CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
In recent years, wind energy is one of the major renewable energy resources because of
environmental, social, and economic benefits. Wind energy is a free, renewable resource, so
no matter how much is used today, there will still be the same supply in the future. Wind
energy is also a source of clean, non-polluting electricity. Unlike conventional power plants,
wind plants emit no air pollutants or greenhouse gases.

As the penetration of the wind energy into the electrical power grid is extensively
increased, the influence of the wind turbine systems on the frequency and voltage stability
becomes more and more significant. Consequently, the power control technique of the wind
turbines is also getting more important in the view point of grid integration.

The variable-speed, variable-pitch wind turbine systems typically have two operating
regions according to the wind speed. In the partial-load region where the wind speed is lower
than the rated-wind speed vrated, the turbine speed is controlled at the optimal value so that
the maximum energy is extracted from the wind turbine . In the full-load region where the
wind speed exceeds its rated value, the generator output power is limited at the rated value by
controlling the pitch angle. since the capacity of the generator and converter are limited. On
the contrary, the pitch regulation can be used for output power smoothening at the partial-
load region.

For limiting the aerodynamic power captured by the wind turbine at the high-wind
speed regions, several pitch angle control methods have been suggested. The proportional–
integral (PI) or proportional—integral–derivative (PID) based-pitch angle controllers have
been often used for the power regulation. The disadvantage of this method is that the control
performance is deteriorated when the operating points are changed since the controller design
is based on the turbine model which is linearized at the operating points by a small signal
analysis.

A pitch angle controller applying the generalized predictive control (GPC) method
has been proposed in a wide operating region of the wind speed. With this method, the error
of the control signal is minimized in each interval and its divergence is eliminated by
minimizing the performance index. However, if there is a large error in the output power, the
control system will be unstable since the GPC law depends heavily on the output power error.
To solve this problem, the standard deviation of the output power from the wind farm is
corrected by the fuzzy reasoning, which can also respond to the rapid changes of the wind
speed. However, if the difference between the cut-in wind speed and its rated value is large,
the output power fluctuations will increase. Also, to obtain the output power reference, the
information of the wind speed is required.

The gain scheduling control has been presented for compensating for the system non-
linearity where the controller gains are continuously updated with the change of the system
operating conditions. It is not so easy to redesign the scheduling function updating the
controller gains at the different operating points.

A few methods using the fuzzy logic control have been proposed for the pitch angle
control. These methods are reliable and robust to the nonlinear characteristics of the pitch
angle with the wind speed. There is a disadvantage that the information of the wind speed is
required. Using the anemometer increases the cost and degrades the reliability of the system.
In addition, both methods have not shown the feasibility of the hardware implementation.

A new pitch angle control strategy based on the fuzzy logic control is proposed for
limiting the turbine output power and the generator speed in the full-load region. For the
fuzzy inputs, the generator output power and the generator speed instead of the wind speed
are adopted, which eliminates the use of an expensive anemometer. In addition, with the
control variables of the generator output power and speed, the wind turbine is well controlled
to maintain the output power and its speed at the rated values without the ripple components.
 CHAPTER 2

BASIC WIND TURBINE MODEL

A wind turbine is a device that converts the wind's kinetic energy into electrical energy.The
energy in the wind turns the blades around a rotor. The rotor is connected to the main shaft,
the low-speed shaft. The low speed shaft is connected to the high speed shaft through the
gears mechanism increases the rotational speed. The high-speed shaft is connected to a
generator which creates electricity. The major classification of wind turbines (WT) is fixed
speed wind turbine (FSWT) and variable speed wind turbine (VSWT). Compared with
FSWT, VSWT have many advantages such as improved energy capture, reduction in
transient load, and better power conditioning.

Fixed speed wind turbines:

In this region the speed of the wind is to be constant, which is not possible so the preference
for variable speed wind turbines is given.

Variable speed wind turbine:

In VSWT the operating regions are classified in to two major categories, that is, below and
above rated wind speed. At below rated wind speed the main objective of the controller (i.e.,
torque control) is to optimize the wind energy capture by avoiding the transients in the
turbine components especially in the drive train. At above rated wind speed the major
objective of the controller (i.e., pitch control) is to maintain the rated power of the WT. For
extracting the maximum power at below rated wind speed the rotor speed should operate at
reference rotor speed which is derived from effective wind speed.

BASIC WIND TURBINE MODEL:

Fig. Shows the basic wind turbine model.

Major parts of wind turbine model are as follows,

NACELLE:

The nacelle is located at the top of the tower. The nacelle is connected to the rotor and it
supports several components, such as the generator and the drive - train. For megawatt (MW)
wind turbines, the nacelle is large, and some nacelles are large enough for a helicopter to land
on. The drive train is a series of mechanical components, such as gears, bearings and shafts.
Gearless wind turbines exist as well. The next component after the gearbox is the electrical
generator. The generator’s construction is linked to whether or not the nacelle design includes
a gearbox. Three-phased electrical power is generated, which must then be transformed to the
higher voltage (HV) of the grid. For each phase, there is a transformer, which is placed
usually at the back of the nacelle

Fig: Basic model of wind turbine

HUB:

The pitch angle of the blades is changed to optimize the produced power. The hub is a part
for the pitchable blades and their bearings. Blades produce the maximum lift for a variety of
wind speeds without stalling. Also, the blades are feathered to maintain the rated power
when the wind velocity gets high.

BLADES:

The core of conversion of kinetic energy of wind to rotary - mechanical energy is the blade.
A blade has an airfoil shape which directs the wind forces to the turbine low-speed shaft. This
difference of pressure over the blade creates lift force, which is a driving force that creates
torque in the wind turbine rotor. The lift and drag forces are dependent on some parameters,
such as the shape of the blade, the surface area, the wind speed and the angle of attack.
Hence, when the dynamic pressure (related to the wind speed) increases, the static pressure
decreases at the top of the airfoil surface.

TOWER:

The wind tower supports the rotor and the nacelle containing the mechanical gear, the
electrical generator, the yaw mechanism, and the stall control. The height of the tower in the
past has been in the 20 to 50 m range. For medium- and large-sized turbines the tower height
is approximately equal to the rotor diameter. The construction can be tubular or lattice.
Towers must be at least 25 to 30 m high to avoid turbulence caused by trees and buildings.
The main issue in the tower design is the structural dynamics. The tower vibration and the
resulting fatigue cycles under wind speed fluctuation are avoided by the design.

TURBINE:

A turbine is a rotator mechanical device that extract energy from a fluid flow and converts it
in to useful