PCS NOTES by Sunil S Harakannanavar

S. S.
EDUCATION TRUST (R)

S. G. BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SHIVABASAV NAGAR BELAGAVI-10
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS [15EC45]
Notes as per VTU Syllabus for IV Semester
Electronics & Communication Engineering
Mr. Sunil S Harakannanavar BE,M.tech (Control Systems)

Assistant Professor
Department Of Electronics & Communication Engineering
S G Balekundri Institute Of Technology, Belagavi-10
Email: sunilsh143@gmail.com Mobile: 7411844948
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
[As per Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) Scheme]
SEMESTER – IV (E&CE)
Subject Code 15EC45 IA Marks 20
Number of Lecture Hours/Week 04 Exam Hours 03
Total Number of Lecture Hours 50 Exam Marks 80
CREDITS – 04
Course objectives: This course will enable students to:
 Design simple systems for generating and demodulating AM, DSB, SSB and VSB signals
 Understand the concepts in Angle modulation for the design of communication systems
 Design simple systems for generating and demodulating frequency modulated signals
 Learn the concepts of random process and various types of noise.
 Evaluate the performance of the communication system in presence of noise.
 Analyze pulse modulation and sampling techniques.
Teaching
Modules Hours
(RBT)Level
MODULE 1
AMPLITUDE MODULATION: Introduction, Amplitude Modulation: Time &
Frequency – Domain description, Switching modulator, Envelop detector.
DOUBLE SIDE BAND-SUPPRESSED CARRIER MODULATION: Time and
Frequency – Domain description, Ring modulator, Coherent detection, Costas 10 Hours L1, L2, L3
Receiver, Quadrature Carrier Multiplexing.
SINGLE SIDE–BAND & VESTIGIAL SIDEBAND METHODS OF
MODULATION: SSB Modulation, VSB Modulation, Frequency Translation,
Frequency- Division Multiplexing, Theme Example: VSB Transmission of Analog
and Digital Television.
MODULE 2
ANGLE MODULATION: Basic definitions, Frequency Modulation: Narrow Band
FM, Wide Band FM, Transmission bandwidth of FM Signals, Generation of FM
Signals, Demodulation of FM Signals, FM Stereo Multiplexing, Phase–Locked
Loop: Nonlinear model of PLL, Linear model of PLL, Nonlinear Effects in FM 10 Hours L1, L2, L3
Systems. The Superheterodyne Receiver.
MODULE 3
RANDOM VARIABLES & PROCESS: Introduction, Probability, Conditional
Probability, Random variables, Several Random Variables. Statistical Averages:
Function of a random variable, Moments, Random Processes, Mean, Correlation
and Covariance function: Properties of autocorrelation function, Cross–correlation 10 Hours L1, L2, L3
functions.
NOISE: Shot Noise, Thermal noise, White Noise, Noise Equivalent Bandwidth,
Noise Figure.
MODULE 4
NOISE IN ANALOG MODULATION: Introduction, Receiver Model, Noise in
DSB-SC receivers, Noise in AM receivers, Threshold effect, Noise in FM receivers, 10 Hours L1, L2, L3
Capture effect, FM threshold effect, FM threshold reduction, Pre-emphasis and
De-emphasis in FM.
MODULE 5
DIGITAL REPRESENTATION OF ANALOG SIGNALS: Introduction, Why

Digitize Analog Sources?, The Sampling process, Pulse Amplitude Modulation,
Time Division Multiplexing, Pulse-Position Modulation, Generation of PPM 10 Hours L1, L2, L3
Waves, Detection of PPM Waves, The Quantization Process, Quantization Noise,
PULSE–CODE MODULATION: Sampling, Quantization, Encoding,
Regeneration, Decoding, Filtering, Multiplexing, Application to Vocoder.
Course Outcomes:
At the end of the course, students will be able to:
 Determine the performance of analog modulation schemes in time and frequency domains.
 Determine the performance of systems for generation and detection of modulated analog signals.
 Characterize analog signals in time domain as random processes and in frequency domain using Fourier
transforms.
 Characterize the influence of channel on analog modulated signals
 Determine the performance of analog communication systems.
 Understand the characteristics of pulse amplitude modulation, pulse position modulation and pulse code
modulation systems.
Graduating Attributes (as per NBA)

 Engineering Knowledge
 Problem Analysis
 Design / development of solutions (partly)
Question paper pattern:

 The question paper will have ten questions.
 Each full Question consisting of 16 marks.
 There will be 2 full questions (with a maximum of four sub questions) from each module.
 Each full question will have sub questions covering all the topics under a module.
 The students will have to answer 5 full questions, selecting one full question from each module.
Text Book:
Communication Systems, Simon Haykins & Moher, 5th Edition, John Willey, India Pvt. Ltd, 2010, ISBN
978 – 81 – 265 – 2151 – 7.
Reference Books:
 Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, B. P. Lathi, Oxford University Press., 4th edition.
 An Introduction to Analog and Digital Communication, Simon Haykins, John Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 2008,
ISBN 978–81–265–3653–5.
 Principles of Communication Systems, H.Taub & D.L.Schilling, TMH, 2011.
 Communication Systems, Harold P.E, Stern Samy and A Mahmond, Pearson Edition, 2004.
 Communication Systems: Analog and Digital, R.P.Singh and S.Sapre: TMH 2nd edition, 2007.
INDEX
SL.NO CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE
NO.
AMPLITUDE MODULATION: Introduction 1-4
Time & Frequency – Domain description 5-13
Switching modulator 14-16
Envelop detector 17-26
DOUBLE SIDE BAND-SUPPRESSED CARRIER 27-18
MODULATION: Time and Frequency – Domain description
Ring modulator 29-31
1 MODULE 1 Coherent detection 32-32
Costas Receiver 33-34
Quadrature Carrier Multiplexing 35-38
SINGLE SIDE–BAND & VESTIGIAL SIDEBAND METHODS 43-48
OF MODULATION: SSB Modulation ,VSB Modulation
Frequency Translation 49-52
Frequency- Division Multiplexing. 53-56
ANGLE MODULATION: Basic definitions, Frequency 1-9

Modulation:
Narrow Band FM, Wide Band FM 14-15
Transmission bandwidth of FM Signals 15-16
Generation of FM Signals 18-24
2 MODULE 2 Demodulation of FM Signals 24-29
Phase–Locked Loop: Nonlinear model of PLL 33-34
Linear model of PLL 34-36
Nonlinear Effects in FM Systems 35-37
FM Stereo Multiplexing 37-40
The Superheterodyne Receiver 40-44
RANDOM VARIABLES & PROCESS: Introduction ---------

Random variables ---------
Probability, Conditional Probability ---------
Several Random Variables ---------
Statistical Averages: Function of a random variable ---------
Random Processes, Mean ---------
Moments Correlation ---------
3 MODULE 3 Covariance function: Properties of autocorrelation function ---------
Cross–correlation functions ---------
NOISE: Shot Noise 1-4
Thermal noise 5-7
White Noise 8-9
Noise Equivalent Bandwidth 9-12
Noise Figure. 13-13
SL.NO CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE
NO.
NOISE IN ANALOG MODULATION: Introduction 1-1
Receiver Model 1-4
Noise in DSB-SC receivers 4-7
Noise in AM receivers 8-11
Threshold effect 11-11
4 MODULE 4 Noise in FM receivers 14-17
Capture effect 18-19
FM threshold effect 19-20
FM threshold reduction 20-21
Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis in FM. 22-26
DIGITAL REPRESENTATION OF ANALOG SIGNALS: 1-1

Introduction
Why Digitize Analog Sources? 2-3
The Sampling process 4-9
Pulse Amplitude Modulation 12-13
Time Division Multiplexing 14-15
5 MODULE 5 Pulse-Position Modulation 15-16
Generation of PPM Waves 16-17
Detection of PPM Waves 18-19
The Quantization Process 20-22
Quantization Noise 23-24
PULSE–CODE MODULATION: Sampling, Quantization, 25-31
Encoding, Regeneration, Decoding, Filtering, Multiplexing
Application to Vocoder. 31-32
a
PITINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AMPLITUDE MODULATION
HII,O il
LNT<ODUCT-]ON ] *
nT,b
ffi { '
iqs+ance, .,r&r*t +wbayb^d
i r -rn'isgrDq OYer ++E
l'n'iS9tao) ulver t t tc me)atn
t,
t I t\-etvt" t
^rL
'F*L
Lrzuel lonry' )t*^nc's io
0
- ll t aArt
^r *TArEr[isg
ix ,r-- 02..,
".lo nfrrt r><tt<n:wtte4 Ud\r',11: l l
t'oJv'^L'*^q
,/
Y-#X',
lutl-ry'*
ON T4-.CHN IQ U€S
'
,T{O.DULATI
J
b"'b"A aret-l (t^'L at

t{vi a, vt Ann e*L) *1r,u ortoher h-'+rt|*ff- "y)^
'lU e;'v'-n' )*tctt*o- ?2
** ,^rin . d Lar(rier
t ip binlrr iD 1*n'1
aAL durnlr"n &snY

"+ @l(fe{ t/\E'lt/v 'b
4#"'- ro"A^Lfu'E
a-
I
Jk"o oYe- th
f>
t/
1> \fVnud t\tvqv\-'s\r''w7
^
SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY BELAGAVI PAGE
f-l
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AMPLITUDE MODULATION
t-l ,
bmpl",Lr,rA,o o
-r",.rJ \-/\.rA/^v \-/
--4
SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY BELAGAVI

adua,-l^nu + v&nlo-*irog
lx:qI+.+
..-a-4lr
ar#o.nr:y,.
\/'ll^..' \-/1vav\-?
M i,L tL furtr"g.e+- ryJW*^|,'.*J-tr*-
1** q )h
qn+<nnq le
4
't.. hrl,l+4 atnr.,, : /- --9
4++
'-., \ =?
-6-
c = oxto* tvelocff+W
+ -Trz,yr,-t"ryybryq*"
p€L .>4, + ),uLa-- cl"aeu. L'rars*"JhnV Y%wt
=ISKS? lLfrn, ++er?hlef ailenrv,+= F
+
oo" 1t=.#-+ ztl=n-- SooD mJWA "
mJwrLy, ,r), ,,,ta- ilrtrl;ll.,-' *rzt.,r.rr'lynf Yery*n"t

6<n) fu?F ar+en
+
F**, +h. al,ov.l"u-o <)<o"NrlLA / ',1 fs d"n*l*u h<-
tsW"f i0 t,)cveoed,Ir"fi+++b? aqbnm
?.ll
Ayu& rnixio{
vr-\,rr;.r.* \-A-A,f q
A:il;.n( rnr,*.pUVt (o
ilrL {ra^g,roissilrD {meuc.7"
SUNIT S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY BELAGAVI
!k'w?liA 4F*k
(eaivo-v QrnL
wkwffi@:
"
+he
irxrearu,s XlXt',"!
J./lo4^^1eJ^.Dg "ril
Wc,oD bl--l,o;xrr,:+=4 sY*su'
a
. lfuL ,;*^*.,
gryM"WWz
ny"d
^t-c-
rn")rJrde) ry.{ Eu*l"
fulprovet
vnlvA-l-
Vdfr + r@$a, :
v;,->- "#
vlat&o*t'g"+d"*Y"- tn
cr,A- 6"),u,lffrr9 k&rca!
.
%tu, kfu"h>') +noig.- bff ily y%
-E-
CIh Yelryrnt) o
SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI
t*+
AMPLITuoEI'.IoDULATIbN:TWe&FD€QUeNCYDot'<Rtxt
-\N' L, - 'I^-=
N
rr.be^rJet-ôr), Vs A"#Od -q fu- +nod,vJqfrusr'1,
sr+)
BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE

SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG
t-5
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AMPLITUDE MODULATION 1.5EC45
J,t^- M,o) Qryr-#,ry {r1-AM "^/uo{tte-)8,

In* \
= A" [, +ko- *cD7co(n-f.D
SC+)
Yiltua, k* l,s L :))
Loil4d M a^"|;+r,A- ;ifu,
,LD q>@ *{4-f

gcD : *" L, + ko--A,,
- -G
, \'
co'&C"-tr,+)] ce*(erf#)
^,olô"n, /-t = ko-+m ri cil"A l+y m"dl^!ffipy i' J+x o
.'. gct) -* +.c*Gro+"#) +f l'rre8e+rf) .Lot@4;
C,psa..c,es-t =;- C-ug C"-Ul ++ Wb +r)

oe
o
scD : fuceu"rt|& +ryce*Pa-f,;u+r]+ +&
cel tt?r+"1o:r{r,]+
,sc9 : A., c+-un]** +rycer[+"-+r)L+rycrrs(+i

4+@ .ir Jh< o*r{;h,,L
thr<o-WV
C+..-+r"P
s.J-hd ( usB
a
.or) ]"fr,".r.iJuu + WCE/
s+) = [* cf- #.) + sC{++")] + E (+ = ctrh)) +

+ ry
s ( t+ (+.-+J) + r s(
*+ q.t+")
ry+qr(+ir+d
I x .<rI)
rsc+-+J
W
Use,A\t;\ LsB LsB,L._'f/\urc
-qAD -{- -cbc-d) o *;}, +r_ t +lo"
1/71-'4M
''t
ryl,rrr &^^
kry*t yf"*,*q
"'fror'
uFy <A;u,!
Afurrtalofr"*w
d+-* [tu
q: {r,.u-|tg = €=++-)- (f" -{-)
+{- - f-t -frn
AY 4;cla /\L r) hrurr;& a

MoDULA-T-TON lNoex I\4oDULAIION INDS^

@ \-/\-^-tt Wu,r\-z\.r'
+L ,* =k#,
-IR*NsMtgqloN Z"ltct€NcY Qtr +N bv NNve 2

#l---,r...l'l-"@
v'arlEnqi
.r*s {bJ p4 r(clnffis'1Dq

l't--^^,-,.
*4+T1,1<nc^d
rnt
l*l) ,',r,^) io av
i-s
^'"4
L- ?wv *ft-ge
o)
A9 D-
rl -
_ILSE
Pur* -D
SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE

t4
1,5EC45
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
g f'o'++O
' r^t4-
Xt
Att =N+
vsRg( N
qr= { =d
f*+g'
lNPerWExPRessroy
l'1onu LNI-I oN y-f\-fvf
I
M''aI',*-
n. +,rfl-L
noA"JfuA
,PAGE
BELAGAVI
- ETUXUNOru ruSTTTT.TTN OF TECHNOLOGY'
SUNTT S HARAKANNANAVAR
l-g
PRINCIPLES OFCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AMPLITUDE MODULATION 15EC45
l>Jr- r.A//v coJlu,Jo\b 4fu m@^rJo*^r9 ?nAr/ +w, J!6

d/Ao&- 'il;r,'/\N- '
"-f&{.J"
' .+L
t'^r) 4-7,,
+^ = lr^, _ A,rfiry CD
o
o"d L. =,+ry;
-A.',
4, = Afirox - A*r"tf- A-,"-

\L
o
Oo
+c = +rr"y + Arno
d^fu frr'^,fl;4) ,
f 'br*or- A-*1,{
4""y tMr"/&1
I
A-yt A,:,
t -t o
4
ExPRCSSION MoDUL-AT1 oN :
Foa xuLTlToNe +MPLtrs5. @
,;rw\-/\-'-,/ wn.r:-r:'z--' @
Cru^rr$)u- {znro '*"W Nqrr"L
CD = Amr C;pr.t?r-+m,t
rn1
ms(}i) =huco8€ir-4ru+ <

AW, .tuvw ar",filrA- *drrJtd ;ur,^t'L rA
-e-y"*"u'las
Sc+). --*cL'* k^.ocD] crrs.+* "
.o- I t*) = *c I t toC, t&)+ ruc+r] *.iil

- +. [r + k^(4,t cec or-+"r** A'uc*otftt)a
= A" [, * g+1! cp4{7r+.n,*
*9ggc-""4^1{
. lt, Pt
o'o Lq = +...t,+ /ar woo+rf + flsC-ssoq'If
S GL) : *rr**or{f,i, }\#.c€*"4J . Le!24tilf tlisa
cs&2r (t +
,"
*rL, = 6rnu \t +
rycûw(fc-+r,F
+
ry

rI r-fl
Fx,sm 4+Co), fVb cleoy ++tal/ ry )/\)L l"o,',-*aro

.<4y\vt)du, I -ts"lV*r'(kt/ry
",e*^tACUs +4rg AÂ fu.*t' lnuux'Jul
tsts) +- 4-r r {.-+'* ' " r
fis^^,t'i<x- 4-..:an{onrrr dre q+": rN'a-

#'
+W.A
-u
scf) :+r[rc+*$.) tgc+t+., + l^,b [s
c F-Ct.-],)t{
+&[ic;-Cpt{,) ++
TL
s (fr+Cgc-fu*, +
is
T-', Acl, USB
-Y, 'r'v- L^gB \-^.._/
w
-(+,+{"il -tbJfrE -4. -S;+,)tD +.-+t tt-+r, l.
{t"h, {.+{r*
,o gf""lr^, ravJfrffiie avnt'ffirAz motnlotco9
{-"
txPR4ssloN Mtrr€D PONS
<
{?---/^--'"--'
ht^l in #e_ ar {*,e-nnd"l"#"d,usa*e: 1A
.rO.S
PT ?rt Pwsr t Pugs{t Pt-*sr* Pr-sBu

SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE
| -12
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AMPLITUDE MODULATION 15EC45
8,,,f . Nkf Pc
rr/
=fto1f"Y :4J
E
?r = ji +6+'o+
J-L s(
+L
['n# +# l oo
o b
lC_--+.{
_-
e
C!
"tR_
bW
r, =/^1,{ +4.
F+= N+Yi
J rqoAr"lfrry roJ"7 iz T* 4
J-)N,
p,{+P}td +o.n' +/';
|
-,3
€rexreRAtt oN O? At'.tPLlTUDe-MoDUL+noN t=t+l*e :

FL,^.rW@vr\/v"
"nn*a& $AM n"'x'dt')
ytrtWL
BPF,
rocJ) v,c+) Rl
T,uoe/ b ]L
TTnC+)
+r
-T" O T;
+4
@
Uru,i,I- Droqtwr'
t"rkt\ C Pr)*L= P")*+^tt.
.L M,l^"Ar rr-rJ -or,a,+Ld*l e,rrkl
,rtlr6J* & brffid ucawz
W) o.{e- A;rr)
SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE I
l-l+
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AMPLITUDE MODULATION 1.5EC45
fyiF a-Lt^^/me| tfuf W tnrr**)^ru/e- cCD odR{ h

A"oA-u yV
VrC+) = nnc#) +cc*)
V,c! : rr)CJ)+ $LCPsLT'@L
t alr*^.
lrc+) I <. A. .
il,l-p{,q/^ts +lfud;'&- V c'&)>o

\&GD '&) ',
O ) cc*)<o
4, lk D^ff^rJ-+ )fuA;duVa:i<t hilfaô O a,'A vf]
o*,c rab%*lb ca)(ff<t'WX aft;
il* r4)iwxs.r htl,oofiov al )K, A;e \D,/o hr-{e+|,^c'A
,th.,n^hc^llyrfu i
r#f# ,h ffi. A,*L /r.nLx- ,c-'ltalar
V&t#) - V,c*) o'
X?Lil
Wqgo ia ry@.*\)L-{
KCD : Lrc+) + A'L@sanq.+J
gJ,
77W
,9
.,
IfW L {e'}a1
IA x.r;od
b'lt:'l+- ^"d,Y@ifiat
I f -ls
,g!fiat) *rso- l,*^^--
Y) =l / )fu4 e++CO lrtuPt*tt U
o t ..0 -. r ^ *n ^- .r-f-\ ^^ n
\&ct) --+ rn c*) + Cad*dd

W 6pr ox{6L + +c,uur;+,-*+s!
NkL Cp8{s:f+@gE' (:" cp.{e =
tu) =1p+%9 c,p\o,r+f+cu"r^-+,f fffi+$t!

6u) :p c*'v+,f+H7+ry
1qUcercft|++
S9 :ry
.t
++pcoroftt
7f- r- +#c"s,(# +b-+tr"c-e.+ cL
r<s,$reA A14 ,tl.>aruta- Ce"J"'r'l !"

r ^r
'61J_'n
illA gtr'+A^f
-.^3
ry
i. Jl\La4+ilt'"f +@ BF i2
\['C])
\I
: {- +g
'E c,e>sorfrF
T-
a
c+l
-l
=$- rn
)r
r
SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR
Vr&)
Ef-
- fu c,o8
&
^^rl,*t-
Vn = -L
7r&-
o
0o
Wnt)
: [. Cesar+it [r + k^-ot)]
De t'4oDULDrr ON o R- Derett o < D
L,rf_ *
D,ennoJafafioio ,pL:>eefu,w: "^L N*r?y"S ,"TTy

Y*ves.s-o' + +b' nd^Lfr;aq
€ca i
Ca) hM Styal
nr{J)
Cb) uerS
*{il
t
wreCr-roN oF 5MP]-[uPq MoDuktlgl stH :
8?^*-ts* W
Envdfip* ofisv
fi-vfL ",,,'A ryW"$*hv-

I
v
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AMPLITUDE MODULATION L5ECr[s
dzvia$+ tz duJI -UftreA +-tr-=

b"A AM )Afivv- "
un tt. -env*)ey- A*&"",+Y W ft ^y **
IM
ELD
@ri^*\"t v\ecc',*c
@ Av sq,nal @ Po.#whal|{mn da^re-
ry+co)ry ffitr+A'E:P u'rurt. trca^-sit;

h"d" ,^d .a ks:iitr4,-'r #E "X)n;r Arc"aI ,;t
o1,ociFrer.
lqrnu:o,4rutioJt Ast"H'
R'. /\s *ktilbyw ry* it *h* AM /@t'/v-aP

resr R C CI; sr^drr, ;o -f,fl Y(c) '
flir )^3 ,L,.,- hoo vg FW Yeqo'tsu b -l+"v
Posil-,r^.
}4lt
\ /,IJErv{o. .
On -ftr* po.rJru- halt- 1&.,rh. A^nL Z'#r'^-r'd L;atQ

r-tg
t.
(ocoLo cBclnnru: .rJOf-J +x-w^t Paseh^.
yft * *rirne wn+r"nl :

at futy +f,re n a!^r,,U t"-il^D'!a!
vv W#'RgtAea"fiela YsC <<i'
l#e lcn,)(r,<-( fMoJ '/+r ' Sb
f,ih-'e' *',*rf t#17.

fr
td - NlgX;rru^,rr rrtcd,rwFffi.
er
AovANrAq€s Y-
{su,a :
-Ja 'tsU^q,
Pt" ''Ery-'
,AM recluiv<*.s are- A;"^'*, ,&tu*lq arl 1A *{ LB* e4#r"*
AX ,trlor/eJ Llu,v ko.nd n' ),orXr* bg"'{rr"$lb ' '
SUNJL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE

t-rq
DISApvAN']-p' qes OR Lt M I rAl-t oN 3 OF AM L-JAve n.
\_.\_.@\-/vW
11,'-
4- &M r^fr,^ a-L nrL :
Jtarrdv-#o.ff,
P^s^^.or- i: ,uaaakA bfr. k^'ssnJ+4 Lrrdno'l .
AM n
"h "dlh;
/v,* 4=u ,.vt'€rla'
*
ffm .ruarrc-
1
APf UC ATI oN( OF AMPLITU De MoDULATI9N
F\-' ,fG
qo.J"o bv'oC
P:d1,,nr" *taag
PR.o BLsn49
I
+n ampL,tund. mo^"* T- ^-t

I
- i
SCl) :D'0 cor1{trX rosf)-F d+ Cg gn> rd ,[ xtdlr"1ru

"
C.el.2fi-
F"il 1> mod*tafd ?oM- i/ siA-Lq,,f p,u.'- 1',

I
'i ffdra ! .
SCD o C.o* @7cxrd+)+ 5 Ceaqrx,dg, Oor@nx ro'D +q CB{"17-x,3 4.C*

- E
r* Al0 aor(on-xCD+* cALC+nxrC.!

.-)
(+) = to ces@n ,6D + 0,5 ce Glrxtd+) + 0"&C.$C+n-xrdt)

[
-*) = fu [rtA, tgso^+,+t ffe C.oron$**J C,orox$
3*p"mn e*e tu't @ -w X\,
+c -i ov,, y'{r :0.5 , l1.-:O""L ,, ]'-,l,d F+L J'=OxtodH-z , l;lxt
l-{o
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AMPLITUDE MODULATION 15EC45
N4 rnoJrrlofed ir ;,/)'" )a+: Jffi"
giA,,bqd
?n**, ps.b = t pxe
pusB
-E! =
-- Ft .?. Q'568)o. 50 Fc=&

u- "' "L
=
o
a^
Psg = +..15 tJ
Tol-o\ -oJ^{oJ€d PwL,

pr=p.f"#f
= 5+.Jfb.l
ConsrJ", /0- .rn *rX. *^ynl rncD= 0o Cpr(q^-t) vOlk-"t-')
Lq(6er *;yal cc+) :50 cp4croorT+) vol[-'

. Bk€J$ + SCp.,L V'<sr,^,1*,r.rq hM uJo,A/e- doL *5
y. o-d^!'#'ir.
,d .r t . ..-. n 4 ^l
)fri !"^r^,L+ l6D-cL- d^r
Fr! lhe- $d;v*xe,)u 5.orr*, ^
+h tE
o
Arq ;.;:aAI€- "
4
o 6tv.o
\).--/--,
: Arn =&OV t+m - I *2,' N=oov, 4t = 5bt*1 *t---o'
R -- I oo-cL "
g'--.t{<t, foM A/o1^rt- ?Z
sC*) = A' Lt+

o
a. eCD = oo frto,1 5 C/e-sa[Q)t] C"o4"t^-@)L
l-&t
A-^r - A. C' +A) :Do (, +o"15) = Bf,S V

Annio = *. C,*-A) -5c Cr - 0"15) = ld..5V
su2
tn6'x
- - Am,o -- t.Z,5V
-time
R : hM a,tYa-na- +* rr)_ O;/e
Pet..ru.u dnLvo:,pA orce€4^ a !,aaA -+ 100.-tu "
Pr - ?c t'*# l
..1R. qxr o o
ooo ?r = l9-,5 [ r+ Q'+s){]
\L
?f =- 16.015
6
a'
L-.t
mc*) =s2o C"os C(r+)\roltr *d

t oo zrt) lrok " Pnnd
)rra^/a- +* ?5 7.m"J"l^ln1
+hry +M ilrra^la-
parw\L WlDd + rp6--cr_.
12
- firv.n
V\'-'
: roc{-):*to Co{aa-t) vdtr I ccJ)=g6ce{oorDr" /{4
I't' : | *z )
&o.r., thz : -fr, ) t'"
[Js = 5D l*z- f"." ccl)=5D
-)
t
SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY BELAGAVI
l-o.t
t=tkt 36;) = A. [, t.u oeag

gc+)
- 5o [' t ory
.oo s(+) :50 c,sser(e$t + 31'
uxnncil Cp-s .0. c,s-s b .-# C,os
sa+) =5c (!ûa-(solL t3T t

:. I
gtl-) = 5D C/o'q un-@o)f t ls:75 CB{or- 84t+ t 8.75(s\onCsDtr
I
t TaktrX kwrer-l ran{cr-rrn + 4+Or*Xl-f. , r
sct) -?Eq-5D)+gc;+r;Q+'nJ' EG -+q)+t (#+ +iJ

+ ryL"tt-sr)+t(t+t')]
sC+ +s,))
'" I
s.t)
-5) -50 -+1

r._ vvYD
t_?
a
SptcLr
t-89
a
w ?.= A.Q
aR sLX to 0
Pr = r.z,e{rrg.zq}) --16r=r
€._ ./
,\ Cnvf,e l Sfo (unx

wtr,*ed bX an zwAno
ryroJ 1* ,. A t
-S G1 auo+)J VolE . D*<-rmne lbz ;;tqVu-a'"'A ln4'a"-"ciA"b'

D+ #-modll-ded )Are.tve.' ''
a;&LorA "
; 1*u-, ," cC*1 ,- +SinfU n_ Xsoo X to3*) + LL= fl,lf

f) + o"l s?,,Dsa-@ryoo)+
, h.r- :1" J
.{.e_
i
Jr*- "X*"fle A\rTl- Oo"rsi.df-sL furo kit+-4tttgt^/a/ "
4nnt : O.$v ) +"^, : l5DO +, ) Anh=0.|Vl {*="t5Oattz
U.aB 0/^J LsB i

L,n-/\- L-\./\-^./^
",) USB. = C#.t{*,) = 5DO k-L*z + l,5ktlz- :5bt .5 (*l-z
L SB I - C#c -+-,) = 5oO \*z- | '5Kl-t-z: = {Qs'S(rl-z-
?> UcBq __- C{c++"qt) -- SaDKIrz- -l.z'5{++V - 5aQ'5(#z-

EBo = Cf,.--p*1 -- 5u}\+r--o?'5(+l-z- : t17 '5(#z
, _a+
> Mod/ ldffioo JÂt" +* $f,yal , l^r = tlL - 0,.t = 0.05

@*^-[at , tse=
|$o&uto*brt x,A"xt*- fu _:"r_ =o,oro
StJrbn^d M :
T-T
r-Z\-z\,a--r&
j"r*r^l ,
lrYw 4@d*$A.L"'e i{ f^ \
A-ph+,J-.sl UsB, o-d LSB I -- O'05^+ = O"l
+mphh^J.- of,-- ur% o./ t-sQ \t
tx-rvl"h,Lryeclrv"n ,o+ #M ,gqn^l .

r.-r\n t ,-a\-- lt A,r-..-r.r---'a|-^--0.-..- 6
r I cavrd
L3B
volf LSB Yq 4-t/ I
UsBr
USB.f
O"lv
0 ,05V 0,05v
VANry io (
"
: /tt =,[-y-gyf = 6"S*tto,*$
P+ = o,ofi1
@
aa
-g
qR
=tW fr,saxrDs']
,K
o
€a D^ :
f\>t)
.D,0lU 5
SUNIL S HARAKANNANA LEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE
l-*Q6
-
l
An A,LA,ta +{eqrtn% UWI rosrD{tr[eoa)+ ia ruu.a| * ampil

4 tarre+ -ef oo ainur(il0ft , A8&.rrn=- nnd,^Wi,oa
rilrx: o.,t . f+"d rl-aA"L"nd feq/,.,ncRa
q r\
,1)
it,i)
, Qy:" I
t}\,-v l4=o.J- ., ln=5oowz- ,t.{c=1s5V, At,=tov /il=
I
:
fuss -Lt+m = t05t5oo l,oooaXto6
o'1n5\16
f l. "a = fu-irt = lo5-5oo =-
4 <AS srdab'd
Ampl+{lJ, Y-r\rr-\--lfV\z-."-
\f\/l/.\/'1,/
'.
B,andr,o,#lh 'B' -{t-. = Q X5Do : [000 *z

A f roodc,ort- AM *ransyf,kr rxd"zfu 5oq-r^r $ furr*r
Nh+ CI,ll & lb. ra;^-ateA Fto^*er,- oteOT radrlC:ro2 1
, m : P" = 50 Kr,l a"A lr = 0.g5

Pr= Pc t,+#l
."' =Ooxtos[,+g.urol i
-T- )
g ga5 k-r,l
PT = 68.
I *e-6
a1
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DSB SUPRESSED CARRIER MODULATION
NTRODUCTIO N :
b OVexcyr(te-1+)ed,rarn&ctr-$ W@iD +N Anr,..rtL
n Dsgsc ,n"t+*d i* ,uJoA.

DsBsc ",F,& ,n"lb"J +
l*"r)" a)rc +{o's'dt"A
uooat*- 3n
^rW+@Cfiffe*-p
P?Wd ?; c6il"4
c nnd/Î-Elflon .
TIMEDOMAIN(eJRqsENTAT_loNLFReqtg-Nq"Dor.aA,NAPPR
"'"; # \-/\-/\"\'/'v vr\,'
\-/.-\-/--
oF D s &sc ulAl€ n"v oR.
\F
s I N qL€ ToN€ ll QqyAI qN :
@ @
\-r/\-/\'-/'t/\/^"
tr^-
) I "i[
) )fuD W" #v'v"ll rd*^rrrl^, €xF ruilefi W DsB<c voalvv-

rn
SCf) : rnCl'). CC+)
rf) = [.clrren.+D
_v)
rnc*S
eubffWJE mC+):{,r14x ,W,)trlr)

-- Aa C"o4@,r+c+) A, CBs@r+, L)
)
st9 = co4 no( L-+,)f + b*.rr(+.+r)t
" {p.
+*f-owne,r+ro,n4c-rrn on bo*t %A* {
TaLiry\^q ^
,vur--,1,\or\/,e-
SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DSB SUPRESSED CARRIER MODULATION
tolinn L-trarts[orrn on heF *rA-u, )^ta-ha,,,-

sct) - Erqlc{ s C+-C+.-+,)l + e 6 +(t.-|{ }
+
+ ]tt[+*ct +[",, ]
s(t)
. n/l\
4" A,
fuA-
\+
+.-+"' +. $-.tF,
m3 : W.+rvwe of a DsBsc
,;ArL"rA, oto &rLcurrvl'"lza{ro V t"qy-td' :'o Wtr

)Fun- ate,\/w inp-fuu
I
* ++. o
il,\L rnirrirurvrm +-rarrgnisgsu', bg'Â^ vdttr, 3n Dsagc fu 'u-&J.
gf "'r) il,'L sct-) UXnal

W" rrvt nlx0fl<'
rizel-
6gvrt<{'gT|^L, *'
rizeL-
"ry!'T- "iil r-{rufli)'i:fL * *f,

tLt"A^rlu "^t t*o"
qnr+ r?f-tb
siqnil r**,r,- "t ro
AilA4 Ar\n/\N)"; .he- c-..Yren# ca'Y*ll4
t^)ctnzrq- .
SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DSB SUPPRESSED CARRIER MODULATION 1.5EC45
6EN€R+noN otr DsBasc t-.-lAvs 2
r&rrriw el@. ,
il,wJ.l^re* ;*A b tq-ênh- ats-kt,,n-, at
tbe yroAnc.l-m tle-i . Xltou- frf, +d'"!Ah
>?Aer,*A MoJ'rntrf,st i') (,T r{1oA,vJ*sL "
RINq MoDu L-ATDR- io

;-J@
.rt ;d"l"lE & .& p*nAurtrnil^lote- )r*'A
I1
t*
Dsgsc mo.h^.[at{ ,lro,\Ao .'
"
U,V*
|
+aa^,t;.1lrmQ-vo f ., O
9. r i
rcJ- c,enn"*{ io -,c hn^f UrctLIr 1nnff)'
cc+)
+l
-l
SCD
F,a : Rrno.
-0 "ndr.l-af"r
3@) Bala R.t rndJal-,r @ +v.Lxly4d.ofcwru Wl @

r-o1
,++x.ewn *;Wl ",8 offt

"J
{n *he- c<rh,,r4 +Lre-
kowp*lw,
bdtr v
orJ_ bk- a-^rxarAu, and-
I
y'rafil*o 2
b,ot"A cun A;@Ail Auorr/- df o{e- rzvo)se-)d,ar"A,'llena

+h. rno&.Jote'v yu/\)ft?hn+ ,b. *u\" einbt.,rnc*)
4 t, .
i-e VoV) ---hr^r &) .
xth€, ++T,&,rv*t<,( V )he-a^"A- tU or-/ D4 o,N-[otr*d

?1>
-Vt)
bhrrJ etr; A;oAn^ dr Dtl Do o,.re. Gvu,uL-b,Ltd .4ktru1hy-,
nrda-tpdFr, rrwrfi*yl^"x illE- rrx-xtotXe--nyd nncJ-) q -t,
i -e- % cl) : -m(+) '
ill- ,6JoA,re- CpJ/ne-V C CL) C,An be- r<)

I
f&^/6ru/ &-o:iu a! :
i'
LC*) ='L { C,Yr css [e"+*Cun-,>]
-7Y h:t ,$ffi
et*) __
+
il,,* *nXnn"JrdsSq- p,v$ V
8C+):cc*).rncl)
1 -30
PRINCIPLESOFCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMS DSBSUPPRESSEDCARRIERMODULATION
VC+) = scF) . Cp& Crrrl"t + 0) cr)

,,^9{a.ry- ,&cY) & DsBsc n
Td an[ ?t
Trrn \
g(+) = A.coAsT+J " rnd-)
,
s,Jr#h,f^",y EX+@ ;n ry+O r/\.tL

{
- *s ryG"+cttd) clgs Gr#.*)
-_) ' rncD"
C,es 0,. LD4L = Crl Co-A) +f cP4 (a+b)
t-
=
ry L* Cufr*+ + - rfr.D] + f.J'q &- ("24;l
+ {xft})]
e
"" V(D C,or (+:rfi.t+ 0)
s
d^-;rrr"frn€sr
+lcray.'nh ow !A^n
D{ +l-< "
#
V, Ct-) : 4c Cls 4
&
t*--+. re lrop'k"rJ *;
+ %U) "l'e onqxmttw) '

l-a r
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DSB SUPPRESSED CARRIER MODULATION
*++A )h flT@r4/\t4- W
gc*) : f+c,os o ^-+if * *o coa 6rtL +, Goc
) ^ r*s
=Lmc)'c"oiQr. f}=_L rn c0-) Cls Str{6f -Y " o '! o !
sC*)
Ien "6)
dr^€- DSBBC
,^"^-^rr^ *.t=J,tl*^^f ?.{16 fryA
in{.r-alnn f"oon +,@ f*.^fr'-tt""jd".-t nft, W#.
oo. tl- !,q-"t1-4t- -W=1,- BPP fz
sC*) :t rncf) Duserg;

r-
e oH€ReNr DetecTtoN cF DSB-SC NAv€ :
*f @\-/\-.\-.
md'vJffi1 *lX'nl nncfi)
Ui"e.
w recmverd *t* .& DSBSC uud^ê S$)
,#.PlYmc6 scl-)
ec+) \ qrt*retel Ar',tt',qoZ&.lIt)*f,tu
4rrsL
X Lg<âtb+
0-"J Mr;+t #ltt*Y )W
),a^,oPo*
l@A^^-t cLA &l'a,^"t) h' #tCE) ' ko, z Colxte*D*rrh"rof, DsB<
'N
gi, *g+)tfl".
osiltnht sh*,U bL 'Cll,*4rrt rrU'*rftra,rfr
io hutr"Vyryry o,,d fu"frb CA,rr,el -uldu/e- CCtr)
io {1,e.- p'oJrcts nLd^Lfr"r+" X<tterob Urcr; -oi,b- !F. lucal
W pxoA^,*M W LatuLb qrverw -a:l

suN[ s nlnRraNNANA-vAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE
t-3{r,
3',g'js Ht es ru3' 3uUw',jJtrru1p

Ds Bsc blo.trel "
r4anrd t
ls-A.C"o{ + .hnc+)
A.cuznf.+,
(osasc LtXo/)
Srn(uiq"#+O)
Lor,.lparr
*t-,+
t+" csr$"nn{fl
tr?: cos+o.x Loy"
vryMJ,EL
D&c,lldreL
ir (Wr{*,o.r ffi-lo
syd !F* in lbu )^,,,"-L
t2 u"\*vt*A # ry *he E4â/ rr['ur-to-W DL q -cha n*)'"
il,v! fu, A"U*"\, 0& tot.thA k
io 8^ .ru {a
locq,l oW bJ(rrcY frgnru"
SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVT PAGE
| -43
opel&veo 2
Ub,l:.rt;'---
, L'Jher, l,ec,o.t B&cil tobeL nTr-l rr ,et- #"-{1rn^c' fl^^*, a"
C,U{f,<{ *t crerC{^-+rt
DS&SC a}aru.o-, .wil*t* 'Wtut- '
*r|"fr* *a A*rp) d"rt't d^/ rcll,"A snml mc#) , -'t:*o*

nnoJ o[U, is , Lq{o ,
t
NG, lbr *
i-<- |uA Q:o tFu>
^rdr*nwes-
Voa =t- *, nncfi)
A^rL ,' smO =sir{o

f
ww,+
' L a,"A q-cha "r*b ar,-e- c'",'1"""4 b?h^*
Jigr!.n^t^ uf"/ (rîl^rc0- ;r"J,e
$ u W{* W
d*"e 1+lu )Al;;t dt*" .r,t*';' i'D w*l*= lry
DscrllrdE&CvcO. ' '|
o
,t-+h. Arrod^lo*"A * of,l ;A roavinvwo
:
:; ^^d ryntn?nnvirn "t,"'* + loft b, W*
*'h'l^'
k hL o,gfr,""r.r) +", Atb*;p, ltxr' )n>l*n

t-8F
Qu AD RATUR€ ctoR-Rt€.R M uLx pt€xt NE

& \' ---& QusDRtrT-uee
@i
+MP LITUDC MODULDT-| oN o

#&
Q.+M fu ,a *erLttqy- W
^
rl,rt b i,,'Ja- f.a/& +tarrrsrnzlr. rnel-e-
.Alffur lFe. aer^4- ehann"l
^^*)
o.u qAM ii & barre^nrdth -c,orwsyfii- k-Lr-otrrn-a.
rtTA"Ar*4 ura^/vr*^ o
lfr.L &-o.ttvt-u'L{a"r\;;mrx^g;Do d'o"x") fu^rAtfrifiW orrr^d ailD,/u4
-^ry, +0,* hro *1. *fX."ls of W-kê)\'t+O'df
ud
sc[-)
,(+) A,@GqA
ftqco),
\"\/f'
Q- AM T{ansmil+eY
eL lffi
fto CO) &l^ô4^r4 QAM tro.,sm t++u . JfClt-"^J-L
,ôk.F,.*
0$trfuto r?anlDl
LoffrP,l t*sotvu
,rY:
+
; 0 a -r\
Li q( &c*),
iz.,
NANAVAR S G BALEKUN Y, BELAGAVI PAGE
l-95
$ A!r^,ht k'fu A,r,tts-te,\t-

uu
t
yaA^^* rn >AmloteL "

ilrt^)s aC+) ,Ooc,t+iez o-ci..anne.f M +"l-fr Lq+rn
al+he f,A.tn<tFWt ".FJ , P +* ia+,; *ry
rofc+) D+ "rrg_c*).
iAW,
+
Q.+l'4\-R<ce,ve-q- o
I
\"a\. '-, .n- -l
I 4" ro,GI)
crs{g^-+il)
M
8,tfv..l
M.P{^l PaAL
14tk t +. .,,nsc+)
9$g: eMeecuivea_
tr?@ el,@^^tr #@qAM Ydu+r^rol,;rl" p^n"h -* ry
C"f,rrÎ- d*rfu* ,"]rxri- a,rJ#A \WY,$"
yf* NT& ry &onvzW.t $s**p
il,t, r<4vel rnn@,["r"d sryl st#) tu q*4 b'ff*,fu
.l
pAoJilcF rno/ ut,Jot*, x)*
{Vc-ffitLJI-.,1 e n '
-_a-ct g f (+) * Jt" ro rc#)
b{r
' \t_

I | -36
il,\L Aurq^rF4 W'' l"A**p,,* P/rad^^-J-roo),ila!8, fz y

\,
gg*) -- gCL) ' Sin'L
drv )f
b"eah.^r d,PP rt'-rrtovea {r--'r'n a,
alJp^^rl t^lr7 A. ms-GD , '-Xhrr^l Utr f ;
u*t ;,
6"?_(*) -'U& no.r*)
L=le t*r^ *ra,orrnlt r.lrQ(e- OttYnlbr( + Dsgse fiwve ;|lifrln

b* &pr,rte cr.q-d*"[ l'x,',r4n Jlh- ,
QAM ?2 a, )"rt-Andlb -cx;*rn*oq Sch-s,wtu"
qAM 4;,b q?#rcodat ,;rD srcl) CCw)'

ADv+NT-^ffis OF DSBsc Z
'.
@&
,il"- + DsBSc Cu^rvt7rrcA AM Nte-ar +-otl€,r*
R.e,rrc <W PY,So'u.firX"
ilr-nno4nJaJrao e'n*t* "tc W
SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR S G BALEKUNDRJ INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE
I l-s7
Lrneor 1y,/,.vJ*,wofu V r<qS,,a,re).

CYknn !*-A/wS +"{- @bp;or'r7| Lsnm,vrfi1.xfu1"
Dls ADvA Nr-Aq€s Ll t'zt tT+IoNs tc

O1
@'
,os l}-otqr+M"
o
APPLIC+t'T] ON 4
@
Analyno fV S^ftury *u *rans*# Url"'. ;^r>Filrv,tq "
P ROBLGM S
Cotxil"t & ff\esaDy *r1.,A rnCD ,{oith-.o- &lÊ oA

rnJ+X,rrr.,g*- -*ru^;, "fky
o:.y":,ff"
H*h b
a- WY y,W o'b'rrc+'frau ^!::^.
-V,.sa*ttr rnoJ.ril";fi''"r
c* e^+J,) r,Pyf"T w *!y1 f4 :?
" &iWA ?L {* 3t*,
-rd-l"i=4 r^pd;^rA Ja o- cAr'"+A
++. LD'Yrt<L- ADaLLIL irl
YD,-Wewrk*n+W-M
Lt*'n-o \> IF"= I .qe (+z i"l> f. --Q "::75L*z-
"
f=th^t- fz *e- )D^^rQzE ce.jrns\-
,eV#+Y &W"L-SP.
#Yur'
i
I -88
fr
PRINCIPLES OFCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DSB SUPPRESSED CARRIERMODULATION 1.5EC45
2 tr*" 3 t{ =+nD -_ | L*z

t>th'eD
,,-Zt:-:u{
Et -' | "Q5 L++z- , he-r,
+.t N = l "Q5 Kl+21 l kl-lz- =Q'{-5 4+Z
+r - b.tl = l .QSk-tlz - I Kltz = o,.z5kJt=d
+.+ L-l : -1."t5 lCll-z-.|- I K*z ---O.A.5Q+Z
+.--N
lo DsBsc c-d)(rr?-\-
i* zqprru..A
-Q.lsr+7 -{<-
-1,25w
-o')s.ktl-Z
,ilew
r
Nlxn
#.+N = 0 ,15 k-llz =l- I LHz- -- l"75kllz

#c-w = O.l5k**z-l VI+z =r-O'{5k J.z.
-0"75 K+FZ-f t KtlZ- = O" 't5 K+tz
+.+t = 5 lGtz [ K]l-z -* - ]'1
5 k)+-L
+e- br --- -
a.J -
s+)
t*.
- t,-15kll-7 -O*t'U{ otf o'rtuO t'-lsktlt(

Ir&-l- rnc*) L,r yNd"tu"rb*4
*c= I L++V
r -8?
PRINCIPLES OFCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DSB SUPPRESSED CARRIERMODULATION 15EC45
-- lL+tz{.+ t VYT = Otr*tz

=t<W- IW:Q+7
-+-l l(rb6 + lK+}7 --Qk
-* - I K++Z - I K]+T : -O Lt+r{
sctr)
t/s-+.
r
I
I
I
{KH-rf +Kk O++2( lK,{tr. qk#r

_trc ++
o
QO *.D+/ell_
"+; -l[r I Y\*.-&D M.il- nncl-) ?,, ,l/w.iy-L^X A/b*r-d
.lr{^s"o gGL) .
v
, C,snsi An:- a f<grJhr* ,'"o

Ceheru'lt Crarriex Ac Creq
a
o
V@
ftX; trnd,"y-PtfuL,
ArbchL ?S !fu-\gu,n^f D6u)-
BSc tDow-
VC*; = A. C-ss Cur-{.f+$) t rnc*) (,or a*+iF
SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE
l-rlO
-!
loJk.#-, C+t g) = CB*+ c!48 -8 r,o4-, snT

C,g4
VCl-) = hccs<u-rrft.*,Cps+ - Ao e:-o-rlb,St",+ + nn+)cer.ta{.}
VcJ) - c€8or{'L[+. cB4+ + rmor] -*"tios?r*l.+. 's4,h

dr- A^'W nf s" <nvil'"r )abcbw ':t
w* x-ab)o+ o},u,
Y,"*u)
Cq ""J n
^
l+.*4+m{u+ [+. r^Q1o
Nt^€n Q =O, )vra- ffY
[to c,o4to)+ *t*f+ &g."o)]u
8r.,, { rnc*)] " + U.co)]{
o
9r o-U) = A.* nneF)
1I:e-WLn"odry A"h'k' cq'"t"r'D' W

nne-y*qy OTîl 4nI*)'

I t-*t
PRINCTPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DSB SUPPRESSED CARRIER MODULATION 15EC45

l -ty.L
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS SSB & VSB METHODS OF MODULATION
tN.rRoDLJCTtor-.1 a? s lNqLe SIDeBAND@xuPuLblrroN Z
\-N-uftl--
St ^l^-J A.l,t[:r,'A, f'AeJ,rair'#te.- t*e DSB-Sc u',*d'vJewr)

'&
I
cp{L /^}art 4^l 4 !""'e^frsJtl'] }lafrcu.llo-

e*/^dh *^^ru
vrfu uo'-JêiJ+h
t-e B.L=t = 9'{-
Xn l.Dfu" f,m;.ê-C+nn o"'A' DsBsc)' h*f'k ft- ry,+'ffi:
ffi'd{n;; t
:^*Yy^rY
W-+rM
w(w,t
NCl}9rrr"ldit".,o'x
^nl\r i
fr,*b^^,.,,-
-p l n I -r +t- *^1,^0o+u,
uarh,ta tu
i* D.*?t;- \ +fu-y'yd,^!e*"4
Jt-,u.{r'f,L^.4 lfr^/"!)- *;fubnv& Dte ry4'P
'.;["*\wYLrcre6 tr',b" u"*.';,"{ o''t',+ !R-
'$c
rnrffielVWl !
Nt I I _ i-^
M
Nl^€n onL nne
Y+xYd4 *'ar
3u€9.3€JerJryEtY
UJ^-# /,Ar,@b J
o 0 P
c

PRINCIPLES OFCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS SSB &VSB METHODS OF MODULATION
Mc[.)
rr1rc)
,/z!.tALg -tf,t,rl
I
c
,lzlou l- $.to)
ver
'
--T-1 I
-f. -C $c-N. S-ul

Ulô DsB sc uoc/\ê (An Ao
6r{ V- (ntrfiex r,..:ami- ,Ac
Sor*r.c+;
g
i.+> = lTcssaqCL .
i, lr"r,srtfH ) N'
qt)" tlhn Pot^f lW -)
l-; " nn,t AA.n,r-lnt',orh
,.1 *twr>Ivrrrq,
{ \ryy
WL 8t
&;d&-bo.And( A/\-oL
Xp{uoq-
A.hB^':') ia #?d)' . ,
d'b\ s!,..,g^^rr W@ D-EBsc moAsfu,fi-4 )rJaÂQ-"
L S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI
I r++
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS SSB &VSB METHODS OF MODULATION 15EC45
AOvAN TA qF-'S oF SSB :

@un--z\z-:---
ssB reEviv<A,W W-e*'A"olJth "ry'A+4M "'A
DSBsc giXtd" '
D,ô U,.4yre6.n .Ol {;atr'<r O^d 'B,r\e-&iAp}r,"'A '

h W
ie As^k)..
rt^ l. .. ^) t
^*tnb wr,(o eÂ,o;AL,dJnfu & A**+ W- r'A^^"4
A. -
iocllco*ot ) !Fl- a*"'o'**
-*- ^,1
I
i ll iqcr<otu "
3.,r, gso
I ottzma,++I bu<a:
in ,&- *ke# 03 i-l-ia fillA *f
r 0 n A4-- {arna,troQ
e,^[ WQ-(ecoiveL"
DlsADvAN1-AqES Otr s6B ""
if,,{**$oo 4 sGB s\'yA iFuc'p"'f"l

fu
gSB +rans,.,o't{-' an4 reaiv<l
,390.-" PaxY-*-( it B"3PI,"*A )4+-p
n""J
Ur"-o- ; mdr,^-[r4ion i2 €)pnewe^^4
'l-- W+'' ' c.,n,]dq**-f4
-
0
UCATI Ol\S Cf gSB ou
uff-ruZr-rv
SSB ;,,snsrniss,-o,n ?E , ,rd*t* !F-

^^srA
P,n**i-ry n'r^llr-
'Tierr"*hy , wrtlnWf
a+?hcrJn"ory , rqAio norfrldrtn ,h -
BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI
t-ts
MMUNICATION SYSTEMS SSB &VSB METHODS OF MODULATION 15EC45
@\
?z nufa?pvoprrr#
cd^rJ'o*;'", ?l
d^rJ.o*;,"r, q
fuj'
fui, d;\\t u,"fi , ry \'yry f*'W
"t'{
vod,xal
va*,-ff^l ,^1"
^r,EililrJu
D Cvss) -fr
$oq/,"o one &f1,'b6.nA J" +aakl "il*y'"*

choq/,,,o One '
.a-*toru-r,U:,-
'u *to'u-, +\Y-,tr'**gt
in ),u-d ia b),e-i*i,v"l fua*no'ssi',' '
ln Vsu rooe e"&ta^"'l au"d

Voffroe- L-s +{one.,^}+A ' SD
/10
Iu+*,l*r6c&
!rtfl"!L#;,,, tma'r sf
Gts *vonsrnr w 3a
Mc+)
mcp) @
+
SIJNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI
t-+6
T
{eL#X*
to.ST+
:ta&
L-tgt
c
4+k-+.r"*
DJe Cq) i spcf,.t^m **ry$q^^l' @
W&ffi$A*AgL
To
Xnno"b
I
CI- vsts
W, fi.'=t yOi*.,.et'bÂ u1,
,*d )kto iF b"o"tXiL'[', o. );lt<x #
DsBsc
rJ.-v - - Stqt
n ^) P"*
os ,il^x,rit);,D$1Cn>o,"g^hi UW ^-il
'orll tr,**ylj
6
;' $'i "W rth-* PJ*+ u* ,,u'"'r'A
VgB )rtauu
BcI) .
"/\ *)
+"co*zs{rl
!1,'v-
aA u
,\"A ) s+) =4-BCf-f.)+M (++h")] t+cf)
vslô.lz-. tvtC*) ?2 4be- WtltL o
SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR RI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI

t-+7
DCF4ODULATION OF VSB MODU I{AVE :

cAl*LL
fl" ht@) Cd)'"

VSB tdanno VCL) Vo C+) : .n (*).
g(+)
C,osQ,e&)
"-f :
b rnM'doJ:J'oO
nod,rJa*wtt "V
e # -U oJ'v*;odr ot
cu W* gSB '
Eor/il + Ao*'X',t *fto #lW"
)fLf,*
&bc,.^,AarA
&;qrri^b wAu $XTo^l) *"A o,!"an'u*
+TV tr"*'-""lleA
panas mlxling ry DSBrc
0B- DsBsc t.€ao .

,-te
4
FteeueNcy TRANSLAT-IoN z .ft

r*,2-fz\-aA.z@
ln *he tomrcwn?@+frr) *fry,* f ***YlF 'I-rarsl

BuM f-
thorroxl.l,tnl*A'rDonna ?L-'J
-,r
La''A''
go' L&@F # /ecc^^fie-s i "'*'" WAPuX
Ir{EX_d
l'.lqr.o S(}) hct)
CosCsr-+L#)
Loc6-L
Oscrllaf+
2, trrzltrt-<nc1 -Lrans l^trnD c
fx,,rrljA<r arn DsBSC *batre- Qrrlr*MA ry :

ScD =nn(f).Cre*(-tnf.t) ,(r)
antc*) -rr lluNAkA b l,Ke- tW% -N< #(
^,,o},*t* W
lofrlh &:fux ,,,'* 1,q"4-
)
)+ M (tth) ]
qb+|.,V )tu/"'o
W"H
er,"lr'" M
y:.\orm
SUNTL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE
I
t-+1
# ir A^:Lc-u'ôJ4 h r)'ra,,"qt'#. + L '1/Lurt V H.,

il^fu cfr/w,b,r- o'& M)'out/'
I I -L o- -6..^.^ l-
*,. ilrv- O^"jT/^t- ph +h" Ptfr)^^* t'r)d^,J'ofu)- 'it X'v<rt
V,CD eaL)" C'o8alrfi:t-
= @
= nn+) c/s's-t^+jb " c4s\26ftt '
vrL+)
l^tkL clg.s,r. c,o.8B =# c/ee,(+-g) + ci{ (++a)
+
-g - F-') f +V{c,oa'Lr-(+iffJ+
rn Vr c*) = |ocp cp4etrCfc- .L<
tv\T Fow;T*-ansf""n on b/'rh-'&iL* *ffi f1
v,ct) =ilM[$-(b-F +ML+t([-.-hJ] ]
+
t{v Lt--(+.+rDl tr'4
du%,ut)
trtu +v,WiE
* 3 t=toul, W-
il*- rrtuwtr it"ry*"t
il,v BPF a're A
.o^d 'c-u'fql-
BPF .'Yst+) v ?r?
q ,
%cl) = -tr,*cl_;. t*\'r-7r C# - b-t) f

"tG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY,
S BELAGAVI
Sincz h = t-.-t-r !-fun q@ b<cp,^r^

rnc*) cx+s"lt-+o L
Kt+) -+ @
v*e+) = 1{rC+-fo)+M
Y-',ro^,
T1 n t'W
*ydvu,ro'-{
lU\''vl
vo6 .!.e tk) ir a.t ry
-1-l lO L,.l
.+) -
k
v' c+)
Itt I -&.tFu
;,r'lr
v"tt+)
'
' I
'1; lar
;/;\ l r/l\l
K -o,u--x aL,r -,
' 'gl- q''^) atd Ds Bsc u\Jo!\La- "

: sp*4"rt Jl lûl cqvfi'eM G;; :ltzr^sl*e)s^n^'dlrn
q
PRINCIPLES OFCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS SSB &VSB METHODS OF MODULATION 15EC45
fteq,"tttuf Tffi*o 'wr{ o'

o
yYl-l.Ar
L/,.r/,1Y\-/'\Û @ \n
o,k*,, W,\-t^lf^"f^k flfu' rnvr|hyl"o* "''s ffvr-nq
V,c+2 ---+mct-) c.pqax-(t-.. kJ+ ++
rnc+-) rAs\t7\-(+.ttlt
Oe,ugnrnc6 o. BPF /fi{b -o

Ls'}HrVryn *d:f"+fr- ar4
Uo^Jro..*th -k 'tt,lD
o^^{^f re6 Wr* B???z Yq

Stf) =-tJ nn$) c,osor(t +Lt> +
Strxr- {-o : f,c+fr-
o
oo (*) =J--nnc+) c,o8aa_cfi)f
re
Toe) frT "gv\ W@,)NL d-
(+-+o) + M (#+l')]
sr+):*[,
+ v{ct) i.e- kC+) & &l"x,lm) ;- +T
xc&)
-N N
E+)
vr[D
.L
uq)
kfl*^3
DRI INSTITUTE OF
,r"l"tt* ,-* .A/vfiM +,e;
il,\r)*,*A,a- *r"o \W + "''""ffi'?)'#'n, 1.chntqus
in VWt
Yi\a/r, / En,Vf\
iA klexrcA b aa FreaT"t'x1 Di6't;*e .o**f^Y'(Fnu; "
T-(".,, Divi 'fi,sn l.M J@/."xrnq (TDM) :

6,
fu rt
in*,"/v'
+rncLx Twne-rrMsi,n [ro M) .
MtnE?lzxrY,'TyÎt
I \"v-rf
Iv
tJ" t--v"
rr.@'p+t '/'ir'vttt/ <-! s'2
tr try
['mF Ut-ory ;*t
r'/tt\)-Yvvv ''-.
r r î !fu u
tt-* (<coi
tr-oroi
' *"4.oJ-
gl.Trt'ls *:'lh<r
+h"
r (l
'
H}sffi^t^?y
Bl'^+,'Iffitr^t^?Y
-d** WLU*&- G
d-, -
r T\l/ 'ea -vv-
,vv ; + \-m ++"" !A^ 'PlA
WL "lvL>vt Lfti ' 'J)n;^ LPPI
'*y,.mr<q
0, r.,L )u o).n, nt il. f arnDnrur# t+ajr
SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY BELAGAVI PAGE

| -5?
4+? w el,aon J,
Wvn mo4ttJ,alel,atbft
+t- moolA^d)no ia trpwl ) r

Ul"Ca?ab ?,e
u
irnelre qN r r "Wffi
-t_,^y
raJ-'o| e{_
,(
M,tq.tnolry G
IB
e
l-f
A I
N I
I
?
t
N I
LPF L I
I
I I
I I
I t
I
I
nl
I
c !
I Qg
U- !,
-+ ANSM|IIGR- >t'
HeceiveR
a
G); Bl,,rL&^***t fu
Or,a- ilg."A b rr
JJ^? Rp tr! ,toltourJ hrr -t1,. mod-ilafu,t.l-^l^ll
a1atrc-S -ib qr'errnlad rd
co"nbmed b f*
,atre-
""tb
tyw in l+1e .uruwn-sn C)*"r'A' ^l^--_^0.
l.ono Î__7o_
r,1t\ + t+r-
++-th€- ko,wY
in paratt"J:tr
4
-!p"Ath. Y"rq
Wlb *fi. FWy ':
'
occufanl )o-a*i"g
^q
,#nqttpm- orcTtnal
SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY,
^WTeq*
BELAGAVI PAGE
l- 5lLt
arz fecov*rQ q fnAnv?

o
{Angrnlssio'2ry A,,,rlttrdfE- o a
a^,\- FOIV
g,sa rndviffiw tr
I iaAonBnlil o At'v*wnt' *
fonsrnif
*{onSrn-,r 0'ta,- tr tc'/\,ot ttt{311'1- .t'Yr}r
{Lt I "' ^ t\ A r- xl"'nt"tn
t0... ^ ,
ffi,ilb + +u+z- 4e * ^/Di/.t-"'@'

ffi"'M$'/^-Fou
J *.lxli^h *ranstn# k'
tl \,-Ddvr-L)r\ /rMt) A-+
r I
chqrr*) wluvh owA- W- bansrnsslw) @nY

Lrrlrcahmo
tpdtb-: Bt_l __u x +nn
t ' n' "i,L he orrwlhtr
"lN".-
"o J€L -l-+ Veaca inp,# 'h
-ft ) rr(
ba[Wwtq'r
eqa$ Voato__ 4+y fuO/:tr;rurS*i$D
B, N ="1-4 X + f,+t-z = I 6 L*z
W
t 7rf-z-r--a{r,
-9Lff;lO
Url<Z:,-tV
:
p5h4 ;*, ne;f --"A huh,'-

o"d Yeaivex F'
l-55
o
6
f4,nnrn tquf,d^,or) channd w'r* *'a"/t o'*d1fi"'1'I

'hA^Xô?AW " '
Rs^ffL @ ffid,',Jsfu,!,o"4 f,@r' a)re kfl,\M] "
Crs-,otx*n)lL,ALNrg' rra
All +he FDh4 clanw)
P-(oeL€M S
Consid,p- 'a' U- d'J"fre'" 'oi sl'@^'or, i"-+'P'

ro-- \,nntn* G xtoio-oXl"naF%'fl
no,tll-#^, . Lrea)asnfu-g'{'\a/vl
,osrill"bs\l V"qryry'{'\o,"t
loM{tz 'S?ec,i,3 #t' -[ol\o'oir,X
:
DsBsc rndr"['*e) ** W\ * ]E
nt-
g?ArbbnAs 4
ry* + h tYt*5"^*
-'1
srb?^^tr "^'LDAÂ1*)*')
,., ^,_^ L^^,ntn'.o t' 'npw'osivto
.nl
ne.^ ^ ak 4r,r"' BPF
h:t'* tr
lsB *oA'*L'*") ttcattrtos o
$);LDA 4
SUNIL S HAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE

'{
l -s6
-T
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS SSB & VSB METHODS OF MODULATION 15EC45
l; Q,u"n : ., is--- tO Y*z , rncD --o.3Kttz k a'7ru1

f,, = l0 O Lt*z-
Jl,- PM r
tgv\A;,gb 4 hltt /.j,d,thorJt,ot il-llre,'"rt
LSB -- t -#,
= looLt*z-(o'sr ir z h a'+kt+D
=99,1 L*z b
q6'6Lfr2-
Ga
o"f
usB
Fg-=roo.gk+lLhlo3'+w+7
Wl ?at,L'1€jT
a
ll O,"*p-fi 4 bPFt
S.Cl") : loo.g kfiz -{ "4Wz
a.
I tl
1"a,";1 BPF1 qq,6 k++z b loo'3k-l*z
Mc&)
le
v,ct)
srcP
€k 4l/ranai
t51
,fg^l;,&h -gf- f, trrc x; ,aa

D
Lsts :Fc-$-- = toM+rz-- (too,zLttzh lo6,$Kllz)

I. a = 9'ffiq M Hz h q' 89 66 t! llz
UEB #, = lovt lIz - ( roo 'Zl<-Ilz *o I os '+k*a

= f,c+
h lo'l oq l'{ #z-
[.e = lo'toogvl*z
Brng *
ll-z-
BCf) :ls.too3Y1++2-h IO'loa+
14
q-uorJbo.d BPF0 --q.Bg1 Mtlz k to.loozvl*z

"f
g4d",r"*
lo3.+Kft-z
vuct)
lo.lo3uMtl>_
l0.too3MtL 1 g.ro3u Mlu'
t-5s
vFlrI
AWil ),.,e3
U,', j,oueoo-ctr
W t-t ++-.x- Y^rle 5zoY , +,
o i! ,, La-J-G^sl"+"A
i i r -r_
dn,}+h n ,5c+. .X)il^ apd r
4*xe) +\-oqnlrr-r !"e"o4 a+ 97+o L+?' D)&

, A
,"*)"-
"o"huu,ed
+ P6U
-t I r 4
\fr'-
: Qv<n .EoU<+c< tbsoUh- , to =q+o K,l*z , BW = lO L+Fz-
Hd, q -l"ur? +tq,*n Ua'1AÂbn , Ml'@'"
, *o =+c-ll
N6n +vonk*z- -+low-z-
i.=D3odpz- t
o -Lt)
oo
fU = 6ok''l*7
+r
DU
= l65b 4*z-) Wn *u= rcm L*z - 4lok++L
lu = llgo Lttz-
a
gg
'. lkncn +e- +r'"r7 rarne* Osull'fu" i's AoL++z b I l8o
N_oIe :
q^"-rA).ar-A ;3 e#t'"d Y )h' )";q!^'*
+ LsB b
lW ln'"*4'sntP"t*', ry

.i l-5?
PRINCIPLES OFCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS SSB &VSB METHODS OF MODULATTON 15EC45
AsslqNMeNT - |
. D<Yiv. +W <x?*":afsn orr bna

AA^rrTJn rc1r"tn -lra/;r,6
i
.,+h neLr.,rA/w\ *n"o"F ' S*r\-oB ,lzM
gaxve ndu,Jofioo ?Âtx *'81rA DM

,M'EW 4ftftfrh"
e1"* f;e"t!' i,r'tp".ral:r,n '
"m&^lsJts,) +"{-
AM t'p&*u )JLi
4
i4rc*b4@ rd*vo*
,r4,s\e a"-A 'eW Flfu''? Jon,ofi,,*ro, tor
!Y@A"te&W *t
&Lq"'d /,rst)t ,.on
ta & pr g7p- ()t
nnod-ulotd 'tut'p Ut
-" t o <xplor:o
Brr"Jhl -
a<?Yeetryt a
lrr *roe
Rrxrq xoDULAroR- ^l
uCol/e+otCIr, I'wrt-otor lo
Nrlh -o"d relak)

bloclc W Nh^t
d"*"a',t" -l) "G,Esesc
t.v''
&o
^f fcrn1'"
+lê Ailrcht,'omuJ krPiGn
r
**-#n/ .A^d, (<ttivcs-' ' f"M-06l 8M
SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUIE OFTECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE

I
r
-60
7
lo SiD\t^-x SooL js ua"A

tatr6<r "of eo 8;"o91-Xl05F.
I
*r.Wvln***5 6oor)-'
I
v, ?W W{tYdt'uo'
qTve- p- br-'+ c*tyor''s'ry
Y y:Ynod^'Jatwe
tr"r,rrr" ^-,J''t'o",l.of WoTr'ffi Pnt#t;t '
bql'uoe V*q'''snA
^T
*W:* H m
<q/dn',v ^'4 'At';'D

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS ANGLE MODULATION
flIIODUN-B2
ANGjIL-E-]UIIIDIDUI-ATIIONJ
p,nu.;D A{orfr,,sta I Nnr.,,teoltu'-A FV,
, Fnn4vruul fttod^r^1"*,*o
f,rU"go^d- ?V, Trarunn;,gs,i-oo hr-Âodh*k FM W,
IÎI--t./-
LL , h[on-t 1r{}Q,a)u +W$ in FM e'fbt"A t S^'rytl*br"Cyv
INTRODUCTION :
#
tJe l.>zye ,Awn +h"t in ,orr1>l;,frA mdnni,obrnorlh.,a\X,rhne,
I
V AAied' Aff.9\d/'/1/A'( 'Y/o )ut/\-a'
0) .r.t<JJ x )l
I
/L r.,^nnrll ATION '^ Az,qc COnceSf-e
&-l
Lrltt"r {rzqru'ou6 ,P\- il,'n.s"+ lF- M-Cn;,z:-s*

%"t"1- +
a* H,@ Eruvla-* Jn^n"Ai"O QX
]/O,AJ\/\Q- )*- @+'re't-e//*e'dv W "''

SC+) = A. cA*gr@
* ln Fr<Xw.nuX l4oolanfl,oft"o-o, #n yn"t'Y-ft ':^
.lwrv\Q.r w* i")r-t , *oi^r* Wry*ûf dAD +aLta t,a,,"b

- I
W-?fu \on*r{ frrD rl d<+ned or

*rc+)-#W
ilv-?M Wqytff "hW?*W );r^""'k)Dll'
fie.
4 -ar^ F
# co - +e + - k;vrne*) e;
.fr' tr"?r<ur,aW
V"Y3 4 ry
*he- ,r\,lx, A[rto+ A^d' ),ra;_ W. '4, llzf vol-_.
SUNIL S HARA SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE
&-\t
&^bs#l-t"y €++@ in q+@ r w q,f
ln4h. a,bov. re-lret+,^**)',e;o

1AJ,ND- lrrc.z )our* o ,.
+"*oA'".s'o'ta,J- 'oaxqiu-ildru*
\fu W* +#a
).
g.^^b,s#h,W q+@ 1n eff),*'-'n$
st+; = h.(p\F"+rt + e^+iJ* *)al
)- scL) ayuû,e
b! ^s+A + 4 Wq*\ffid/ilo\hn"
*c i- Jt. @+++Yrunmdn'Jde4 Uuf,e-L
kf n WW'"{ ao-"^:k"\ 44''hL
t ttf fyt'ur,!, W--r*ddAry W

4
,AiW l5z q/wmdrJ^k

qw*) ir.o
W
G*)
Cc) FM S
*'C{; Ptrt S
No^l .,
\i
W W*- ,li-.,*- 'd,owtat"> a-X?,\ilL@ -f,o& aJVt-
Oonre b. r?y<wrh{
)
SC+) - 4. C./08 9; (*) CA)
Pho*" roodanl-afon fu .,e

'fiotm
W-W + W'* rocd"AakA
lfu* {O+h )Ft ^r^tljAc{XL sJr"^l 1v'nc*) ' i'{
,N{*^. *be- lzrrtn Or-{-+ r"+

&trw"gs-A^l Lclrfe-( MuY 'o- f,
'*_ rW th- pb.-. aer,shvrS oF +rE- mdatabL in hd;
NIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI
.?-+
Norru S^r'Ua#-h.r q+eD ;n E#CA). il,an *rn.-As.,T;n

<ryrtts;,oo -$"t -o= PM ln^/'Q- ;d
I
"r
SC+) : *rCPs L"^+J + kr nnca]

cc)
insfu .of c ?M -tuure-Vas)<t
?I.^^rt- Oil*)
,Orlh 1+^- **^T N7'ML y*)"
7,t''.nu oA'^rJ@+A tut)c''r.v.Q- '
Th-r bua- )rtart/-- ,8.aurw frôt
h"L Fv
,
St+1 = 4. C,er
[*o+tf + kp not}l] 'b* PM
FM tJAVe u,sl pM a"r\A pt,t ,4/,SlN

FM B;f^l crc"* ha W #rc#
att| Wrlr* frr- C+)df @
-& @ C,otrfiu-"
@:!A % thrsr W:
rnc* Ftn fteqwntry P

Voa,**&
A.o*z,rf,t I A.cosznf,t
a): trM u8i .lcb): PM t/.gmfl FM
UNILSHARAKANNANAVAR SGBALEKUNDRIIN E OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE
bt -5
P'X(O ifu,'utrafor 0- PM l^ta/\â- AJre^,tq .,uo*h ,a- -FV

' rnct)
(a)
( (b)
\
I
(c)
F-rXo.ta)? .Y*or), G) PM a7til @) Pna W

?2'eblb,^t .o
\/1,rr^/w
*r, FM a,ncanna jr A+*d q = to *'['o^L + Si^1axt)] '

SC+)
CA!c^^.bft #te inW +Wf '0'F sc+)'

: QNa SC+) : lo f,,os L'urL tSin (+ND)
aa
+ u) = to@ + r,osG-7r D +*)
o
eo
+lz
SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGA

FR-eaueNcY MoouL+Tto N:
M@
t,,rfie*- u
e L,ux*ro,*f.
cH; s+T'
o)' Me,uone 8i?r^r..1, L) tto>x;-o+ e;X"\aL c) trM Lrlnnl

d,*-Mt*ry\M tfu,tw-
"n +irr,.r--
SCD =A.- c/r- Ls'1\+&ts^!f 'J*o'q

Srxq:r- -t oN€ traeq ueNcY MODULAT-| oN :
\ffi
\-7-\-/^\-
U -/A.^\/
"M**qW"\ +Ftra ilraâ-
l1zccl I41 si
Cb) FM
+ + cD =t-.+ + /c,osC"tof,+).-@
'+
ot-= +4, :,W %"q is b-rwvA oa il,v-
*',dc-fr;refu*
LI{EL, ficr) - Jr $[ec+rJ
b2-7
uu" ee) - e'tf fi c+) db c5)
At"L*nh,*a^X E+$Csl ;n Ex}6> )vlLf
I rl) ++c,,ss ["rn_t *)df

g (*)
I
a
QO
I t*)
o
Oo
6
aa
P M+,n
.a
gc*)
= NccP4 L"t+* + P b'r) 1ua-{-+)l
trLea.ueNCY-.P1v1[pI I
- ^ ,-.'-.-Z> ..-Z
€\-'
€o oq\/1encw DR^ ( +) dilirrrrA o'L WL " lp4xiuwv..,rl
r<- Ak : I
I t' +l - [-clr^
c<
4
il,a lo*)n +
ffiNY"f;
VUv\rrt
ir \.,
arrd" fu
fvr /!o^^{- **'A b*0rb'
A ,grvrun;rApJ tfrovv.ea.'y a,*jl;X,'a, 5v a^"-L

@
\reqywrvtr L L+12 is ry?lrd
CA[C,,I,$JC
i',Y l!&/'/u"o'l i"^4")
: , tr--l?)*z ) k+ = oo'+fz-fv, $-t-too

E.v€n 4- =5v
i/ Fr,qvanut dsurr*;nD CAk) : kf h^,w
--t*n4AL"8
Af = &5D l*z-
bo
ir> &,JPttno
M I.,,A"r, ., p : }L0
-fm
o'. ? = "LSolIz
I l(+z
too
o
P= O"g5
02-?
ln ,on pM Sqst<rn , ,"lrt ) lhe- orrtS;n & rloo tJz

&-.5 fu 5.. .-tz -
v /++''e dnNiahw V,aAr^cd
VdIone- i,s '\Aaz0 iouwa*A*o *'ev ,Cala
U
fhe ^zrvuo vaty* + ryry*

\ntl+r-r.@ iJ rciLaa b lov
+ry\_
Lg oor.:.-o-nu+
lfr"r)r-
e
"CnL-a- .
9: fllv"rvrr,A,ao*,^,n + &5V ?tx/,-r-

d"uNo+;DD + 5kJtz '
l-tk+ )
k; =+ al = 4a,
++rn
I
QG
q = (rLt+zf v
ilM_ zw */uvJ nX Volta,. .ir ^^DN +'5V , !-Wnn'-
?npXnôttc^1 J""-o+rrro ?teJ^-f =$X +5X

,o
-- 15 (ltz-
oo
^!
vollzXe- D l>V) "lfer^
?xpy*nu1 &t-ffi." :[_+-K+t,:l UoA
^k ,/
=Qo K-ttz
o
o"
+
.o. f.Aod^b'Jren i
A lsLttz ?n F-=@z
rr _ ffi,z_
5KPtz = l0 I t{-- 'c &S/tl-L -go
o t
b= ) a-t
)
Sbo*z
UNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI
m
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS ANGLE MODULATION 15EC45
A- 99. g M llz CraY rt<-,,r i,z +ryru1 ndÂr,t<4 q o-5L++z

NO\A 2- . 7,ha- feAArJrb,rrrf PM ,{Jnyd l,l^t a l*nrytnctX
,st loLrlz -
g-;'a
i> Filnd W csvne( S--? fthe I';yul -
i> ,oest- Vql^r,au dlan4 q+"

i| th" r"tdu 'laJnc,.n ;rlq
+* )r' &4ilv\-L '
^l
calc.r'^J
: Qnt"a z $=+oL#z ) lm=5r .*2, l.=93'"1M)*z

l> Cnrney Suot"rl:{X a[-
= "1 X 4oL*z
o
QG
Wrt<tr S-Ig = ?o l.ttz-
Xl,*- l^:Xhr|- {'\rrvtnutr r<ad^r) = F.t ^t-

--q3"&x rd + +oxtf ++z
--92"01 + t4 llz-
,il,e Laur-oab*"-V*y 2/sr)^*A" = $-c - +

= l3.L Tvl++z- +Kllz
::l vo"kalo&no l,Dd-/ p _ &

&q ""we**<A atd

il,*- u1 id
*o L1*z 1".? &Td ix & +v-.b ailv^zt
Dnkx*t* #,* M''"A"x 4 "o1
W'
: Qva I Cnl,x,taxS-".rfl =4oG+z- ) #,, = ]l<1+z '
tdt-f' af
oa,*txs^T : o2 X
o'o LL D
-- { al.,xil-y-&pivt+
o
bl-
=
l\
G,O
so
t-m
6
Oo
? =5
, Hlhen .o- 50,4 M ltz tnr.x;.t-v
@ A.F n"),,,Jals-n
gttndr,-d fu 50. +o5 V+lz- . Cq
,lyte,,"akW4r"-+ (a
): D b{lc+ , 3)* l,qk* kod,*A = L+
^F
o,. At =l+7t.d-fery,rrx1 rQrd^P4 -+L
f " At- = 50' +o5
t!+fz-- 5b '+h,{l*z
'SUNIL
HARAKANNANAVAR
S SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY, BELAGA
o
bo
I> 6po*;'e*ry=*9_X^k
o
OO
t, lsau*f VrW"f o#aIneA -* Uo,^;e:-Krp+v"n"{ - &eq/-Y

= 50, \Y)442 L+z
Ls{ r-a^ts
Vnq,*1 l'tnA^'t / -- 5o'b15 tAP.z
CoJfrÎr*- the t a;,t'J-o.v

1,ervr,'hgw c'r"*
wt"rr0- ftctJ*u D-arnaxffizwrl W"{ + 1a,:o+1 falfi-a't
I
o.- rn?6ilTrrrrn 1'023 YW ' J)^L W
nd.rrlL"*t^X *: '
". QNerr 4 *rXlx*l*V*\ r"ad^"A b^{ FM - ?1'o+A V

z
*, = 1L+Iz
N*,, ' I'"11*'"il h/ F')
C.oos;* *r-r1 -f,lrle*1'"+'*r'ut -
Loro€st
gq "o'{-€ t-4*z
= 71"0+?Mttz -
o
oa 6;6uutlw*T = U+ kltz
u-13
7fl
A^rtA"
ob
^F
b.lJ.+.
' 1)"o fto&l-e) $z +^+
GJ =E|,Xh,*Wyked)-+
q1.o+ VIrz tsL$z
-
Cpax:-a:-f"T""t - 11'0s5 l=1|tz-
a),- .wtp{^rJptrp^, lnA-v, &.D

+m
l0-Kttz
*LtIz
P = l.+t4-
NARRot* BAND FeequeNCY ffi MoDULATIoN ;
$^- b-rrys + br,rrre,ll:dth ,,W ar''e- bura AW"'+
l) Xlou-o*o|cr,=^rd FW t:/ A",hbrtA FM
>tv;-/ s+ar Jorrl *#_p FM y**ff* .\_,,
scJ).* =As[CBttrrf.L+d-n-+j(**)"d.Fl , Cr]
SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR BALEKUNDRI
SG BELAGAVI
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PAGE
e -r+
?x,orrtu3, + -rurC#) dJC Wa,t) ElO !o"A"'"')

I
fl
SC+)I
lFm
cq
E%+G) .rr lCrtP,^m ctJ @ trM
/ +ly(- 4l/oJ\A,ouobar,.A
PX )/v'a'lrL j-'t flruen )
St+)lo, = *.[C"t-e^-L+ - kf 'ncl-) ef^^+.L)

Xl,'v- <qô*-rlvl1@) at'ACs) rr/.i;cs"h &
PM tutd" Px 8i
rno&Aob),xl'-
DSBSC +
Nau,o,"to^J"
-*c-sr"4* Ft1
*c Css, ,^lt+
PV
"o*hrl
-A.air,z4-.+
4.cetz{.t
NBtrh4 D NBPM urlr,q DSBsc

IL S HARA ANNANAVA SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI
n
l,JID E b+ND FRCqUC-NCY MOOULATIO N : TRDNS}4ISSION B.t,T OP

v:-*\-^-/\-, f @ u,^--r
Cg/\uArL Wv- *@ .vwc*)r^/okd* ia barÂLi
b M., iz M** -r^nod-rJ'aJ r3

+*1P"t rs B Wz /lFwt a-*
pt:- C"o:rg,g"i s 7VJ'!- -,
B Lt flrl :o-(f*,)B
P - ryvtel^l-Wgw irÂul
b =bN ,l;AlhA@ si$"
DEv I AT loN RATI 0 i
ff*
roerc fu .dr#r*rA aa W'e Tfrw 4 Teav'?rn'wrrt
"*,r.Vt*t
-l-.,?^ 1+a^ {n ftY*- *^r* tnd"'"!*T X #T"t," 3
l-,-a- d"i:'P"*o *15uJ
^rd'x'^wm t5Lrlz rasilEin
trry*1 +
o- @Au'omar1
DeY'rff,or)
'x.sblemz :
Axo,.^-. +}.rcl *'to- rn4xiTnh/rn

wW qk"wq 4"^^rd;"" (ot) i^
" t5kl+2, 61ilfu 1he &arw*w

;4*-fe1^n^Xt2 ^@r'so,
,SUNIL
S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE
*r6
, g.n- ; Af --5oVt+L )
n^gd,^rJofraw j/^^.drx/ p __
aol
,B=
*^t CC.:*Pr,.t ft.'Ja-,

.Ltfl+r)B
.2 C€, 3wtl) t5 l<t*z
BN p*, = lgq.qq k-*z-

yroBLt5Snn
ilra eqrr"fu--r, +e a,rwFM t*atp ;,s SC+) ---tOS-[S'l
q1rcna| t >
CtJrrrJr{- "y rra:'"a:a* n'u
\<
o t
;;'."-"6 Yry
WoAroo'
ffI**O
vl
1,,
?n""'*s-.fid *
n r
i
8)n rsxros+:l
9,-l
L frwen : gc+) = lo s;nf e"+xto8# + b ,

\-/w
eU @ FNo €Jfe.l " wa'"
c,,--^7.rr"7 O )v')dh
"+
SCF) = A. cl* for*"| + P Î,,,'n+,nt)
I
'
i> g-N+t-->7xrcsE NN-uN

L{rI/i.|.- ffiwnnutr
l. - q o'7ts Mt*z
c
ar!
SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BELAGAVI PAGE
d*t 7
if> 7-t1s)1)*,\ +*ry % 6tr# = t>xtdE
P --i
,v/ 6[*, p = 5+-
"o. Af =?X4- = DX f "? Oq K-*Z
t ln'*"x A:;*.,f*"4
O
o
?p^,"*fuWa -* o"5 l--t
GEN{ER+TiON Otr FM
\/v vA/_
d,'sr"p- D^-Q- t *n:o "f '1't"'v"X^n
"";;-rJJ^y
i) Indtec,YmeLhd
t-t) Di rec.t- rnethod
u -lB
h9g".lM-+|,oJjtjgeW ffiz
#r* f.+V"tntx :^,L rLlr\fffufirl,y I
FV ilro./\^!) ,7,q5C0.) d,c^/"4 CI-
bl,o& d****,w
* y*k;4- - 0'- l r-â -^^
FrY1 4, :r./w-'
"t ryp M S;X:YL
ln *^r)r,
Vtu
oL
â.y(otrrb"r;
.i/ q"t'tr"leJ W "'r/'qaln
ann-c*) ,a/^d W@x)
CDYfiLT
f'Ozy'J\u<-tX !/r Lr r\--l

WaYt
b^t '1)'t.. toaa.^hr rp{riexyqp-ry&
W* rLo*itd" Pqry M
,4. lf I
i Mrx€L
t.--')t I
src*)
8r
"ÂO0
+csin2n+,+
Crcybco) Z d,od4' Aâ1aa,w aO ln),xe***y +1(*'fu1

(€f Cl-) LL *Nr@ f{gFM ,r,r.Ya'tna / )'lE'^. il\v-
)'@'"*'
Sl
3,*) --AtP [sx4,t +e7rh]*o''OLo,,

e1-fl|, , m&) oal'v'b'L A!4"ruA as
lil,ra
nnc+) -- A, ues.Llr+rf
&rrL.s*.W-h ffi in
SrcJ) = As cls Y>Th+
a -r1
ilr*- A^/W^k
"rll WrL ,t^,o$A,o1o)oetd Wmdr^!-afu"ir fua
rnrvr*;V\,<A b^f 0-
NBFM 'l,.ci-r,"n
#'*
No+o )*U"t!-
t=tBtrY
Srnnc*) =Ac c/esF"+;Lt ? 'e;n"-+-.+)
ildr'!"' 4, -- t, ) 1\k' = Lk ) f\Yt -- ?

il,* M txEryI nodzth&e+ h'a-L * Wy
tAtdard
FM -.l)Jor\â trv lNar'/Y '
tX 5cb) cgY q!,ljJ'itu 4V NBFM j6 tdBtrv
"
e*ehv";
A YAP^"1 'r'rtvJfr-W YY %"\ff";
ffi; ;! *, u,^ll* "eL Aio,A' Dv a- tro'"ilx#"- +eua'^-A
o 0-* *t ^ 4,\,ot. -.l?\/\egr- Aot'*- fu "ALeu'vv-l
0 0 0.
r- [ o- o Ataa,,,^^^)
lag)^d+r=ts -t.t
tr;W
b+ fr- -t'
a> I o tA ogtl)
nw'p*
**{v'2>'> g ,&hô{l}r,
.Al,'.0-bl,o&-NaY'arc* r
,3rt+)
I
Nenn-La"<s+- c+) Srta ct)

i
Ncurrgul Dtl,,*r-a-
A4 4oorru.
SUNIL S HA KANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRII NOLOGY, BELAGAVI
Q-ulO
Lc*) ",* H,* Wf^)

^rdrtlu^,
o'8 q'"n q
cc*) -- vVTco{ta{- rncr)
Vvv/ ''
ctl-nc" 3a th. o,bsenc"

,;tr,r } &rr'"*wfrI
qlcr) i"D @XD ^,'w- ff
fi c*l =
.1^-J (L,+h) (co 4.rocD)
a^-\ CL,rk) co C,+gl"nc+))

r-! -'L
co lz<t
= +"[, +kr*]h e)
t"= Ct-,+Ld%
ANa- A&bvwne mA/iYnvvrY) in Lqoclfutv-
tWoy'|be-
+ rnod,ala*m q -uw i-s Ar;,-')) rootNP'd d
.vw tA+ncib' I" Ca "++^Ptu @ 1""'-"'^
Wr,
=#
trcD r^ +,
,m+V,-îl]
L'*#mc#)
: +-o+ kk-ol-l
I(4
co+t C*)
PAGE
o2
-ut
-1
Jn yvaÂ) fu"a^/W4 a'ry\.'sw'' u

ff*bt
.qzc+) = (*)t aUSYCD + * u." "*a ' o d .'*
O-,S
@ns|C+>
g,\bebfb\P,Y\n ea$U> )n
ll"f^Â
- WoJ- J-
\L
)')'\LL a- dc.
,
ca'vy@ 'u'lv\e-'Yv n*Y:'-{
ot-, - I tr, nnc*)l m^x o'

D1Y".Y
\/-/-,
-.thud '4
\-/>t--/ L-A^'
q
a t l^ X.a^rrl
rcpry\,> lr:,l/
n *h. drr.*ttelhd$
I - -tl-^ Lel
*d"il&,
il +b" CDJrrt<'r ufroJ{<- 3! naa ? rt,*al*
YvwYe"l'-all*A
A"^31'' c'Jdh'd' /(L
#-
t
+"rtt4
,Ll
Pdllatre'- *)"*' ":^
6 Ca) {.3 qiv\on iLD= ffi
NIL S HARAKANNANAVAR ALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECH OLOGY, BELAGA
jr fu- f.uyLlo.,vt ffi1*^y
,t"L.
A;:,-"*,v^0fr."d +*- W!-
)k -UAqJrfo*+rrf
*-Louyi
ile^/", ,Otê- .v'rtatt-d .t*- )W1ry7'Ml"t
&rd tdanru-
'flixe*
F'7 aCU>', ?l!Ab"&

fJave
,sr}re.,,,,* @W 4 ffi,'*A kfir=el
FV .
mi
-l)<.re- k- avf,*-reptlle
, trM 1'e-rcrahr rs \?y-b^'a
Il*- d^gx
"o,(ci lirb" ,
x)*
.o_gullaW- AA)
ha.
"8
+ A}zuf,,vwin{,eY '
Q -.28
A :L ,a- ,Arxâ
^r"D*-
J3 bf W+u*ix
r,4,usatto
++< ifu ,+t-=p"t +-D,-
-rlî, ,^1" voHo^qe ,@ udoLlo 'i,r"t$frrr/rlu'r' ;" q&"4

lL<A os{ill*aL h
I lr n --L-- ra
nD
chnn t+-^l-++r* M
*, ',b a*t^c6neA {ob''a- '
ODU thT loN o" trM L{Avas

o'
D€^ \-/\- €
u)lnJ,tre* N4d'cd .0t FM W %Pt;

(V.ta- {eilcA {".f)
SI.JNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE
a-.r+
,-.rr-ZV \-/\./
rbe- vo
""'t+^"ts
' 4.*+
FM Ltouz (Ve=Ve1-V6s-)
Drl
gia,al FM
(-{VO)
gGD
F1,+Col'. N*t-ltDiaX.to.trn
-t -ofi,
n<D i ck+
o.1o-/
L
\+cc) z Fuq,anuy
ilr@* P)e !fr:':rt- M^'ê"l M@ik
Tha r-*t ?* +16eA # LF i--"t-c e
J.l^- l€,l,..re.l- -fu".RA r-'ru"'^L

,L,a-0"s,r)
+. b^f ^F i'e :k
Q-a5
ln a- +'T +Lb) , Rr [ | ,o,,,"d" RrCo ry #*#)fud

,,,elr*t* Vor Dr*J %u_ o-\z Urv +Yo'!-tu
" -t.t,
'Aool- ofp
iz Vt = Vor -Vog
Hte f,ak W't

"/,WWf W
c'Q-
/ Vo = ov
r=thea,
\,/1-r\-,
fin >tq
\-^-a-/v-
i<- 4r, tn F. t oh
L--l-\--l'- \--^--'\/- vn---
a
HARAKAN SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BELAGAVI PAGE
9-d_5
fl,irr ,u,qttve4*axe :Vd tu l>e<;)ive,

Nher^ t,. . l. iz., *u $ +"-+ ,.
\-z\.-.A.r - \/^r'-v-- \-^.-N \_,, ._/^\-^ r-.r:.-.-.,z
L{hren tnp{ryyut
'h", 1lil-:dd'?
lr-r*
ry î,
dir& DJ i" !k"E+ D, " l+u4U Ik -Ye--
'Vtt . il,at"W,"lWo-of7
tp-f ,yo*, i
.t- #@ "bs,l,a^LrA ry,&fufuv B -\/<- 3'r, )'frs
"{ rotwTe- "
t .o ) utlr.", # -- fc
Vo
tve- ) ,ra[-* t* >+.
-V e- ,t ,@l^rrr_ -{", <-lc
o
1
'
Adwr"tctqer
#o
d.t-,1ô,.^ )otfu+
ry fu4 W*- b>-rfL *Wf
D",&o.d
W,r,r*- ALt*u- b*_ l-W\rel h

*t{u*-p-?<
,rb W- Ctru^*
st-O7
f r.4 )etntnd"rtirtg,w A/wW

\fn@
Veyo C),.otgo,wr Drbrfe', g
Ylf\-w
\, /\/
d.erw LhP'\j'?/\/Y d*hbw PPrreha Dw ff@4>sn6?L
fr' s' otA,L
) A+ W@;|yY'- A:6tr'^* )oilt1*2'' oAiP*tW

ir
y#tt F+4 ,uro/v\a-At*lnpu,*t LD bV@lcr),
FV
Fq aco z M++"#w-,x +T a,,r'A" ur [* *, Fry ma,t.e .
ilr-+:rrnw- 'T' "yg dr@r*- in Mllh

fl,r.-4-e{f€CIrry hvrn tA^r,A;+to4^/
oo
' it attrroil-
W z (- b-fu@+s&c6[
hc^rrtA^D?dfu't'f '/tt)
i
"
M,'* eM loa/v\a is ('/k

"t-
d-lL'no' da/@t" -fu /YvvrYl
iqbvv^L tT) , frencn aL i/
r*yfoinh fi-,',un\
SUNILSHARAKANNANAVAR SGBALEKUNDRII OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI
tr. €xnay*n"S ir ft.'v*o q

fiv?
+,9
5
+o
gt$'rr*c*j , He\a )/'.)4- .cnrr^- Tec-gt'os* n"rt(*) , +%&

||3r\D,Uor) .
UJ"l- AL",w?.U+'1"A
Axhb" laAt&
ftTBcb) 3
FM Derv\/al,r,'!fi;*n ^/\Ajrr\q
\-21-^''-- \//1\//>-0 ?W
U:\-'-'
il,Adr4rt R**p\>\/^\/-
:-^-{ IP f_f-) :
'/'\/t
P LLC ?l,\a*e LqfuA tu€?) i-t ,tu
r> A
^n L
Waf cr,^de.fF^ trroe
l '/
.
w
Axrvilnt
o ^
^
,&
HARAKANN SG
#l-wv.
BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE
ot-"11
FM Loof
t-"1o,,trc- Frller
8(+)
:
f,:j9 uff-L"d*oya'** Puu
t/v\/v+LteA 'L'v'-
Alf !fri"ae hjl.-gir, 'cu1L
W@ +.0- +
),r* #79 Ca) "
V C-O ir A- L;rvtL )/\JC^/\/p- qrrr*"tt"" *'* PW{

il,-
Y/v<-
-l--
l, '"Jll
CPtJ\PL
b
t
)Jô*
r- I
^tr
W dem r+/u'r, ;.r,,v ,'l v- *aV'iltetL"
r
WVV\lJ\/vvr-v\"v\Yl Y
"-
qo'
W"Wr'dttb- '{<}f'td
Lalrr'<'( lcrellnc- '
h W*' PLL' k orL
,t+****fJ.rnelJ.{
o3
ild/*-\-
usl/@* Ac i-t N@
Bj?,..o[ *w*;. t-Ja
0
i.s +h<- \1qn"n1 **\\ t/ê- tr-*-l'-'Y

"r{*- fk
rnoAtJffi,
bt -.}0
a
f-rl- W:r\. \rC-D 8^r*Pt L, Ar+^rrA.,o-s ,

Tc+) : A, c,o.s L"Ctt + dror] Cs)
+r'.-. ',{y'' o2 ),kL n ,,Q;,fuLq ** Vcn n&fr'+

lh" cenhrrl volht" ;:-Pr/'l rJ h vlo fz {&) 'Fxott-.,
r
S*c*l - JurkvJ rrc+l - A-l--

*dNt* 'du' ',,g #^, A"r,qfhrfifo, rct ;x,r,t nS tF'
f '
VCO hnt rlr,Nr lne )t\r, 3Y l+4 Volt o
rr.r[^,* Vd fnpr,"J- Vtf) g,r.o,! )G Levo i'z vc#)=o
SuH -o .
iY^rt rwdqYl .Y*

'
'Itxnr+l^€-
rii'; *p+
i
+ \* ; r4;*' a)\.ax\)
c3)
&lsxHirfl"? q+CI n^,,A ql@ ;)D W, A/\'o-*

o,cL) = E"w[*^+& + O, cDJ . Av cos [*"1&+ 00,+r]
xkf, Sao+ . CosB = st'n C++e) + -L S in (-h-b)
t
Nlô.r) W -ft --fin-fu+t0, ct ] ) $= L"+'*+Q"c,+)]
oc*) : t+u Sr.o[.r+Jrd,cn +o^fo++$n.*! + A:to
gu-&
s,"r,
tfrt+, e) -"frJ-Qoct)]
a--7t
ou' e,t*) = k, A.Av Si'o

E--qcLtQ,cOtQ&cf'}l +ktt'tA'S"p,e
)d,@- q,,=+ ir ll^. *vJh$""Y rw-nwr.)ffi'
@aAiF
+ lfuflt)ffiP"{ Y-..
t_rll
-re+,'MM q
-
tnn*r#v Si"n
V.t+.+tO,cr)+O"cD]
# lA^r ffi*uf Ca.tu?mrl+ @P4t-r"\Yd q-
(,.n4.*, s/D [0,,*l - 0rco]
il,*-]nqLM@tury3k
:/"rf^r*,W U-rMr8 -Wr" "M
e,c+) = k-+.-+v $'o [S, a)-Ouco ]

ooo e;c*) = kn-A.Av 3)nL4-e'1
fu ry e*)k prcA,*,-
*Ltc+l
noo vc*) =^( L(t) , ln tt,-f ) af
-Ds/
SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI

N@.ur Aildblu;r,*oh,vy EL+@ ,,o ut"# , )^le- yrb

a+.w =
dy - dQrc+)
db
{-t,.,+l,-[ux-ku vcr)]
d+ L-
o
C/t
ec+) xh")] _
@
&^b$fu*;""n W@ r,n effi r.Na-Xlf-,
ta
o
LA"
q -h (r=1) d'f )
k" - k-' Kv Ar Av.
Non -U neu(
f,nl \/,.14/'v*
Modcl .ol-
\_,/\-/\.-.,^y M
P t-t- i
C$.vrrrAp- V\L 4+Q),
l
,w\D&d.,cu N
Al,@^Nr)
o,
wrW
Jv14,
*) crr"tL
VC*) crrrtL z*),u
z*) ,n t fe4*z*tt&A
fu e*"ffis^ @'
FqgCal s Ne,vv @tt+ pl^^-)Ark"A )"n. .
Ltneov mde,l + P/"n".

,,.a\-A,./\- \-A.-/\-fW r.h,,alV
l,od.il "tp{s# Z
V/\-/\,/\/ \J\/.\y--
JAo
W ),sdr"A bq :a aeid h ht_fn ?l,aklxd.,,,ol,,ut-
W" fl*-et-\M- Q.-Cf> a ffi. L{ko, pl,ar--et"r#L +.ot-)
o
r-s )-u" ffi\ort u,o-vv- ll-c..J.;o.rw t ru-rur?uaz !-f_-----
8i,') [ +"*, ] Y^ Q. *) -G)

UAa_ a.b,a",t - q+0) ?A ,o ;v';,u.r\h, b . L,ottfu"t +"/- 4"t+'
9,*t'#, .otg 0,5 @A .7W
1.0&g Wr\g^, O,5 tro.A- . 'o ) {+nT* !;nu-v,v,ôLap

vc+)
Q,er
k+q tc) : Ltnec*- ,^r@di

.e-B+
Nk+' +.,
0,*) = srr+"J 'o +) dt
0r@: cn-kYSr*d'b
/ tut't )'@'t"-
n*cc;
.Q.c+> -- 4,w) -rto@ c,)
"^rv\q grrt'rgll Q)A,gl / AD Q.oU = O
,oo o = $, ot;- $nct)
.oo Q,ct): 0o4)
qfi.fJrnd) dk -* t/*Jv*)A.F ce)
O:fic-u.,.dta+"y )og1fr" giA- + +@'i/,,a-f,
C;.m*) = qu"vcf)
o
o- vcj) = _g mcf) i.e- vC-*) d lrvtcl-)
k-v
IroP
il,\^B t)We- Ie$air #H*q- -î
-lp W,v Ot^X',ô-[ 4iEnA' . fu'w ,Olffi;'- 'vse-\A/ r'\'t
wg*.trF]l *:y'"a ",2 W a"A{ W,:to
xe-@WW: j*) d"rhcd

ry*4
CI,.ll qnohi-te'*'b .
d,swtpi#V,t-L Vo*) =e,v;Ct) +a*ffon t agr,nt+;

u-€5
v
O.tr&.j., QA o-qr- M.
{.ry #r'* fuN?r,i *a W* h!-'a'/\'lLptv A/oo'l\/\oY
e)
.+x:thuua,
$c+> : e
&AA#h,Ary Cp@ in WtNq,f

\bci, = e,A.- cus$+tdaD]tq*dcrr-[o"+rtt$cr)] +
&gA"t c,or8 Lu4;t +Qc+)l
L<kt,
c,nao =t+ry
=ry1L0*ag
c,srsg
I
++
= Lor.+"++$ *t
%*8oC[oo+*+Qel] -ooPo
\1
*.oo+"0
'.1 c* U+*ta4
o"rgdpâ++o"!
vo er) - arfo c,o{ Faf,Jtqc+)) +9"t1!l + ord cor [.ffit1o
.t --
+ SE e cr*p4& +A,jr] + WJ * [g't+ + 3+,r,
+\--t
4
arg"rtrPrr@ 1^r&rsf'* [r@J- *v il,*rryrd'u,fu,'t t
@ a^,'A Wrt tL +\rq,vnY @*L

JJ^. fe+,,tA FM -urcwy- tur&tA *'+; fu q
Po;-l.J*Y ,r',Xlr'u b?F.
i"t". A^/q*.h- .W\o- BPF ix
Vo 0t-) =0r fu.c"sr Lun-L++Qtr)] tan+J
,'o Vocl, = C,os[u"+r++SUrJ (o,,tct

LazA"r)
+'
q+CF) r.vnnJl. thr*- vo(+)
exc.o-f,L
+* il',* d'a,Y ;t)
,A"o^ ,vLof
"e+k*aL\,
FM ,fu ilud jr,\,
^,AiAilt-f
XlrcrotoGnô- artA" *Ptoil;,fo' .
FM Sreqeo M UurtPLex lN6 o
\f.,A, \-/\ry\,
S+x,r,l, M
vio- W' { A*- rtitt * "x)-;t ailil,tr-./vqaA- fu,' Da' tr+tl

tu*,o brctd-ca:/rur1 o9'/'irnt"o'u'
Jl,-' PM &Yesel.t*,'itt ilW
w. 1P'ry
iOo+*ro rrn:tkz + fVr .&Iu\t-o /&v 'cv\'tllm)',w) 6.XUo, Lct,) '
u-€7
mxt*)
mc*)
coa(or,6t)
4r o cq) : M il*i*xr-v ft.h in Txo,tg,orAlu
4 t, ebtn
&# rq-LCD.tr1d. m,"&)
Wlo dJA4urcr,J:'vt -crt"sYl"P't"'tt
W h*mYoffit\eL*d
dil#$!r^f" etTAL '
m&(D] &
âil"tq#w-l.sa,
$X,âL l*nl c*) -rn ac*)),
Orl-h ,& bEL4*z W Dr,,- p1.fid fu a
';61ilr"Jo&eY *, DsBSc- @'Y:
N.,o-
M^t'o'*:^":rrY* W-ffi
w; *rre
tQ4.4*z ffi .7h.tt-i, ws- i-e-
,4 e7drn"^-'bq
,i'

I -€8
ANGLE MODULATION
fu al"P^^n ;^"
ry--, il^-L- Wul
to tl") .
C+) +'rnxc*)
omlc+)
"ra1c*) Q hor.4)
-mx(L)
,}
?,nr b) z pqrwJ'L?Luxu \fu b Fv tbto.

(<co-ivc-L^t-
il,,, W ap,^-fi,^b
4 .W$e!- l-ilb'\A : rL l,s,-Pr-
#tuL -0^d. {;u,to hr^r'AfaA lrlb* e
UA,o- l"r*Lar"'; lr,^,otrat +1lb aLsfoTA fu.

"nl+p- l"e"rJ" O-ts{+<r+z .7)n - bn*'Apou- #Lb"
og -Jo %d*z-,
$ X-orovto:- lFa
W* LaJtr?eL tllLl*2,
il,* Arr$,cnx:;s:- Aiq'r*l -* s*ktlz i3
#*
.n A
,g: ,,& ,Cg\ttrur,tf A*kcfuv q

IL S HARAKANN I INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI
O-8q
ANGTE MODULATION
fefpy\rPvraV !yr- lrky$

hnlt+) .o^""1 fr*, *^f gN^ , rvtx(*) " #,q lO Cc) Slr*^,*
0
flr, ;uprtrt r,,- * Att*n ";r r^H;{rN

s&r.,, rn,,.l#y0qr"4 n,L+),
4 \d
kllz
CC) Sfclil",mr, 4 *hs.,-o,r",^l#fl^"A mcD .
"Tqro : ^Wal
Ft1 locd) slre^*t #,* )d,od. *^fl'0a'*4
+"-f=
+,
H7rocd) z WIdLWlrt- .9^fheh"4ry Qceirrer

o(d),, atub^tu@ -ycb ,q #@ uraeL ro*o
iF h )fv- RF c il,*- P"tr Aîl{;rpel
J rWrO ?
Dl k e-.F L' ;+Pln, h &,

SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI TUSTTTUTE PAGE
a -+D
illu- "rn? Yu- .,olr-o {erpiv<* avvv W ),CIcol
W* **3tt[t-U .,C9J,/\-
dho- +$*o.w!- Pf
!t-" rner.;- V,fteA irr bn","l 4
sl-+l
Gor'apA(tsoN N+RRox gtoNo q

o?&\-/\.-/# f=rr oeB#ND Fr,{ :
@\-/v
st.
lr.l
^ Paxar" o-h-t l-.1BFM
I
.?) ) (40:
- max 5 k*z
.'
+>
I ,g^r'rd) i <-
BN = Llm
(.> ?no-
N aeA"A
+> Ap#.+*"
CoMPARIsoN
*\ff
O€ AM & trM &t,rs?<,vt*t :
t--fr.-+-ll^\/\-U
F,<lqrur,^r^+t<tOMlrt,b,n tUc,{,Jztlrot-
X^0^. Qry@ffD^tuF FM -tuore >fl,r-q+ .fec *U na,,,w l<
SevrcD =f.c!r, pryf t p sr,zng! S+u Ct) =' Aa[ +la,ncD)c€424d
il^r-Mf.r"Ux yil,--MtuA"4
voJ^zw- ShWL-bA iJ d^^^rf fu-o;_ :- )o_n-Lr.,,roorn
,,$.- rYl,O*--,WgJr-.O,v\a.
V4la "OrrrL )U,\e- o
d -+,q
?xayvrntra |;,ecu,-leJjww t!a&,J&iô,,w

o> -bc..,esr"+teJ -pe{ rl-t- it
v
+
+ il,r- B"r,e^ro?Ab A"yt"At 'eo
+> Mod,u.l.att",uoro lt A"* ? = *-
+- ) vdr^la+m, lnAt)',, F:fy
8) U/,... Br=f yRXu-veA {5- tmnsnffits
FM $floJ I,e m,/&) )s^file)
T FM {ryq,êmx *v),aA recqh:u ? AM zq$t^{wr,# at* b"r

%rct4rr-r+ d.re- "/t @'t-@,"fw C,ou,tp{,c2<. "
r0/ lo) bM konenshlno r3

i+An Ftt t lransmtss-r)rO
rr) n>uAaAtr \a;t*c^sr,r4
il,-. ff a;,D od""req..$- FM d*<*<A !%

'o) Y"-
ovq- Atn ?* W rpir4 ?nnnnur il,sn trM
GOMPARTSON Otr FM & PM sysTel\4 '.
@Y\-u/\-^*
rt-h3
I S"N ? n*gar*rxt+ Yl o A,ul'ffien ilrr,Oe-M

ilroeqA r#.rlo,&*- >il,v- ?ry.oh\n 4*- Prv14mrc
Bd, = foCot L^* +enkpwt{ ,EcD - F.@s[rQ++ Kf-or]
sr> Fx*+rrt "rt
,At v;a4wo *t
h)' +"'mro*rnlr#,-,7 t'n
tÂ^ F) * lu) J+ ir f#o^) *o

? nno&n,l-alru"r (
f'rY')QWl^fn
'o.
m"d/-lrAY,?
tF) 42 8 NR- i* i"k"* e\ h
5> e7 ?V ?,s ,vrad b S.a*-nne&
u#<--t\t,
, 6> 7*-;-, +ed"!-k fecaitâ-
Pt< ,u1L a* ?M reciiw-\,-

+ ?E^W+Plvl vlrl.t\PP
8> ? ta-"rNd,o-ri;- .cÂ A. 8->An arrerb eq"'ikze^l OAL
c;ru"rfu'CI.^z Âail urnd ;m PM

1>
SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVT PAGE
a-hq_
7
t> O*rin ffu exprdrrorn +*- Ar/L FM t'Iaana " ,tlso

,,w*V th. *W* uirû'fomv 'j
9 ExVla;n denoly )rr,s^,o
.^,3 ,\/W) ,tr FM

€> ZxyLr'r*, d"rrt w{,v\\o*')An
P/\o-lr_ )@duA
Md-
,A/vV Fftn
W
M, Dt srlilat 4D?h lE"
v DQW W
td"d.Aôqa^^,a
W4
i>PM ,4^Jq^^4,vaY PM ?>Pt4
'fr"{-
tN
trM
06M
a
+ O A'rr) l::/ td* t1 , Chlu'W

ii> Md-'.I^FryffinY
rv)W D*Mfc.-ATi.)
V> ?ro+t'- *'N* i't loo-o- e

MoouLe -3
#
ya lr-\Bus :
#
Sr^"ef, Noix-o. , ilr$.rt\^L NL-sio , >l4b F.tsi-a'sl Neis,, W
br,/v/r/rr1dffn- , t"t.,o'ixe BXa'r:'* "
INTRODU CT ION :
yJ\L
lr"rrr)- .* ,,*,g^lt ?z 'wtl'rcb^- Y/aAq.^' )ho/^
harM\u plvuv'd)o.-L)a .
t.l
.*f.Z- ,gc7y\l-v 3n Y,@ A-g,\,*'rL.o{- Ot/&H- l";a' 'OS-

ilr*
\))\-L '' wczr-<>'u-
v 'v v
-
-v-|
&non ltk"-affi
ln LDre-"t- WJl! MYW,>)Y
,"vLTv .;; dr-r* *fl-rv *"t;t '""!
hrr",A+, Lr*,aL
OF NolqE
soDRCES \-^'/'--z-.'-r:'-- :
1.nnryv
&g/\^tl:t axWn^l h ft-Cei\nY\ff gddfr* "

,a)r.l.", ,A.tLe.-
:n *",gc, Xa) '

SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BELAGAVI
NOIS E
ExreqttlAL No Ea lNreq^.(au N
MAI*M NDC N +TURAL

SITOr NOKE
J
INDUSTRJ +L
ArvosPu€Rrc Exrqa'agQrsr(rDr_
g 0L+R cosr416
tr?t,) c-e) o
,o el,o*srJ-cffioo * N ci.s-L
exf<xoal No.ixz
l
,o
o
\-a\-\ry \- -
ilr.UL yA-}'u
"C[-r\4-
"WrJt-
o lrl/vt-*r.;-cLl Noix.Q-
o io
# toa A}.r,rtrv.- rrcil,g .a)"a-Abt;L
UnU
HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI

e>d*oteyr? *bLoJ- Nsix"-

i_a..,Al
Z
ExLra**vr,*krol *aUt
,ww\tu# + -LDlnJ-
T W*ffm
q fut'c^n"b
,g"'oLt a" fiA:Abr*, *"4* Â
fu'fu 'tvgi.a!- "
SHOT NO,SE :
\-r.-.-a\-t--/ I
Nsixr- ao<;*u in .e,J

gj^,s+-
Araurb, tP, lr.)'*ohl:* + .i
io +W--,arfrr. A*r fr* ,A,,r*-h re

ryN,
S1,,,f, Sle-,x, nl\
iôL a ta\" nasx;-p:* (dnilre,- '.s\'

)*P1IA) '
0,L Vaccwnn btloa, ilr.e+-/A,o:ae tt

effi*-s;.oD
\Ji . ttlw-'t
4 ded:,wu 44P^^-
t/
)Jfr
-D .
')prrJuz , A)*'h 'ra",.An''r'

r<-csnrfit 7, 3h*"* I de&,totY tu
,L V A,r,,r. h )y- far^rrAm,o &vt^L;*1b + -Pl,tp4--v. -

o#wD voffi re)+e*k #.,''rv-

I
:rn M7{nu.
V',q,CC/r^
cAtfr"J"
rnJJvA g^"st -ar",A ;"

^rtsia"
Ot/J,t>b,t pa^D""^T fin !W.
V:r,e,,Cl"tt,ttv *r"'J"r ( droJ")
,d U/o{fr),v\/\- Atp|/*, lbe

V o"Ya^X.
al* : 81,r BN
1, +.1 b l'6 X soll q
L+ ** f-tttrretaP i,'- ry^
"in lla-Yfz '
I
Bu *
il,- nrtu-aa,ny gryM g!",et.rnO;p A/'\t \u/[ t"t- LMLV 7va
rt* = s? (r+sr{) e*
Te Reve-t*'n SJl*'/"âl;Do D+t'^b,k
->

PhsLl-urtL
,-*V
*&A, "^1
req,\,uApA +" +rAA"^*-
ctivcs, ),\gr anL-W
^^JrfrL ô
. X)no {<aW<s- l^p*r'ct:ytd':y-
. .-lnv!oh-+h*- ottrr<*throqh
*',o4"
$: Qr"^ Ve,ur --15)tV / q--a5-(> ) BN --\gooLtLz- ,L=7
NKL, 'r-Q
tsN o+ tl+rrr) Bxr
Te
LLr',ocL L>>'TA , 't'vn\*r-h>X
u"" I!* = {+(D BN Cr)
t>tk+ / -sxt t5A\/

= O "9-AF
*s
-- o.tt-t +
l€
knr Qa
l,rnor^ e#{t),
L=du* = Co."tl. Du ' qooxtd
Q? BN Qx l.6x 169 x
j
G
OG
OQ JOHNSONIS NOISE
THCRMAL NOISE a-'.-,.
O.
W^-/\-^\t--/ u-'WW \-'\-'\/

\-.-.r*
vatu{W <tp,',u .tW P&a-J^^reA'of,x}'eg's

4,ilg;A rC& il,tu* A,,Loi]^;-- ef ael^rrrt*,rvv,olJ*.
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS NOISE 1sEC45"
NG^s4- Yo l+o.?s
BXP t thuw',*o,l '\Â;-se

*
U^1 A xe);/<beL' ja JTNer't "tr/-,"
q" cf) = "lhl#l
€,f (ht+t /u) -, Cr)
^^J+,"^,
T tu r,.Ll.lll^/b 3^*WLLil^,J-
K fu B,g,tf=mannl C,or*fu,,,,f
h "is p.ta^k t,e*-gb,^,^.Y .
il,- ryerha) ,au-;)U "r,*r"^^tfi SrrL t,.tqlfo P!-t-lnoth-,
)eL lrauo +Mqv\l^,^r\c-l2a -tt\t-o- )^;9.rw ,
t+ @
-xp(+)
S,\/\L.tY)v.b et@ ;nê++Akf*'I*f ''
c0)
oo. STN C+) : e hW

y+w nr '|
KT
cg
drra- /A/\-aerw A9//\O/ l--\foW

A&'C/\'glL )f*
. .--Q
El. -;!- R Bx SrN t*.1
SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTIiTUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS NOISE 15EC45
^s,rJ.Abb'b 4+@ ;n 1+{D )/ve-

Xeb
,'n EX : & R- BN Co KT)
Qo
o
d, :q'kt_BNR \'rfk't
En + ftol (Y\A,-a.g,/rA-' W ry\/6-l/\L-
k- +WdJzl.,r,anL corAr*,"
T + @ + ta'rd*rh',ts- O Ld"w
t
8N l'totre ',^,''dmdl6 in ++z
[ + Lc-C.doo''ce + ce'e')veeL''r] ohrDx '
tr1uc b):1l*vr,în qF Lirut i*- t"1.zccl '. Notton

<quudo* c;
* ) il,\- fr/\a'rlwd Mz+W- /k ff*W

Pn
F
.l. Pn R=&
SI.INIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BELAGAVI PAGE

a
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 15EC45 .
a
P a
v*
rns aflr€.l*z 4rud.5!-
O,Ca;ugo& J-5 "C
- ir I - itl t>. lz
dd-ech\r- tO
Jrt1th -a/1rw ^/\A;k-h'r'An?Ath-
OGa
q Wy z T=(r+aws) = L18!.v [-QOK-fL / 4='l o lr-4tz.
v+,
1lUl
R-Ms 4 ,e*1.sL vo I & cfrv\u^
\
EN = { +KTBNR
@
Q€
r+ x t.zBxtdux(.rZa+e)x !oKxqok
'.' k= t .3g xt6%lff
Ur.- L?^*vu\ot tl 'ft^w^-q

^NoiA!-
KrBp'
2s
I ,3s x td x fura+ s5) x lo K
IdI+ ITE NOISE :

Vrv*
Nhr-b & .Wst *he- ar;siXs 6aattce- " X*- iJ #
â.*+Xs
oL rutei*- . A,WM
,^ l^ ,l g,.nro.o- -L 4J. 't''ryt^'e
. J)hrr.e,
.
"ro+#*t'fu;l^s!
ia aflr'a) +hr.?e\+DD, :10ô
o^ ..1 ôlL,.
?z ntA'u'L''&Lrro
,
(r)
ilrvue fr,tL syclTrJ d-rrfi)q .dn,wl";b<,tnt*'- :t
Ar4:""") .,a-s
N6 :Lr. cu)
k_ )J
,o
b,sl}z<nnanoe ra^-rh/t -- t"zsxlo%4L
L. @
Jl'
fX(3la"> t ?,wo,n* fr<rf{d A<t'*,\ "^r|,,:b^*aiu

NOISE Equ rv*LeNT- B+rlobl DT+I- €
o
L/ \- v^.- @ @
C1.1v\$rArrL,,& +r^l'&^n-,t:)fuY
{"rrn +{DD l-}C o) . &--o* #@-
= Kr
?
rn
Sn Cr)
Bn
,ro1t*r* Pn, ?rs ,1NgiAa-Vp,t,utoL .
anDuf rlc{&
'dn-rr'qw
+u
$,:kT Sno l-rco) [q rr
= Pn.
tsn
: N u.sz +qlnvd<t
SI,INIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY BELAGAVI PAGE
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS NOISE 15EC45
Co4/v:Avui +h. Paa*ive Rc
Vot^F
a1 sCc): ?,oo,-*zt* Rc L?tr Uû,et

ilrt-*,fa/v\)4oL +-rrnc*^rrn fu ,7wn q
RSC+I
91
Qo +Cs)
l++ct^)l
(r+o,lctt'
S'o
o
Oo Sno lcT
C3J
r+fAcRX
'Snr' ,au,-w il'a- b-,lO#x

D
Ino

NCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
jw q>AD )/\)a-"nQf,
r t@cR)'
tdk#_/
(r .Jk
r+[0tr+ROq €
dr^k
*il'Qsr",, J*,"rt^fl @ at}-r -b "{
r
.dr gtr_Rc :Cf)
+ :'d'r-
oou
\t7rR.c
G)
Nts.,^ M EtlG) /w q;ttD ^NLI-TY
6) t*rcq gn-Rc
= lcr
*[ , '. drc
l+t(o
"L?rLc "J
= lcr [+o"'(0") - tr.,,'(.r)l

J
SNRC L
--trt5-Dl
le
U", *fa'l l/ual,u c
J3
D
I nb
f- <_ +LL
ryry E*@)lnlrw ?.vv
EWev<= rtrt oi-xo B O^J^^-"tqlh a,l c.' vr\

B*= - ?n =krf
-
Kr +e.fr
M'L-{-rDa .gzVdtb.ge-: En 'Oill bL W

a
o
o-A
a =(rc
L' Aa"s^'"t c*'*"$^b'U ljr--"
fu-- -o^m; "nfi'gt-
44rrbw*
-.ci- a"rd, | - o.+7 flF - nnJvv,ila&, w *$$<aiv-
'fr: r+Veve-M,
_l
BN lrrosio. +zx rD'
+x
BN - 531 .q 15 *z-
SIJNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE
PIdINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
NotSE trt quLe 3

U ./\-z- U,a.za-a-+
,o\ a,^- .Ovv\Wa-, W*d rslfu:!^-
ryr.o*ato
qL :t At4+r'*A
r-lsixr-i-.,h& F=
+vort
c
&o
F = g--"x-P*.-
t Pr.l Pso
ie <x1^!lêA &"- t!-ir Lno"to

+ #,'L 'd-zc:b),
,'No'lxzfrX"'U*'/.*-Jd-LL'fu'ik'tr'hPa'
NsiAz hX,**C)" =Lo W,oCs/*)r , Csl*)o
UA- "rdotl ffi+^n*i,go #ry# od'B '

: Notx. F,^tr,,', (- tr) - ?si x'' ?* = lipxtq.r, I -lorrcl

w 6 r'57104 t6
f :Q'6cb
o
o@
[F);. = 1"o,6dB
ils sNR- o*-Wvt1y ,el,on /u,",#;F? * 5oda.+ hyi+
b't cd,orJ^li fu, xTd-% r^.d
D,nhtf.
Noi/€- W tP)da
o
90 S/v)o sto da
C ,db -
Jr.i- -A,e,1"&e- +qc|,"t" 4 ,O--t'AAn ftah,,vx-y t5,z | ) CrdrtJ-ah- I

.trt ot a bW,j^ Dey.;nz *x- rai-D, *il't,,*- tk V f
s/r..r rr"*m
-@S/xr
#-l-^r'<afurcs- fu g5dB -
: Nsi&#7,r'vL2; to !,sn"f
l^ll<b)
ole Glru) iop.t*CsZN),
6e 4a 7L €r,.
-F
IPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS NOISE IN ANALOG MODULA'I'ION 15EC45
HilOtDU[E4]
bh,aht*ltwr;., R*c-Vd mOAd ) Npix' ln DSBSC fecs-ive-rg '

Ne&. in ftM rreca.iv elB ,,ThrshrlJ r-}o.&', Nstxa in Ftt
(<coveu,
c*- ,, fr.a #"resholJ AA,rotnr,

;rrt, FM D
o
* I NTRODTJCTI ON o
;l h ahb d'r^p)a A/\ta- a"'*l^P W* -'/\a:-s'- in r's,.hovl,e+v
Arut^r"* +he /,/La:lx-o- jn trM

I .. a- o
-)A
fiItr "wdgs ;n AM (<cdYe)* "

* R ece t veR MoDe L
V7:-rl-'z:'
i12.-^-r^.f4,^'
*] ;;,G erÂ^rrr w,L reaive*add ;, # N's*# LgAi*tr^
\9f
nc+)
f,
Xtr)
Ca) '. ?-ec"-iveY Molr/
, SUNII. S FIARAKANNANAVAIT SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TEC]HNOLOGY, BELAGAVI
P](INCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS NOISE IN ANALOG MODULATION 15EC45
9,.rG)
[o_ _ l_Br l-
u_
ir{ Fr+tr ) Cb) z IAtnLznA" d,*,rtr;#. +W,"AfalL Hl+erclzvt'Qi4s'

l
,OCL) r.s fr-;roiA- e10,r^l

0t
. Siatvtol 'ft+)
"-A4Ac,^,#u'd" 'd-€Iaiv er ,v:.'€/t'&tt '
io.}
*ltf*- (qr:.;'.tex b?* ry
'J)nn *va^"APr'at #lbv 2
F,n;;\ry*f
ilr^r\;**,#, ryYffi^trffi
tu" 'dt@'a^ffit
yx;nv *a A!r'r*A,î)ct'wo '
*,uAo bl,A^ôilih *f *
'*o?A-a- **
l*)t
+ dr"o
-r-da,.^.,ldet
-t'^"v\'/vw r
v b b-L L'd'p{,.J.' tw)t)uw ry
)flfual r^-t Al"A,n in##$}
UI "
Âiea-
*l+* W {esive+ ",weA,L "ctx
ne",@b 'D A'nl*te +ll4lPi
"--A
.,rJ. A"rr*;b. *yU * lW YllrL der"ilT + tto
S LIARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS NOISE IN ANALOG MODULATION
DcL) +* hN- Paa;#"u.

(<Cni<Yef
"
btr-Larfr<rtryryY
;o
>4
u
ofir*.,fu tatrfie+ a"A'++xr"l-

eq# rx 'o.r ov naYYe
#;. Ar+1'x; ir')+x-@P*
ncL) -'DrC#) Cx>s(q?4it) - hqtf) S;ro fen{.f
--(r).
Y'
%*) ;r fuv
ê-
t+) 3r W@e
al,-F[i.l,leA P'W ir
xc+) - sct) -r r) L+)

NT a*o^,u- ?.o+twL ir ?u* q bJNo ,
* f '*4
il,r- W +r^^dtt* fd#n ?* X*4,
(sxrR)r B*)
= .
lwd*'-'Yvc*)
Avq P*urr^-rt- +'WA
U.0,- lr,^f,^f A,1lnal h './vs1A'Q-
#'n;' ff* \'
(e rtt)o -
rvl0ttw
SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR G BALEKUNDRI INS OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE
+-s
n
) il^..drO.""rr*L Wb mr!-,,5n''t, .tJ
4+x-rnd,rJdr4
Qxr9" =
+g W+'Y\,o,winlh'ry
, l)* fW + "ntaN* -t-- i**-v'ecn:i"v*+'i-t
+wnL
-,e[ o- DgBsc {saiv<r'uury
--l
DSBSC v(D
SY^^L I
Y*)
I I
Nsi*{- I
av)
I
I
I
'l
t
I
I
I
t
..xK- An)*f
ftqLc) .L MoJe"l *L DsBsc
DgBse (<r-a:r;r;",r* u
r<rrtvtr -.,r\Lr"f *h",.# N+.d wt),
3

+rro{rrr||
jr M',!)rt .{l*-A-,un
l,e^rP"- #-E-'
il,* DsBsc @ i&
lrvw q )
gC*) -- C fo cê4 Cs-^t+) +wc*) Cr )

A.rrerurftt iA tr* M{n<r@
';*'
rncL) tu W*
\-rvU ;'; .'r"^ h+il'+ *Ary 4^tw "
Y^,:^mffi
rrT"*@ 'scL)
l- r ri h.ana.
W\rrh^.,*J Sryal -ID-Nsixz fteh 4#-

-
q"@tuT^
'i'
(sxt t-
3qA.{ P'
9., DsBsc = \i l^t Nto
I
t{,o{^, Itf )'M A*^rnc-+x- D^4^+ lzyl b ry T-t"

n",Td -hW-W*
xcD = sc#)+n*) @)
a
a
TL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOTOGY, BELAGAVI

tr-5
b'lk*, ilr* ^êJ>^-a4D)"9rÂ *kL W

+ ne.cl) sin(enf"L)
,eWfutr q+O or',,J'€+r ,I
x cl) : Qf c/os (.rrftt) mcl) f, ryD ee& C"4+) -nq*l Sa
,rrlr*r@ nf)ArrtdnO"Gp a{e- ;rtw

@;^W+4"Aq "*; 1D,th
nW\ l+x-*:*^,rt.
W msA,q,^l'0d6 tu TA W,
v (+) - x c+) cr"\Con-f-t)
q = E L Gn.LD a q#, cprg@-nqr+r-*tl

cê4 rnc*)
t9: cAcc"-!a9 + nc+d
ut\ tfr.dxvv)m-
"Z
n'" cn$g+)+Pryoe, l*", SirpA
l ?=
cL) = CA. clsrct +.+) rncF) +nreDctfC"+tl-DqH nntfl,L
Vd, :: +.rncJ) aC,es4r\+rl-+ W+tff,fr,t--.\tA
r - & --"L
Sn,t
$ r & .J
Ltw : gFrrrcl) +
o &
rr
fL'-r-W;Ml-^Y
U '. U W++|nz
I I
cq+tl ,Nl,r"t*'P'i i, Fwn+W
cL).
+
feaiv,e-va^fi*U trP
JJ^4-
^*t ryW^t+-e- *{ ,ÊiA^ tff^ Ds8sc
tu Yq'
[s N R) o, DsBrc - cQ A'a ? /#{
NNol*
. (sNqr, DsB = qd.f
& t=l l',.t0
= cq,+i P /aL=rNo
, cq,\Jf /strNo
= 1-
"W+t.'lw,nt
1f7
Vt
Nots'E lN AM RecsveRs p
a
\,a.A.ry \-.1..L.rr.-r-@
*A ^Ns;ae- ,a++rt-lhe-
Atvt (LCaiYq)( "
+
n c+)
Gt C., : f.nod".l af AM
-r<caav"' *ln*,rlmV P*IA"L rwe-\*e
NA Sl,@^^tt) in #XAl ,
'Arw h, ''C4u,Y"4 {B or f<a r i
d,* ,A*Mr* + kaivqY'v\'o;)t a^'A" ^t\a;Ae-
d* WrJ- Êi^p- D"aA"L in W r<atflv*s's
W 7n-
u
t{,'g{^) LP.,J;AuL "APIA" rN)

Ap}:tb,Dn. l-=te- )Q'@
")
lb'+r fr
A. [r +Ko-mcD] c,asGn-+rD
ALr,o&e4D & th" tnrn<Y s,7"1
rn cl-)
(s- tu iv*u ++- -d',.W*-s
q+Q), )NLe- cA/,t'- tProzL

mo4^lr,li ,**u"1" tyal BrJ)
Y'b]h.
i
+-B
fhe wvJuo's,L kilADllJ lh-'Ni

0',
,lh. &-nrd 3v6n)'#-norE" @b' fu fu'V
(sr.r R)"., &M = A"-{ C r+kf ?)
@
A HNo
xcf) =s(#)+n*) @
A/\p.)ffgw bgr A ,ryuPZ*z in
M" ,
I
al\ e f^-a6\
S;,b6ry ql@ a"\d'var^"'-|.:vui4);n W@'
x U) -' A. f * ka rncll] ct*@4-D + n#)
cr,szff-q.
'
.-e,,,r^ n-rr\ nA nêl-) o{e*., -Wa"L*:
fr# Y"),,.d=lw {he- r,c"nr<L **6n^l-
:. x *)-_[L + & ka rn +;l cns C4+) + t^1919 crer:{ug- rdryrl
x tr) = ry$y+Ark* rnca cos"{.+ +rf+']

cs'z{+
N
udrt i"ts "ts 7n"t's<A
t
8!
+-q
4
IBII.ICIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS NOISE IN ANALOG MODULATION
,Cx,pn +h. oJ"D,'r-

tfq,rr"L o*#rv
P ratlh- n- *y,wsi,u- W ab ot*,t ia Hr
.l-
'n d,- l+'vloiAe- AM {<ctiv
v\AW n'fufev )
=Al,dp
U [-l No
ilîrn-grypreas?sw ir
|
O,tr€- ltW'e-.
S-s.i
,OJ -t
-@
W @ a*d,@ W@ f
W-+M"#l = #K; ?/a''2(o
W4kNr)fa?^,
P - _fo,nQ
&
+-t 0
,MAMbt#,"r1 \/"l"r-+'P' [n %+@ ANz-{

+kJA,"
.. t o-o
r
p1.I
J-
,e
o
&o
f ; ',1 +p\ roo7. Mhhr/L'-l
SUNILSHARAKANNANAVAR SGBALEKUNDRI NSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE
+-tr
,q
ti> fu- 5D% t f=o"5
kTvvt +rr€a5 L: D. tt ;
:rfrel- oo7Ml',flh, *:o"3
W+rne/dt=-e,o+Z
Olttra
yv[]'J s\ 7unr<r
\-.rw" -' po't^r+-ef
I -
Bo l(t'l
l)
SNR +he'-\vfb""' D4rv* M'- Y<t0rtttw)*ffii,,o

+
i "l11<*, QruR)g,
Nehaw Ps> :tokrd Pg= lJ : *oku
"t R-
o tl' : O"5
ca
SUNIL S HARAKANNANA OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE
+-ro
l^lkt) o
0a *ra - Pcx uL
o
)0 3ra
G A* -E xy
d"L
'I
?c*PL
"'P=
P : Bohu X0.5
Neu^1
@xr Do, *L
,o,trlffi=L lcg
5
,^__'s
I : - I-ran<rn"# e/ tvtv\x"/rJ-
DSBSC gfi"o4l l,,t.J -r-Y(M)\ttlqv owt'' o- ,L/ lN,lhl
.;[ c,
LLt
n.- r\ n) .'nni*p Ag Xi.B.-n fl" +A'
r'-- '0t.,-.
@a nU
*f
atq'W4,t)
W^*
a,oann-o- rc affi
av+l'^t-
fuR -s|+k- {<c'P}t/e-L"

IL S HARAKANNANAVAR OFTECHNO Y, BELAGAVI PAGE
+-13
l,/12lr z + 'f,++z
tar -gooLPz
eoo tLvo,nsrnisenury Ur*lndlh : o X ,.ff
b''"t^fidlF '= B kflz
'
g,5x'6-6
*Qero O .1W"% LL+r4

- +ctCI QoO 4oo
A*sr""^5 #"R- tAee'L EPr, il,t!- 8NR o*- a,vty* rrs
T\r'u,- \ g:Tnl e"'"''t

= l0
[srvR]o = Sx to-a
[sN R]o = t.Lo x to4

o
la
$ : Ns4s, Pi^^ttL rA,v',W ulo,J,od "u "$-t1^^^,
Nei^so p*"7 tg- X No Xftrarrtrrrcsrrn t"wA'*-'dl\/ I <rr)
- &x a,ox156 xgY

tk
N,OlsE lN trv ?ec?lvaRs i

a;1-nn;@
bt +n
AAArAa-

tt-r +
nc#) = rc+) c,os [u"f"t +Vw) Cr)
z2 -u-cf) =
i
vw)=6 tffi]
-
vv
sro !o*- ua a^rJ#,!fu,
ltnl
. or:trk+Jmcu
. t^ Ab
f
) scD = +c cp8 [uo+rU +QcDl
*$e- -WzJ s,Xnal incAnn<vtu"- 3"t
NC*) = sC#) + nc#) I
Wrnffiv<-ry g*) Lo*v )"* AtF"-d -b*t )

@)
scr) = QcD +@sfrnlgto -O
Qc+;18 81ff1 +47rt
(r
i-e +w) = u"fuljrnc+)'At

drscrt vw) & P*por*r,ml +'tyry{
,,, VC#) :-l

"t'n
o
Co Yc+) -- :l
g/r
+
--J-
A*v,"-|+"t-
o7r
*)&+9 zi,,[rD-+ (+)
= ?loa JI s',.!r-l-S(D]
*rt"* I
-
Vc+) = k;rn+) + n4 C#)
x*,Ia 4]il^l ; ÂA'*iwal,

/^,oiAL fuu,
?,x.sro E*CD/ ",*;t "u-a-e:lv )FayA+"hl'M,
r
lR
V' -',/ v
,gufrrrrhru k
| ,*
w o
*veltneW*ry
\r(/u\nt5 W &"
8N R a*-o^+?r# '- adCr
d No tdg
E OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS NOISE IN ANALOG MODULATION 15EC45
;n W rno/,".to*<4 sanal sc*) fr #.| a*J

the
ry noi*AL Snfne
^1f b*,A^rordltr "u bNf. il*"
oE rru,F
E1,,r^^--elu"r:L FM u'e{N[/W
@
'?' tu
vdrs^-
o
ry W'* ilM *v"eAfuat'7 @ rn*)
t-L
@
ffi in@^,L{
Fottt €i
Hg T
1*ofrn# -Sp"
o
ao
*r\-M'P i, rnd"ln/'m)
Nou,l A* )vLs #@+*Y rrv nc'e-+ +.-vt
"'d PM
Fov, # 6/s_P*
+-tT
PRINCIILES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS NOISE IN ANALOG MODULATION
Xl,en F v
W:
4n T<cilY<t- (ecoivet
(zc-piVeL"
, -,8 l\\
I t 6 sm(oa-r ro'+))
z qrwn SC+) = rd c.,or fenx,d+
4orth- sl^"A^"d
Cro,i^^parrrD?
*+"L I B.\_-.
g;n(on_x'o'Dl
L*> -n N.cn* L.*+*t F'
P=
-.2 o
Er-
F)* eG) =4"@
WI+ rnk;"A"
xr6t'
-
I
CAPTURC E?re{T O
*"p al, h'

W";;;; d"Jet'6D, P, a,
q lpamo ,alnan r#. {<r-eiu<.Y'
q"^L ord fire-w ++x--

0 n ! - -ll -
** t@ ha*L a*d F-e

r# (eaiv<a-
Vrr '^"ht
bth,Nnq fr,re*o, i-<- (ec!.ive-L- ld4 f *<yf*na g"W"l 6""

#,rn dngr"A
"-J
Xl^- A^,'fu?"rt gTA=h=â;At rq+,* +* f-M

Wt*
q ow ry,)ir u:w:WS.#"m,f;#J,
w;,orw*_ ryb ryw,,,,Y^,*A
J+ r-s PbxxveA .Wof , rc''s W''L I 4 y
l' f<.oi,a;- Lz-oalt ' ry'?'
+lP c,orfi <'( -h - n,)/'L rof'o Aut'uolta Dr''\ôL
-r r r- -l aJt
*i,
^t
LreaLi^n+ -P*w", {4>l,
")^r" A
WAff,"Hffi
fur)
*tAfA' f*;D
A +-fi''
),or\4PL
,Vd-"[*,r, -ia k"P"oo
il^- fuuRAlAA d#t fa A-4;*-A ,a-t W-'tn -,îxnwyn ra.l1;$-

h ltuo.AL 1ryi."*t") )Xt"f *x- k'P^^+^r,t u,Ttb t
nol,s,- rvat Lr.;.A h^n

"rtr*
girtl/J4, -n uxa F'"'nJ,JL
I r- |
(4'
V,
4-n
7hu Cpr/ri<,( 1n ytstgz 'v*t^ & AaF,'tXl )

p =+i- CA)
A Br No
+ +^lV d"au+!"{ +* lauul-vNlt-ot+'l'thaqt

iq ;r ;,r, +t?G) .
5a
q5
q,
38
'+.,t'$q
w)
shonT +^ll
l+,
l0
\ deffi'P'
i o.- ra dg
Xr'aefrr'+,rln.lo
dtsrN,
Pv -tl+pes++oLD P-+oucT lO N:
@@
pM -lt-'reshsl,c{- (nrlv he' kfr'rczq
o
I
KANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE
+-J0
4,treeh6L4 htt
brre** r\r"ho U,b)
5h14s
ry, , frt$ relrwenLnn +tre zxbil.J #y"shol/a{f,e#,
$,.2 Fv rtil^ rwtXt;,^" +eilro'rJ. 3" al*
(',tor^rr) cLt FM PB
Wnd"eryY v
+ PMtrB
locAL iLCJllrfuL +fl*-
Wv- Vco , x)'.', i
\fLo -ii fp,o+'rylj€d
W#- Ws\r.r,l,"
ttXa; ". V,l.o&- Lo1r,ar,*+ trMAB DLnoA,&^H.
t+ - "21
PRc-trMPr'-AdtS zd Dg-Ery?HAsrJ io FM :
\-z\a..- UN t-A.n-- &y-r\n z- tz\,2\-zr-
h" Lransmisg;>o barÂ^DrJ+h 'e nn i'<A"h'**.J
p:*e,tcaA b{ L
b^f +h" rtr)^v.*,* ky^t n,r ,,
hq"h.-f moJr^l"Jrry y"ry\ $* '

In,J pc.rrfir,r^lal +"" +m= l5L11z tr^/ 'a- 't^ny3
+D *z /++p r-\ecesso,(Y b"Amdh
"A# ip o+okl
a*i*n, + * Ao^naV1"'l
Z^,* ,or ^Na-,kr^^,.D ll^-,of , ht Fv qil
M )D,x.)il^lAth 61ae) b )k.(eaive* a"'/
gD #* Mo^
/vvv
y\e, eperkrn r,*ro*rrcrA MW
<>,fw, ! v\ u ,
/ÂlA!
.er#r. Ftv. bd*tllh '*<trn'+€'
,,q.1 ++Y *'c'tn-*' V ztfr'*v'A
eg&ncieL.
l-h-ngze- LsN e] @Y lhe-
+\eqynq r,vm7*''"n/ $-lbe-
^n'
-=4 I a+
^+- oh
,J- atz at#+ Lfi:-"
.l{-," no16e- i2 A<Azqf '$u'

ll ^- I - nnosFo1-+fe-4+r't,'fu
*.^**" ^^^J- nr--I}:o-#rrra . J)ue:r
. prdr^cu- 0- lSkJ+z-
9r1na\ n '4r* frr,,T 1+x- bn"''d"o;Jth
Aaarn'*; '
t
r}.,* n^@ut;o *'re-{eru:Y <-L/ \ou ets'-DP*

At +h= d*s,rnnn 1.
]n rtr!^^
I
e- 6')9tlz' An(e'
tf -90
N R_ V increg,aa;. Sr-h &- Pt*-.rnplo*-t* De-err1

S
^rA
iA csrnnnonq *eA FM +-ronsp6g;u^! ya
Froc*.
r-
I I r ^ 4 dF t
and
'r t-" IP-".
fa*" al,,it- l? h t6 AA Ooito iraVrovctrwrL
-
r Dert"){
r I gdtzo--f<-An'"lao
^^"1 t/'^J.-.1o",^ et
icr*r* +b. ACIaj, +
)+E nderrt
*"J tr1 fr^'Afi" rnrs)'*'V "
A N"N.IJ. *r"rwnut uanfi"r grldtnY) thxJ- ry'<crnTlrntr-

;'z
++y hYh V"V*c;el (tveo \'
|aq
8L ntûeil'
Ao exannpv 4 * Pc n.f.ûe{o lftab aa'Wxwda'h;z
j, f?Cec
orr f,^ru]
.sdA
o4s
Q lta 3o
'l[z kl+2-
Tmn. cr"s{r-F (c =-7 5 le
0^d"#qN{W.
feqertrc hor +-'o
il,-.,o^lpk1rJ"
1 a- j Y^ R >7R-,
,,Jr*-
Q,=L
'Rc
ttlgQ
) --_
R,c
rDttb RC = *=ys , L-rt

D,= -75xlo
'
it= k*7rxro6
o
ot t, = o?'l KII-z- '
?o fb. fzone- b$r^"an Ot Cu

^rn "an"-
Xhe lreqysny te -_Oo. ehD^,U b. h**l+nn Jh.

atf r. r - ,
+r*ornrl{eJ . Ncrrm "llry *e- r, 3o k
.
i'
Jx W fznXe- b'b"tn,D, at* 0e )
t'e)
aLon"- \g,l L++z ,Pre
ce)
Drh *r =q,r[+'z-, t'ffitm

[xr,rn-RC:+5/^lrshn^"oio+'XC')'oJIP-wA-Wn
(o) lde
Rc =?5/rs
L: Pe "nffi,vel< o"^J- F,
KUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BELAGAVI
Fo+
I +
ffr*) + h etru-
Noixz-
f-f roPrrx* "O *p ^/\,a:vSL VoMn

NsrP rW "t-t ry4fu
NuLp- + +/\L-
:n +lE rcuilel 7'e ,aryd \.
- n? , ^ .nr*L<rrr^l or"-e,r"*n*ll 9.
AO
- Aro
lo
);ctlh- fve-em
tr* .o"? ry *,,Y
-lt
+ &;,r,$L P*-*e
^
r,-t?'sv\AL
fwt 'n*cl) =rtiH:..?
'U
ur., "
#k{ ir: fecptver iz
bfl
IL HARAKANNANAVAR
) l+i
S SG BALEKUNDRI I OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE
tf ".2S
L- @
"t Dl6
t-l3
qNe
Q u3
YaJu'at
wloblb
oo
G
L -- stl '"i-7
Q'
An AV Oyok"V fiilh a *""nqtu,d^l vUr-n,L

fecdv-ur
go,/. raoAA&rrb,,oy) )rtl- D"'- ry 9t(nal +'
v- I o
+* c'rr''ryo'*'7 @vrro(b ^n* ^rd"'o

n"oi* r&i
eo Ja . CpJ,crJab
+ -Ib- )LL-QL '
Px,s,r*- +'--l*
'. ** f =A'8 ; €*0, =6odZ
"o S xt )rraa = .9o

+ tP\,o [NOo -bF
-'. pN* I , -- l'T+iloV a
n". IsN{o = l03
t-tkL sNulo*
.on (**9. =
""o [sNf)c =fl st5
-- t'\ +ts5
"," LSNP)c
+-Q7
Ass lqNMeNT
(<-cptwv
D;Sgux: +h- net4a in D.9BSC (zct-;ver a}",lh to-
D;s u,)wa th" aruvi"sa- in +M

$Xna!- +o 'r\D;AL roffw ?2
b..+tf th. -1P*-4 FM *hr<sh"lA DwA- ik

'ffiDL' ,
LLer*.
V
w,- T"{"
rr/\-o-
W*-
+y
#*n
* N
,;y,A*,ffi
y ffi,ro,.o: :":r,ff"uYo,
\--94.f . .A
)F"t.W
gr^D^,. -t'5
KNUD"* MrîlX.tr
ruA,^rtA +t Po'
(LAvni'wailA &'
DM (eUiVaX r n€râo
A ^ tr x 'r t/tt O-AinYt/\AaiAPJ- *CD/'r:rp-
An 't'U
boT,
uv/ M t:.8-+?ô)û"
l:,rrra. Oy$1ratk MDU" f#^ '?8o'*-W-P'v^^'^L
WV I
+-ar
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DIGITAL REPRESENTATION OF ANATOG SIGNALS
SYA LLABU S:
,Rl
rslrtoDlJcTlol't :
Jrft"l telr@ c
d a*-AL"u*h,
'are' M:/aA
++-.,-,q.orc.,^.J,o,*-"c[-ixrv'cb +xrr-r !-r^f l+{ n

eflPi*m
ll e-.1^
{Vt.;,e=d *, Arun"h^[.^^fu

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DTGITAL REPRESENTATION OF ANATOG SIGNALS
l*tHY Dlqrcl,ze ANALoq gouPcEs :

lA-nz W UZfnnn \-/1,. /1,.,^.--
Dlntta"t Wa l-!# {or.^ti+i\â *a .nprA, WsrL
gr- J -yTailL , ffi 'ff,-u ,S}var .n- kor*tttv**g-wl $,il^-o*'x;-,
ilr'- @ U-l's""t* Lct"'L b-
*{a"rrt,',r}* Cu"t^?^,tt, Ar^*u," a* tokb1r '
Ort V?b t"#-^ o^d *'Pr^,Yu&ua- '

!*tl.rrrx +
v@ a.f ot,.a)
o .aln;r rwteJr-r;_ lkt @ M'oa'$-t't'-
inq +eclrVr,tat ave ,vrrt{'tta-

e+r"*zrn,"t
e&Ail^f 1
W -dfi T
)fr?.w,
r| -'
'o.t*srt*ia,L[- ^r -l- o -
ry &rc+arqê-\,
I ,
-0F
&)
5-"2
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DIGITAL REPRESENTATION OF ANALOG SIGNALS 15EC45
@/WWoJ"crI
)D?b A;f"d *ro*u'^,atn
COMPARISOXI BETIdCEN ANALoq P4 DqrThL COMD, sysT€l/

\-.--J.w- t-l-V:/v'\ af\-.--j'-ZW
tr ,----^.^'l
s.yg ?a:awvt&* A",@fae1+eran-

Lees t4.e\L
I N@f +,owLL"
I
Ppd.L
,
&rg
v LuA
5) } t,ou
sl 6ood
feco-,os+?',^c+tnn I
v &{nclrnr0r.r''4rdtrq Nker(wrL!
B) Ns# Ir-uv,fl")"
M4-L
lo) Pp'u:-(nyd
rtj ?n;9q'\o,"\/\,t'r.3-oq
SUNIL S HA NANAVAR SG BAI,EI(T]NDRITNSTI TUTEOFTECHNOLOGYBELAGAVI PAGE
5-E
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DIGITAL REPRESENTATION OF ANALOG SIGNALS
S nvPutNq PROcESS
o
w
G
Ml-a-,--'.-'-,-
Irtb..f D{e-M sP{A
Cnv*,rrAtx ,o,/\/w gin"""t^

TD ft W
'^rr[,o1_"o- A"rtitry fa-b-
-r"i 1- 't ) .r/v,4_ nbfoU -,o,/tr,-i
p{ya^+ a"Â '
"d"
r, , ^-).0 t ?,^lor.n
Vo$r*n-g ' Ide- Y e-1.er w tt v\>
?$) JscD - XW"Sc CJ,
s (+)
Xt*)
@ @
Fr cr): (o) Ct) Ppr,pe^rgT^l Qu) , cc) e-Cd,ct-l g
L S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE
5^+
14,,
- PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
t+) € qc*) ' Ss cf)

?s Cr)
fu-t- qC+) d-rr@b"' tE" Pu, tro[;c ;";.Y' l* f

+Ta;'D a"e
(e?reAurr}eA 'an / a
s*H
"
t' n =--lo
E (+-nr*)
' Cu)
Qjrto ,n effe ry 1f
o
3u *)
= 1(nr*) tct -"k)

Oa
ftet*) = * XCnre) IC+-nr*)
Frw:;"t:-fxar-{o-nrn'a/\- )"'gffi ilda-t t w 1f

Qsck) = qc+)*ssc#)
@)
5-5
n
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DIGITAL REPRESENTATION OF ANALOG SIGNALS 15EC45 -
O$\
q+) = b*Z noo_EC+--"f*)
4+6> ;n tra+W A/\'Q-{
$e
cf) = r
q c+) +tr t-,
+3 z^
Z^
Zn-_'*e (L[--n+")
^* r-"{=)
r\pu* frer^rslrr$iPtt'l'\'e oe^n 4 ;"M?"')'* W
o". ftsc*) : t= zn----q

(1-"trt) 4
Cb> truw b, Ylrr,W+rr* ar -,
Qscf) :fs gc+) + f. {*^q tt _nkr)

nf-o
Qscl) iE"N-*'9y
Rh.',+ q+q & dv'"-ArcJ
yeSnl$rrr..y in
Qscf) = h q(r)
'^' qC+) :L'QeCl)
#s
: ft?*) :
V -rJ
o
hr-, Se4,,rrut e$ s^t r7l^
. PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
tl*'r,* ;h-o+X uA^ + q+@'

"o"
s (+-nrx) ?t , ;i"r-npa
r" gecl) :Z^7(nr)€i"*+-rs
s^,Jry D%+@ W@ +---uhr )F04,
gc+> = -L
d L-J
z:?a
?Cff-)
n---N t -\" t'\'r
"tffi! : i
Ao (zwva)t W,'s.r6rc,1 P fu WAah-,
ltt-> ={-d ? tft,) sw G^t-n)

"l) "r,g knol"r'n ,o-[ n@+et-fr
s-#
Norc, 'w)Lryt 9* WL
Ao^#^""^t"J A",f&
u "{oJ.rt
Wvo
I A bA^^d ytu*JkA lntu,l \fu;bz,v\ettT,N

btl fuao "t:'lle'Q ': ry
lû" Fnqy*rt
't?" '
WL *rYoJ
Aeludoad \
vob"'!) + "ob
+ hr"
.lr
i,^,sl.,de ,&olarat<a
Ny?d #"''o+-tn^l "
qc+) 9e t#)
Jt't Qto
0
"."-+ -fs -ld o t'l \tF
o o
fu :(a)(t) cl'r*,
SUNIT S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE
5-s
}ff '" tlr*- r-g^û{

^f ilr"et*^."qW c""d,o,rrto,u
ry):r,^X ir ery)a;,,xd
Al,*rr- )fvryr\rn
W
+!ryw
r( ry jJ /\/\n &*\ e|+e* )\/'/\' Tv-t nYY:!Jr\s'Yw2"'
i c- Nhoh- $e = O t'U
ur[',en +, < u t^l )F'on 3k it "^*')"-&s"'*);''1 4*d

&rill h- ,oJt,o-t r^r{ 4+-cL tt"^c'{ l/\'uL "
-t't o rd {s
L-llÎ€n{. 7 -9-r-r )ff$o'lt )t .WL "4X

o,*d ,1,6-
ru:l I atn n-l.:n*n^1 nW"
s-1
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DIGITAL REPRESENTATION OF ANALOG SIGNALS 15EC4s
(r
*p^4".y Dr , 0.J c.r'rd ,& )Faro
ot #U =t5D *u = St *z-
.r
Gt 'fm tnqx (F,, f-*,tu)
t
N.19dsl-.rÊ f" q|- :6lx tg

f" = ODo l+z
Ts \" '/uoo *r-
b
oo Te - €"3 rrl-s
SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OT TNCTT@ PAGE
5-to
A" analoT s'Tvl iA exyre**4 Ly h" eq"d)'g

oo . co.l uilrt Itu N?q,aab
^-,
'TA,
:' :
$wer'
qLc+) =)- @s(Pooxt) fr,\ (rooonf cl)
,.zTrl ;
tdvL- c,os+-cpx B- IsL[e"n^ (*'b) + c^04 (+ta)]

.'- %r+) =r*[cl- c+ooor-rooor)L t Lo^ (r1ourn1r000Dq
*c*1 = o,t t c,o8 Du(+)]

tnt-
t' Dr= Sooon Do = SDoo[
9"ftu = CDs-rr
I #, = tsro
lrz- fn = o5DO llz
n'n f-=eohX(f, ,lo)

= rnqx. (,* OM r\t_ ryD Of+r)
aO
+*=e5O2++z-
tra NUql*YAb"b h. = uxh. -- 5J x85D o
fs = SbOo ltz
I
o3
o'o NyqAEl il,'kw^l E :'/k : t1 ooo @!
SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE

5-t I
pulse AMPLITUDE MODULATIoN :
Lfl-r..zarz @ @
jL W aev a"r.rrl,q(rtp ;e gofutofix,o
^gl^!r^r- "l,L "rrl"kl, )-F-
.rv,\nh,tlsP,l^c( R;N'
"
frc*)"
S"r^"glzJ U
'3s c+) l'
Bc9= 3BcD +Pq,

P:t s,jna)
sc+) o
SUNIL S HA ANAVAR SG BA UNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DIGITAL REPRESENTATION OF ANALOG STGNALS
SCt) A<rrt&" )Y- ,La+^*&ffitr W

BM 6pil,
ar,'L it- i-a
SC+) = :, ? Cnr,,) P (f -nrx)

F): cr)
ie ln" Bur,"d-v"Ju,l, + qrd;) xtl"bwd o'J-*

X Cnt)
{= nTg .
-rs .ix
)ra'n *S 4,u"4,*t
PCI) ,IA &Dd"; *<crl-a,^rfJ,sx rW -M
M )ceJr,"nA,'"
*
"r:W v\-/\-Zvv
a
o
D,,vrt b Nrl,rufiAf Lr*<rtu, iL rcry tu,e ryLarra^Dtd{h

-Vc^nsm1,8,Llrlo '
B;,,rre r@ kry v*tA, eD W@9 12 -^,u^,sa-

it.
oekefi;DD,gP PAM *rqnd.
v,-.,* ;D ,-.1.-* v'+\"v
ilrt, Jgt,irf'[uJ -e'*
ry
pAM *rXnal b )fr' lQa'=
P+M (S.
s(})
€CPverittq 'm&) PAM a,
SUNIL S HA ANAVAR SGBALEK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, B
TrME DrvrsroN Mu*,rn?L/-xrNq :

\Azrz" \-/\/!V .n-* [rDM]
,y1^lffiDd
4 *to,nt^-1fi y
p*n* p f/ulvw{r.gw dtayv*al
rt o,n -l ..J
.^,1- ^ ,- ^0- 4t'e
Au1f,j)e2 "o# <Ailt 4
'o"w lfu k
W.a?p.*"
o ,fi*Aq" 4 +tun. :n 'a"1'|1-uol*"'n@*n-\ I#*
"^l"f xly#arc'
lru U!.J. AJPfl:u'*
rytu) e!^pl^,, +TDM
?x,,da"s P.c"t$lr",fiq
(4,
6-1 o
dN,p,+e)
o.
sr-
a
)
o
o
a
o
De !
N
hilt p,,-J,*' 1?hr"lF,h*
LPn
Lelrrrorlwg+ fu,ar \-al*rrr",i

SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTruUTE
DIGITAL REPRESENTATION OF ANALOG SIGNALS
JD +d<t ',G ,v\os\Axl;"lo Ae*yL + {A"1"

0t- "trrY,,,tf A* "& frb # > ULI "t-
il
irusiA- wnu^l Ts: '/+= o
,o- le\/v\rw gfiJaHL W

D
^n
A# Ur@ kei\f,-./\T ".t,.,_fuytr*j
)ue' t 'v ve '
-aA*A,-D* "do,All-, r , ll
Alr*- Arxg*,rrump.**
ffi,
PUlSE _ POSITION MOCULATION :
**ff
; @ - d^ror6t?A""' M ( P P t4),, )n"
W
oyw*yy WT,y*,*Yff,
Pv
o,+-- r ^^krn.I^rt^1,
dWl' v *v4""1a"-
'(J
rn PPM, r,=P€-lth'' + *YY l!:f 'F:. W
l"J io a'atW
f/,rtv-$ Yf ,o
AlO
F1# ;U).6""
tr- IA'A'L
NIL
s:rluaifiA"@'
S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI IUSTTTUT
PAGE
5-t5
*r#'Tg' ddr"aE ,W- e9-rr+1,
db*al^c W PPM s,'vl

)nT -kpm(nu))
{_-?C+ 0)
lJz\L xtw*,nff
+ il"" W-fouiltt,
mc[
9 ModJ^Jr"? BWil
'\ /\-t*)
9 PD}Y -tvtJ),ttz.z;
A) PP M t-laana
n@ : I-Uu,,shrolmX Y^,r, *14.,,nY1**"- ^k

rnd,m.[z.fionr .
*-ry
qEN ER^T roN 3
\^ ra..A.A-
.,, ,vo|îd* # ,XQ"ttLfitA
tg)O), il/- ry ern'w'l y'Pl A" SAr"d"4

#"* Lo,r/\/w\b)
o
,+M 8t ^r\r\A9r^!
SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR DRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE
5-l L
..& e"hir-(nrl W r*c*),
B cb) ,tot- W., /w\-aA-rtr Ug.nal ,vAI*)
ir^ fq 8Co)'
uc#) i c+)
Meûon PPM
Oc
Dt
APP lNq
mcf) scf)
?a*to") z Bl*ck A)rcXr,o",,,* + PPvr
Ne-I- 1lno srzrrloJ 4-rcr, Jt fr&eA # 'a Wff-

; JJâ- ,LD^",J.,*'/ '
tn,.+b*V'ril,*t" a
.- -r\ -)o'ô^nn tIfu
irt* FTCB)@) .fr"'*tlif rW PPM ryn

o- xc'b
-j-vv{U
cL),
Sarrr{ouih r,t5i1 ^4-

PPM b
SUNILSHARAKANNANAVAR SGBALEKUNDIIII ITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI
DerecTlON Otr PPM L{AV€S t o
@ \-A-,\,/\ _vW
CA^^rtJ"r *o- FpV -ttltvtzv- SCJ, t d,W ry U,*''yl"'7'
0^^d /oJ"uwv^L
bl*d,),i-"nikA" "
t"
<:
OJ
,U6rru fiv6 A" PUt"t 4/\n/\^L
ur:fr,a tr* &n*,ta- M' I
. ^,^
epdN X. P'@ rDYt .tAj&v'Q''
ry
u
P+V ltWo,,
fr,- e\rv,)
;*,u,,*a*rs # (ew*t*-Lfu
@
v I IilI f\.^
Or^t?"#"olak^_
,rnt l
I
@ I
PD rv P^["
SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE
5-ts
JE NOtsE tN PUt-sg-PoslTloN MoDULATI ON :

v*wwv@
ln .{}.- r r t 't -*tr:"vr,
'
-)
,eJYGr',tL
*
h'rne ryuPrgn-
>w" " | ,faffAn &

_,
ilNr4t\'L
0.q
=-- (r )
fA
rytPi"so
"^tY e
ilr\.,oY Y d, .n*--) *@
LrA^rr^)
^ ^'^^l -l^- NNo '7)*-
(s * u).
r'to
tyTz6fDd C9
tQrDt
-t"S\-B, br t
A,nd*,. A-
)',---l 'sFla.fr"*"
I
'v- L
,tu ,+rft,ttl o
;*j
J.l^
^-,
fl
vez#:WU:
,-
= v<
f rv
l1
o trf^- Bf n4,+ = d olnt^
i--usnrurnorrECHNoLocY,BELAGAvI PAGE
ARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUN
5-t1
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DIGITAL REPRESENTATION OF ANALOG SIGNALS 1.5EC45
THE QUANI t1trloN PRoCEss o

o
v'\,/t @\*
JW +2ou-e2 4 *Ya,nttf""',^?
)
"l-s, Sl-s 6Ts JIs
a *o )Ft-
8J €)X(l)'91.2?O,w U
V1- fr v? Ai'r,J"A g-eryd fur'*
v)
-lq &ize
\
'A,'
TVe.v\)
A
t gl,$, L nR-
v- R ir 4Y,/4L)k.
SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVT PAGE
5-\?0
Jr.. Ailrt"re"ta LtWrarro lk,

)&rd n"d, DVr*^+'r.A g?ftN\e"L !r""') fu fut'w"'-) -"0-x
e)A,sLVor1i.!) W iA/t b 'a/e- ,
zw"d'&'o'
; k4*rrrA+" "a-e @
cw,rts,i, -#f ck), u,c
*i,# b\ a"e
;-""""q erX"'aL ir 'R-g \+t,ô^^^^ "
Qgre^* q,no-.h"2*r
code
"t%
t[",o\- Jocte- Yril ryP
o Mrd -VeoA
r Mid - frxp;,* hf 'qrtor,*izcx
5-\21
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DIGITAL REPRESENTATTON OF ANALOG SIGNALS 15EC45
Mfld -Tr<pd-^-
\-,M vr\-
ln twi*-*r<"A q)a^trrz-u' U
++r- b"*)) a)<-o lAcdtL

^.d '-1"""'"AW A fu 'W'- 'fuYuz''
F a, Ja ,l&LrrlJ*A.,-
A /// tlsrrr'} ryr*^*=' d"'^
Lruo,tf 3r
e fel*'rd
,-u h a'l. A
\ff'
W"*'CL'noA
+ in tx''v'*1AM!-$_:*^
^ff-u
crfu 1;'*
, tvt-
"rr7't_/
qt"âtt"W ra:)&e-^.
t.A;e&"A A
^*6rr^rr-
t^^.f, Jo).o-
#Al\NY!!=e-\-
OJd(] '
5-"tO
DIGITAL REPRESENTATION OF ANALOG SIGNALS
Qu+NTt zhTt oN NotsE

\-4.-^,2
il,\t- ) s-o-
+ q"r@*=fi;p" fu*,*A"r@ Dr,^- thxsL At#,^"A"
6
L
6
to"*{f,"i,
xrl)
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
@r,^d Nd-sz a
''q,' fi{ s*'""* Ya!/v\-L '

""rd"
1,=rn-V Cr)
(u)
SUNIL s nanekaNNer.,uerren SG BALEK'*' PAGE
5-&s
4 o
A-"r'+e 41^"#D,4 ffWql
-+<%< e
a
a 'o' -1
-1 -Ne , t+
J^
-*u '-o) +
#e"cq)
#* +l+
=* L*.+l =+r"svb :,+"+

4\i
& ilrr^t fu )u/\,otttt) AI l<Vot^ Wn, , r
ffiq
o"l 66 l:^^^;,^$,n-r, $#d'.&N*'v'""*);=gA
r I tl- 0 7" ,..o. ^^. 0 ..
fuev\ 4+@ ,n Eqrc ),*Lt-j-,

A = ul ffl rlnar
oP-
Ne.{^r MtX+Cu; in
D-€+
o
L(
=-l
=Xr
W3
"
o,o bq
-tt - +
g
*nL* u--uL
f
@G u)o CP a
.1R
Qru bt_
PUUSC CODE MODULATION :

1-nZ*\-Al\-z@
/n/\-ta2,Afle- u7V"aL
ln ?rv'!A" /;a{* vreA^^j,rt;*o CPcM), 'o-
ls @pQzn^^+eA -(l *ry-
\'a- '. 4 v
;*d"A
I . r A ^
ul"qJ
\u r<1^ru*mP
- lo.- lA- nTil'/vv
QQ-. ..,0 - -- -
,"^rl+q-4
U.U.- hg"6c.
L PCM &ffk/t^- Per
f r- ':' ' .-n--
el.p\^r, f^* VT6tq) ' ULL >t^lPJ:- d Ptt'- 'd-gt"Yb'
5-e 5
a
PCM
&
@ Txsttt*r"x+e-L
Dis,tort<d Pcu
@ TXo"z.tw\ix;,fc.q ?al6
0 Qec,-inte'r-
FtG) : Jr." hnAic. db,v,r",fu + & PcM

W^'
AMPLIN 0
+
. \, \.-1
t-@r..tr anrua-r
tr eq,.t'l y 8""^,?l"d ret,W a'-"bdvD
suNrl s HARAKANNaNIvRT{ SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE O@ PAGE
5-{_6
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DIGITAL REPRESENTATION OF ANALOG SIGNALS 15EC45
v
A/\OJ\,\.GzID {e yr^)j"" sD rtr +r dr"-'/,91;tr
>jz'*ob fu
% Lt^-euu$- f$"f
Q)tuL "
quoîhVr&'*a :
*- -
.W* tiq^/.oJ" fut i;V

Wf 'A;Au'rfr' J"^/L'4aDuwaltvwt-
SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR STITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE
5-e7
LYy.v\f L O^1,+
7' it Pryw ca"Ltat,
6.r^l4d
"l? P"2 'lvt
trt 12
t f
O 0.2- O,V 0.6 t..tottn^1.-c./ 7
lrr'l+
AJ Al^D^rlo al.^g"*:
A lrn)
lvt-
(
T l",lS
t
t
7n Cre^^k,^;vr\+ h- fl,nu-*tet .* ,lutv4l;,vt7 /0""4

u"^^+h-rf /0'/ qr-,ttu
d' q)'v"dt
AntC
o , 4-^ [on,t
êL,) % tvr,.lcc4Dn firnor
*Yo"rr*r-Z-eklt, O
U/r.,,- cror{* I .,i.f ?3 x !o",n" LgA, lj,tst a,* b",noa"q elesr^^

@ {
5-.,t8
,gvL A^/L
a
)n 'l)nL $"tn
M ,o I'l o I oo I
Un,pdlal- NoD fehNoh <*o (rttj ft

\r^J^-ff vF \-'^-
B.e @
0 i8 Ye,fwun -{ * '-"'- , ', ' _;
\129f,*
!
Prrl^, Noq'rdrrtu^t't1^ tury t
l",f- t^*ilr8d\mL/ta"e O*n, lI+A
+
:0
o
Wi-, qd.TA€L l i-, r<-ftu',td
^
4 a' re*o'n7"10+
@+htol'r-N
*",^rUru+
P,,,^)-
r^d qf ,e""t o i8 @+ ?ol"-NRz
no@ g-;u,tpt* ez-
Bi ,r qer1/rrl
@+sT"t*ee
;*^
@+14
5-01
PRINCIPTES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DIGITAL REPRESENTATION OF ANALOG SIGNALS 15EC45
,ghp{^}o ;rn by .
l o to ot
OO I to ll
O xa^^-[-erntn WbrL
ry : D,l+ a)
Mo;"vA W Lfu kaLr\"nw

il,,a-d;et68fud PcM rND,/\/v-
&<xa ure >erp;'on r-{Atu/v

;n6/'^rv4 |'WO
), ox*o""4
P.
P cq voa.Jv\e-
o
o
NNANAVAR S G BA DRI INSTITUTE OF LOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE
5-30
il,*rytr::*
*'rrkJt*
ti*tT \*,,7
W !w'pns-&t/a/^-+il lfu
?p #t- r1^M/wJaeu Pt- 'h:A Y xwY ' i
kctjtt-et* ir b {<cMwu- ll"-
Mu LTI?Le-xl NQ it
lH rL?z.*'h^'Jh*wrlt)
; ;"l"J,'" nrt*'X DrN^
PLM,'[': H*\A
ftrtl-
llnri tufr
Y
tkL +ril^"i#e& *' kcP-t'rtttLo
APpLICATI ON To vocoDeRs :
Vtvue*- ?n,*Ar lrc) veaA'o 'or'e' *"''o)nl -

b$il' 'Bgs^) D1^- W
inA
e7a'a'-'*'EA'-I -a
SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOTOGY BELAGAVI PAGE
5-3t
5
t"
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DIGITAL REPRESENTATION OF ANAT,c)(l ST(INAI S 15EC4s
Vgto e11,a;oAt 1/\q

(lr ^
FEh
yDlfrUA. cf rcnra g=eprk Tr: an L?c
(*tr-I---'.-
q1"r^frn,
(\c
)A><AnrvllL
SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OT T@ PAGE
5-sa_
WL 6F
ASstqNMeNr-5
*w
Def+,,/k-
@T.ktaqe,r*
btrJ"rl-\- W- ala'Jv\ilv@t 'sn % r rt'\t 'lzv<)
d!"/""rt
Ftil'F lh. rdPvavt
.y?,svv ?rP
E4* )fr-W4W,DYL*A7*
^N:IE'"'r!ttW
^t.
ool
Lz sTIlYn
>NLz-
L"; sTlly '> Rz s=,Yalt't"7
.
ybLL smtlY iY t'to^J-""16 @L'

/uv
r'1rJ"..[^+m CP+D "/dk
5-33
SSET’S
S. G. BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI
Shivabsavnagar, BELAGAVI-590010
Tele No:0831-2407172, Tele Fax: 0831-2407152
Email:sgbitbelgaum@gmail.com, website:www.sgbitbgm.in
(Approved by AICTE, Recognized by Govt. Of Karnataka & Affiliated VTU, Belagavi)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

MODEL QUESTION PAPER(CBCS)
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (15EC45)
Time: 3 hrs. Max. Marks: 80
Note: Answer any FIVE full questions, choosing one full question from each module.
Module-1
1 a. Define Amplitude Modulation. Derive the expression on AM by both time domain and frequency domain
representation with necessary waveforms. (05 Marks)
b. Define Demodulation and explain the detection of message signal from amplitude modulated signal using an
Envelope detector and bring out the significance of RC time constant. (05 Marks)
c. Briefly explain the generation of DSBSC modulated wave using RING MODULATOR. Give relevant
mathematical expressions and waveforms. (06 Marks)
OR
2 a. Define Frequency Translation. Explain how downward frequency is achieved with the help of neat block diagram
and bring out with mathematical equations and draw the spectrum. (05 Marks)
b. Explain the synchronous receiving system (COSTAS LOOP). (05 Marks)
c. An audio frequency signal 10sin 2𝜋(500𝑡) is used to amplitude modulate a carrier of 10sin 2𝜋(10 𝑡). calculate
5
i) modulation index ii) Sideband frequencies iii) Amplitude of each sideband frequencies
iv)Bandwidth required v) Total power delivered to the load of 600Ω. vi)Plot frequency spectrum. (06 Marks)
Module-2
3 a. Derive the equation for FM wave. Define Modulation index, frequency deviation and bandwidth of a FM signal.
(05 Marks)
b. Explain Direct method of generating FM Waves. (05 Marks)
c. Explain and obtain an expression for linear model of phase locked loop. (06 Marks)
OR
4 a. With a neat block diagram explain Super- heterodyne receiver. (05 Marks)
b. Explain briefly the concept of FM Stereomultiplexing with a neat block diagram. (06 Marks)
c. An FM wave is defined by S(t)=10 Cos(2+Sin(6𝜋𝑡)). Find the instantaneous frequency of S(t). (05 Marks)
Module-3
5 a. Define autocorrelation function of random variable. Explain the properties of autocorrelation function. (05 Marks)
b. Show that the area under PDF curve is always equal to unity. (05 Marks)
c. The PDF of a random variable is given as fx(x)= k a< x < b
0 Otherwise
Where k is constant. i)Sketch the PDF and determine k. ii) If a=-1 and b=2 Calculate p(x<c) for c=1/2.
(06 Marks)
OR
6 a. Explain briefly the Noise equivalent bandwidth in detail. (05 Marks)
b. Explain the following i) Shot Noise ii) Thermal Noise. (06 Marks)
c. Noise generator using diode is required to produce 15µV noise voltage in a receiver which has an input impedance
of 75Ω. The receiver has a noise power bandwidth of 200KHz.Calculate the current through the diode. (05 Marks)
Module-4
7 a. Explain the concept of Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis in FM. (05 Marks)
b. Discuss the noise in DSBSC receiver with a receiver model using Coherent detector. Prove that the Figure of
Merit (FOM) for such a receiver is Unity. (05 Marks)
c. An Am receiver operating with a sinusoidal wave and 80% modulation has an output SNR of 30 dB. Calculate the
corresponding carrier to noise ratio. Prove the formula used. (06 Marks)
OR
8 a. Obtain an expression for improvement factor (I) i.e, improvement in output signal to noise ratio of FM receiver,
from the use of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis filters. (05 Marks)
b. Discuss the noise in AM receiver, and prove that its signal to noise ratio is µ /(2+ µ ).
2 2 (06 Marks)
c. Explain briefly the effect of FM threshold and its reduction method. (05 Marks)
Module-5
9 a. Define Sampling Theorem. Explain briefly the concept of sampling process with the relevant equations.(05 Marks)
b. Explain the advantages of transmission of digital information over analog. (05 Marks)
c. Explain the following terms with neat waveforms for the message “01101001”
i) NRZ signalling ii) RZ Signalling
iii) BRZ Signalling iv)Manchester Code. (06 Marks)
OR
10 a. Briefly explain generation of PPM wave with relevant Waveforms and mathematical expression. (05 Marks)
b. With the relevant waveforms and mathematical expressions, explain Quantization Process and its types.
(06 Marks)
c. Explain briefly the concept of Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) with the neat block diagram. (05 Marks)
-----------------------------------------------------*************-------------------------------------------------------
SSET’S
S. G. BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI
Shivabsavnagar, BELAGAVI-590010
Tele No:0831-2407172, Tele Fax: 0831-2407152
Email:sgbitbelgaum@gmail.com, website:www.sgbitbgm.in
(Approved by AICTE, Recognized by Govt. Of Karnataka & Affiliated VTU, Belagavi)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

MODEL QUESTION PAPER(CBCS)
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS (15EC45)
Time: 3 hrs. Max. Marks: 80
Note: Answer any FIVE full questions, choosing one full question from each module.
Module-1
1 a. Explain the generation of AM wave using SWITCHING MODULATOR with relevant equations, waveforms and
spectrum before and after filtering process. (06 Marks)
b. Explain the principle of QAM and with a functional block diagram describe the silent features of QAM transmitter
and receiver. (05 Marks)
c. Define Modulation? Explain the need for modulation. (05 Marks)
OR
2 a. Define Multiplexing. Explain the block diagram of Frequency Division Multiplexing Technique in detail.
(05 Marks)
b. Define SSB and VSB types of Modulation. Explain briefly the generation of SSB and VSB with necessary spectrum.
(05 Marks)
c. Consider a message signal m(t)=20 Cos (𝜋𝑡) volts and a carrier signal C(t)=50 Cos (100𝜋𝑡) volts. Find
i)The resulting AM wave for 75% modulation. ii) Sketch the spectrum. iii)Find power across load 100Ω.
(06 Marks)
Module-2
3 a. Calculate the carrier swing, carrier frequency, frequency deviation and modulation index for an FM signal which
reaches a maximum frequency of 99.047MHz and a minimum frequency of 99.023MHz. The frequency of the
modulating signal is 7KHz. (06 Marks)
b. Explain InDirect method of generating FM Waves. (05 Marks)
c. Explain the concept of non-linear model of phase locked loop. (05 Marks)
OR
4 a. Explain briefly the concept of FM demodulation using PLL with relavant waveforms and equations. (05 Marks)
b. Compare the following i) Wideband FM V/S Narrowband FM ii) AM V/S FM (06 Marks)
c. The equation for an FM wave is given by S(t)=10 Sin (5.7X108t+5 Sin 12X1013t). Calculate
i) Carrier frequency ii) Modulating frequency iii) Modulaton Index
iv) Frequency Deviation v) Power dissipate in 100Ω (05 Marks)
Module-3
5 a. Define Crosscorrelation function. Explain the properties of autocorrelation function. (05 Marks)
b. Find the CDF for an experiment of tossing a coin. The random variable maps Head(H) with value 1 and Tail (T)
with value -1. (05 Marks)
c. A three digit message is transmitted over a noisy channel having a probability of error P(℮)= 2/5 per digit.
Find out the corresponding CDF. (06 Marks)
OR
6 a. Explain briefly the Noise equivalent bandwidth in detail. (05 Marks)
b. Explain the following i) White Noise ii) Noise Figure. (06 Marks)
c. The Noise factor of a radio receiver is 15:1, Calculate its noise figure.Determine the output Signal to noise
ratio, when the input signal to noise to the receiver is 35dB. (05 Marks)
Module-4
7 a. Discuss the noise in AM receiver, and prove that its signal to noise ratio is µ2/(2+ µ2). (05 Marks)
b. Explain briefly the effect of FM threshold and its reduction method. (05 Marks)
c. Discuss the noise in FM receiver and Prove that the figure of merit of a noise FM receiver using the frequency
discriminator as γ = (3K2fP/W2). Also show that for single tone modulation, it gets reduced to 1.5 β2. (06 Marks)
OR
8 a. Obtain an expression for improvement factor (I) i.e, improvement in output signal to noise ratio of FM receiver,
from the use of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis filters. (05 Marks)
b. the noise in DSBSC receiver with a receiver model using Coherent detector. Prove that the Figure of Merit (FOM)
for such a receiver is Unity. (05 Marks)
c. An AM receiver operating with a sinusoidal wave and 80% modulation has an output SNR of 30 dB. Calculate the
corresponding carrier to noise ratio. Prove the formula used. (05 Marks)
Module-5
9 a. Explain briefly the concept of Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) with the neat block diagram. (05 Marks)
b. With the relevant waveforms and mathematical expressions, explain Quantization Process and its types.
(05 Marks)
c. Define Sampling Theorem. Explain briefly the concept of sampling process with the relevant equation.
(06 Marks)
OR
10 a. Explain the advantages of transmission of digital information over analog. (05 Marks)
b. Explain Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) with a neat waveform. (05 Marks)
c. Briefly explain generation of PPM wave with relevant Waveforms and mathematical expression. (06 Marks)
-----------------------------------------------------*************-------------------------------------------------------
S. S. E.T’S
S. G. BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
OUR VISION:
 To Impart Technical Education with Spiritual Values and Emerge as one of the
Nation’s leading Institutions in the field of Technical Education and Research.
OUR MISSION:
 Strive to encourage ideas, talents and value systems.
 Guide students to be successful in the Endeavour with moral and ethical values.
 Build relation with Industries and National Laboratories to support in the field of
Engineering and Technology.
 Inculcate a thirst for knowledge in students and help them to achieve Academic
Excellence and Placement.
 Train and develop the faculty to achieve Professional Organizational Objectives, and
excel in Research and Development.

PCS NOTES by Sunil S Harakannanavar

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

PCS NOTES by Sunil S Harakannanavar

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

S. S.

EDUCATION TRUST (R)

Mr. Sunil S Harakannanavar BE,M.tech (Control Systems)

DIGITAL REPRESENTATION OF ANALOG SIGNALS: Introduction, Why

Graduating Attributes (as per NBA)

Question paper pattern:

ANGLE MODULATION: Basic definitions, Frequency 1-9

RANDOM VARIABLES & PROCESS: Introduction ---------

DIGITAL REPRESENTATION OF ANALOG SIGNALS: 1-1

PITINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AMPLITUDE MODULATION

b"'b"A aret-l (t^'L at

aAL durnlr"n &snY

-r",.rJ \-/\.rA/^v \-/

SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY BELAGAVI

mJwrLy, ,r), ,,,ta- ilrtrl;ll.,-' *rzt.,r.rr'lynf Yery*n"t

SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI

BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE

J,t^- M,o) Qryr-#,ry {r1-AM "^/uo{tte-)8,

,LD q>@ *{4-f

^,ol^o"n, /-t = ko-+m ri cil"A l+y m"dl^!ffipy i' J+x o

.'. gct) -* +.c*Gro+"#) +f l'rre8e+rf) .Lot@4;

C,psa..c,es-t =;- C-ug C"-Ul ++ Wb +r)

,sc9 : A., c+-un]** +rycer[+"-+r)L+rycrrs(+i

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AMPLITUDE MODULATION

.or) ]"fr,".r.iJuu + WCE/

s+) = [* cf- #.) + sC{++")] + E (+ = ctrh)) +

-qAD -{- -cbc-d) o *;}, +r_ t +lo"

AY 4;cla /\L r) hrurr;& a

MoDULA-T-TON lNoex I\4oDULAIION INDS^

-IR*NsMtgqloN Z"ltct€NcY Qtr +N bv NNve 2

.r*s {bJ p4 r(clnffis'1Dq

SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE

l>Jr- r.A//v coJlu,Jo\b 4fu m@^rJo*^r9 ?nAr/ +w, J!6

4, = Afirox - A*r"tf- A-,"-

SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY, BELAGAVI PAGE

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AMPLITUDE MODULATION

ms(}i) =huco8€ir-4ru+ <

.o- I t*) = *c I t toC, t&)+ ruc+r] *.iil

SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY BELAGAVI PAGE

Fx,sm 4+Co), fVb cleoy ++tal/ ry )/\)L l"o,',-*aro

fis^^,t'i<x- 4-..:an{onrrr dre q+": rN'a-

-Y, 'r'v- L^gB \-^.._/

ht^l in #e_ ar {*,e-nnd"l"#"d,usa*e: 1A

PT ?rt Pwsr t Pugs{t Pt-*sr* Pr-sBu

p,{+P}td +o.n' +/';

SUNIL S HARAKANNANAVAR SG BALEKUNDRI INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY BELAGAVI PAGE

€rexreRAtt oN O? At'.tPLlTUDe-MoDUL+noN t=t+l*e :

fyiF a-Lt^^/me| tfuf W tnrr**)^ru/e- cCD odR{ h

il,l-p{,q/^ts +lfud;'&- V c'&)>o

,g!fiat) *rso- l,*^^--

Y) =l / )fu4 e++CO lrtuPt*tt U

\&ct) --+ rn c*) + Cad*dd

tu) =1p+%9 c,p\o,r+f+cu"r^-+,f fffi+$t!

r<s,$reA A14 ,tl.>aruta- Ce"J"'r'l !"

De t'4oDULDrr ON o R- Derett o < D

D,ennoJafafioio ,pL:>eefu,w: "^L N*r?y"S ,"TTy

wreCr-roN oF 5MP]-[uPq MoDuktlgl stH :

fi-vfL ",,,'A ryW"$*hv-

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AMPLITUDE MODULATION L5ECr[s

dzvia$+ tz duJI -UftreA +-tr-=

ry+co)ry ffitr+A'E:P u'rurt. trca^-sit;

R'. /\s *ktilbyw ry* it *h* AM /@t'/v-aP

On -ftr* po.rJru- halt- 1&.,rh. A^nL Z'#r'^-r'd L;atQ

yft * *rirne wn+r"nl :

mJwrLy, ,r), ,,,ta- ilrtrl;ll.,-' rzt.,r.rr'lynf Yeryn"t

.o- I t) = c I t toC, t&)+ ruc+r] *.iil

ht^l in #e_ ar {,e-nnd"l"#"d,usae: 1A

PT ?rt Pwsr t Pugs{t Pt-sr Pr-sBu

,g!fiat) rso- l,^^--

\&ct) --+ rn c) + Caddd

R'. /\s ktilbyw ry it h AM /@t'/v-aP

f,ih-'e' ',rf t#17.

ConsrJ", /0- .rn rX. ^ynl rncD= 0o Cpr(q^-t) vOlk-"t-')

mc) =s2o C"os C(r+)\roltr d

; 1u-, ," cC1 ,- +SinfU n_ Xsoo X to3*) + LL= fl,lf

n Dsgsc ,n"t+d i ,uJoA.

xth€, ++T,&,rvt<,( V )he-a^"A- tU or-/ D4 o,N-[otrd

r|"fr a Arp) d"rt't d^/ rcll,"A snml mc#) , -'t:o