Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CLEGG
B.E., A.M.I.E.Aust., Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Western Australia.
KNEADING COMPACTION
processes. 7 1500 lb
March, 1964 35
KNEADING COMPACTION
OPTIMUM
160
MOISTURE CONTENT
\ KNEADING COMPACTION —
\ 400 p.s.i. PRESSURES AS INDICATED "DRY" OF "WET" OF
200ps.i.
DRY 140 \\- \-1
- N.00 p.s.i. OPTIMUM I OPTIMUM
DENSITY B.S. COMPACTION - - -- RELATIVE
0 4
N •
7 - ,N - N.0
0. HEAVY WHERE INDICATED STRENGTH
(p.c.f.) _..- ..,-•., -... STATIC COMPACTION
-- -1---- :-400p.s.i. AT
120
5 PER CENT
- - - -, _ _,,HEA‘;Y
'`- .9 2 3
-.20 STRAIN
-100 p.s.i. -...,
.100 p.s.i. VIBRATION COMPACTION
......,
100
___.--
------- 1-----
'•"C,.
2
IMPACT COMPACTION
80 0
4 8 12 16 20 24 28
KNEADING COMPACTION
MOISTURE CONTENT ( PER CENT) ( BASE FOR COMPARISON;
1 Clay.
( FROM REF 8)
2 Uniform Fine Sand.
0
3 Silty Sand. 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
4 Well Graded Laterite Gravel. MOULDING MOISTURE CONTENT (PER CENT)
Fig. 4—Typical compaction curves for Perth soils. Fig. 5—The effect of compaction method on strength of
a silty clay at low strain.
percentage of flat and elongated particles
are present. The resulting reduction in degree influenced by the shear strains pro-
stability is known to be quite significant and duced in the soil by the compaction process.
has led to the incorporation of some form The effect of these strains is to disperse
of kneading as the basis for design proce- mechanically the soil, and this needs to be
dures. The Texas Wobbly Mould Compac- further considered in relation to the original
tor and the California Compactor are soil structure. When the soil is weakly
examples of attempts to produce more bound it will disperse readily under the
realistic test procedures. induced shear strains, while other soils may
12. SEED and CHAN of the University of have such strong interparticle forces that the
California at Berkeley have undertaken a compaction strains are relatively ineffective.
comprehensive investigation into the prob- The greater the shear strain induced by the
lem of strength in relation to compaction method of compaction the greater the degree
method (Refs. 8 and 9). Fig. 5 illustrates of particle orientation with consequent lower
some of their findings for silty clay. In this strengths at low strains, greater shrinkage
case the tests were performed on soil and less swelling. However, moulding moi-
re-moulded without saturation prior to the sture content does not produce any great
test. The process of saturation before test-
variations in samples compacted dry of the
ing adds further complexity to the problem,
involving the swelling characteristics of the
soil and the external restraint, such as the 10
surcharge in the CBR tests. A typical effect
SWELL 8 STATIC COMPACTION ,,,,
of compaction method on swell pressure
PRESSURE
is shown in Fig. 6. 6
(p.s.i.)
4
13. The work of Seed and Chan demon-
KNEADING
strates that soil structure is one of the most 2 COMPACTION
important factors contributing to such soil N\
0
properties as shrinkage, swell pressures, 105 109 113 117 121
DRY DENSITY (p c f )
permeability, induced pore pressures and
undrained strength. The resulting structure
Fig.6—The effect of method of campaction on the swell
in the compacted soil specimens is to a high pressure for a silty clay at a high degree of saturation.
March, 1964
KNEADING COMPACTION
exceeds that at which these viscosity effects take place in the effective stress during the
may be significant. compaction can be described in terms of the
pore pressure coefficients, and it is the inter-
19. More recently LAMBE introduced play of these various parameters as func-
surface chemical theories (Ref. 12). These tions of foot pressure, moisture content and
theories are based on the effects of changes deformation conditions that controls the dry
in the electrolyte concentration of the pore density.
water, which are considered to be sufficiently
strong to change the soil structure from 22. The extension of the theory to
flocculated to dispersed, thus providing lubri- dynamic, Proctor type compaction is pos-
cation effect. OLSON objects to this theory on sible and may be helpful in assessing any
the basis that, while these phenomena are differences in the strength characteristics of
undoubtedly significant in certain soils, the soils prepared by the two methods. The
theory is not applicable to soils in general. process in the case of the dynamic compac-
Olson's effective stress concept attempts to tion requires enough viscosity in the soils to
make use of Skempton's pore pressure coef- stop the hammer and enough shearing resis-
ficients A and B and Bishop's x coefficient tance to support its weight. In this method
for partly saturated soils. The theory is a relatively deep penetration into the soil
presented in a qualitative manner for the takes place and the soil is compacted rather
particular case of kneading compaction. It more by being trapped under the foot than
is designed to provide an insight into the squeezed into place.
kneading compaction process, and, what is
perhaps more important, to lead to a more 23. The important implications of the
basic understanding of shear strength, com- effective stress theory for compaction are
pressibility and permeability of compacted that the strength of the resulting compacted
soils. material is governed by dry density which
is preserved by the development of negative
21. Briefly stated, the concept is that pore water pressures and by residual lateral
by applying pressure to a loose soil, the pressures, and that increasing dry density
developed shearing stresses cause the par- has the same general effect as over-consoli-
ticle contacts to yield and create a tendency dation. The strength of compacted speci-
towards densification of the mass. At the mens will be governed, to some extent, by
same time total stresses and pore pressures effective stresses produced during the com-
increase. The pore pressures increase paction process and by the restraint placed
less than the total stresses, thus producing on lateral movement. This restraint is
an increase in the effective stress between determined by such factors as the ratio of
particles which eventually becomes sufficient foot area to mould cross-sectional area and
to support the pressure. On release of the the thickness of layer being compacted.
pressure the vertical total stress becomes
zero, the soil expands vertically and, at the 24. Considering this theory together with
same time, the lateral stresses are reduced. the work on soil structure and its effect on
The tendency for the soil to expand is resis- the strength of the compacted specimen as
ted by the development of negative pore presented in the previous section, it follows
water pressures. These pressures together that soil structure is a further factor to be
with residual lateral total stresses are con- taken into account. The soil structure con-
sidered to be sufficient to provide enough tributes to the variations in the induced pore
compressive effective stresses to hold the pressures, and is in turn governed by a dis-
soil in its compacted state. The changes that persion caused by shear strains which are
March, 1964 39
KNEADING COMPACTION
REFERENCES
3. WILSON, S. D. A small soil compaction apparatus duplicates field results closely, Eng.
News Record, 145 : 18 (1950).
5. ERICKSON, L. F. Flexible pavement design in Idaho, H.R.B. Bull. No. 210 (1959).
6. McRAE, J. L. and RUTLEDGE, P. C. Laboratory kneading of soils to simulate field
compaction, Proc. H.R.B., 50 (December, 1951).
10. OLSON, R. E. Effective stress theory of soil compaction, Proc. A.S.C.E., 89 : S.M.2
(March, 1963).