Almas Shabbir Roll no 16 Evening 2010-2014 Software Quality Engineering

Question no1. What is Six Sigma? And its Origin of six sigma discuss in detail? What is
statistical analysis explain with example?

Answer:

“A comprehensive and flexible system for achieving, sustaining and maximising business success. Six
Sigma is uniquely driven by close understanding of customer needs, disciplined use of facts, data and
statistical analysis, and diligent attention to managing, improving and reinventing business
processes.”

 Six Sigma is a statistical measure of quality, which reflects process capability;

 It set the goal of achieving capability levels of 3.4 defects per million opportunities.

 Focuses on driving out variation in business processes - this is what the customer feels!

 Sigma is the Greek symbol used for Standard Deviation of a population.

Six Sigma is a statistical measure of quality:

It is based on rigorous process based performance measures.

A Process for Continuous Improvement:

Six Sigma is a “generic” structured methodology for continuous

improvement that can be used to improve any process in any
business.
Almas Shabbir Roll no 16 Evening 2010-2014 Software Quality Engineering

An Enabler of Cultural Change:

Six Sigma changes the way organizations work and the way they think.

A disciplined process focused on delivering near perfect products and services.

History
The Six Sigma concept was developed by Bill Smith, a senior engineer at Motorola, in 1986 as a way to
standardize the way defects were tallied.

Sigma is the Greek symbol used in statistics to refer to standard deviation which is a measure of
variation.

Adding “six” to “sigma” combines a measure of process performance (sigma) with the goal of nearly
perfect quality (six).

Many companies consider productivity to be a cost-saving operational issue. We at DuPont

have elevated productivity to the strategic level because we believe that it is central to our efforts in
sustainability. As a sign of our commitment in this area, we have adopted six-sigma methodology, a
stringent approach that strives to reduce manufacturing defects to just several per million. At the end
of last year, we had 1,100 black belts and 1,700 green belts (employees who have undergone weeks of
training in the six-sigma methodology) working on 4,200 projects.

In one of them, DuPont was able to increase the production rate of its plant in Buffalo, New
York, by 10% –without any capital investments. … The result: $26 million in additional revenue last
year. This number might not seem huge for a company with $30 billion in sales, but DuPont has
Almas Shabbir Roll no 16 Evening 2010-2014 Software Quality Engineering

thousands of such projects, and we are adding 200 new ones each month. Altogether, our projects
using six-sigma methodology are responsible for savings of more than $1 billion a year.

 In dollar amounts, Six Sigma delivered more than $300 million to GE’s 1997 operating income
and more than $600 million in 1998;

 Raytheon - Six Sigma has generated a net benefit of $776 million for 1999-2003;

 Honeywell:

o 1998--$500 Million

o 1999--$600 Million

o 2000--$700 Million+

 “Sustaining the intensity of our Six Sigma work is critical for Bank of America to achieve its
strategic goals. Six Sigma has enabled us to generate more than $300MM in first-year
productivity gains for the company. It has also had a significant impact upon the leadership
team with our personal education and certification as Six Sigma Green Belts. As we look to the
future, our leadership charge is to keep Six Sigma a top priority and use it to produce organic
customer revenue growth.” - Ken Lewis (10/9/02)

 Failing to implement Six Sigma in commercial areas with the same force that the company
implemented it in its industrial sectors cost Motorola $5 billion over a four-year period.
Almas Shabbir Roll no 16 Evening 2010-2014 Software Quality Engineering

Key Elements of Six Sigma

1. Process Orientation

2. Customer Focus

3. Y = f(X)

4. Data and Measurement Driven

5. Focus on Variation Reduction

6. Statistical Rigour

7. Project Orientation

8. The DMAIC Process Improvement/Problem Solving Process

Almas Shabbir Roll no 16 Evening 2010-2014 Software Quality Engineering
9. Dedicated Personnel

10. Bottom Line Results Focussed

11. Data Driven Culture (In God we trust, all others bring Data)

The statistical representation of Six Sigma describes quantitatively how a process is

performing.

Software used for Six Sigma

Almas Shabbir Roll no 16 Evening 2010-2014 Software Quality Engineering
Statistics analysis tools with comparable functions

 Arena
 ARIS Six Sigma
 Bonita Open Solution BPMN2 standard and KPIs for statistic monitoring
 JMP
 Mathematica
 MATLAB or GNU Octave
 Microsoft Visio
 Minitab
 Origin (software)
 R language (The R Project for Statistical Computing). Some contributed packages at CRAN
contain specific tools for Six Sigma: SixSigma, qualityTools, qcc and IQCC.
 SDI Tools
 SigmaXL
 Software AG webMethods BPM Suite
 SPC XL
 STATA
 Statgraphics
 STATISTICA

JMP (pronounced "jump")

Is a computer program for statistics developed by the JMP business unit of SAS Institute. It was
created in the 1980s to take advantage of the graphical user interface introduced by the Macintosh. It
has since been improved and made available for other operating systems. JMP is used in applications
such as Six Sigma, quality control and engineering, design of experiments and scientific research.

The software consists of five products: JMP, JMP Pro, JMP Clinical, JMP Genomics and the JMP Graph
Builder App for the iPad; a scripting language is also available. The software is focused on exploratory
analytics, whereby users investigate and explore data, rather than to confirm a hypothesis.

JMP consists of JMP, JMP Pro, JMP Clinical and JMP Genomics, as well as the Graph Builder iPad App.
JMP Clinical and JMP Genomics
combine JMP and SAS software

JMP software is focused on exploratory

data analysis and visualization. It is
designed for users to investigate data to
learn something unexpected, as
opposed to confirming a hypothesis.
JMP links statistical data to graphics
representing them, so users can drill
down or up to explore the data and
various visual representations of it. Its
Almas Shabbir Roll no 16 Evening 2010-2014 Software Quality Engineering
primary applications are for designed experiments and analyzing statistical data from industrial
processes.

JMP is a desktop application with a wizard-based user interface, while SAS can be installed on servers.
It runs in-memory, instead of on disk storage. According to a review in Pharmaceutical Statistics, JMP
is often used as a graphical front-end for a SAS system, which performs the statistical analysis and
tabulations. JMP Genomics, used for analyzing and visualizing genomics data, requires a SAS
component to operate and can access SAS/Genetics and SAS/STAT procedures or invoke SAS macros.
JMP Clinical, used for analyzing clinical trial data, can package SAS code within the JSL scripting
language and convert SAS code to JMP.

R is a free software programming language and a software environment for statistical

computing and graphics. The R language is widely used among statisticians and data miners for
developing statistical software and data analysis. Polls and surveys of data miners are showing R's
popularity has increased substantially in recent years.

R is an implementation of the S programming language combined with lexical scoping semantics

inspired by Scheme. S was created by John Chambers while at Bell Labs. R was created by Ross Ihaka
and Robert Gentleman at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, and is currently developed by the
R Development Core Team, of which Chambers is a member. R is named partly after the first names
of the first two R authors and partly as a play on the name of S.

R is a GNU project. The source code for the R software environment is written primarily in C, Fortran,
and R. R is freely available under the GNU General Public License, and pre-compiled binary versions
are provided for various operating systems. R uses a command line interface; however, several
graphical user interfaces are available for use with R.

Statistical features

R provides a wide variety of statistical and graphical techniques, including linear and nonlinear
modeling, classical statistical tests, time-series analysis, classification, clustering, and others. R is
easily extensible through functions and extensions, and the R community is noted for its active
contributions in terms of packages. There are some important differences, but much code written for
S runs unaltered. Many of R's standard functions are written in R itself, which makes it easy for users
to follow the algorithmic choices made. For computationally intensive tasks, C, C++, and Fortran code
can be linked and called at run time. Advanced users can write C or Java code to manipulate R objects
directly.

R is highly extensible through the use of user-submitted packages for specific functions or specific
areas of study. Due to its S heritage, R has stronger object-oriented programming facilities than most
statistical computing languages. Extending R is also eased by its lexical scoping rules.
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Another strength of R is static graphics, which can produce publication-quality graphs, including
mathematical symbols. Dynamic and interactive graphics are available through additional packages.

R has its own LaTeX-like documentation format, which is used to supply comprehensive
documentation, both on-line in a number of formats and in hard copy.

Programming features

R is an interpreted language; users typically access it through a command-line interpreter. If a user

types "2+2" at the R command prompt and presses enter, the computer replies with "4", as shown
below:

> 2+2

[1] 4

Like many other languages, R supports matrix arithmetic. R's data structures include scalars, vectors,
matrices, data frames (similar to tables in a relational database) and lists. R's extensible object-system
includes objects for (among others): regression models, time-series and geo-spatial coordinates.

R supports procedural programming with functions and, for some functions, object-oriented
programming with generic functions. A generic function acts differently depending on the type of
arguments passed to it. In other words, the generic function dispatches the function (method) specific
to that type of object. For example, R has a generic print() function that can print almost every type of
object in R with a simple "print(objectname)" syntax.

Although mostly used by statisticians and other practitioners requiring an environment for statistical
computation and software development, R can also operate as a general matrix calculation toolbox -
with performance benchmarks comparable to GNU Octave or MATLAB.

SigmaXL is a graphical and statistical add-in tool for Microsoft Excel.

SigmaXL is a commonly used tool for statistical and graphical data analysis. It is also often used in Six
Sigma training and implementation. It has been used in medical and scientific research articles.

SigmaXL was developed in 1997 by John Noguera and Cynthia Cumby. It is distributed by SigmaXL
Inc., a privately owned company located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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SigmaXL's Graphical Tools Include:

 Pareto Charts
 Histograms
 Dotplots
 Boxplots
 Run Charts
 Multi-vari charts
 Scatter plots

SigmaXL's Statistical Tools Include:

 Descriptive Statistics
 Sample T-tests
 Paired T-tests
 One-Way and Two-Way ANOVA
 Equal Variance tests
 Regression tests
 Chi-square tests
 Non-parametric tests
 Minimum Sample Size for Robust t-Tests and ANOVA

SigmaXL also includes tools for data manipulation, measurement systems analysis, process capability
(including non normal process capability), and design of experiments.

SigmaXL 6.2 (the current stable release) is compatible with Microsoft Excel 2003, 2007, 2010 (32-bit &
64-bit) and 2013 (32-bit & 64-bit).