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View this article online at: patient.info/health/ct-scan

CT Scan
A CT scan, also known as a CAT scan, is a specialised X-ray test. It can give quite clear pictures of
the inside of your body. In particular, it can give good pictures of soft tissues of the body which do
not show on ordinary X-ray pictures. Note: the information below is a general guide only. The
arrangements, and the way tests are performed, may vary between different hospitals. Always follow
the instructions given by your doctor or local hospital.

How is a CT scan done?

CT stands for computerised tomography, and CAT for computed axial tomography. The CT scanner looks like a
giant thick ring. Within the wall of the scanner there is an X-ray source. Opposite the X-ray source, on the other
side of the ring, are X-ray detectors. You lie on a couch which slides into the centre of the ring until the part of the
body to be scanned is within the ring. The X-ray machine within the ring rotates around your body. As it rotates
around, the X-ray machine emits thin beams of X-rays through your body, which are detected by the X-ray
detectors.

The detectors detect the strength of the X-ray beam that has passed through your body. The more dense the
tissue, the less X-rays pass through. The X-ray detectors feed this information into a computer. Different types of
tissue with different densities show up as a picture on the computer monitor, in different colours or shades of
grey. So, in effect, a picture is created by the computer of a slice (cross-section) of a thin section of your body.

As the couch moves slowly through the ring the X-ray beam passes through the next section of your body. So,
several cross-sectional pictures (slices) of the part of your body being investigated are made by the computer.
Newer scanners can even produce 3-dimensional pictures from the data received from the various slices of the
part of the body being scanned.

What is a CT scan used for?

A CT scan can be done on any section of the head or body. It can give clear pictures of bones. It also gives clear
pictures of soft tissues which an ordinary X-ray test cannot show, such as muscles, organs, large blood vessels,
the brain and nerves. The most commonly performed CT scan is of the brain - to determine the cause of a
stroke, or to assess serious head injuries. Other uses of a CT scan include:

To detect abnormalities in the body, such as tumours, abscesses, abnormal blood vessels, etc, when
they are suspected by symptoms or other tests.
To give a surgeon a clear picture of an area of your body before certain types of surgery.
To pinpoint the exact site of tumours prior to radiotherapy.
To help doctors find the right place to take biopsies (tissue samples).

What preparation do I need to do before a CT scan?

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Usually very little. It depends on which part of your body is to be scanned. You will be given instructions by the CT
department appropriate for the scan to be done. As a general rule, you will need to remove any metal objects
from your body, such as jewellery, hair clips, etc. It is best not to wear clothes with metal zips, studs, etc. You
may be asked not to eat or drink for a few hours before your scan - depending on the part of your body to be
scanned. If you need an injection of contrast, as described below, it may be necessary to stop certain medicines
before the procedure. This may apply to people taking metformin, a medicine used to treat diabetes. If you are
taking this medication your doctor should give you instructions about what to do.

In some situations, depending on what part of the body is being scanned, one of the following may be needed.
These aim to block a certain amount of X-ray going through various tissues. This helps to give better contrast
between different organs and tissues on the scan pictures.

For abdominal and pelvic scans you may be asked to have a special drink before the scan. This helps
to show up the stomach and bowel more clearly.
For pelvic scans, some fluid may be put into your rectum (back passage).
For pelvic scans, women may be asked to insert a tampon into the vagina.
Sometimes a dye (contrast medium) is injected into the bloodstream via a vein in your arm. The dye
may give you a flushing feeling and an odd taste in your mouth, which soon goes.

The CT scan itself is painless. You cannot see or feel X-rays. You will be asked to stay as still as possible, as
otherwise the scan pictures may be blurred. The scan can take between 5-30 minutes, depending on which part
(or parts) of the body is being scanned.

Can anybody be with me during the scan?

Because the scan uses X-rays, other people should not be in the same room. The operator controls the
movement of the couch and scanner from behind a screen or in a separate control room. (This protects them
from repeated exposure to X-rays.) However, you can talk to them, usually via an intercom, and you will be
observed at all times on a monitor.

Some people feel a little anxious or claustrophobic in the scanner room when they are on their own. A mild
sedative may be offered if you are particularly anxious.

Are there any possible complications?

Complications are rare. Rarely, some people have an allergic reaction to the contrast dye which is sometimes
used. This can be treated immediately. Very rarely the dye may cause some kidney damage, most commonly in
people already known to have kidney problems.

Pregnant women
If possible, pregnant women should not have a CT scan, as there is a small risk that X-rays may cause an
abnormality to the unborn child.

Risks of X-ray radiation used in CT scans

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CT scans use X-rays, which are a type of radiation. Exposure to large doses of radiation is linked to developing
cancer or leukaemia - often many years later.

The dose of X-ray radiation needed for a CT scan is much more than for a single X-ray picture, but is still
generally quite a low dose. The risk of harm from the dose of radiation used in CT scanning is thought to be very
small, but it is not totally without risk. As a rule, the higher the dose of radiation, the greater the risk. So, for
example, the larger the part of the body scanned, the greater the radiation dose. And, repeat CT scans over time
cause an overall increase of dose. Also, the younger you are when you have a CT scan, the greater the lifetime
risk of developing cancer or leukaemia.

Various studies have aimed to estimate the risk of developing cancer or leukaemia following a CT scan. Some
are cited below. In general, the risk is small. For example, in the study by Pearce et al cited below, they concluded
that ... "in the 10 years after the first scan for patients younger than 10 years, one excess case of leukaemia and
one excess case of brain tumour per 10,000 head CT scans is estimated to occur". In many situations, the
benefit of a CT scan greatly outweighs the risk. However, as the same study concludes ... "although clinical
benefits should outweigh the small absolute risks, radiation doses from CT scans ought to be kept as low as
possible and alternative procedures, which do not involve ionising radiation, should be considered if appropriate".

Because of the small risk, the Committee on Medical Aspects of Radiation in the Environment (COMARE) has
recommended that routine whole body CT scans should not be offered to people without symptoms as part of
'health checks'. They also offer various other recommendations on the use of CT scans - see link below.

What can I expect after the scan?

You can return to your normal activities as soon as the scan is over. However, if you had a sedative for the scan,
you will need someone to accompany you home. You will not be able to drive until the effect of the sedative wears
off.

The pictures from the scan are studied by an X-ray doctor (radiologist) who sends a report to the doctor who
requested the scan.

Further reading & references

Pearce MS, Salotti JA, Little MP, et al; Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia
Lancet. 2012 Jun 7.
Berrington de GonzalezA, Mahesh M, Kim KP, et al; Projected cancer risks from computed tomographic scans performed
in the United Arch Intern Med. 2009 Dec 14;169(22):2071-7.
Smith-Bindman R, Lipson J, Marcus R, et al; Radiation dose associated with common computed tomography
examinations and the Arch Intern Med. 2009 Dec 14;169(22):2078-86.
Committee on Medical Aspects of Radiation in the Environment (COMARE) , The impact of personally initiated X-ray
computed tomography scanning for the health assessment of asymptomatic individuals, December 2007

Disclaimer: This article is for information only and should not be used for the diagnosis or treatment of medical
conditions. EMIS has used all reasonable care in compiling the information but make no warranty as to its
accuracy. Consult a doctor or other health care professional for diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions.
For details see our conditions.

Original Author: Current Version: Peer Reviewer:

Dr Tim Kenny Dr Tim Kenny Dr Beverley Kenny
Document ID: Last Checked: Next Review:
4706 (v41) 19/07/2012 19/07/2015

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