatitu naroda i drave [Kaavenda, ivkovi, 1998, 78].
, ,

, . , 1990. .
, ,
, [ 1995, 109].
32 ,
: 1) ,
, [ 1986, 72]; 2) jezika
politika je skup postupaka pomou kojih institucije, grupe ili pojedinci u jednome drutvu neposredno ili
posredno utiu na jezik, upotrebu jezika i jeziku situaciju u jednom segmentu drutva, celom drutvu ili u
vie sinhronih drutava [Raji 1983, 180]; 3) jezina politika je skup racionalnih i uglavnom
institucionaliziranih postupaka kojima neko drutvo utjee na jezine oblike javne komunikacije i na
formiranje svijesti svojih sudionika o tim oblicima [kiljan 1988, 8]; 4) ,

21

 .


(-) .33
. 1960.-
, ,
,
.

.34 , 246.- ( 146.- )

.35 170.-
.
171.- ( 2.-) :

.
171.- 172.- 1974. .

.

, . , (.
. lingua
communis lingua franca). ,
(. )
269.- ,
.
, ,
, , , ,
() [ 2001, 80].
,
, .
- .
:
, , 1960. , ,
1989. . , ,
.
33 1974. .
[Dallago, Uvalic 1998, 75].
1974. . . ( 1966. .)
, , .
34 ( ) 1974. .
,
. (nation)
. - 1943. .
(. , , , )
1963. . , , , ,
, (
/ ).
35
. ,

.

22

 .

236.-

.

.36

22. 1987. . [
1987, 335 338] , .
.
1963. . ( 131.-)

, . , ,
.

(. )
,

( 246.- 1974. .).37 ,
(. )
( ) (. )

(. )
269.- ,
,38
( )
.
.
36 .
. , ,
(
) ,
.
,
. .

.
- ,
-
,
( )
[ 1990, 141150].
37 , . , ,
. () 17
20,000 . , ,
()
.
38 () ,
, ( )
: , .

23

 .



( ),
, ,
,
.
, 3.- 42.-
() 1974. . ,
,
.39 , XLI.-,
4.- ,
, .
,
, ,
[Ustavi 1974; 1974].
,
. ,
. , () ,
, () ,

[Ratna sluba JNA 1964; Perii, Konstantinovi 1965; Vojni renik (operativno-taktiki)
1967].40
1960.- ()


,
39


. ,
(. , , ). ()
. ,
( ) : 32,9%, 17,5%,
13,4%, 10,4%, 9,7%, 6,9%, 5,4%, 1,3%, .
1991. .
( , ),
( ), (
), (
) (
) [Stojanovi 1995, 82].
40
1971. . ,

80% [Ramet 1992, 126].

, ,
.

1988. . Mladine , ,
.

24

 .

. .41
( V.- )
: U SRH u javnoj je upotrebi hrvatski
knjievni jezik standardni oblik narodnog jezika Hrvata i Srba u Hrvatskoj, koji se naziva
hrvatski ili srpski [Ustavi 1974]. ,
, (sic!),

(), ().42
-

.

,
, .43

.44


. ()
() 45 ,

41 ()

1982. .
.
1963. .
de facto
[ 2000, 320].
42 ,
, : Mi smo unijeli u Ustav SRH naziv hrvatski
knjievni jezik zato to u najplemenitijem smislu te rijei sadri irinu bogatstva rijei, toleranciju i
neprestanu potrebu izuavanja jezika [Boi 1973, 56].
43
, , , ,
, . [ 1972, 180].
.
44
1946. . (Cathie Carmichael)
.
(
, . 1970.-)
[Carmichael 2000, 234235]
( ) .
45
1991. ., ,
(Open Society Archives) 304-0-16: 32
( : The War in Bosnia-Hercegovina: The City of Jajce, home video. Source: Chris
Steward and Sanja Puljiz). ,
, , ,
.

25

 .

, ( )46
75% ( 80%)


.47 (
), ,

() .48 ,




. ,

.

, , ,
. ,
,
.
,
1974. . 1991. .,
,
,
, 9 .
1991. .

, .
46 1981. .,
(1,219,024), 1,178,521 (97%)
() .
47
()
.
48

() ,
,


. . ,
1981. . j 27%
, 35% [Borba, 30. septembar 1991, s.
11]. 1956. . 11% , 1972. .
17% [Guskova 2003, I, 184].
12% , , 28%,
17%, 28%, 35%, . [Bougarel 1996, 87].
. 1990. . 35% [Guskova 2003, I, 266]
- 1990. .
.

26

 .


[Pavlovi 2000]. , 1974.
. ,
, ,
.
,
(),
. 1974. .
( 1.-)
.

( ).49 233.-
,
(
) ( ).
240.-
,
.

( 172.-),
( 4.-), ( 5.-, 230.- 236.-)
( 5.-, 233.-, 237.- 308.-).
()
, , .

.



.
49
-
:
,
[ - , , 101310].
, , (. -)
(
, ).
.

. , ,
, ,
.
( ) Report of
the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars: The Endowment 1914,
Washington D.C., 1914. ,
,
, .

27

1929. .

( 4.-),

( ,
).
(
138.-)
.




, .
() . ,

, , , .
, ,
293.- 1974. . autentini tekstovi
saveznih zakona i drugih saveznih propisa i optih akata donose se i objavljuju u

28

 .

slubenom listu Socijalistike Federativne Republike Jugoslavije na hrvatskom knjievnom
jeziku, latinicom.
1974. .
.

.
, ., 8.- 28. 1990. .
:
,
. , 1992. .
15.- ,
1.-:
,
.
1.-,
1.-,
1991. . :
, ,
, , [...1991].50
50
[ 2000, 140].


. .
[Hayden 1992a, 655656]
.
[Tambiah 1989, 346348].
,
(.
) [Gudac, orevi 1994, 173].

[Hayden 1992a, 660]. . ,
22. 1990. .
, , .
( 11.-)

( 12.-)
[Hayden 1992, 656657].

: 1) ; 2) ( ); 3)
[Hayden 1992a, 659].

/
.
1990. .1992. .
. ,
, 1974. . ,
[Allcock 2000, 93].
.
Slobodnu Dalmaciju

29

 .

1992. . /
( 9.-)
( 7.-) [ . ... 1995; ...1996].


() . , ,
, : ,
, , , .51

(
) (
). ()
: 1) , ,
; 2) ; 3)
() ; 4)
; 5) ;52 6) ; 7) .

()

-

,
137.-
. ,
1974. .
.53 ,

, , 1984.
()
, .
()
.

Duhovna obnova znai da djeak od samog roenja, prije nego to naui da ita i pie, treba da zna ko je
njegov neprijatelj. A neprijatelj na ovoj naoj zemlji je Srbin [Guskova 2003, I, 187].
51
301.-
.
52 20. 1991. ., 7.-,


[ 1991].

.
53 (1946. .)
, , ,
.

30

 .

.
() ,54
-

. , . : 1)
, (. ) ,
, ; 2)

( ),
( ), ()
( ),
. ,
,
( )

( : ).
( )
()

, , .55 ,

()
, , ,

( ),
[Brozovi 1978;
Brozovi 19791980, 52], (
).56
54 (-)

.
55

.
. (
)
[...1924, 2630].

[
...1929, 242243].
56 18. 1918. .

-
[Prunk 1988, 109].

[
...1921, 128].

() .

31

 .


- . ,


.57
()

( )
.58
, , .

, , ,
,
()
.
. (W. Connor),

[Connor 1990; Connor 1993].
-
, ,

. , , (.
, .
) ,

, [ 1931, 21;
Zeevi 1985, 384393].
57 1974. .
: 1) ; 2)
; 3)
; 4)
; 5)
; 6)
. ,
: 1) ; 2)
; 3) . ,
. ,
lingua communis ()

.
58 , /
/ , . .
,


. ,
1992. .,
.

32

 .

, , , .
- .
.
, . , , .
, .59
() 1991. . 60


,
(1939. .1991. .) .
, ,
(. , , .)61
/ , .
(. )
/ [Jelavich 1983, 613].

: Nationsgrow up in a natural manneras a result of the development of all
those material and spiritual forces which in a given area shape the national being of
individual nations on the basis of blood, linguistic and cultural kinship [Tuman 1981, 13].


() .
( ) ,
()
(.
).
(
);
,
59 ,
, .
(
) [erneli 1994].
,
[ 19961997, III, 402].
1921. . ,
. (30%) (8%).

6% [ 1937; 19961997, I, 552
555]. ,
, 1906. . - [, 2000, 1165].
60 [Open Society Archives 304-16-38 304-16144].
61 .
[Jelavich 1983, 613614]. ,

[ 1895].

.

33

 .

, . , . ,
-
[Tuman 1990, 165167].
, ,
(. )

.62
.
(E. Gellner), ,
, . ,
(
).

() [Gellner 1983; Gellner 1991]. ,

XIX.
, . -
.

(. ).
, (. -)


.


[Gellner 1989, 13]
( )

62 ,
1994. . : It is impossible to over-estimate the significance of the violent history of the region that
had led to the emergence of a fanatical nationalism and hatred of other races [Rose 1998, 4].
-
1991. . 28
.
.
, .
XIX. ,
,
/
.
: 1)
(, ).
; 2)
( ); 3)
(, , , ); 4)
(//
/).

34

 .

1843. .
.
(. Smith)


,
, ,
[Smith 1996,
359]. , ,
. ,
ethnie
[Smith 1986]
.

,
,
, , ( [ 2000, 63]),
, (1892.1980.
.) 27. 1945. .
: ...mi traimo da svatko bude gospodar u svojoj kui... (
[Ridley 2000, 295]).63

,
, (
) .
( ) .
, .
.
, , ,
, .
.
,
(
) ,
, . ,
, . .64
63
1972. ./1974. . () .
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[, 587592].
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35

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2000, 237].
66 .
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[ii 1920, 97; Trifunovska 1994, 141142].

- 1915. . ,
[Proglas 1840].
67 - : .
(Cathie Carmichael)
[Carmichael 2000, 223]. ,
, .
, () [Paternost 1976].
(Jeremiah Milles) 1737. .

: The language of the Croatians is the Sclavonick somewhat corrupted, but
there is very little difference between them. The great extent of this language is something surprising. For it is
talked not only here likewise in Bosnia, Servia, Albania, Dalmatia, Moldavia, Wallachia, Bulgaria, in great
parts of Hungary, Bohemia, Poland, Russia and (if one may believe travellers) in Tartary, and almost as far as
China: and all these different countries have only so many different idioms of the original language [Milles
1737].
68

1913. . [Allcock 2000, 219].
69 , ,
XIX.
.
.

36

 .

, , 1926
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. XIX.
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[ 1894, 32]. ,
1986. . : Srbija
je bila, jese i bie gde su god srpskie jame, srpska veala i srpski grobovi! [Vjesnik, 2. 09. 1986; Maga, ani,
2001, 346] .
71 .
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[ 1997, II, 82].

37

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38

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(the narcissism of minor differences)
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[ 2002].
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39

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40

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41

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1991. . (25. ) 713


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43

 .

1993. . (27. ) , -,


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1995. . (30. ) -4
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1995. . (14. ) . , . .
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82

[Sotirovi 2013a].

44

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.
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1924; 1972; 1981, V/2, 322415;
1985, 158213, 235252]).
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86 , ,
-() , . [ 1990, 93].

46

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87
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1885. . .

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1894. . . , ,
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88 . .
( )
Vuka mnogo toplije i srdanije prihvatili Hrvati nego njegova braa Srbi. ,
,
- . .
1860. .
, 1860. .
[Nejlor 1996, 38; Maurani 1860, 1; Pacel 1860, 138].
89
, , , , .
90 ,
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.
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1852. ., 1896. .
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1930].

47

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() [Historijat jezika i drave].


, , () (1967. .).
Hrvatski pravopis
.

(),
.

.

,
[, 1060, 2. 1971].

(
) () (.
92 ,
,
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93
[Sotirovi 2011].
94 j
. ,


.

48

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- ()

[ 1997, 2830; 2001, 11, 16, 25, 29].95
, 1960.-,

()

96 ( ,
, ,
)97
( 1991. ./1992. .),98

(
) (
) [Privitera 1998, 142;
2001, 29].99
95 nacije proklamovane kao zajednice
jezika nisu u balkanskom svetu, koji je jo iveo u religioznim merama, mogle izbrisati granice koje je crkva
vekovima duboko ucrtavala. Religija je ostala vododelnica nacija na srpskohrvatskom podruju, a ueni
lingvisti i cela kultura bili su preslabi da tu staru granicu preu [Boi, irkovi, Ekmei, Dedijer, 1973,
243]. , ,
:
: ( ), , 1972. . ( 1741. .).
[ 1970, 341342].
96
. ()
() : 1)
; 2) ; 3)
.
97 ,
differentia specifica .
, . - ,
- .

- [ 1990, 89]. ,
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98 -

( 1989. .) [Dragovi-Soso 1995, 268].
99
.
, , , , .
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[ 2001, 146].

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49

1915. . .

1914. . 1915. .
-

.

1878. . [Cviji 1913, 189].

XIX. XX. ,


[Jelavich 1983].
- ,
.
.

50

 .


()

-
[ 1964]. ,


.
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.

( XIX. )
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,

[ 1978, 2526].
, .

, .
, .
(1842. .1915.
.) 1888. .
.100
() ()
() () [ 1814;
1818; 1850; 1894, 7879].


[ 1888; Ivi 1997, 112113].
[Ivi 1997, 110117]
[ 1995].101

100

( ), ,
( =).
1289. ., 1331. . ( ) 1399. .

: 1) ; 2) ; 3)
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101

.

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51

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.102 , ,

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[ 1996].104 ,

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73]). ,
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102 , ,
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22. 24. 1994. . ,

. 1997. .
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103
.

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[ 1994, 60].
104 , , ,
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52

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[ 1995].
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(=)
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[ 1995,
7176].
105 , XIX. , ,
() (
)
[ 2002, 24].
106 .
(). ,

/
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[Novak 1930, 766767]. ,
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[ 1920, 6567].
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, [ 1920, 225231].


[ 1922, 129132].

. ,

53

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, , ()

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[ ...1924, 195198].
107 ,
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108
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(De orthographia illyricana) XVIII. ,
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: 1) ; 2)
; 3)
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54

 .

( )
( )

.109


.
.110
XIX.

- - .
XIX. XX.
.
[ 1998, 116120;
1991, 277299; 2001, 61] , ,
, , ,
[ 2001, 322]. , ,
.

, .
[ 2000, 261].
, , , . ,
1892. 1901.
( ) , . [Katii 1986,
110111]. . [Leskien 1914, XX].
(
, )
(.

).
(
)
,
, [ 1990, 118119, 125].
1910. .,
, 36,209 (87,8%)
1,043 (2,5%) [Lakato 1914, 2223]. ,
.
109 [ 1991].
110 . ()

. ,
,
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.
1992. .1995. . (

) .

55

 .

.111
XIX.
1850. . .112
( )
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) [Gajevi 1985, 39;
19961997, III, 372].113 ,
111
() (, )
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112
1762. . -
1794. .1795. .
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113
: . ;
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.

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). : ,
. , , 1997, . 142143 (); . ,
. , : , , 1985, . 229231 ().

, .


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: 1) - ; 2)
; 3) ,
; 4) .
1885. .

[ 1913, 865873].

- .
(1914.)
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.
1918. .
: 1)
; 2)

56

 .

1892. .,114
1899. .,
1901.
.115 ( , )
.
.

- ( )

. , ,
, , , ,
,116 , , , ,
XIX.

( . [ 1991;
1997, 1350; 1999; 2000; 2001, 31, 35;
2001]).117
; 3)
[Prosvetno odeljenje].
114 1889. .
.
1850. .
. .
,
.


,
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, .
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115 ,
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[ 1901, 118].
116
lingua serviana,
lingua croata.
117
( ) , , ( )
,
,
( ),

57

 .



(. ) adaptacija jedinstvenog
standardnog jezika tradiciji i suvremenim potrebama nacija kao definiranih socio-etnikih
formacija [Brozovi 1970, 35].118 konkretni
, , ,
, [Ivi 1984, 873;
1990, 103].
.

.
, , , (1508. .1567. .)
.

: ( ) (
).
lingua serviana. ,
. , ,

( 1597. .
).

, . . ( 1617. .),

[ 1990, 107].
[ 1990, 10].
.
1980.-
.
.
( 1991. .
) . 1991. .
74,808 21,434 , 16,369 17,439 [Statistiki
bilten 1991].


.
, ( )
(. ). 94%

1990.-
39% . ,
,
. , ,
,
[Todosijevi 2002, 1011]. 1930.-

, [ 1996, 555].
118
, , 1973. .
(, . ) . .

, () [Oko 11. srpnja

58

 .

realizacioni oblici apstraktnog modela standardnog jezika; .
konkretni standardni jezici [Brozovi 19791980, 52].119
, ,

[Vjesnik 29. 9. 1979].
, ,
()
,
[Katii 1978, 178].
1979. . [Priruna
gramatika 1979].
,
1935. .

()
.
,
[
1978, 45].120
,
,

[Guberina, Krsti 1940],
, , . ,
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[ 1991, 263].121


.122
1973, 5], . , . ,
(1967. .)
.
119
1991. . .
,
.
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() .

.
[Brozovi 1998, 1213].
.
120
, , .
121 , () [,
1999/1911/1955, 60].
122
,

59

 .


.
.123 ,
:

[Bari, Lonari, Mali, Pavei, Peti, Zeevi, Znika 1995, 10].
,
(.
).124

, ,
[Isakovi 1995, 12].
,
()
: , .
, .
. , , ,
,
() , ,
(. ).125
(.
).
[ 1971, 204].
.

. . 1989. .
600-
, .
Zakon o jeziku
, , [Guskova 2003, I, 186].
.
, , (,
)
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123
, . ,
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124 a typical military conquestbut an ethnic migration of nomadic
peoples of substantial numerical proportions [Inalik, Quataert 1994, 35]
.
.
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.
125 , , ,
,
[ 1990, 96]. (.
)

60

 .

()
(
). , ,
XIX. , -
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() .126
, , .
() (
) ,
[Brozovi 1978].

, 2005. .

( , -)
(. ) [Miklosich 1890].
1. 1918. . (. ) -
.
, 90% [Tiltman 1936, 4647].
[Maticka 1990]
[Guskova 2003, I, 226].
126 -
.
. .
.

koin [Mogu 1995b, 6266].
, (
1879. .), ,
( ). ,
.
Danicu zagrebaku (1834. .1850. .) ()
. 1837. . Grammatik der kroatischen Mundart.
:
. ,
.
, (1813. .1891. .),
, XIX.
,

[Miklosich 1879]. , , ,
. (.
1496. . )
- .

( )

. .
XVI.
: Dictionarium quinque nobilissimarum Europae linguarum Latinae, Italicae, Germanicae, Dalmaticae et
Ungaricae ( : , , ,
, , 1595. .) =
[Mogu 1995b, 7582].

61

 .

. , ,

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.

- ,

[Mogu
1995b, 1112]. , : ,

.

1918. .
-
XIX. XX.



.

. ,

62

 .



(. ). , ()
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.127

- ,
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, . ,

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() , .
, .128

() 1991. .
(.
) .
1991. .
(, )
, ,
. : 1)
;
2) (
).129
, ,
127 Srpskohrvatsko-engleskom
reniku 1971. . Englesko-srpskohrvatskom reniku 1978. ., (
-), .
128 ,
. [ 2001, 154]. 1830. .
,
[Gaj 1830].
129 II. , -
,
.
( ) ( ) .

( ), 1847., ( )
( )
.
- [ 2013, 6268]

63

 .



( ).
, ,

.130
, , 1996. . oduvijek [] hrvatski i srpski bili
posebni i razliiti, i to ne ovoliko ili onoliko, nego potpuno, kao standardni jezici [Sili
1996].
1967. -
-
. (1969.
.1972. ) (1971. .1972. .).131


, .132
1968. .

130 ,
(),
( ) (
).
1990. .,
,
.
,

.
Whereas the Serbs proclaimed with Vuk Stefanovic Karadzic, the prophet of their nationalism, that all
Bosniacs were Serbs, regardless of their faith, the Croats considered the Muslims as co-nationals converted to
Islam, and even as the most noble part of their nation, and tried to extend their political influence in the
region, which was seen in Belgrade as an outrage [Pirjevec 1998, 110]. , ,
(1970. .) (. ) XVIII. .
.


. ,
.

() (. . ) [Lyubomirova
Ognyanova 2002, 7].
131
1965. . :
,
. [Burg 1983; Schpflin 1973; Irvine 1993].
132
,
.
() ,
(-) () , .

64

 .


.

.
hrvatskoj kulturnoj
sferi
. ,
(. )

[Greenberg 2000, 636; 1971].

1954. .
. ,
., .
()
, ,
: 1) ( )
?; 2)
?

(, ): [ 1995, 7]. ,

-
1.-.
- !
,
()
(
) . .
( ) ,
,133 1972. .

...
,
, [ 22.,
23., 24. 1972; Vjesnik 4. 11. 1972].134
133 1974. .,
, , -
.
134 : U kolama nastava se vri na hrvatskom knjievnom
jeziku, jer hrvatskim knjievnim jezikom govore i Hrvati i Srbi u ovoj republici, a sam predmet zove se
hrvatski ili srpski jezik [Vjesnik 18. 11. 1973, 4]. :

. (
) .

()

65

 .


: 1)
135 ( 1971. . 626,720 )
(. )
; 2)
( , .
) ;136 3)
( 772,491 ), () (
); 4)
() ,

( ) ,
,
, . (
);137
5)
( ), ,
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, . .
(
) . ,
(
1971. . 185,894 ) [
1972].
(),
,

[ 1990, 136].138
- :
() ,
(). (-) (

), ()

.
135 Vjesnik 11. 10. 1972. .
.
136 () ,
() [Brozovi 1978, 70].
137 (
)
.
138

.
.
(45 )

66

 .

1970.-
, ,

. , .
[Naylor 1992, 8182],
,
1974. . .

1974. .
.
,
, .
139 , 1867. . (
)
1892. . 1901. . ( ,
) -
(
,
, )

()
.140
, ,
-
. -
,

. ,

. ,
, ,
1971. .

[Dragovi-Soso 1995, 270]. O [Spalatin 19661967].

, : Stjepan Babi, Boidar Finka, Milan Mogu, Hrvatski pravopis, Zagreb:
kolska knjiga, 1971 ( ); Stjepko
Teak, Stjepan Babi, Pregled gramatike hrvatskoga knjievnog jezika za osnovne i druge kole, VI, preraeno
izdanje, Zagreb: kolska knjiga, 1973.
139 ( Skladanja
ilirskoga jezika za nie gimnazije 1862. . ): Zagrebaka je kola imala zadatak da kajkavce i
akavce privede u kolo tokavacah, kako bi se rairilo knjievno polje [Mogu 1995b, 188].
140 ,
,
,
() .
(
).

67

 .

,
,
, .
- .


() .
. , , ,
, ()
. ,
( ) (()).

differentiae specificae (
) (.
).
,



[ 1814; 1818/1852; ,
, 1841; 1845; 1849; 1861; Karadi 1863].141
, ,


.

-

( ) .
, , (
) --

.142


[Greenberg 2000, 629]. ,
( )
(. )
141 . the romantic belief that language was
the most profound expression of the national spirit. Obviously one nation could not have three spirits, nor
could one dialect be shared by two nationalities. It followed, therefore, that regardless of what their actual
national consciousness might be, all stokavian speaking peoples were Serbs [Banac 1993, 81].
142 , , (
) () ,
() . ,
,
( -- ).

68

 .

.143 ,
, : 1)

; 2)
.
( ,
144 ),

[ 2001, 1739; 5473; 8497; 131168].
,
( ), .
( )
.
143
( .
, , 2001. .)
( , , 1847. .), .
XIX. ()
.
144

(1825. .1882. .) (1867. .1873. . 1877. .1882. .).
() 1899. . Gramatikom i
stilistikom hrvatskoga ili srpskoga knjievnog jezika

. , , - - .
( . )
: U toj se gramatici ne vidi ime nijednoga hrvatskoga knjievnika, nego se vidi jedini
Vuk. [Radi 1937, 1112]. ,


. ,
- .
1899. .
Rjenik hrvatskoga jezika 1901. .
-
( -- , ).
. 1901. .
: jer su ga pisali i na svijet izdali Hrvati,
, .
, ,
(-)
(-) - . ,

. 1918. .
1924. . Hrvatski ili srpski jezini savjetnik

: svatko vrlo lako uvia, da bi takve rei knjievnome jedinstvu Hrvata i Srba vrlo smetale, jer ih
Srbi ne bi hteli primiti. , ,
(. Balade Petrice Kerempuha
1836. . ) [Mogu 1995b, 205212].

69

 .

j ,
.
, ( 1998. .
1999. .)
,
, ( [ , 1998]
).145

1941. .
10. 1941. .

145 [ 1999, 359368]. ...

.
1997.
. /Serbica .
.

70

 .

,
.
(1958. . [1994. .]) .
[ 1994, 269]
,
[ 1991, 223].146
.
:
(. XIX. ).

.
() .147 (
)

, ,
:
() ,
[Pacel 1861; Jagi 1864; Novak 1967, 439
440;
1997, 440443].148
() ,
, ,
,
[ 1994, 269]. ,
: 1) ; 2) ( ); 3)
( ) ( ) [ 1994,
278].149

146 XVII. XVIII.

: , ,
, , , , -, [ 1990, 100]. ,

.
147
, . ,
[
1995, 28].
148 (1864.).
149 .
- .
. , -

XVI. XVII. . , ,

[Sekere 1977; Sekere 1980]
.

. ,
.

71

 .

: , ()

(
:
[ 1971] Dijalektoloka karta tokavskog nareja [Brozovi,
Ivi 1988]).150

( )
() . ,
(

)
XIX. , .
. ,
(1830./1835. .1850. .)

,

.151

[Nejlor 1996, 18, 130],152
[Greenberg 1998, 711714].
, .

( )
+ .
[Sekere 1977; Sekere 1980].
-
.
150 , . , XIX.
, VII.
( X. ) , . .
. ,

() [Mareti 1889].
151 . 1955. .
, .
. [Krnjevi 1955].

,
[Gross 1993].

XVI. () ()
. ()
- Zvonacu
1670. .
152 , -,
: 1)

- ; 2)

72

 .

, 1833. .,
( ) [Brli
1833], ,
, -
, , . . 1690. .
.
1790. .
II
.


, ( )
. (. , )

, . XVI. ,
.153 XVI.
,
XX. 45

[Meriggi 1961, 1516].
XVI. ,



( ).
XVI.

,

. (. 1520. .1598. .) 1584.,

, Arcticae Horulae
Succissivae ( ). , .

. , ,



(, , , .).
153
. .
[Dimnik 1984]. , , (1508. .1586. .),
,
[Dimnik 1988, 380399]. XVI.

: , .

73

 .

.

(=Heneti) (.
) [Bohorizh 1987].

()
, .
. ,
.
( ), (, ) (1735.
.1801. .), 1768. .
(. ) .
, , .
()

[Pohlin 1768, 411].

, .
. ,

, (. ),
(.
),
(, )
( , 1918. .,
).



, , , (
),
.

.

.
(1756. .1795. .),
, ( 1788. .
1791. .) , , ,
(.
)
.

(1780. .1844. .), ,
(Grammatik der slavischen Sprache in Krain, Krnten und Steiermark, 1808. .1809. .)

74

 .

,
1830.-
.154
.155
154
(1753. .1829. .),
: 1) (.
, , -
); 2) (. , , , ,
) [Dobrovsk 1792/1818; 1922, 124; 1910, 107].
, 1818. . (
1792. .)
. ,

. .
[Kopitar Archiv fr
slavische philologie, IV, 677678, 687] (o
, [Butler 1969]).

-
, () , -
[ 2000, 11]. ,

. () : - ()
- (). 1905. . : 1)
-; 2) -; 3) (. -); 4) -;
5) -; 6) [ 2000, 1022].
, , (1785. .1863. .), 1815.
. , .
5 ,
, ,
, [Grimm 1815,
1179; Grimm 1869, 439]. . 1824. .
() : (
), ( ), ,
, , , , , [Grimm 1824].
1847. . :
, , , ,
. : ,
[Vater 1847, 354].
155 . . . .
XIX. ( )
( , , , ),
, , , ,
, [Pypin, Spasevich 1880, I, 1213].
- () ,
. 1873. .,
. .
( ) ( ),
- [ 1873].
, ,
1857. .

75

 .


-
-
, .
( )
( ) XIX. (1814.
./1818. .),
- .156

.
- (.
). ,

.157


.

, ,
.

,

.158 (
1,200,000 ,
(. ) . (. ) XIX.
. /
[Ficker 1860].
156 ,
.
. () ,

( ) (
). ,
( )
.
. (1846. .)
the secret aim of the Croats
was and probably is, to create one Illyrian Kingdom which would be consisted by Carniola, Carinthia, Istria,
Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, Bosnia, Herzegovina and Dalmatia [Blackwell to Palmerston 1846]. ,
-
-

, .
157
.
[Maurani 1860, 1],
[Marn 1879, 1].
158 , ,
[Stokes 1997, 11; Carmichael 2000, 232]. , (Friedman),

76

 .

) (. ) .
, ,
159
. ,
,
.
: 1)
(. )
,
; 2)
() ()
()
.160 ,
.

(.
svi Hrvati neko bili akavci).161
(
, , XVII. )
[Ivi 1984; 1990, 98]. .,
XVII.
horvatskim, horvatskim jezikom
[ 1990, 98].

(. )
( ) 200 [Kopitar, Archiv fr slavische
philologie, IV, 677678, 687].
, . ,

I (1519. .1564. .). ,
.
,
[Kopitar Archiv fr slavische philologie, V, 269293].162

- [Friedman 1996, 64]
( ).
159 ( ) .
160
.
161 VII. (913. .959. .)
,
[Constantinus Porphyrogenitus
1949].
162 , , , 1848.
(. ) ,
(. ), (.
). , (. )

77

 .

,
XIX. ,
, .
, , [Buljovi 1996, 14].163
, ,
Duh domovine nad sinovima svojim, koji spavaju...(1832. .),
, ,
, , (.
) [Derkos 1897].
,
, Disertatia iliti razgovor(1832. .)
, . bratja naa bogotovja staroga
[Polemike...1982].164 , , (1835. .)
Na narod, Daniczi, , .
starovjerci, . gerke cirkve [Polemike1982, 75].
, . .
1842. .

[Babuki afaku 1842].165 ,

1847. . [Kukuljevi 1847].
(-) ,
,
:
Historikom zemljovidu stare clokupne Kraljevine Hervatske sa oznaenjem granicah sada
obstojeih pokrajinah (priredio Josip Parla), Zagreb, 1862. .
, :
, , , , ,
, , , , , (
), . ,

[Eckermann 1848, 5]. ,
1887. . , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
[Gerard 1887, 33]. .
[Wiegand 1898, 17].
163 ,

[Roksandi 1988, 119].

. . . . .
164 (. -)
. : , ,
, , , , .
braa naa bogotovja staroga.
[Roksandi 1991, 142143].
165 () : , , -
(. ) [Babuki 1854].

78

 .

( ),
.
Etnografske granice Hrvata u Kralj. Jugoslaviji i okolnim zemljama (sastavio Dr.
N. Z. Bjelovui), Zagreb, 1933. .
() : 1)
; 2)
; 3)
.


,
.
.

.
.
26. 1939. .
,
(
): , , ,
,
, , ,
.166
()
1934. . (
) (.
): (.
/ ), ,
, ,
[Gligorijevi 1992, 275].167
166 65,456 4,024,601 70,1%
, 19,1% , 3,6% 7,2% [Srkulj, Lui 1996, 101103].
, , 1939. . 20% [Smodlaka
1939].
.
167 1. 2. 1937. .
, je ,
.
[Ridley 2000, 148]. , ,

, [ 1999, I, 79; ,
1. 1937]. 1936. .

.

. 1941. .
( ). ,
: ( , . . . .)

79

 .

1940.
Nezavisna drava Hrvatska narodnog i
povjesnog hrvatskog podruja168 : ,
, , , , , ,
, , 169 .

(.
) (. )

.
. () , ,
, , , , , ,
( 1943. .), ( 1943. .),
( 1943. .),170
( ),
(.
), (
)171 Zakonska odredba o hrvatskom jeziku,
njegovoj istoi i pravopisu (14. a 1941. .) [Babi 19911992, 5664; Mogu 1995b,
215216]. 1942. . Koriensko pisanje, 1944. .
Hrvatski pravopis
/
[Mogu 1995b, 215216].

.
,
[ - , :
, 541/622]. ,
: ( . . .) , : ,
, , ,
. . ,
[ 1952, 14-1, 871872].
[ 2012, 3249].
168 : Petranovi B., Istorija Jugoslavije
19181988, prva knjiga, Beograd: NOLIT, 1988.
169

: Zmaji B., Razvitak heraldike u banskoj
Hrvatskoj, Viestnik Hrvatskog dravnog arhiva, 11, 1945, 4451.
170 10. 1941. . 8.
1943. . 102,725 6,663,157 .
: , , , , , , , , ,
. 15. 1945. .,
.
.
, , , .
171
Slobodnom domu 1922. .
(. =kri; =asnici; =jeftimba; =novaci, .)
[Horvat 1922].

80

 .


(. , .) [Goldstein 1999, 135; Samardija 1993].172
1954. .
, (
)173
172 , , . ,
: Pukovnik Slavko
Kvaternik, voa nacionalistikog pokreta u zemlji, proglasio je danas slobodnu i nezavisnu hrvatsku dravu
na cjelokupnom historijskom i etnografskom podruju Hrvatske, te je preuzeo vlast. Pozivam sav hrvatski
narod da se novoj vlasti pokorava, pozivam sve pristalice HSS koje su na upravnim poloajima, sve kotarske
odbornike, opinske naelnike da iskreno surauju s novom narodnom vladom [Petranovi, Zeevi 1988,
484].
, .
.
(1862. .) (1933. .) .
, . , ,
, , 30.
1941. .
- : 45%
, .
. .
: , (13
), , . ,
,
; .
. .
[ - , , 2-8-1].
( )

. ,
,
, , , ,
.
, , ,
[Katoliki list 29. 06. 1941. g.; Paris, 240]. Na taj
nain uskoro emo zatrti njihove tragove, a to to e ostati bie samo loa uspomena na njih [
1944/1992, 146]. , 22. 1941. . ( ).

, 1898. . .
2.
1941. . : , ,
. .
, , .
. . ,
, [ 1944/1992, 146].
173
1967. . .
(1991. .) 2,307,447
[ 1992].
1945. . - :
1948. . , 1953. . , 1961. .
, 1971. . 1981. .
[Allcock 2000, 335].

81

 .

/
. (.
) . ,

- .

- , ,
- .174
, (
,
. 175
) ,
,
, .176

() ,
, . , .

,
: , 1960.
. ,
() , ,
(/) - (/): In the
1950s it was agreed that the language of the Serbs and the Croats was the same, with two pronunciations
(Ijekavski in Croatia, Ekavski in Serbia) and two alphabets (Latin and Cyrillic) that were equal in status
[Goldstein 1999, 177].
. ,
(
)
1954. .
( ) ( ).
175 ,
,
. . ,
,
1945. .

-. , II
[ 2001, 211212,223].
176 [ 1985]
[Nikevi 1993]. , ,
,
. ,

() [Nikevi 1993, 1112]. .
[Nikevi 1971, 2425]
svoj jezik dali drugima i ostali bez njega [Nikevi 1993, 11, 27].
() [Nikevi 1993a; agorovi 1996].
174

82

 .

()
1850. .177
177

:
, 1850. .
. ...
...
, .
, ,
, (
1954. .)
, . ( 1954. .). ,
, , ,
, . .
. , .
1850. .
.
, 1850. . , ,
.
1954. .
( )
.


.
1818. .
1852. .

.

. .

.
(.
).
, (.
) (, ) ()
,

(. ).
1850. . ,
. , ,
(. )
() - .
, . ,
(),
( )
.


( )
. ,
() .
.
( ) ,

83

 .

, 1960. .

() .

Pravopis hrvatskospskoga jezika
.

: (
, , 1967. .) Rjenik hrvatskosrpskoga knjievnog
jezika (Matica hrvatska, Zagreb, 1967. .) . ,

.
, (
) ()
(
).
.
.
,
. 1954. .
(
) (
). ,

.

1954. . , .
. .
.

. ,
, , (, 1850)
,
. , .
.
( 1863. . 1892. .)
1850. .
: . ,
, , .
. ,

.
- ,

,

. , ,
1993. .,
( ) .

84

 .

Deklaracije o nazivu i poloaju hrvatskoga knjievnog jezika178 (
)
(1969. .1976. .)
- .
- ()

() :
1954. . 1972. . , 1972. . 1991. . .179

180
.
.
(,
181) .182 ,

(,
).183
Deklaraciji o nazivu i poloaju hrvatskog knjievnog jezika (.
) 17. 1967. . ( Telegramu
Deklaracije... [Brozovi 1998, 2326].

, , ,
,
15. 1982. .
-
. , ,


.
180 .
( 1849. .)
.
1972.
. ()
()
.
181 ,
:
?
, ,
[ 1994].
182
/ ,
.
. , ,

.
183 / 1991. . ,
, .
.
.
178
179

85

 .

Rjenika hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika
)

.184
, ,
(. )
(
, ).

, .
.

XIX.
.
Karti hrvatskog jezika sa dodatkom srpskog
Dobar dan! Ein Lehrbuch des Kroatischen mit Anhang fr Serbisch (Mnich, 1994 [1981]).

, ,
( ): , ,
, , , , , ,
184

( )
.
, ,
(
, )


( . [Peri 1997, 253254; Pavlievi 2000, 485486]).
, : ,
, -- , ,
, ,
, ,
,
,
, ,
,
,
, ,
,
.
(.
)
(.
obezbjeenje, bezbjednost, uvjerenje, djejstvo, .)
, .
: Ustavnim propisom utvrditi jasnu i nedvojbenu jednakost etiriju knjievnih jezika: slovenskoga,
hrvatskoga, srpskoga, makedonskoga
[Mogu
1995b, 222].

86

 .

, , , (),
.
( , , ).

1993. .185 .
, ,
.
,
, , ,
,
,
(. ).

10 , .

.
185 : , ,
, : , 1993.

87

 .

(.
)

,



.
(
) ( ).
,

, .
() () .
[
1995, 3340]. , 1993. .,

, 1991. .

. ()
[ 1999, 210].186
Hrvatska u doba kneza Trpimira, kralja Tomislava i danas
1998. . Narod. Glasilo za demografsku obnovu i duhovni preporod
hrvatskog naroda Hrvatskg populacijskog pokreta,
: ,
186 , ,
. ,
(,
. . milk). ,
. ,

(). , (
). , , .
.
, - ,
, -
.
. , , .
,
. ,
.

1968. . ( - -
,
) (
) ( )
( [Kostellari 1973]);
1974. .
.

88

 .

, , , ,
. ---
- (
) (
[ 2002]).
,
,
.187
( , )
(
).188 ,
()
(-) (-)
.189

1967. , 1974. .,
- . ,
, 38- 1974. .
,
, (
1972. . 1974. . ).
( )
, .

( )
. ,

.190
.
( )
(
) 1974. . [
1994, 1117]. , 4.-

, 182.- 1974. .

187 . - CROATIA. Tourist Guide,
Zagreb: Masmedia, Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krlea, 2000. ,
.
188 .
189
.
. ,
- .
190

() .

89

 .

. 1974. .
.
, 1970.-
-
( ,
) - ( ).191
, ,
( ) .

,
, () (
) .192
() -
(-)
XIII. XV. (
) () : ()
() [Brozovi 1978, 1112].193 , ,
, ,
()
. , ,
, ()
[Katii 1986, 4164].
-
(. )
( [ 1922]).

,
. T
.
. 1985. : 1) vedsko-hrvatski
191 , ()
: ,
.
(1912. .1983. .) ()
[Bakari 1978, 337338].


(
).
1918. . 1991. .
.
192 .
193 ( )
. . . . . .
. (. )

, .
[Pypin, Spasevich 1880, I, 263].

90

 .

rjenik/Svensk-kroatiskt lexicon; 2) - /Svensk-serbokroatiskt
lexicon.
.
, /

, ,
,
: , (
).
,
,
[ 1996, 303]. ,

.

,
()
[Nejlor 1996, 18]194 (
).195
,
- - , : 1)
; 2)
( )
; 3)
, ,
; 4) de facto
;196 5)

-- ; 6)

; 7) -

194 , ,
: 1)
, ; 2)

; 3)
, ; 4)
,
[Nejlor 1996, 1920]. , (,
) .
, .
195 ,

.
196 , ,
.
.

91

 .

; 8)

( ).

, 1945. .1991. .
.
. ,
,
.
,
. ,
1940. .

92

3.

()

( )
. 1867. .
, [Budmani 1867].197 ,
: ,
, , ,198 , .199 XIX.
197
- .
198 ,
, : u koga se je sauvao isti jezik ilirski, u koga obiaji, tko li
nam je ponajvie gojio od kolena do kolena narodne psme ilirske? U svakom odgovoru nai ete Srblje i
Srbstvo. [Gaj 1846]. ,
(.
) Institutionum linguae illiricae libri duo (/
) 1604. . () .
, ,
(. [Mogu 1995b,
8588, 106]).

:
(...) 1636. , ,
. (
[ 1999, 371; 2001, 227]).


1809. . 1814. . :
, , ,
, ,
- ,
.

1745. .
1747. . ( 1777. .).
(1791. .1792. .).


. ,

/
: Srb nee nikad biti Horvat ili Kranjac, a ova dvojica, kad nisu, nemogu nipoto biti
Srbiji. A na to inat, kad smo ipak jedno nesamo po krvi i jeziku u obe, ...vee jedno ba upravo u najujem
smislu po narju, po psmah, po obiajih, po domaih uspomenah, jednom rju: po vie hiljadogodinjoj
posebnoj narodnosti ilirskoj, i po naravskom zvanju na jedan obeniti cilj [Proglas 1840].

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 .

, ,
( ). . ,
,
.

.
, ,
, (, ),
,
(Friedrich Krauss),
XIX. ,
[Isakovi 1993, 18]. ,
, ()
XV. XVI.
.
[Matiljevi 1994]
[Guskova 2003, I, 303].
(
) [ 1990, 96].

. . ,
, [
1990, 102] [Hamm 1967, 9].

.
, , , , ,
.

: 1)
, ; 2) XVII.
; 3) XIX.
; 4) , , 1878. . 1914. ., .
; 5) XX. ,
, , .

[ 1990, 103].
XIX.
- [Banac 1990; 1990, 117; 1999; 2000].

( )

. 1670. .
/ Horvati , . ,
. , XIX.
. Horvat Horvatu horvatski govori
1801. . . , ( )
iz lavonskoga na horvatski jezik
Svetu Roaliju.
,
.
2. 1843. . (
) ( ).
199

94

 .

( - ) [
1993, 412] .

. , . (
)
( )
( ) [
2001, 181]. (
, , . , )
[Pirjevec 1998, 108].

. 1537. .

,
, . .200 ,
1493. .,
.
.
,
, , , ,
(
)
201 (
[ 1922; 1990, 173179; 2000, 625
649]).202
200 . , (1860. .1942. .),

.

.


. ,
[Reetar 1891, 179385].
201

.
(, , , .).
, ,

. [Winnifrith 1987].
202 .
XV.
.
, , [Sekuli 1991, 56,
497].
,
XVIII. .
. ,

95

. , ,
. ,
.


(-) [Todosijevi 2002, 4].

: , , , , ,
[Kunti 1969]. .
: , , , , , ,
[erneli 1994, 85103].

96

 .

, ,
.
( ) (.
) .

( ,
).
() ,

( ), ( , . , ,
. ) (
, ). ,
XV. XVIII.


.

.

, , .
-


( )
. - ,


. , , -
1991. .1995. .
( ).

( )
, , homo
dinaricusa . ,

:
-, --, , -, .203
203 , ,
,
.
(. . Morlacchi )

[Wolff 2000, 4756].
( ), -
(. 1630. . .
Statuta Valachorum

97

 .


(
) , ,
,204

( ),


( ),




.
,
(
).


(
)
. .
, ,
. . , . .
, . , . .
()
: 1) akavskog nareja; 2) kajkavskog nareja; 3) tokavskog nareja; i 4)
torlake dijalekatske grupe. 1) akavskim narejem se govorilo u oblastima grada Rijeke,
Novog, reka Rae i Mirne u Istri, ostrvima Krku, Cresu, Rabu, Pagu, Ugljanu, Dugom
Otoku, Kornatu, iovu, Drveniku, olti, Brau, Hvaru, Koruli, Lastovu, u zapadnom delu
poluostrva Peljeac, oko Trogira, Splita, Poljica, Ogulina, Modrua, Otoca, Senja, veem
delu umberka i juno od Bojanaca.205 2) Kajkavskim narejem se govorilo u delu centralne
)
( ).

.
, (. .
, . . [Brachelli 1861, 106110]).
,
1991. . [Herak 1993; Nejasmi 1991; Klanac 1992].
Kako da sklanjamo imena? 1852. .
u Reci.
204
[Mogu 1995b, 56]. .
.
205
, , , ,
, , ,

98

 .

Istre, Gorskom kotaru, okolini Karlovca, Zagreba, Krievaca, Petrinje, Krapine, Koprivnice,
azme, u Meumurju i Prigorju. 3) tokavsko nareje se sastojalo iz sledeih dijalekata: a)
istonohercegovaki (ijekavski nove akcentuacije) kojim se govorilo u Istonoj Hercegovini,
istonom delu poluostrva Peljeac, Severozapadnoj Crnoj Gori, Zapadnom Sandaku,
Centralnoj Baranji, u delu Zapadne Srbije (oko Uica, aka, Kosjeria, Tria i u
Azbukovici), u Istonoj Bosni (oko Fojnice, Kreeva, Sarajeva, Varea, Tuzle), u Severnoj
Bosni (oko Ozrena, Maglaja, Trebave, Bosanskog Broda, Bosanske Kostajnice) u najveem
delu Zapadne Bosne, u Hrvatskoj na prostorima Banije, Krbave, Gackog polja, i u Zapadnoj
i Centralnoj Slavoniji oko Osijeka, Bjelovara, Virovitice, Papuka; b) zetskolovenski dijalekt
(ijekavski stare akcentuacije) kojim se govorilo na crnogorskom primorju, u Jugoistonoj Crnoj
Gori, Istonom Sandaku i na istonim obalama Bokokotorskog zaliva; c) umadijsko
vojvoanski dijalekt (ekavski) govoren u Junoj i Centralnoj Bakoj, Severnom i Centralnom
Banatu, Sremu, Zapadnoj umadiji i Severozapadnoj uoj Srbiji oko Valjeva, apca kao i u
Pocerini i Mavi. Ovim dijalektom se govorilo i u delu rumunskog Banata od Temivara do
Dunava i u rumunskom Pomoriju; d) kosovskoresavski dijalekt (ekavski) koji je govoren u
Metohiji, Severnom Kosovu, oko Kopaonika, od Ibra do Kraljeva i Kruevca, u dolini Velike
Morave, Levau, Centralnoj i Severnoj umadiji, oko Resave, Mlave, Homolja, Timoke
krajine i u Jugoistonom Banatu u okolini Vrca i Bele Crkve; e) govori sa nezamenjenim
jatom kojima se govorilo u Banatskoj Crnoj Gori u Rumuniji i banatskom Karaevu u
Rumuniji (junoslovenski Karaevci ili Kraovani su se doselili u kasnom srednjem veku iz
Istone Srbije u oblast Karaevo u rumunskom Banatu. U narednim vekovima su se
pokatoliili i pod dejstvom propagande rimokatolikog svetenstva slatog iz Hrvatske
postali su Hrvati po oseanju. Oni su dobar primer potvrde pravila da rimokatoliki etniki
Srbi vremenom postaju nacionalni Hrvati); f) mlai ikavski dijalekt govoren u zapadnoj
Hercegovini od Mostara do iza Livna, u Centralnoj Bosni oko Jajca, gornjeg Vrbasa, Lave,
u Centralnoj i Severnoj Dalmaciji od Neretve do Novog ukljuujui okolinu ibenika, Zadra
i oblasti Biokova, Podgorja, Zapadne Like i okolinu Lia, u Severnoj Bakoj, kao i u
delovima Severne i Zapadne Bosne (oko Bihaa, Banja Luke i Dervente); g) istarski ikavski
dijalekt govoren u zapadnom delu Istre od reke Rae do reke Mirne ukljuujui itavu obalu
Istre sa gradovima Pulom, Rovinjem, Poreom ali se u Peroji govorilo kajkavskim; h)
Slavonski dijalekt kojim se govorilo u Junoj Slavoniji (oko Slavonskog Broda, srednjeg i
donjeg toka reke Orljave, akova, Vinkovaca, Oraja), u Severnoj Slavoniji oko rnkovaca i
aptinovaca i u Zapadnoj Bakoj i jednom delu Baranje. 4) Torlaka dijalekatska grupa se
sastojala od govornika koji su iveli na prostorima Centralnog i Junog Kosova, itave
doline June Morave i od Nia do Stare Planine [Sotirovi 2006, 4647].206
, .
,

,
. ,
( , , , , , ,
, ) ,
,
[Reetar 1891, 387].
206 (. ) , ,
, , , , ,
, , ,

99

 .

( )
, .
. ,
( - )
(-) 207 , . (
, . , o
).208 ,
0,8% ( 100% ),
:
() ().
( - [
1998, 118129]).
- -
.
: 1)
(. =; =); 2)
(. ); 3) > > (.
; ); 4)

-
( )
,

, [ 2000, 938939] ( . , , ).

-- .

- [Valjevac 1983, 340]

(. ), . . , ,

[Reetar 1891, 391392]. ,
,
.
207 - [Brozovi 1966].
- . .
(, 1617. .) .
.
208 - (. )
- [Sekere 1977; Sekere 1980].
(,
) -
1910. . .
, , , , ,

[ 1910].

100

 .

, ( ).209



(, [
]).
XVII.
(. , ). , ,
209 , ,
,
() .
()
. ,
,
, , ,
. . XIX.
.
.
1880. . [Sekuli 1991, 7880].
1895.
[Todosijevi 2002, 8].

()

[Kunti 1969]. ,

( ).
. (W. Connor),
[Connor 1990, 92
103; Connor 1993, 373389; Connor 1994, 6786]. ,
, ,
.
, . , ,
[Brubaker 1996]. ,
, . .
XVII. [
1994, 101].
[Janji 1994].

() e
. ,
.
() () .

, .
, . . ,
, 1991. . : 32% , 37% 22%
[Bunjevake i okake novine].
1918. . 1945. . ,


-
.

101

 .


( .)
.
-
()


(, , ,210 211).212 ,
- ,

(
) (, ,
). , ( )
, ()

(
).

/
210 ,
[Westermann 1985, 151].
211 (. )
1945. . (
IV.- 2. 7. 1952. .).
1919. .
, .

. 1937. . : (
. . .)
,
.
([ , , 1937/1].
[ , ,
1939/5; Izvori za istoriju SKJ, 1980, 36, 204239]).

( , ).
1935. . ,
(
),
. ,


() .
212
() .


.
( )
( ).

102

 .

(.
).213

- , .
. .,


( )

. - ,
, 1918. . 1941. . 1945. . 1991. .
.
--
(23. 1. 1918. . ) ,
, (1923. .)
( 1924. ., 1930. ., 1934. . 1950. .
).
, ,
1929. . (1930. .)
,
.
, ,
. ,
.

. 1921. .
(1921. .) .

, .
() ( 1950. .
1951. .)

() , 1954. .
.

()
(. 1960. .
, , ,
).
,
1954. .,
(
), (
213 ,
.
(www.danas.co.yu/20030722/terazije1.html).

103

 .

).
. ()
,
(,
, .)
(, ,
).

XIX. XX.
, ,
.


214 ,215 ,
, .

.216
-
XIX.
214 -
. (
) 25. 1941. . : Sredite je
hrvatskog pitanja bilo i ostalo pitanje Bosne i Hercegovine. Rijeenje hrvatskoga pitanja ovisilo je o pitanju
Bosne i Hercegovine. Dovoljno je baciti povran pogled na zemljopisnu kartu da se vidi kako su Hrvatska,
Slavonija i Dalmacija tek okrajci historijske Hrvatske, ije je srce Bosna i Hercegovina. Mi moemo ivjeti, kao
i ljudsko tijelo, bez kojega uda, ali ne oemo bez Bosne i Hercegovine, jer su one nae tijelo i nae srce [Bri
1970, 49]. , , 28. 1941. .
[ , , 103551].
, ,
() 11. 1943. .
, ,

, [Boban 1985, 119120].
215 XIX. 572,752 246,687
[Rothenburg 1966, 125] () , . -
( - ). 1840. . -
363,000 (. ) 47,9% .
74,000 , . 19,0% . 3,000
(0,5%), 138,000 (43,0%). ,
141,000 16,6% [Roksandi 1991, 134].

(52)
1848. . (104).
216
. ,
.
, ,
. , . ,
.

104

 .

5.
1867. .
.
1861. .217 ,
1847. .
, . ,
.218 1867. .
-
[ 1971, 190].219
1861. .



.
- 1867. .,
,
1848. ./1849. .
1860. .,
217 1861. . 15. 11. 102.

.
.
218 1847. . -

()
.
1847. .
. .
()
XIX. . ,
XVIII.
,
, .
, ,
.
, . -
.
, ,

.
1972.
. 1990. . . ,
,
.
219 , , - , -
- , [Bojnii 1907]
1861. . 1867. .
( )
[ 1991;
2002, 38].

105

 .

1861. . 1867. .

( )
.
,
-
.
1848./1849. -
,


-.
()

. ,
( )
. ,
, (
), ()
-
.
, ,
(, ) -
. ,

.

( ),
() .
-.
, -.

()
.
, ,

(,
), (Landesbliche
Sprache). ,
, 1848.
./1849. . ,

(.
)

106

 .

() .

1849. . (.
),
( )
. ,
, .
1848. ./1849. .

- -
.220
-




-, ( )
- ( ).221
, - 1861. .
- -
-

( ) .222
1860.,
( ), I,
.
da se jezik narodni hrvatsko-slavonski, kakono ve patentom od 7. travnja
1850. g. priznano bjee, uvede u sve javne poslove. ,


-
(. ). 1860. .
. , 5.
-

220 . 1827.
. ,
( 1816. .) ee
.
221 [Gross 1985].
222 1861. .
, --, -, -, ,
, , . : Dnevnik Sabora Trojedne kraljevine Dalmacije,
Hrvatske i Slavonije 1861, Zagreb, 1863, s. 105, 617620.

107

 .

1861.
-.223
1849. .1861. .
-

,
.
[ulek 1856],224
223
.
.
(1842. .1931. .) : , !
, , 1895. . ( ,
)
.
Obzora 219 1894. . ta smo vam krivi? ().
, .
,
,
.
.

,
.
(. )
(. , ) (. ),
. ,
1861. .

( ) (, ).
, , ( ) , , , , .

. ,
,
.
, () ,
: , , , .
, .
: 1) ; 2)
; 3)
; 4) catholoci Valachi alias Bunievczi; 5)
; 6)
; 7)
( )
; 8)
; 9)
, ; 10)
() () ,
[Todosijevi 2002, 1].
224

.

108

 .

-, ,
.
.
da su oni ilirski starosjedioci.225
()

1860. .

(, )
. 1861. .

1991. .
.

. , () .

.
.
. ,
,
( ),

. , ,
, , ()
( ). ,

() ().
, ,
, , ,
, , . ,
, . ,
, .

. , , ,
()
( )
. ,
.

()
( ) .

(. ), .
, 1836. .
1849. . .


.
225 19. 1856. .
Pisma Bogoslava uleka A. T.
Brliu, Slavonskom povjesnom zborniku, 23, Slavonski Brod, 1986.

109

 .


1861. .
,
, (
1841. .1848. . 1848. .1861. .) visokoslavnome saboru
kraljevine Dalmacije, Hrvatske i Slavonije u Zagrebu 13. 1861. .

: 1)
; 2)
; 3) .226
- 20. 1860. .


, [Kulan, uhaj 1862, 146151].
, ,
da ono, to braa naa Hrvati Magjarima dosada nisu odobravala, i protivu
ega su se oni ograivali svakim moguim nainom, nemogu ista braa naa ni s kakvim
pravom zahtievati, da to isto drugi narodi kod njih odobravaju, i da se protivu toga isto
tako i oni ne ograuju.
, ,
,

,
. ,
[
1995, 97].
29. 1861. . da je Vojnike krajine u Hrvatskoj iteljstvo isto
hrvatsko ( ) (.
. . .)
.
, . ,

.227
. ( )
:
Srblji imadu svoju, a Hrvati svoju osobitu istoriju; Srblji imadu svoju iztonu, a Hrvati
svoju, zapadnu crkvu; Srblji graniari, imaju svoj, a Hrvati, n. pr. iz Zagorja, izpod Okia,
od Samobora, iz Dragania, Turovapolja i.t.d. svoj jezik; Srblji imaju svoju slavensku (.
. . .), a Hrvati svoju latinsku pismenicu. Ako dakle Srblji i
Hrvati i jesu najblia braa, ipak oni nisu jedan i isti narod; i ne moe se rei, da je iteljstvo
226 ,
1. .
227
. ,
,
.

110

 .

Krajine hrvatske isto hrvatsko [ 1995, 98].228 ,
,

.
,
,
, . ,

. ,
, ,

. , -
.229
bilo ao
, , cijepali
, , ,
,
.
,
, Srblji imena svoga, koje ima svoju historiju u
svietu i u Slavenstvu, ni za ije ime promeniti nee, ni za ljubav Ilirstva, ni Jugoslavenstva,
ni za Hrvatstva, ba da bi im se to silom i nametnuti hotjelo...

,

. ,
- - , .
.
,
.
.230
.
,
, tendencioznih izraza ( )
228 1469. . (
).
. ,
. [Maoanin 1971].
[ 1994].
229
( 1790. . 1836. .) [ 2001].
.
230 , , ,

.
, ( [ 1985; 1988]).

111

 .

hegemonistika tenja jednoga plemena narodnoga nad
drugim ( ). ,
, srbski narod, koji stoji u najvroj svezi jedne vjere, jednoga
jezika, jedne narodnosti i obiaja, jedne historije i jedne pismenice e biti primoran da se
brani, .
Hrvati pri dravnopravnom preobraenju oteestva nee dirati ni u ime, ni u narodnost
Srbaljah tamonjih [Kulan, uhaj 1862, 150151].

. , 1848. .

. , 1868. .

112

 .



, . 18.
1861. . .

(. ):
neima svetije stvari za narod, nego to je njegov narodni jezik, radi kojega uprav na narod sa
raznimi svojimi susjedi neprestano boriti se ima...231
, , ,
, 58.- 10.
. : uvoenju
narodnog jezika u javnost. ,
.
15. 20. 1861. .
XXXI.-

. , ,

, -
, .

,
XXXI.- : nije ni ovaj sabor ikojom prilikom nijekao, dapae
vazda pripoznao, da u troj. kraljevini ima i naroda srbskoga, te uvek elio, da Srbi i Hrvati
kao najblia i jednorodna braa jedan drugoga ime i pleme kao narodnu svetinju ljubi i
poituje i kao dosada, tako i u napredak u bratskoj slozi ostanu [ 1995, 104].232
10. 1861. .
.
(. )

XXXI.- .
( ,
),

: I mi bi se doista vidjevali ve sada na dnu propasti nae narodne, da nam nije
ostavio Bog arobni jedan dar, koji na razpreni narod kroz vjekove duevno spaja, a u
budua bolja vremena moebiti i granu s granom plemena naega takoer realno svezati, i
k boljemu stanju voditi kadar bude, a taj dar je na jezik materinski.

231 : Minulih tunih dvanaest godina nauile su nas podosta kako se lahko
tui jezici osobito onim narodom nametaju, koji neimaju jasnim zakonom svoj narodni jezik za javni ivot
osiguran, a u tom poloaju nalazimo se i nalazi se jo uvjek narod na.
232
K/
(. )
.

113

 .


.



-
(. ,
),

(
) -

.233 ,
,
,


. ,
.
,
,
(
: , , , , 234, , )
, , .

, ,
, -
, , ,
-: ...jer se neda tajiti, da je taj jezik, kojim mi
govorimo i piemo, uprav tako svojina Hrvatah kao i Srbaljah, a ne da se tajiti ni to, da su
ove dvije grane jugoslavenske, ako po historiji i razdieljene, ipak jedna cielost i jedan narod.
Ali priznati moramo da samo u slozi tih dviuh granah srea narodna stoji, doim u neslozi
[Brenger 1997, 185190].
.

. , ,
, XIX. .
lingua nostra
XV. .
. ,
slovinski jezik . .,
1639. . Nauk za dobro pisati latinskijem slovima rijei jezika
slovinskoga How to write well Croatian words with Latin
Characters. Blago jezika slovinskoga The
wealth of the Croatian language.
: Dizionario italiano, latino, ilirico,
: Lexicon latino-italico-illyricum (, 18011810)
[Mogu 1995b, 121, 126129, 142145].
233
234

114

 .

njihovoj lei propast itavog jugoslavenstva, te stoga bi elio, kad smo ve jednom priznali,
da u trojednoj kraljevini Srbaljah imade, da takoer imenu srbskom glede jezika naeg
astno mjesto podamo, pa da taj jezik hrvatsko-srpskim nazovemo.235
,
, -
(Fiume)

[Roksandi 1991, 148149].

.
-



. ,
.

,
: , , -, ,
.
, ,
--
-
.

, ( )
,
.



.236
1860.-



( / !).

235
. -
.
236

,
. . , ,

rtvovali misao o celokupnosti hrvatskih zemalja [Kresti 1988, 155; idak, Gross, Karaman, epi, 1968, 34].

115

 .



.237

XIX.
1861. . 18. 10.

. , ,
, -
.

.
, ,

. ,

15. 17. .
, .
, . ,

, .
.


.
.
, ,
- .
,
, .


,
. ,
, diu se mnogi
.
-
.
237 -
(. )
, , . , .
XIX. XX.

.
[Veskovich-Vangeli 1998, 114]
.

116

 .

-
, 16. 1861. .
,
.
da imade u trojednoj kraljevini naroda srbskog
.
XXXI.
,
,
.
, 10. 1861. .
-.
- :
,
.238 :
.
, 10.
1861. . uvedenju narodnoga jezika u javnost
.
-

. : za izbjei svakoj neslogi, jedino s toga
razloga, jer drugog ne znam, pristajem uz predlog, da se zove hrvatsko-srpski jezik.
: jezik hrvatskosrpski izjavlja se ovim za savkoliki obseg trojedne kraljevine za jedino i izkljuivo slubeni
jezik u svih strukah javnog ivota.
(Fiume)
.

.
, .
, , ,
da je slobodno sluiti
se tako latinskimi kako i irilskimi slovi, i da su oblasti dune u irilskom kako u latinskom
pismu pisane podneske primiti....
,
-

238 1974. .
()
, . .
()
.

117

 .


/ .239

-
.
-

.240
, ,
.
, !

--
.
,
, ,
. da se na jezik
zove hrvatsko-slavonsko-dalmatinski, pak da taj naslov bude to dostojanstveniji i
savreniji, dodajmo mu jote i bunjevaki.

.


. ,
( )
. ,

(
).
,

.
,
.

, :
Mislim, da se kae narodni jezik u trojednoj kraljevini, a taj ne moe biti drugi, nego
jugoslavenski!. , ,

239

.
240 ,
1789. .1793. . - - .

.

118

 .

()
.
,

.
udnovato i neuveno
smijeanost ,
raistiti
.
,
.

,
, .
,
.
: !
, ,
, ,
-
.

, .
jugoslavenska nacija

.
: ...nego
izpitajmo jezik na, pa ga po onom narieju, kojega najvie najdemo, nazovimo. Ako
najdemo najvie srbskoga, nazovimo ga srbskim, ako najvie hrvatskoga, nazovimo
hrvatskim.241
- -,
.
: ...jer e ljudi pitati, kakav je to novi narod? ,
() (
) ().

(-)
().242
, .
(Sdslawische)
. ,
(1810. .1851. .),

. ,
(.
). ,
- .
241
242

119

 .

filologiko stanovite, ,
, .

.
-
, ,
budui naelo stoji, da je svaki narod vlastan stvoriti zakone, koji imadu obveznu mo,
onda je unutar teritorija teko shodni izraz za nazivanje jezika pronai.
,
,

.
: ako neznamo, da li smo Hrvati ili Slavonci, vendar
znamo, da smo Slavjani i to na jugu Slavjani....243 ,

.
1861. .
.
,
, ,
-
,
. , : mi
poznajemo u knjizi samo jedan jezik, pisao Srbin ili Hrvat; u jeziku dakle nema razlike.


.
, . , : ako i ima dvoja
pismena, ali jezik je ipak jedan.
-

.
, .
,
.

, ,
, .
- - , .
: .
, ,
.
.
243 ,
.

120

 .


, ,

. ,

- .
,


.

. , ,
, ,
. ., , ,
, ,
.
-
,

, , . , mistificirati
jugoslavenskim narodom jugoslavenskim jezikom
, : zato na
jezik nemoremo imenom generalnim nazvati jugoslavjanski.
: svaki narod pozna se po jeziku....


!
, , , ,

. ime narodni jezik ne moe ostati
,
,

. ,

.

.



.
: 1)
, , ; 2)
.

121

 .

: mi smo ovdie kao politino tielo, kao
zakonodavci. Ja mislim stoga, da nam za pravac mora sluiti na politiki, tj. dravnopravni poloaj. No uza to nesmiemo s vida pustiti slogu meu pojedinim granami
jugoslavjanskimi.

.

. , ,
. ,
.
- ,
. poto ovo zakon stoji i za
Slavoniju, gdje stanuju u dravno-pravnom smislu Slavonci.

. , :
.

,
.
.

,
,
, , . ,
, nazvali mi jezik ilirski ili jugoslovenski, Srbi e vikati na ovo novo ime, i
rei e, da to tamo smjera, da se ime srbsko utamani.
.
,
, ,

: uli smo vie govorah, koji se u domoljublju svi slau, samo mislim, da je glavna
razlika u tom, da se neuvredi nijedna est nae domovine.
,
, velika manjina
, nitko -, manjina
veina .
za cieli obseg
trojedne kraljevine. ,
.

(, )
.

,
. ,

122

 .

posestrimu Dalmaciju, znamo, kakova
razdraenost vlada tamo kod onih stranakah koje nisu naega porekla nego italijanskoga.
,
,
- (. )

.
da u ime trojedne kraljevine samo za Hrvatsku
i Slavoniju ovaj zakon stvorimo. , ,
, ,

, ,
jer je njemaki,
.


: 1) ,
-
; 2) ,
.
-
.
XIX. XX.
-
,
-
(. ).
, . ,
, ,
: temelj je uvijek bio, da smo u ime trojedne
kraljevine pisali, i ja bih elio, da bi kod toga ostali.
-


(.
) ,
.
, ,
.

,
.

,
.

123

1991. .
,

124

 .




. ,
,
na Rieci nema traga naemu jeziku.



.
.
LVIII.- (21.,
24., 28. 1861. .) ,
,
. , LVIII.- :

obsegu .
, , ,

.
, , ,

.
,
, (
matriculae) [Dnevnik
Sabora, 1862, 855; Kulan, uhaj 1862, 5758; Pribi 1980, 7596; 1991, 235258;
1991, 5967; Gross, Szabo 1992, 129150; 1995, 105106].

,
. 1861. .

. --
, 1874. . .

, XIX. XX. ,
,
, ,
,
. ,

.

, ,
(1815. .1905. .).

125

 .

-
,
. ,


. ,

, ,

.
.


[Kresti 1976].
, , XX.
, . - ,
,
, . ,

()
. 1861. .

.
, ,
, , 11. 1863. .
: Ali brate, sudi sam po pravdi da li mogu Serbi
kao ravnopravan narod sa Hervati, hladnokrvno gledati, da im vi (
. . .) egzistenciju negirate...to brate ne treba zaboraviti, niti se tom idejom zaslepljivati,
da u Trojednoj kraljevini samo jedan i to horvatski narod ivi! Jer ako vi za to historiki
dokazah imate, imamo i mi ivi takorei sviedokah, koji na sva usta govore...da je u Sriemu
ivei narod porekla horvatskog, i da je jezik kog ovaj govori horvatski, i da e se po tomu i
samo na tomu temelju sa zapostavljanjem serbskog ivlja i imena ovde osnovati derava
horvatska, brate to htieti znailo bi razdraenje do skrajnosti tierati, pak na posliedku sam
sebe upropastiti...Primi Ti ove moje riei prijateljski i kao istu namjeru da se meusobna
naa ljubav uvrsti a ne da se ta unitava, osim toga ja te zaklinjem ivim Bogom da se
nastojava da se mernja zavladava izbiegne, jer e od tuda naa oba propast potei,
gledajte pak vi tamo ( . . .) poputajte, jer ste sretnije poloeni,
niti poputanje to vama koditi moe, pak nastojte vatru, koja je iz Zagreba raspirena
utaloite, i da se ovdie zavladavi stra, kao da Horvati oe da Serbe unite i katolicizam da
rasprostru uniti, inae e, vieruj mi, obladati takva ogorenost, kojoj se kraj prevideti neda,
a poviestnica e, koje si Ti jedan od najveih negovateljah, gorko proklinjati onoga, koji je
mogo a zlo predupredio nije... [Kuevi Kukuljeviu, 1863].
1867. .

, . . ,

126

 .


1866. .

.
. .
(.
)


(
1867. .).
1866. . 1867. .
.

( )
.


( )
.
22. () 1990. .
. , . ,
saetkom sveukupne hrvatske povijesti
() [Pavlievi 2000, 526]. ,
( ) ( )

1861. .
, 1990. .,
,
: - ( )
.244
(- )
(
245) . , (/-)
244 () 1990. .
(
) 40%
.


[Hayden 1992a, 655]. ,
World Affairs ( ),
, ,
1989. . .
( . . .) [ 1997].
245 [Okuka 2006].

127

 .

.
.

-

. ,
()

() , .

246 (
1990. . ()
).
(
) 1990. . -
XVIII.
(. )
.
(
- )
22.
() 1990. . ,
1945. . /
. 12.-
.
1990. . ,

.247 (
246
23. 1980. .
. , 8.
1947. .,
1972. . ( !)
.
247 15.-
.
prava etnikih ili nacionalnih udruenja ili manjina u Republici Hrvatskoj (
1990. .) -
(6.- ). 7.-
.
,
( 8.-).
( 14.-).
( 43.-).

( 50.-).
- (
) 1989. .
,

128

 .

)
( 21. 1990.
. ) o
1. 1991. .248

- . 1995. .
ovinistike Hrvatske bez
prethodnih meunarodnih garancija autonomije za Srbe u Hrvatskoj. , , 25.
1990. .
, . ,
, ,
, ,
, [Guskova 2003, I, 193195, 204, 283].
, ,
,
, La voce del
popolo. . ,


[Hayden 1992a, 658; Glenny 1992, 1214].
, ,

.
1966. . 27.-
(International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights)
to enjoy their own culture, to
profess and practice their own religion, or to use their own language...in community
[Rady 1996, 53].
248 21. 1991. .
, . .

[Pavlievi 2000, 527].

129

4. :
()

,249 ()
1996. . [Halilovi
1996a].250 ,
:
1)
(. kahva = = kava
[Isakovi 1993, 6]; lahkomislen = lakomislen
; hudovica = udovica ); 2) (
) , . (,
) (. akam =
; ahbab = ; adet = amida = ); 3)
( ),
, ()
( ).251
, ,
249 -
. , . .
za sve ljude koji ive u zemlji koja se jo prije
naseljavanja Slavena na njeno tlo zove Bosna (u ije ime ukljuujem Bosnu, Hercegovinu i Sandak)
[Historijat jezika i drave]. ,
1300. ., ( )
( ) II (1451. .1481. .). ,
1973. . : Uticaj
poturenjaka jugoslovenskog porekla bio je toliko jak na Porti, da se srpskohrvatski jezik upotrebljavao u
njenim kancelarijama i diplomatskim pregovorima kao drugi jezik posle turskog [Boi, irkovi, Ekmei,
Dedijer 1973, 141].
,
, ,
.

: . , , , , ,
. ,
,
[ 1960, 225].
250
, ( ) .
251 ( )
(., ) (.,
/ ) . ,
.


.

130

 .

, . ,
252

(
., , 253
).254

, , .255

.
. , , , ,
.
, ,
,
(. ) . 256

, ,
.
-



( . ) .257
252 , ,

[ 2000, 1167; Bugarski 1997b, 35].

.
[ 2012].
253
-
. ,
, XIV.
.
254

( ) .
255 , 3000 , .
, [Boi, irkovi, Ekmei, Dedijer 1973, 142].
, , kat,
.
256 , : , , , ;
, , , , ; , , , , ;
, , , , ; , , ,
; , , , , ; , ,
, ; , , , , , .
257 2005. .
,
,
(/). ( ) greka grjeka,

131

 .

,
.



().
: 1)
,

[ 1994, 11]; 2)

( .),

(. okolotrbuni hlaodra,
rukvica, svezice, uljudba, razudba,
rastvorba ralamba, prosudba, bradba nastamba,
pothodnik, nathodnik, zrakomlat/vrtolet, .).258
,
(
),
. , .
( ,
) ( :
;
;
1349. ./1354. .
, , .). ,
,
()
pogreno pogrjeno, . ( ,
)
neu ( ) ne u ( ).
258 , ,
: ., ( ),
( ).

, .

.

1838. .
.
(brojka, latica)
(naklada, odraz) .
, ,
[ 1990,
123, 129]. -
: Hrvatsko-njemako-talijanski rjenik znanstvenog nazivlja, III, Zagreb,
18741875.

132

 .

,
1954. .

259 (
, ) 260

() .

.
- -
,
() , ,
( )
(agbaba, adet, heim, selamet)
( [Halilovi 1996a; Halilovi 1996b;
Handbuch 1999]).261
.

.262
( -)
: 1)
259 1990. .
1941. .1945 . ( . [Samardija 1993]). ,

: . [Ramet 1996, 210].

, , .
1990. . ,
.


. ,
.
11,5% 16%,
5%.
, ,
. ,
1991. .
umjetnovavenstvo ,
[Guskova 2003, I, 211].
, , , ,
[engi 1994, 14], .
(., , , )
[ 1987].
260
.
261 :
promidbenik, razvojaenje, vrhoskup, bezraje, uzvanik, proelnik, promidba, ozemlje, .
262 Lexical differences have been a primary criterion for the establishment of a separate Bosnian language
[Greenberg 1998, 717].

133

 .

(
); 2) ,
, (
). ,

(. [Greenberg 1998, 719]).
:
1) ,
; 2)

.

1991. .
- 21.
1995. .

134

 .


, ,

.

,
XIX. XX. (
, ,
[ 1937; Klai 1951; 1996, 3786; 1996]). ,

. , ,
()

( [Poulton 1994, 111115, 122
124, 129130, 143, 159, 163, 167178, 227; Georgieva 1998]).
(
/, . 1993. ., )
(
).263 ,
. ,
, ,
.

(1463. .1878. .), , 264 (
)
(. [Franoli 1984, 64]
),265 .

[Hadijahi 1974, 1531].


[Mogu 1995b, 27, 53], , ,
[, 1911/1955/1999, 2156]. , ,

263 () .
[ 2001, 322].
264 ( ) , 1580. .,
, , ,
()
(). 70 [Boi, irkovi,
Ekmei, Dedijer 1973, 141].
265 (.
) () [Georgijevi 1969, 300301; Boi, irkovi, Ekmei, Dedijer 1973, 142].
,
- ( XVII. XVIII. )
.

135

 .

[Banac 1996, 133]266

[Pirjevec 1998, 108].
, ()
267 .
( 1448. . ) [Dizdar
1969, 11].
, ,
. (
. . [ 1950; K
1968, CXLII; Kadi 1976, 151]) XII. XV.
. (). ,
( XI. )

.268
.
,269
266 XX.
, ,
[ 2000, 1167].
.
267
, ,
(), , .
. ,

XII.XIII.

[Vrana 1962; Mogu 1995b]. 1184. .
.

. XV.
(.
1468. .) [Mogu 1995b, 22, 24].
(
)
[Mogu 1995b, 27, 33].


. , . XVII. ,
- . - -
. ,

. .
-- .
268
.
269 , , ,
(.

136

 .

(, ) [Dizdar 1969, 1116; Bogievi 1975].
(
. 1404. .
).270
,
(, ), XVI.
-
[Kai 1995, 92]. ,

.271 ,
XVI. [ 2000, 1161]
(
,
, 1493. 1496. [ 1993, 362]).
. , .
. . ,
( ),
( .
[ 2000, 6768]).272 .
) ,
(. ).

,
.
[Mogu
1995b, 15]. (
)
, . [ 1998, 110].
270 ,
, ,
, .
271 (-
) (
)
[Historijat jezika i drave].
272 . 1810. . :
. , ;
? [Dobrovsk 1879b, 308].
XIX.
: , .
() (. . . .), (.
. . .), , ,
- (. ). ,
. . (
) 1826. . Geschichte der slavischen Sprache und Literatur (Buda)
,
[ 1922, 124]. Serbische Lesekrner (Pest,
1833) , , , ,
(. . . .).

137

 .

.273


[ 2000, 256].
(
) , ,
(),
: ,
, , . : 30
25 5 ;
;274 ;
, , ;
;
; : , , , ,
, ; (.
, I II), .

. . , ,
(/), .
[afaik 1865, 12]
. (
) . , (, , ,
) ()

.
species genus-, .
, , 1070.
811. . 1057. . Serborum gens quos etiam Chrobatos
vocant. (Gens Chrobatorum, quos nonnulli
Serbos vocant) 1118. .
,
. [afaik 1865, 3]
, ,
,
. , ,
. ,
XIX.
, . .
, .
. , ,
.
273 .
( ) . ,
-
(. , , , , ,
, . ). ,

(,
).
274 , 3 7
[Sui 1996, 13], . 95% .

138

 .

, .
J
(
).
-- ()
(
), ,
, .
, , ()
razlikuju uglavnom po imenu, veoma malo po supstanci, i praktino nimalo po strukturi
[Bugarski 1996a, 151; : Bugarski 1996, 155156].


[Todosijevi 2002, 4]. ( )
,
( )
() .275

.
()
(.
) .

-
, . .
, 1991. .
( )

( ) [... 1991].276 2002.
.
.
30%
70%
, . .277 ,
(


275
,
: .,
(Hawkesworth C., Colloquial Croatian and Serbian and Bosnian. The Complete Course for Beginners,
London: Routledge)
[http://www.routledge.com]. .
276 .
277 [Bugarski
1996, 5055].

139

 .

),278
: . ,
, (,
) , . (.
) (lj, nj, d)
(, , )
(, , ) ( .
[ 2001, 134]). Rjeniku hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika
(dj,
d, lj, nj): = ; = ; = ; = . ,
.279 , ,
, (
[ 1991, 141]). ,

:

.280
, ,
, ,
281
().

278 ( )
. . ( )
( XVI. 1614. .)
( ) : 1) , ,
, 1950. . Hrvatski latinisti, tom II, Zagreb, 1970. .
Il Regno degli Slavi ( )
.
... 1890. . ,
, [ 1890,
18], 1899. .
, [ 1899, 106].
. ,
1844. . Osmana
(14. 15. ) -
, [Mogu 1995b, 157, 169,
177].
279 ,
.
280 .
:
( )
( )
( ) [ 1997,
26] ( [ 1989];
[ 1995];
[ 1991].
281 ()
.

140

 .

(,
, . ) .
, ,


. ,
,
,
()
(
, .). , , , ,
, , , . -
,
[Nejlor 1996, 532].
, 1995. . ,

(4,354,911 1991. .282).283 ,


.284 , ,
1993. .

282 4,354,911 1991. .

: 43,7, 31,3, 17,3 7,0 [Markoti, Sijeri,
Abdurahmanovi 1992].
1961. .
. 1971. .
,
.
1971. . [Pirjevec 1998, 111].
283 29.- : 1)
: , .
, LXXI
: , .
[Ustav BiH].
()
( )
,
,
, ( ). ,

(-) (-)
, (-) (,
1974. .
,
).
284 1991.1995. . [
2012].

141

 .

285 ( )286
: 287
.288 ,
.
285 1993. . 1998. .
.
, ,
( )

[ 2001, 2122].
, ,
, ()
,
[ 2001, 26]. ,
, .
, ( ),
[ 2001, 32, 66, 78, 111],
1994. .
[ 2001, 71].
9. 1996. . ,
- . 17. 1994. .,
,
.


. 1992. .
[ 2012].
286 , ,

. , ,
1850. (28. . .) .
: 1. , ,
, , ; : )
, , , b) ,
, , ,
, c) , . . ,
, , [ 1985, 229].
, (
) .
, 1993. .


(
) () . Time bi crnogorski bio administrativno izuzet iz
srpskog, kao to je i sam srpski prethodno tako izdvojen iz srpskohrvatskog [Bugarski 1996, 160].
287

.
288
:

.

[ 1998, 3].

142

 .

.
(
). ,
( )
( ) .289
, ,
.290 ,
,
- 21. 1995. .
: , ,
( !) [Wyn Jones 1997, 98].291 ,
/ ( 1912. ./1913. .
), ,
.292

(

),

( )293 [ 2000, 143144].
289 Povelji o
bosanskom jeziku [Povelja]. , , , 21. 2002. .
1992. .
, . ,
(
, ). ,

, , .
(-)
, .
290 ,
:
. ,
- .
291 - [Owen 1996, 367372; Judah 1996, 69, 215, 273, 299, 302
304; Daalder, Froman 1999; Guskova 2003, II, 197220].
292 , , :
( . . .) ,
( . . .) . [, 1997, 52].
() .

- ( ),
().
293 1993. .
. . ,

[Bardos 2002, 4546].
()

.

143

 .

,
- : 1)
(, , /); 2)
()
(, , ); 3)
() [Simpozij 1999,
Predgovor, 78].
.



( ,
1970. . [Izetbegovi 1990]).294
,
. , , ,
. ,

[Simpozij 1999, 25].


295 (
, ,
17 [ 1998, 25].
294 Fidaiyan e Islam
.

. 1991. .
:
Za suverenitet Bosne i Hercegovine rtvovao bih mir, radi mira u Bosni i Hercegovini ne bih rtvovao njen
suverenitet [Kovaevi, Daji 1994, 3233].
Vox
1991. ., -. , 12 ,
,
30% ,
, ,
:
, [ 1991]. ,

12. 1991. . -.

,
1. 1992. .
-. , ,
16. 1990. . 200,000
- .
[ 2010, 549].
295 . ,
, , , .
, ,
17.-

144

 .

[Bianchini, Dogo 1998; Dogo, Franzinetti
2002]. O XX.
[Huttenbach, Privitera 1999]).296

,
(. ) [Simpozij 1999, 28]
[Fine 1996, 1115].
,

XV. [Sugar, 54].

,
-, : 1)
(.
); 2)
[Fine 1996, 12; Fine 1994, 582
587].

( - )
.
[www. danas.co.yu/20030722/terazije1.html]. ,
( ) 2002. . (

) . ,
() .
136,000 1991. .
. ,

2002. . , ,

.
, , ( / )
.
296 ,

( )
. ,
() ,
.
,
, .

,
[ 1999, 78].

. ,
, ( ,
), ( ) (
). 1944. .1948. .
( ) .

145

 .

13. 1998. .
: , ,
. -

. , ( 1995. 1998.)
:
/,297
.
, ,298

( . [ 1998, 23]).


. , ,

. ,
/
,
. ,
, .
1448. . (1435. .1466. .)

V.

. [
1993, 318320; 2001, 156157].299 , -
1833. . ,

[ 1993, 583].
: ,

297 (81,51%
)
(10,76% , 3,90% , 1,19% ).
1991. . 43,7% (
1918. . 1991. . [Judah 1997, 311317]).
298 , ,
[Trudgill 1995].
299 1448.
. . .
- .

.
. ,
(
[ 1983, 31, 35]).

146

 .

;300

.


. .

,
,
XIX. XX. [Demirovi 1981].


.

300

I (1353. .1391. .).
1373. . ( , ,
) ,
(1276. .1282. .) , 1377.
,
, . 1378. .: ,
,
,
, , ,

.
, .
,
, , .
,
[ , I, 19291934, 7677].
.
(. )
. ( ).
.
. ,
I
[ 2001, 2425].
1389. . ,
.
,

.
XIX. XX.
.
( [ 1906]).
. , , VI.
(. ) .
[
1904].

147

 .


( ).
.

,
1991. .


, .
.


, . () [ 1978;
1978].
, . ,
.
1976. .

.301
301
. [
- , , 171226].
31. 1942. ., ,
: ,
,
... ,
... [ - , , 15411].
,
,

148

 .

,



() .
302 ,
:
,

.
-
,
.

[ 1981; 1981; Demirovi 1981].

[ 1849; 1905, 310].
.
, ,
, :
. , [Dobrovsk 1879a,
524; Dobrovsk 1879a, 520; Dobrovsk 1879b, 308; 1922, 124].
, . . ,
, , , ,
[afak 1826; afak 1833].
(1878. .)

a [Hellwald 1878, 306].

. ,

.

.
(, );
( ) ().
,
.

[ 1999, 203]. ,
, ,
1941. .1945. .,
1960.- .
302 ,
(The Bridge over the Drina)
,
[Andri 1994, () ].

149

 .



1945. .
1992. . ( )
(. )
.303
: 1)

(

); 2) , 1968. .
() ,304

.305

- 1945. .

[ 1994, 138144].306

()
: , ,
.
. 307
,
.
1991. . 308

()
(, )

303 - 29.
1943. . [Petranovi 1988, II, 280302; Petranovi, Zeevi, 1991, 87110; Petranovi 1992,
520535; 1994, 138144].
[Jovii 1988].
304 /
.

[Allcock 2000, 336].
305 - ( )
.
306 1962. . : [Ridley 2000, 417].
307
, . ,
.
308 [
1986].

150

 .


().309

1992. . ,

,
[ Bianchini 1998].
. 1918. .
.
, . ,
, 1918. .1941. .,
()
- (
).310 1929. . 1941. .
(
) , , 1945. .
1991. . .
1939. . (26. )

1945. .,
1991. .
1992. .311

. 1943. .
1944. . [Petranovi 1988, II, 287, 301]
(
) 1945. .
, .312

309 1991. . 62%
(380,467) [ 1993].
310 -
( gimnazium-),
. ,
Univerza 1919. ./1920. . a , , ,
[Petranovi 1988, I, 326; Allcock 2003, 278].
,
.
311
, , (foolish)
, - [Interview with
Lord David Owen].
1991. .
[Guskova 2003, I, 343; Guskova 2003, II, 2425].
312 , , (
)
.

.

151

 .

.
1967. . [Allcock 2000, 298].
, ,
1943. .
() , 1945.
. ()
() . , -
, 1968. .,
(

313 [Hadijahi 1974; Hadijahi, Tralji, ukri 1977; Banac
1996]).
1941. .1945. . -
()
.
1954. . , ., -
,
: , ,
(
). , ,
.

. ,
., 1952. .
Jezik,
(
) [Mogu 1995b, 216218].

,

, , ,
[ Shoup 1998].
(, ,
313 ,
[Allcock 2000, 298].
1984. .


[Ramet 1984, 166]. ,

. : 1948. . - 44,3% , 30,7%
23,9% ; 1953. . 44,4% , 31,3%
( ) 23,0% ; 1961. . 42,9% , 25,7%
, 21,7% 8,4% ; 1971. . 37,2% , 39,6%
, 20,6% 1,2% ; 1981. . 32,0% , 39,5% ,
18,3% 7,9% ( )
1991. . 31,4% , 43,7% , 17,3% 5,5%
[Guskova 2003, I, 305].

152

 .

/) .
,
, ,
.314
1974. .

()
(1912. .1983. .,
), - 1943. .
[ 19411945], 1977. (

)
()
: [ 2000, 179]; .
[ 2001, 137].315 ,
(. )
.
,
( 316
317 .

314 -
[ 2012].
315 .
316 , . ,
1921. . 588,274 727,650[Banac
1993]. [Judah 1997]. 1893.
43% , 35% 21% .
[Olivier 1901, 103].
( 1910. .) 825,918 (43%) 1,898,044
. 1885. . 1895. . 35,60%,
22,30% 59,58%, (
, . ,
230,000 [Ekmei 19721973, 122]).
140,000 3040,000 [Bogievi
1950, 182]. XX. ( 50%)
[ , 1981, V/2, 560]. ,
-.

[Allcock 200, 223].
[Petrovitch 1915, 17].
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317 .
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318 1995. .
: Iz progona, krvi i suza Hrvata
uzdigao se Ante Paveli. Tako i danas protiv Srba treba koristiti sredstva koja je Paveli propovijedao i uz iju
pomo doveo do stvaranja NDH [Guskova 2003, I, 205]. ,
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156

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[Osloboenje 1998] zapravo bosanski jezik blii
hrvatskom uvijek bio nego srbijanskom jer su obadva ijekavski. Nametanjem ekavice u BiH
se vri srbijanenje, a time i asimilovanje bosanskohercegovakih Srba od Bosanaca u
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321 [Schmid 1914; 1914; Boi, irkovi, Ekmei,
Dedijer, 1973, 315334, 352364; 1983, VI/1, 555648; 1993, 655660; Pinson
1996].

157

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,
[ 2000, 256]
.
, .,
1890. . Gramatika bosanskoga jezika za srednje kole. Dio I. i
II. Nauka o glasovima i oblicima.322

[ 1998]





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322 , , 1878. .1918.
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U SR Hrvatskoj u javnoj je upotrebi hrvatski knjievni jezik standardni oblik narodnog
jezika Hrvata i Srba u Hrvatskoj, koji se naziva hrvatski ili srpski (
[Bugarski 1996, 60]).337 (.
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343 Ta n.p. sav svet znade i priznaje, da smo mi ( . . .) knjievnost ilirsku
podigli i uveli; nu nama ni izdaleka nije na um palo ikada tvrditi, da to nije srbski ve ilirski jezik; pae
ponosimo se i hvalimo Bogu Velikomu, to mi Hervati s bratjom Srbljima sada jedan knjievni jezik imamo.
, (1821. .1882. .), 1867. . (
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165

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175

6.

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218

7. SUMMARY
Assoc. Prof. Vladislav B. Sotirovi, Ph.D.

SOCIOLINGUISTIC ASPECT OF DISSOLUTION

OF YUGOSLAVIA AND SERBIAN NATIONAL
QUESTION

This monography is a synthesis of one part of a wider study upon the reasons
and the stream of the dissolution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The
research object of this book is to examine sociolinguistic feature of the break up of the former
Yugoslavia observed from the prism of Serbian national question covering the period from 1967 to
1995.
The importance of the theme of this work might be seen from the fact that at the
end of the Cold War era and a bipolar division of the world (19491991) on the territory of
the European continent the acts of ethnic cleansing and genocide within the wider context
of the civil/confessional war occurred only on the ground of ex-Yugoslavia for the sake of
creation of the united ethnonational states.
Ideological elements of such a politics partially have been grounded on the
linguistic-philological foundations of lingustic-national determination and cultural
groupings of the Yugoslav citizens as one of the crucial criteria for the fixing of the political
borders of separate independent ethnonational states in stead of one united supra-national
Yugoslavia. Linguistic engineering, or linguistic chirurgic, was implied for the final
aim to create independently standardized national languages within officially common
Serbo-Croatian, or Croato-Serbian, language by deepening and using as much as the
dialectical/regional differences of the same language. The ultimate result was that minor
speaking differences were proclaimed for the national characteristics and as such have been
used to be the foundations of the newly declared autonomous national languages.
Consequently, common Serbo-Croatian, or Croato-Serbian, language cessed to exist and
with him and a common Serbo-Croatian nationality. Obviously, common Yugoslav state
was not needed any more and finally it was replaced by separate politically independent
ethnonational states in which the language of majority was quickly codified/standardized
and proclaimed as an official public language.
In other words, the main object of the work is to discover the ways in which
various elements of linguistic diversity within Serbo-Croatian, or Croato-Serbian, language
have been emblematised and taken as markers of national and political identity identity
most vividly symbolised by a republican/national flags of Yugoslav (con)federation from
1967 to 1995. A special attention of the research is devoted to solve the problem of the
intersection of language and religion among the speakers of the Serbo-Croatian, or Croato-

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Serbian, language as determinants of ethnonational identity that has indeed been one of the
defining clothes of at least the last two centuries of the history of the Yugoslavs. In terms of
the linguistic situation of the speakers of Serbo-Croatian, or Croato-Serbian, language, the
book focuses on the utilization of dialectical/geographic diversity for realisation of national
and political aims for creation of united ethnonational independent states. For that purpose,
however, republican borders of ex-Yugoslav (con)federation had to be rearranged as the
political boundaries between them (more precisely between Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina
and Serbia) did not correspond in any significant way to the major (ethno)dialect divisions.
In short, my intention is to explore the particular case how the non-congruence between
political boundaries of ex-Yugoslav republics and (ethno)dialect divisions of Serbo-Croat,
or Croato-Serbian, speakers became one of the crucial reasons for inner political
destabilisation of Yugoslavia that, unfortunately, finally ended with the bloody civil war
(19911995).
This monography has six scientific aims:
1) To answer one of the most important sociolinguistic questions in
contemporary South Slavic philology: for which reasons Serbo-Croatian, or Croato-Serbian,
language, as common mothertongue and literal language for 75% of the Yugoslavia's population,
officially dissapeared from the linguistic map of the South East Europe and was replaced with three
ethnonational languages (Croatian, Serbian and Boshnjak/Bosnian)?
2) To solve the problem of the role of language in the process of searching for
ethnonational identity and group-cultural belonging of the speakers of the former Serbo-Croatian, or
Croato-Serbian, language particularilly in confessionally mixed areas of Socialist Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia.
3) To resolve the quandary by analyzing archival sources and different scientific
literature: did ethnolinguistic assimilation among Serbo-Croatian, or Croato-Serbian, speakers was
based on influences of one ethnoconfessional group to the other neighbouring one by borrowing of the
certain linguistic characteristics in morphology, sintax, phonology and vocabulary?
4) To investigate the role of variability of linguistic differences in the same SerboCroatian, or Croato-Serbian, language to the formation of officially separate standardized
ethnonational languages on the territory of ex-Yugoslavia.
5) To explore the problem and present results: how differentlly pro-Yugoslav and
ethnonationalistic linguists, sociolinguists and philologists have been understanding, explaining
and solving the most urgent and actual problems and questions of the linguistic politics,
ethnolinguistic identities and the streams of the further development of Serbo-Croatian, or CroatoSerbian, sociolinguistics, philology and linguistic planning on both republican and federal levels.
6) To find out what was the role of linguistic nationalism within Serbo-Croatian, or
Croato-Serbian, language in the process of linguistic, cultural and finally political disintegration and
decomposition of Yugoslav (con)federation.
The main focus of research in this monography is directed towards the
following sociolinguistic features of Serbo-Croatian, or Croato-Serbian, language (from
1967 to 1995): 1) the emblemisation of (ethno)dialec diversity among the speakers of SerboCroatian, or Croato-Serbian, language that was a fact of political, social and cultural history
which made reference to linguistic differentiation; 2) the importance and the implications of
dialect diversity among the speakers of Serbo-Croatian, or Croato-Serbian, language that
concerns a set of linguistic facts and interpretations which has cultural, social and political
remifications of its own; 3) an addressing the question of whether dialects of SerboCroatian, or Croato-Serbian, language had any future and, by implication, of whether
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these dialects could be expected to serve any other function than that of flag or emblem; 4)
the Yugoslav observable fact that the terms language and dialect became closely
synonymous and consequently regional dialects became proclaimed for the national
languages within Serbo-Croatian, or Croato-Serbian, language.
The fact is that in practice both the language and dialect have been seen as
linguistic categories which connotes a self-contained, internally consistent speech system
which serves the communicative needs of a particular (ethno)community.349 In this context,
Yugoslav sociolinguists usually did not take into consideration the actual fact that the
geographical spread of dialects can take a number of forms, one of the most common of
which is a continuum: one dialect shades gradually into its neighbour. Since linguistic
landscape of Serbo-Croatian, or Croato-Serbian, existed long before the boundaries of six
Yugoslav republics and two autonomous regions were fixed on this landscape, a
continuum extended over several languages or dialects.350
Three methodological approaches have been used for the purpose to investigate
sociolinguistic aspect of Yugoslavias dissolution in the period of time from 1967 to 1995: 1)
method of comparison; 2) method of text analysis; and 3) complementarity method. The main
purposes of using these three methodological techniques are: a) to exemin to which degree
dialect differences within one standardized Serbo-Croatian, or Croato-Serbian, language
349 The difference between language and dialect in this sense is that language covers a broader span
than dialect, since one language can subsume a number of dialects while the reverse is not possible.
However, in this particular Yugoslav case, the term language was associated with an ethnonational group.
Learning, studying, speaking or writing a particular language was done with the normative standard in mind,
despite the fact that individual speakers of a language have their own characteristic manners of speech or
writing (i.e. idiolect). It was done for the sake of creation of firmer inner-ethnic feelings of common
coexistence and solidarity and establishing linguistic demarcation lines towards the others (isoglosses
as boundary lines separating same from different). Each isogloss defines the point at which the
expression of a single linguistic feature ceases to be the same as in surrounding areas and beyond which it
functions as a mark of separation between the areas in question. The Yugoslav instance, in fact, is one in
which the distinction between separate dialects, and between dialect and language, is a heavily charged
one. Additionally, in many cases each of such demarcation lines (or isoglosses) run nearly parallel to each
other, which results in the phenomenon known as a bundle of isoglosses, or even crossing each other. In
Serbo-Croat case, the best-known example of dialect mixture is akavian speech (in Bosnia) that is
combination of tokavian and akavian dialects.
On the other hand, differently from Yugoslav approach, in the most common international usage a
dialect is seen, in contrast to a language, in deviant or subordinate terms. That is practically, dialects are
forms of a language, which deviate from the standard. In this sense, unfortunately and incorrectly, many
authors see a dialect as an old-fashioned and inferior form of the language with which it is associated. From
sociolinguistic viewpoint, a language is a dialect with an army and a navy. In other words, the linguists
perceives all dialects as equally valid, self-contained, functioning speech systems, but recognise that only one
of them can be given the status of an official (standard) language, or to make an amalgamation of features
from different dialects that such a combination would provide the best broad representation of the speech
of a people.
350 South Slavic case is one of the best known: starting with north-western Slovenian dialects in the Julian
Alps, the continuum goes down to southern Aegean Macedonian dialects at the Gulf of Thessaloniki, and to
eastern Bulgarian dialects along the shores of the Black Sea. Before the dissolution of ex-Yugoslavia, the
number of languages encompassed by this (South Slavic) continuum used to be four: Slovenian, SerboCroatian/Croato-Serbian, Macedonian and Bulgarian. However, now, after the Yugoslav wars of succession
(19911995) the continuum comprises six/seven languages, thanks to the splintering of Serbo-Croat, or
Croato-Serbian, into Serbian, Croatian, Boshnjak/Bosnian, and the fact that Montenegrin stands ready to become
an officially recognised a separate language from Serbian after Montenegro became an independent state in
May 2006.

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have been used for promotion of separate national languages as one of the crucial symbolic
features of national identity and ideology, but as well as a mean to create inner national
consistency and to distinct the nation from the others; and b) to compare data from
different historical sources or scientific interpretations from diverse national literatures in
order to reveal their scientific authenticity.
Finally, there are four main conclusions as an ultimate result of investigation:
1) The speakers of Serbo-Croatian, or Croato-Serbian language, in former
Yugoslavia (the members of four nationalities: Croats, Serbs, Muslims and Montenegrins)
have been only formally but not and really united within the standardized form of this
language because it has four different republican written expressions. For the reason that a
standardized-literal form of Serbo-Croatian, or Croato-Serbian, language was four-folded
expressed in the practice, linguistically-cultural division and separation of the speakers of
the same language followed inner administrative-political organization/partition of the
territory of Yugoslavia in the form of sovereign socialist republics which later became
internationally recognized independent states.
2) Cultural and spiritual development, nationalism and state-building ideologies
among the speakers of Serbo-Croatian, or Croato-Serbian, standardized language did not
follow from the end of the 1960s logic of genetic-typological linguistic sameness of this
language. As a result, from the beginning of the 1990s linguistically identical SerboCroatian, or Croato-Serbian, language became divided into three separate standardized
languages (Croatian, Serbian and Boshnjak/Bosnian) that each of them obtained its own
self-determining sociolinguistic identity.
3) The successor languages of the former Serbo-Croatian, or Croato-Serbian,
(Croatian, Serbian, Boshnjak/Bosnian) are interconnected, especially on the territory of
Bosnia-Herzegovina, with a multitude of linguistic features on all levels (in phonology,
syntax, morphology, grammar, etc.) that in a pure linguistic sense they are still composing
one standardized-linguistic system.351
4) Geographical/republican dialect variability of Serbo-Croatian, or CroatoSerbian, standardized language has been politicised in the period from 1967 to 1991 to such
degree to become a foundation for promotion and codification of the new languages
successors of ex-Serbo-Croatian, or Croato-Serbian, (Croatian, Serbian, Boshnjak/Bosnian).

351 Internationally accepted criterion for making the distinction between dialect and language is: if speakers
can understand one another (even with certain difficulty), they are considered to be speaking different
dialects of the same language; but if they are unable to understand each other, they are speaking different
languages. In Yugoslav case, it is quite obvious, that the speakers of the so-called Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian
and Montenegrin languages understanding each other (except when they do not want intentionally to
understand) perfectly well. Consequently, Serbo-Croatian, or Croato-Serbian, language still exists as a
linguistic phenomenon in the practice; i.e. it is still not matter of the past.

222

8.
AUTHORS BIOGRAPHY

. , 1./14. 1967. .
( ).
1991. .
:
(1404.1521. .). 1991.1992. . - :
. 1992. . 1995. .
( ) . 1995. 1997. .

( 1914.1918. .
,
) .
(1996.1997.)
:
. 1998. .

()
. 1999. . 2000. .
, 2000. .


( 2006. .)
, ,
. 2002. .
:

. 2005. .
2007. .
.
, , , ,
.

, .

http://www.sotirovic.blog.com
http://www.jugoslavologija.eu
http://www.crucified-kosovo.eu

223

Europass
Curriculum Vitae

Personal information
First name(s) / Surname(s)
Address(es)

Vladislav B. Sotirovi
Gerosios Vilties g. 24-48, LT-03144 Vilnius, Lithuania (Lietuva)

Telephone(s)

(+370 5) 213 6787

Fax(es)

(+370 5) 274 06 24

E-mail
Nationality
Date of birth
Gender

Mobile:

867 664 317 (LTU)

062 166 27 00 (SRB)

vsotirovic@mruni.eu; sotirovic@jugoslavologija.eu
Republic of Serbia
1967-01-14
Male

Desired employment/ Teaching and researching at the university/institute

Occupational field
Work experience
Dates

Occupation or position held

Main activities and responsibilities

Name and address of employer

Type of business or sector

2007-onward, Mykolas Romeris University, Vilnius, Lithuania

2009-2011, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
2005-2010, European Humanities University, Vilnius, Lithuania
2000-2007, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
1999-2000, Central European University, Open Societies Archives, Budapest, Hungary
Associate University Professor
Associate University Professor
Associate University Professor
Associate University Professor/Lector
Reading Room Coordinator
Teaching and researching
Mykolas Romeris University
Faculty of Politics and Management
Political Science Institute
Office I-57
Valakupi g. 5
LT-10101 Vilnius, Lithuania (Lietuva)
phone (+370 5) 2740 611, fax (+370 5) 274 06 24, e-mail pmi@mruni.eu
Education and research

Education and training

Dates

2002, Vilnius University, Faculty of Philology, Slavic Philology Department, Vilnius, Lithuania

224

 .

1997, Central European University, Budapest College, Budapest, Hungary
1996, Central European University, Budapest College, Budapest, Hungary
1991, Belgrade University, Faculty of Philosophy, History Department, Belgrade, Serbia
Title of qualification awarded

Principal subjects/occupational skills

covered
Name and type of organisation
providing education and training

Ph.D. in Humanitarian Sciences (Philology)

M.A. in South East European Studies
M.A. in Central European History
B.A. in History
History, Political Science, Philology
Vilnius University, Central European University, Belgrade University

Personal skills and

competences
Mother tongue(s)
Other language(s)
Self-assessment

Serbian
English, Lithuanian, Croat, Bosnian, Montenegrin, Russian
Understanding

Speaking

Writing

European level (*)

Listening

Reading

English

C2

C2

C2

C2

C2

Lithuanian

C2

C2

C2

C2

C2

Spoken interaction

Spoken production

(*) Common European Framework of Reference for Languages

Computer skills and competences

Driving licence

Additional information

Windows system, Word Processors, Wind Word and Word Perfect, Excel, Access, Databases,
Electronic Mail Program, CCMAIL for Windows, JSTOR, website creation and maintenance and
INTERNET.

Republic of Lithuania, B category

Reference persons:
Prof. Vygandas Kazimieras Paulikas, Mykolas Romeris University, Faculty of Politics and Management,
Political Science Institute, Office I-57, Valakupi g. 5, LT-10101 Vilnius, Lithuania (Lietuva), E-mail:
vpaul@mruni.eu, Phone: (+3705) 2740 611; Fax: (+3705) 2740 624
Prof. John Dryzek, Political Science Program, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National
University, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia, E-mail: jdryzek@coombs.anu.edu.au, Phone: (+61) 262
492256

Annexes Personal online presentation:

http://www.sotirovic.blog.com

Professional online presentation:

http://vsotirovic.home.mruni.eu
Online presentation at Academia.edu:
http://mruni.academia.edu/VladislavSotirovic
Comprehensive C.V. with scientific publication list:
http://sotirovic.blog.com/sotirovic-resume-publications/
Book Creation of the First Yugoslavia: How the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was
Established in 1918, Saarbrucken: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, Germany, 2012:
http://yugoslavia1914-1918.webs.com
Books about the Balkans:
http://balcanica.webs.com

225

 .

Book (On the Cataphalque of Titography), Vilnius: Lithuanian University of
Educational Sciences Press, 2012:
http://anti-titologija.webs.com/
Book (Serbian Commonwealth), Vilnius: Vilnius Pedagogy University Press,
2011:
http://srpski-komonvelt.webs.com

226