CULTURE VS.

HUMAN-ANIMAL RELATION 1

Effects of Cultural Beliefs and Traditions on the Humans and Domesticated Animal’s

Commensal Relationship

Reyjee Artajo

Global Connection

Instructor: Gregory Falls

December 8th, 2017

CULTURE VS. HUMAN-ANIMAL RELATION 2

Abstract

This paper goes into details about how the cultures of Southeastern and Eastern Asian

countries affect the relationship with domesticated animals, then compares those effects to

Western, United States, cultures. The paper is to bring awareness of the issues around animal

cruelty and influence the audience to take their own action and spread this knowledge. The

paper will be using background information from Margo DeMello’s book, “Animals and

Society,” numerous articles from Animal Legal and Historical Center Web, PETA, Soi Dog

Foundation, and websites on the laws of all country cases, followed by a brief overview of the

history of the relationship between humans and domesticated animals. There are

implementations from interviews with Wan Zhang, Tallwood’s Chinese teacher, and John

Dalley, co-founder of the Soi Dog Foundation. There will be a focus on how in the Southeastern

and Eastern Asian countries are using domesticated animals, dogs and cats, as a food source,

while in Western cultures they are being used as house pets to service animals. Then the research

explores more in-depth about the laws within Thailand, Vietnam, South Korea, the Philippines,

and China that are being focused on, then comparing those laws with the laws implemented to

the United States. Finally there will be a proposed solution dealing with implementing programs

to train these abused animals to become service animals.

CULTURE VS. HUMAN-ANIMAL RELATION 3

Table of Contents

Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………1

Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………………….....2

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..4

Limitation…………....…………………………………………………………………………….5

Literature Review ……...……………………………………………………………………….....7

Discussion………………………………………………………………………………………....8

Statistics on the Issue……………………………………………………………………...9

Cultural Influence………………………………………………………………………..10

Influence by Laws……………………………………………………………………......12

Suggestions Based on Influences………………………………………………………...14

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………….....15

References……………………………………………………………………………………......16

Appendix A……………………………………………………………………………………....22

Appendix B……………………………………………………………………………………....23

Appendix C……………………………………………………………………………………....24

Appendix D………………………………………………………………………………………25

Appendix F……………………………………………………………………………………….26
CULTURE VS. HUMAN-ANIMAL RELATION 4

Introduction

Humans live in a world where many people follow the traditions and beliefs of their

culture. Some Asian cultures include the custom of consuming and exploiting the same type of

domestic animals most Western cultures view as family members. Humane care of the domestic

animals is not considered in these Asian customs. Different countries in Asia, primarily China,

believe in the consumption of these domestic animals. Eastern and Western culture differ in

many ways, including animal rights. The cultural beliefs and traditions in Asian countries

contradict animal rights of Western culture. The cultural beliefs and traditions within

Southeastern and Eastern Asia poorly affect treatment of domesticated animals in their society,

while most Western views and traditions focus on the humane treatment of domesticated

animals.

Commensal domestication has created the animals humans share homes within the

Western countries, these are called pets. Pets are also be found in some Asia households, but

those animals may also become that family’s meal. The glorified “man’s best friend,” could now

be “what’s for dinner.” Throughout history, mankind has lived side-by-side with domesticated

animals, such as dogs and cats. Domestic animals rely on humans for care and food, while

humans can enjoy their companionship and use the developed skills of the domestic pet to assist

in tasks and jobs. This commensalistic relationship does not always exist in Asian countries. The

domestic dogs have played the role of a food source in China, Thailand, Vietnam, South Korea,

and the Philippines, many times enduring cruelty and abuse before consumption.

South Eastern and Eastern Asian countries have long histories of animal abuse. Some

even have nationwide festivals and traditions with a large number of citizen participation. What

outsiders fail to understand, is that it is part of their culture. These citizens have only ever known
CULTURE VS. HUMAN-ANIMAL RELATION 5

this type of relationship with animals. They see “meat” and food in domesticated dogs the way

Western culture see cows and chickens, as livestock.

Limitation

Geographical Limitation: Cruelty among domesticated animals occurs at different

levels in different countries. In order to better define and narrow this broad topic, the author

chose to focus their research on the Asian countries: China, South Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, and

the Philippines. For cultural comparison of domestic animal treatment, the author uses the

generalized Western culture of the United States of America. Creating these limits sets a

guideline for the author, as well as the reader, as what to expect throughout the research,

presentation, and questioning.

Category Limitation: The domestication of animals has a plethora of categories for

research and presentation, so the author has limited the research categories. The focus is on the

domesticated animals humans have the most commensalistic relationship within a typical

Western household, which includes dogs, cats, and fowl. To narrow the width of this study and

deepen the understanding of domestic animal treatment, the author decided to focus primarily on

the dogs within this category with some mention of cats but does not include fowl. By setting

this limit the author will have a more detailed essay with minimum tangents.

Personal Bias: The author has a passion for this topic, because of a traumatic experience

early in childhood. He is intensely against animal abuse, especially in the form of caging and

consuming dogs, due to witnessing the slaughter of a dog and the process of cooking the meal.

Now, the author wants to speak up about this experience and attack the fundamentals it brings

along with providing an answer. The author is also from the Philippines and is heavily immersed

in Filipino culture, and has the capability of grasping and learning more about this topic.
CULTURE VS. HUMAN-ANIMAL RELATION 6

Literature Review

The primary source of information provided in the introduction and history of animals,

and the relationship with society and cultures, comes from the book “Animals and Society” by

Margo DeMello. DeMello’s book relates to the thesis and problem this paper is giving awareness

to and provided the author a good overview of human-animal studies, and a little more. This

source a good reference for when studies of human-animal studies began, and what it has

become. The book has many parts, and multiple chapters within, containing different topics, such

as the effects on the economy, violence and attitudes toward animals, seeing animals as symbols,

and more. All information gathered by DeMello will be utilized throughout this paper.

During research, the author read up on animal laws within the United States of America,

and more in detail with the state of Virginia, on the Animal Legal and Historical Center Web

site, created by the College of Law Michigan State University. This website provides factual and

unbiased information that will help support the solution and awareness factor of the paper. The

websites give the detailed information for every law made nationwide and state-specific laws.

Another source used for research is a documentary by the Soi Dog Foundation called Soi

Dogs, made in 2010. This source gives a more personal perspective on the situation. The

documentary primarily tackles the issues of an estimated 20,000 dogs, wild or tamed, being

kidnapped and slaughtered in Thailand. This source shows video proof of the transportation of

these dogs, the actual kidnapping and more.

The Animal Welfare Institute wrote an article specifically about the dog meat trade. It

goes into detail about the legal status of the dog trade in South Korea. This is not a primary

source, but adds to the research that was done. This is an example of the cruelty that this paper
CULTURE VS. HUMAN-ANIMAL RELATION 7

aims to bring awareness. This is also from a reliable source that is known for being unbiased and

factual.

The author included an article from the New York Times titled, “Chinese City Defends

Dog Meat Festival, Despite Scorn.” The article by Amy Qin, was posted in 2015, and is not very

important to the whole scheme of the issues, rather it is a detail that support the awareness of the

issue. This source is going to be helpful for the research and making of the paper as it gives a

detailed perspective of the situation in China and the citizens regarding the Yulin Festival. The

Yulin Festival will be one cultural factor discussed, so this source will be good to use.

Another source used for research about United States laws discusses selling of dog and

cat meat. This article is titled, “Selling Dog and Cat Meat Is Still Legal in Most of U.S.—but a

Federal Ban Could Soon Be in Place,” by Nina Jackel from AlterNet. This source will be an

extra detail to support for the thesis. This is a reliable source, because Jackel is the campaign

director of the nonprofit organization, Last Chance for Animals, and she wants to spread the

awareness of cruelty to animals.

The author reviews an article from the National Geographic titled, “Opinion: We Didn’t

Domesticate Dogs. They Domesticated Us,” by Brian Hare and Vanessa Woods in 2013.

National Geographic is well known for giving factual information on the topics they present to

the public, but this article is under the section of opinions. This source will be good for some

details, but most likely will not be pursued even further. The author used this source from a

'different point of view of domestication, so the information provided is not essential for the

paper.

A biased source researched for this issue would be an article from PETA. Peta certainly

does emphasize the importance of the health of animals and animal rights, but it can lean towards
CULTURE VS. HUMAN-ANIMAL RELATION 8

the extreme side. The article emphasizes the cruelty of animals and connects it to psychological

issues, which benefits a factor in the research. Unfortunately, this source has been taken lightly,

but not disregarded, due to the possibility of extremism.

Discussion

Throughout history, humans have domesticated numerous animals. In prehistoric times,

domesticated animals were common prey and used for food, then the relationship progressed to

hunting, possibly gathering. Eventually, the bond took another turn in which humans provide and

care for these animals, but the animals no longer had a specific job such as hunting or herding.

Humans would provide food, shelter, clean them, and form companionship. In more recent time,

humans have started investing time to train some of these animals to provide aid for society. This

is commonly seen in Western culture where dogs, and other animals as well, train to become

therapy dogs, service dogs, police dogs, and many other tasks to aid humans that was not used

before. However, this practice is not commonly used in other countries. Such as, the

Southeastern and Eastern Asian countries. In fact, in some cases, these countries took a turn back

to how humans treated dogs and cats in the beginning of the relationship, a food source. “Dogs

were never bred by man for meat...But dogs...were never bred as livestock, and they’re not

suitable to be raised as livestock.” (Dalley, 2017). The numbers and statistics of maltreatment of

domesticated animals in these Asian countries is astonishing, especially to those who are not

aware of the issue.

Statistics on the Issue

Looking at the numbers and statistics, it is not just a few missing dogs or feral dogs being

traded off, but millions. According to Rakhyun E. Kim’s research in Korea about the dog meat

debate, there are 2 million dogs being prepared to be killed for food every year in South Korea,
CULTURE VS. HUMAN-ANIMAL RELATION 9

and over 100,000 metric tons of dog meat being consumed annually (Kim, 2008). Kim has also

stated that the rate of consumption notably increases during the summertime, as there is a

cultural belief that eating dog will keep them cool during the hotter days. There are several dog

meat farms are scattered in the countryside, with inhumane caging and overall mistreatment of

the dogs to be cooked and sold off. While in the Philippines, Representative Bernadette Herrera-

Dy, a member of the Philippines House of Representatives, released the statistic of around

290,000 dogs being butchered for food each year. Unlike South Korea, the Philippines do not

necessarily have dog farms, instead, it is being done in less developed parts of the country. By

doing so it has led to E. coli, salmonella, rabies, and other diseases (Clifton, 2015). In China, the

numbers are terrifying. There is an estimated 10 million dogs and 4 million cats slaughtered for

meat each year. These dogs are not just feral animals, in some cases, they are family pets, who

still wear their collars during the slaughtering. According to investigative reports by Animal

Asia, 1,039 dog and cat meat restaurants have been recorded across 52 cities in China. Finally in

Thailand, 200,000 live dogs each year are packed in cages, like lifeless objects, and destined to

feed citizens in Vietnam. Thailand and Vietnam have partnership in the dog meat trade

“industry,” Vietnam being the consumers and Thailand being the sellers (Shadbolt, 2013). These

statistics are influenced by the cultural beliefs, values, and traditions of a percentage of the

population of natives in the Asian countries.

Cultural Influence

These Asian countries rely on dog meat as a food source, but in some cases, it is because

of popularized culture and traditions. It’s been stated that “the majority of Asians traditionally,

the poorer Asians and less educated Asians don’t think of dogs...animals generally as sentient

beings. They are a source of work, food...” (Dalley, 2017). Western cultures do not usually view
CULTURE VS. HUMAN-ANIMAL RELATION 10

the consumption of dogs as acceptable, and in turn, these people often feel ashamed and get

scorned for their dietary choices. It might seem horrific that the consumption of dog meat is the

norm in these countries, but that is just how these countries work. The fact that “the excess

number of dogs in these countries, people have started to advocate eating dog meat and

proclaiming its good for your health, and everything else, and it spreads.” (Dalley, 2017). The

opinion of other cultures does not change that different cultures practice difference traditions

(Allan, 2017). In Vietnam, dogs are a common dish, ranging from stews to even meat on a stick.

To native Vietnamese people who consume dog meat the meat is considered to be healthy for

consumption, and some natives believe it to have medicinal properties (Hodal, 2013). Now in

China, in which dog meat has a long history, dog meat is called “Mutton of the Earth,” or

“Fragrant Meat” (Sturgis, 2015). There is a festival specifically based on the consumption of dog

meat. The festival is called the Yulin Dog Festival, or Lychee and Dog Meat Festival. This

festival started in 2010 because the meat is said to be healthy, even though the preparation of the

festival is unhygienic and cruel (Thomas, 2017). To add to these cultures, there are certain

beliefs that the dog meat taste better and more tender if the dogs are sometimes tortured before

death. Some traditions in slaughterhouses would include beatings, boiling alive, causing severe

pain before the slaughter. With the supposedly better dog meat, it can be sold at higher prices

(Arnold, 2015 and Hodal, 2013). Just like in the other Asian countries, South Koreans claim dog

meat as a common dish that is said to be healthy for those who have recently gone through a

medical procedure (Allan, 2017). This tradition dates back to before 100 CE and is commonly

known to be roasted or prepared in some sort of soup or stew during the summer months

(Knight, Herzog, 2009). Specifically, a spicy stew called “gaejang-guk” is known to the natives

as a meal that wards off heat strokes and hot flashes during these months. There are other meat
CULTURE VS. HUMAN-ANIMAL RELATION 11

options for the stew, but South Korean tradition calls for dog meat. In South Korea, dog meat is

the fourth most popular meat likely due to the usage of traditional dishes and customs (Allan,

2017). In the Philippines, it is different compared to the other countries. The Indonesians

introduced dogs to the Philippines, then a group of seafaring people, called Malays, introduced

the practice of domesticating dogs and eating them to the natives. The natives kept the method,

which still exists as a tradition today. In some places in the Philippines, dog slaughtering is

backed up by religious purposes. On the other hand, some Filipinos consume dogs as a staple to

normal living. Traditionally, after the cooking or roasting the whole family would eat it, but that

practice is not as common in modern times than it was centuries ago (Samson, 2011). Finally, in

Thailand, the reason behind the consumption of dog and trading of it is more economical based

than anything. The other countries also benefit from the economic gain the dog meat trade gives.

Specifically, in Thailand, the town of Ta Rae is economically based on the dog meat trade.

According to Rev. Somkiat Pholchangwang, that runs Ta Rae’s largest Catholic cathedral, stated

that “This town of Ta Rae, if we had no business of dog meat, we could not survive.” The Thai

dog traders would trade with China and Vietnam. Also, the farmers believe the dog meat trade is

an opportunity to get rid of wild street dogs that are a nuisance. According to the natives, the

dogs are kid biters and chicken eaters. The boss of a dog collecting crew in Thailand, Wit, states

that “I’ve never stopped to ask if this is wrong. It’s a way of life passed down from the older

generations. This is what my family has taught me.” (Winn, 2011). In these countries “ a lot of

people eat that (dog meat) and they don’t really think anything wrong with it.” (Zhang, 2017).

These natives do not really see the difference between eating dog meat and a piece of steak,

because it has become part of their lives and culture. (Zhang, 2017). For those who are not from

these countries, they see this as abuse and cruelty.

CULTURE VS. HUMAN-ANIMAL RELATION 12

Western culture instead of being abused and forced into cruel situations, dogs have been

“employed” in many different occupations. Most currently, dogs given jobs, train to be service

and assistance workers helping those with disabilities or detecting problems or allergies for their

human companions. Dogs can also be certified therapy dogs who comfort and provide a calming

presence to humans in stressful situations. Another common occupation for dogs is search and

rescue, police work, and war dogs. These dogs train extensively to perfect as many skills needed

for their positions and behaviour. For example, a search and rescue dog would need the ability to

detect the scent of missing individuals through different extreme conditions, such as thick

wilderness or even underwater. With culture aside, there is some political influence to why there

is mistreatment of domesticated animals in the Southeastern and Eastern Asian countries.

Influence by Laws

Animal cruelty, especially towards the dogs, is very prominent in the Asian countries in

question. There is nothing necessarily stopping natives from abusing these animals, and just like

in China, there are no laws against animal cruelty. In other countries, there are laws but animal

abuse is still prominent. Not only are the citizens abusing animals, but they are doing the illegal

activities in other countries, and some will argue that “it hovers between legal and illegally.”

(Dalley, 2017). In Thailand, the government passed the first animal welfare law on November

12, 2014. It was the first law to prosecute anyone found guilty of animal cruelty. In South Korea,

the first rudimentary Animal Protection Law was set on May 7, 1991. This was an attempt to

decrease animal cruelty, unfortunately, the language was vague and the measures were minimal

that it was difficult to enforce. Then later on January 26, 2007, the South Korean government

restructured the Animal Protection Law. This time, imposing precise language and tougher

punishments. On June 29, 2011, the government once again amended the law to tackle ethical
CULTURE VS. HUMAN-ANIMAL RELATION 13

issues and form a stronger national animal welfare and protection. In the Philippines, the

government set the Animal Welfare Act in 1998. In Section 1 of the act, it explains that the law's

goals are to “protect and promote the welfare of all terrestrial, aquatic, and marine animals in the

Philippines.” Unfortunately, in some of these countries, there are no laws specifically for the

dog and cat meat trade. For example, South Korea is still battling over those who want laws to

legitimize the dog meat trade and those who oppose; this creates a grey area in some parts of the

country in regards to dog and cat meat trade. While Thailand and the Philippines have banned

the dog and cat meat trade, they face enforcement problems. Another factor that the police

enforcement are not aware of these laws. The government has to “educate the police in these

offenses so they actually do take action. Cause a lot of the police don’t even know about the law,

they’re not really being told about it.” (Dalley, 2017). Unlike these countries, the United States

has progressed more in legislation.

The United States government signed the Animal Welfare Act into law in 1966. This law

regulates the treatment of animals in research, exhibition, transport, and by dealers. This law

requires that there is a minimum standard set for care and treatment to be provided for certain

animals bred for commercial sale, research, transported commercially, or exhibited to the public.

This law is being enforced heavily by the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and

Plant Health Inspection Service, and Animal Care. In regards to dog and cat meat trade, there are

five states in the country that have the absence of federal legislation that either specifically bans

the butchering of dogs and cats for the consumption for human or otherwise make the practices,

such as selling, illegal. Those states include California, Georgia, Michigan, New York, and

Virginia. Specifically, legislation states, titled the Comprehensive Animal Care laws, includes

the state’s anti-cruelty and animal fighting. The law specifically goes into detail and definition of
CULTURE VS. HUMAN-ANIMAL RELATION 14

what an animal is, then explains that it has a misdemeanour animal cruelty law also as a

punishment related to the torturing and willfully inflicting cruelty towards animals, and finally

goes on about animal owners providing the adequate care their companions need. According to

Ms. Zhang the United States “did great when it comes to animals.” (Zhang, 2017). With that

being said, a solution can be formed.

Suggestions Based on Influences

After analyzing the political and cultural aspect of the situation, the main problems are

rooted in law enforcement and cultural beliefs. These countries have laws, not including China,

but there is still a prominent percentage of the population in these countries that illegally practice

dog meat trade and consumption. In regards to China, they would have to take the other countries

as an example or stepping stone for them to follow the start of legislating the dog meat trade and

consumption. For the other countries, the government should take a more strict action and

engage more enforcement, or even laws, to decrease the populations of dog trade and

consumption. There are many global organizations, like World Animal Protection, or country-

specific organizations, like Soi Dog or the Philippines Animal Welfare Society, that can work

with the governments to enforce these laws and go into communities that are known for taking

part of this illegal act. These organizations can help save these abused animals, and many more,

from the slaughterhouses, streets, and other places they have been neglected. Animal rights

activists and the government can tackle this issue a different way.

Another solution the government, or any concerning animal rights activist, can

implement is chartering programs that can gather these abused, neglected, or street dogs,

possibly with the help of the organizations mentioned before, then shelter and train them to

become companions or an aid to society. Just like Western culture and traditions, the training of
CULTURE VS. HUMAN-ANIMAL RELATION 15

dogs to become therapy dogs to police dogs can help with regulating the population of abuse and

street dogs. By training these dogs, they would not just be safe and sheltered, but they can help

out the community in the end. An increase in service dogs can cause less stereotyping, open up

jobs for citizens, make communities safer, and make dog consumption and trading less common.

Conclusion

With many people following their traditions and beliefs in their culture there will be

clashes of humane and inhumane actions. In Asia, specifically China, Vietnam, Thailand, the

Philippines, and South Korea, there are practices and beliefs of natives consuming and exploiting

animals as a beneficial and humane treatment. Compared to the West, the United States of

America, views of having a commensalistic relationship with domesticated animals. The cultural

beliefs and traditions within Southeastern and Eastern Asia negatively affects treatment of

domesticated animals in their societies, while the Western views and traditions focus on the

human treatment, such as giving opportunities and security to domesticated animals. The

multiple Asian views vary from different cultures, but can be are similar.

Specifically, cultural beliefs in Vietnam, China, and South Korea view dog meat as

healthy for humans. Some Vietnamese and South Koreans believe dog meat has medical

properties, and a few Chinese natives will claim this belief as well. In most of the countries

studied and researched on dog meat is considered a common and staple dish. In other cases, like

Thailand, the dog meat trade became part of the culture through economic distress and street dog

population control. Overall all these cultural beliefs are considered inhumane and mistreatment

of these animals, to those who do not practice these beliefs and traditions.

Compared to those who do not practice these views, the Western culture popularizes a

more commensalistic relationship with domesticated animals. They can either be pets, which
CULTURE VS. HUMAN-ANIMAL RELATION 16

means having shelter and compassion from a human, or they take part in a service. Those

animals taking part in a service are idolized, sheltered, and rewarded. The domesticated animals

here in the Western cultures are more secured and thought of as a friend, unlike the Asian

countries.

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CULTURE VS. HUMAN-ANIMAL RELATION 21

Appendix A
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Appendix B
CULTURE VS. HUMAN-ANIMAL RELATION 23

Appendix C

Appendix D
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CULTURE VS. HUMAN-ANIMAL RELATION 25

Appendix E

Interview with Miss Zhang, W.

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1cTVmJgba4KTh7VqpEut5_bnuOULlbiBb

Interview with Mister Dalley, J.

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1gzJ0G4uSk0iffHB_AM2dnHiw6GMLFMP5