Ch.

(2)
2.1 Introduction

This chapter will describe the literature of filter bank multicarrier in

optical fiber and study the techniques of modulation in FBMC and each
technique that improve some of impairments as CD, spectral efficiency,
PMD and chose it is convenient technique that we will modeling later .

2.2 Chromatic dispersion (CD)

The velocity of the light in a single mode glass fiber is a function of

the color (i.e., wavelength or frequency) of the light There are three
sources of this variation. The material dispersion of the bulk glass is
related to the characteristic resonance frequencies at which the material
absorbs electromagnetic waves [11]. .

The frequency variation of this is empirically approximated with a

Sellmeier equation. The waveguide dispersion, due to the impact of the
actual waveguide structure, is a frequency dependent propagation
velocity of the HE11 mode, which is the single low loss mode of the fiber
at the operating wavelength. A third contribution is due to the
differential wavelength dependence between the core and cladding of
the fiber. Fiber chromatic dispersion CD is concerned mainly with
material dispersion and is the derivative of the relative group delay of
the signal [11]. .
2.3 Polarization mode dispersion (PMD)

Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) is a complex, and important,

phenomenon in optical fiber for high capacity systems Single-mode
fibers support two orthogonal modes of propagation distinguished by
their polarization. Optical fibers are not completely circular, and the
cables that contain them are not completely straight. The optical
birefringence in the fiber will cause the two modes to travel with
different group velocities, and the random change of the birefringence
along the fiber length results in random coupling between the modes
Birefringence also varies with ambient conditions over time, from one
millisecond to another, or from one month to another. This creates
variable geometric asymmetries causing the velocity to be a function of
the polarization states of the light [11] . .

2.4 OSNR

The optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) is the power in the optical

signal measured in its entire bandwidth divided by the power measured
over 0.1 nm bandwidth of noise spectrum, ex-pressed in decibel. For
amplifiers and an optical line system delivering a high value of OSNR is
good. For a receiver, tolerating a low OSNR is good [11]. .

2.5 spectral shaping

Pulse shapes can be designed for high spectral efficiency To this

end, a pulse shape is chosen to reduce spectral occupancy and minimize
inter-symbol interference. A well-known family of pulse shapes with the
requisite properties is the raised-cosine filter. In practice, the overall
raised-cosine response of the channel is shared as root-raised-cosine
filters at TX and Rx. This matched filter arrangement gives maximum
channel SNR [11]. .
 2.6 MSK-FBMC (minimum shift keying –filter bank multicarrier)

FBMC system based on minimum shift keying (MSK) modulation. Due to

the continuous phase curve, it has got faster roll-off side-lobes and better
spectrum confinement, which can effectively reduce the signal distortion
caused by filtering. An experiment of 15.67 Gb/s MSK-FBMC signal is
performed to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed scheme as shown in
figure 2.6 [2].

Figure.2.6 (a) electrical spectra ( b) frequency characteristic of prototype filter

 The laser source is at 1551.72 nm with linewidth of 100 kHz and fed into
an optical I/Q modulator to achieve the light modulation. The MSK modulated
FBMC signal is generated through DSP processing o ffline. The original input bit
data with word length of( 2 ^13)-1 is sent for MSK modulation firstly. Then the
MSK symbols go through filter bank to generate the multi-carrier signal. The
filter bank uses J =8 and 128 carriers are activated to obtain signal with a total
bandwidth of 6.27 GHz for I and Q parts respectively. A digital-to-analog
converter DAC) at 50 Gs/s is used to produce the electrical signal[2] .

The electrical spectra of I and Q parts which result in a signal rate of 15.67
Gb/s with tight filtering. The frequency characteristic of prototype filter is
shown in Fig. 2 (b). It can be seen that better spectrum confinement is reached
compared to Sinc-shaped filter. The output parts from ADC are used to drive
the optical I/Q modulator to generate the optical signal. Transmission is
performed through 80km standard single mode fiber (SSMF) with total loss of
17.6 dB and dispersion of 16 ps/(nm km)[2]. .

At the receiver, the coherent detection is utilized for the signal. Another
laser with 100 kHz linewidth is employed as the local oscillator (LO). After
optical to electrical conversion, the signal is sampled and digitized by an analog
to digital converter (ADC) with 100 Gs/s for further digital signal processing
The sampled symbols are demodulated with the matched filters and then sent
for MAP equalization, to obtain the bit error rate 10^-3 should be optical
signal to noise ratio increase when to increased distance as shown in table 2.6
[2]. .

BER OSNR
B2B 80Km
10^-3 9.9dB 10.1dB
Table 2.6.1 BER VS. OSNR
 For MSK-FBMC signal the OSNR requirement at BER of 10^-3 outperforms
MSK-FFT signal by 0.9dB When we adopt QPSK mapping instead of MSK, the
OSNR penalty becomes 1.1 dB due to the larger main-lobe of QPSK mapping as
shown in the table 2.6.2 [2].. .

Mapping BER OSNR(dB)

MSK-FBMC 10^-3 10.1
QPSK-FBMC 10^-3 10.9
MSK-FFT 10^-3 12
QPSK-FFT 10^-3 11

Table 2.6.2 BER VS. OSNR at different mapping

The carrier frequency off set would be introduced due to frequency

mismatch between the transmitter laser and local oscillator. Although
channel estimation can be used to estimate the frequency offset, residual
frequency offset (RFO) always exists, which would aggravate the inter-carrier
interference. We also investigate the performance of MSK-FBMC and QPSK-
FBMC signals under different RFOs. The measured result is shown in tab. 2.6
It can be seen that the MSK-FBMC signal exhibits better robustness against
RFO than QPSK-FBMC signal. When the normalized RFO is 0.1, the OSNR
requirement of MSK-FBMC signal at BER of 10^-3 is 10.3 dB while the required
OSNR is 11.4 dB for QPSK-FBMC signal under same BER. When the RFO is
increasing from 0.1 to 0.2, the OSNR penalties are 0.6 dB and 1.6 dB for MSK-
FBMC and QPSK-FBMC signals, respectively as shown in the table 2.6.3 [2]..
.

Mapping BER RFO OSNR(dB)

MSK-FBMC 10^-3 0.1 10.3
MSK-FBMC 10^-3 0.2 10.9
QPSK-FBMC 10^-3 0.1 11.4
QPSK-FBMC 10^-3 0.2 13
.
Table 2.6.3 BER VS. OSNR at different mapping at different RFO
 2.7 OQAM-FBMC

Filter bank multi-carrier based on offset quadrature amplitude

modulation (FBMC/OQAM), an alternative to orthogonal frequency-
division multiplexing (OFDM), has recently received much attention in
optical fiber communication systems . Compared to OFDM, FBMC uses
shaping filters featuring a better time/frequency localization, making
FBMC systems more robust to time varying effects. Moreover, the
orthogonality between adjacent overlapping channels is ensured by
using the OQAM modulation [14].

OQAM-FBMC is type of Multicarrier techniques have attracted much

interest for high-speed optical communication systems, due to their
higher spectral efficiency and enhanced tolerance to dispersion as shown
in fig 2.7.1 [15]. .

Figure 2.7.1 Block of OQAM-FBMC TX, RX

 OFDM problems result large side lobes and achieves (~25 dB) side
lobe ratio this makes OFDM to require tight synchronization between
subcarriers for preventing interference, OQAM- FBMC based PON
system, achieves higher side lobe ratio (~60 dB) which make system is
insensitivity to interference i.e. reduce out of emission
at 100km SMF transmission without any repeater as shown in
fig.2.7.2.[2] . .

Figure 2.7.2 (C ) SLR OFDM, (D) OQAM-FBMC

OQAM-FBMC can achieve 1dB PAPR difference between OFDM and

OQAM-OFDM for the same CCDF. This is because that the filter shape of
OQAM-OFDM makes each frame sharp which results in higher PAPR due
to the significant power distribution fluctuations as shown in fig.2.7.3.

Figure 2.7.3 PAPR OFDM, OQAM-FBMC

 passive optical network (PON) with offset quadrature amplitude
modulation based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OQAM-
OFDM), which can provide 100-km single mode fiber (SMF) transmission
without any inline repeater amplifier for both downlink and uplink. by
experiment, we verify the feasibility of this proposed PON system for bi-
directional long distance transmission especially for asynchronous
upstream. Experimental result shows that, negligible power penalty is
achieved even with 100-km SMF transmission, and ~3.6-dB sensitivity
improvement is obtained when compared to OFDM-based asynchronous
system. Besides, the performance in terms of side-lode suppression and
peak to average power ratio (PAPR) are also contrastively analyzed
between OFDM and OQAM-OFDM-based PON system as shown in the
table 2.7.1 [2]. .

BER=10^-3 BTB 20Km 40Km 60Km 80Km 100Km

Rr(dBm) -26.9 -23.3 -23.1 -22.9 -22.85 -22.7

OFDM
Rr(dBm) -26.9 -26.8 -26.7 -26.6 -26.45 -26.3
OQAM-OFDM(FBMC)

Table 2.7.1 BER VS. OSNR for OFDM,OQAM-FBMC

 The SNR is fixed to a value 1 dB larger than the SNR needed to
achieve a BER equal to 10-3. Consequently, SNRs of 7.8 dB, 11.7 dB and
15.8 dB are employed for 4, 16and 64OQAM signals, respectively.
Unless stated otherwise, the number of subcarriers is chosen equal to 256
for all modulation orders. The normalized linewidths (i.e. the product of
the laser linewidth by the symbol duration), ⋅TS, are set to 1.5⋅10-5,
5⋅10-6 and 2.5⋅10-6 for 4, 16and 64OQAM signals, respectively as
shown in the table2.7.2 [14] . .

BER=10^-3 Eb/No (dB)

No phase noise No CD With CD
4-OQAM 6.8 7.2 7.3 CD=1700 ps/nm
16-OQAM 10.8 11.4 11.6 CD=850 ps/nm
64-OQAM 14.8 15.7 16 CD=425 ps/nm

Table 2.7.2 BER VS. OSNR for M-OQAM-FBMC

Present a 100 Gb/s WDM system based on intensity modulation and

direct detection (IM/DD) for its low complexity and cost efficiency, 50-
km SSMF transmission of 32QAM-FBMC was realized with BER under FEC
limit. Moreover, a receiver sensitivity improvement of nearly 1.5dB [4].
 2.8 AMO-FBMC-OQAM

AMO-FBMC-OQAM to improve spectral efficiency (bits/s/HZ) at BER <

2*e-3, for distance 50km to achieve the RF signal power 8dBm,
increased SE (spectral efficiency) from 3.5 at AMO-OFDM to 4.5 at
AMO-FBMC[3]. .

2.9 Summary

Using experimental work to investigate the operation of FBMC in

intensity modulated Passive Optical Networks (PONs) employing direct
detection in conjunction with both direct and external modulation
schemes. The data rates and propagation lengths employed here vary
from 8.4 to 14.8 Gb/s and 0– 75 km. The results suggest that by using
FBMC it is possible to accomplish CP-Less transmission up to 75 km of
SSMF in passive links using cost effective intensity modulation and
detection schemes [5]. .