32D04NW0290 2.

15653 ARNOLD
010
RECEIVED
OCT 2 11994
LANDS BRANCH

Certificate of Qualification

2.156
I, Jan Kozel, do hereby certify that:

* I graduated from the University of Toronto in 1991 with a Master of Science

degree;

* I graduated from the University of Toronto in 1987 with a Bachelor of Applied

Science degree;

* the portion of this report on which I worked is based on personal examination

of geophysical data acquired on the Crossroads Property; and

* to the best of my knowledge, all information contained within this report is

accurate.

Dated in Richmond Hill, Ontario this day of

Jan Kozel, M.Sc., B.A.Sc.

A LOGISTICAL AND INTERPRETIVE REPORT ON

IP, RESISTIVITY, TOTAL FIELD MAGNETICS, VLF,

AND AIRBORNE GEOTEM SURVEYS

ON THE

CROSSROADS PROPER

ARNOLD TWP., ONTARIO

RECEIVED"
Od 2 11994

JVXLtd.
 A LOGISTICAL AND INTERPRETIVE REPORT ON
IP l RESISTIVITY, TOTAL FIELD MAGNETICS
AND AIRBORNE GEOTEM GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS
ON THE CROSSROADS PROPERTY
ARNOLD TWP., ONTARIO
(NTS 32D/4)

On Behalf Of:

Kalahari Resources Inc.

500 - 455 Granville Street
Vancouver, B.C.
V6C 1V2

Contact: Bob Duess, Consulting Geologist

Telephone: (705) 634-2276

and
Paterson, Grant, and Watson Ltd.
500 - 204 Richmond St. W.
Toronto, Ont.
M5V 1V6
(Supervising consultants)

Contact: Stephen Reford

Telephone: (416) 971-7343

By:

JVXLTD.
60 West Wilmot St., Unit #22
Richmond Hill, Ontario
L4B 1M6

Contact: Slaine Webster

Telephone: (905) 731-0972
Fax: (905) 731-9312

JVX Ref: 9438

October 14, 1994
J VX 32D04NW0290 2.15653 ARNOLD O 1 OC

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l

2. SURVEY LOCATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l

3. SURVEY GRID AND COVERAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

4. PERSONNEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

5. GEOPHYSICAL INSTRUMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5. l Magnetometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5.2 VLF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5.3 IP Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5.4 IP Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5.5 Data Processing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

6. SURVEY METHOD AND FIELD PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

6. l Exploration Target . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6.2 IP/Resistivity (Quantities Measured) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6.3 IP/Resistivity (Field Procedures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
6.3. l Spectral IP Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6.4 Magnetic Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.5 VLF Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7. DATA PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7. l IP/Resistivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7.1.1 IP Spectral Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7.2 Magnetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7.3 VLF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

8. INTERPRETATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
8.1 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8.1.1 IP/Resistivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8.1.2 Magnetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
8.1.3 VLF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
8.2 Description of Geophysical Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
8.2.1 Magnetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
8.2.2 VLF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
8.2.3 Resistivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8.2.4 IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
8.3 Exploration Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

9. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

J VX

FIGURES
Figure l Location Map
Scale l : l 600 000

Figure 2 Grid Map

Scale l : 10 000

Figure 3 Claim Map

Approximate Scale l : 35 000

Figure 4 Pole-Dipole Array

Figure 5 IP Array Comparison

FigureG IP Decay Waveform

TABLES

Table l IP/Resistivity Production Summary

Table 2 Total Field Magnetics Production Summary

Table 3 VLF Production Summary

Table 4 IPR-11 Receiver Time Slices

Table 5 K-Factors for the Pole-Dipole Array

Table 6 Summary of Exploration Targets

APPENDICES

Appendix A Instrument Specification Sheets

Appendix B References

Appendix C Plates
J VX

PLATES
KALAHARI RESOURCES INC., CROSSROADS PROPERTY
(NTS 32D/4)

Plate 1: Total Field Magnetic Contours

l : 5 000

Plate 2: Total Field Magnetic Profiles

l : 5 000

Plate 3: VLF Profiles

l : 5 000

Plate 4: Chargeability (M7) Contours

l : 5 000

Plate 5: Resistivity Contours

l : 5 000

Plate 6: Stacked M7 and Resistivity Pseudosections

Scale l : 2 500

Plate 7: Stacked M-IP and Tau Pseudosections

Scale l : 2 500

Plate 8: Compilation Map

Scale l : 5 000
 J VX

A REPORT ON IP 7 RESISTIVITY,
MAGNETOMETER AND
AIRBORNE GEOTEM GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS
ON THE CROSSROADS PROPERTY
ARNOLD TOWNSHIP, ONTARIO
(NTS 32D/4)

On Behalf Of

KALAHARI RESOURCES INC.

1. INTRODUCTION

From August 15th to 21st, 1994, time domain spectral induced polarization l resistivity, total
field magnetics, and VLF surveys were conducted by JVX Ltd. on behalf of Kalahari Resources
Inc. on the Crossroads Property located on the north shore of Victoria Lake 10 km east of
Kirkland Lake, Ontario (NTS 32D/4). The purpose of the survey was to utilize SPECTRAL IP l
resistivity, total field magnetics, and VLF data to define spatial orientation and strike extent of
disseminated metallic sulphides, magnetic susceptibility and electromagnetic conductivity
which may be related to gold or base metal mineralisation. The final products of this survey
include picked IP, resistivity, magnetic, and VLF anomalies prioritized for further examination.

The IP survey employed a pole-dipole array with six potential dipoles (11=1 to 6) and a dipole
spacing of 25 metres. A total of 5.925 line kilometres of IP / resistivity data was acquired over
five lines at a 200 metre line spacing. The total field magnetics and VLF readings were taken
at a nominal 12.5 metre station separation. A total of 11.25 line kilometres of each was
acquired over nine lines at a 100 metre line spacing.

This report describes the survey logistics, field procedures, data processing, and presentation.
An interpretation of the results is included. The results are presented as a compilation/
anomaly plan map, contour plan maps, profile/posted value plan maps, and contour IP
pseudosections.

2. SURVEY LOCATION

Figure l shows the location of the survey area at a scale of 1: l 600 000. The survey grid is
located near the southwestern corner of Arnold township 10 km northeast of Kirkland Lake.
 JK.

r
c
c
r
r
r
r
c uatttUi",

SURVEY AREA

c
r
r
c
c
r
r LOCATION MAP
KALAHARI RESOURCES LTD.
CROSSROADS PROPERTY
Arnold Twp., Kirkland Lake area, Ontario
N.T.S. 32D/4
GROUND GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY
r SURVEY BY
JVX LTD.
Scale : 1 : 1,600,000
Figure l
 J VX

3. SURVEY GRID AND COVERAGE

The survey grid was newly cut by Kalahari Resources Inc. It consists of approximately 11.25
line kilometres of cross lines as shown in figure 2 (scale 1:10 000). A claim map of the area is
shown in figure 3 (approximate scale 1:35 000).

The IP survey employed a pole-dipole array with six potential dipoles (n^ to 6) and a dipole
spacing of 25 metres. A total of 5.925 line kilometres of IP 7 resistivity data was acquired over
five lines at a 200 metre line spacing.

The total field magnetics and VLF readings were taken at a nominal 12.5 metre station
separation. A total of 11.25 line kilometres of each was acquired over nine lines at a 100 metre
line spacing.

Detailed production summaries are listed in tables l to 3.

Line From To Length

Station Station (metres)
OW ON 700 N 700
200 W 600 S 700 N 1300
400 W 625 S 700 N 1325
600 W 625 S 700 N 1325
800 W 600 S 675 N 1275

TABLE l : IP/RESISTrVTIY PRODUCTION SUMMARY

Pole-Dipole Array ('a' = 25 metres, n = 1-6)
 i
MORRISETTE g TWP
a

o
o
c
z
o
Q
w m (O
S O O
(D •D H S 2
coS? Q
GO
w SIV)
o" (D
0)
a
0)
w
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c 0)
3D o'
m

ua
i
 1186708

1202732

1186346

CLAIM MAP

KALAHARI RESOURCES LTD.

CROSSROADS PROPERTY
Arnold Twp., Kirkland Lake area, Ontario
N.T.S. 32D/4
GROUND GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY

Scale : 1 : 35,000
Surveyed by JVX Ltd.
August, 1994 Figure 3
J VX

Line From To Length Number

Station Station (metres) of Readings
800 W 610 S 700 N 1310.00 106
700 W 625 S 700 N 1325.00 107
600 W 625 S 700 N 1325.00 107
500 W 625 S 700 N 1325.00 107
400 W 625 S 700 N 1325.00 106
300 W 612 S 712 N 1325.00 107
200 W 600 S 712 N 1312.50 106
100 W 562 S 712 N 1275.00 102
0 0 725 N 725.00 59

TABLE 2 : TOTAL FIELD MAGNETICS PRODUCTION SUMMARY

12.5 metre station spacing

Line From To Length Number

Station Station (metres) of Readings
800 W 610 S 700 N 1310.00 106
700 W 600 S 700 N 1300.00 91
600 W 625 S 700 N 1325.00 107
500 W 625 S 700 N 1325.00 107
400 W 625 S 700 N 1325.00 107
300 W 612 S 712 N 1325.00 107
2OO W 6OOS 712 N 1312.50 106
100 W 587 S 712 N 1300.00 101
0 0 725 N 725.00 59

TABLE 3 : VLF PRODUCTION SUMMARY

12.5 metre station spacing
 J VX

4. PERSONNEL

Mr. Dean Fraser. B.Sc. - (Geophysicist)

Mr. Fraser operated the Scintrex IPR-11 receiver and collected the spectral I. P. data.

Mr. Fred Moher - (Geophysical Party Chief)

Mr. Moher operated the IGS proton precession magnetometer and VLF systems, and was
responsible for data quality and day to day operation and direction of the survey.

Three field assistants were also engaged by JVX

Ms. Alexandra Savic. M.Sc. - (Geophysicist)

Ms. Savic processed the data and generated all computer plots.

Mr. Jan Kozel. M.Sc. - (Geophysicist)

Mr. Kozel aided in the interpretation of the geophysical data and wrote chapter 8 of this report.
He is also responsible for the data storage.

Ms. Dagmar Piska - (Cartographer)

Ms. Piska did all manual drafting, prepared the merged compilation map, and assembled this
report.

Mr. Blaine Webster - (President. JVX Ltd.)

Mr. Webster interpreted the geophysical data, and provided overall supervision of the survey.

5. GEOPHYSICAL INSTRUMENTATION

JVX supplied the following geophysical instruments, accessories, and software.

5. l MAGNETOMETER

The Scintrex IGS-2/MP-4 proton precession magnetometer microprocessor-based receiver

system was employed to measure the total magnetic field over the grid. Measurements were
taken along the line at 12.5 metre station intervals. The geophysical measurements, time and
position are recorded in the instrument's solid state memory. A second base magnetometer
was used to monitor the diurnal change, taking readings at 10 second intervals. At the end of
each day, the correction for the diurnal shift was made automatically by either linking the
base station magnetometer to the field magnetometer or by dumping each magnetometer to an
IBM compatible computer and running appropriate JVX software for the drift correction.
 J VX

5.2 VLF

The Scintrex IGS-2/VLF-4 system was used. Vertical in-phase, vertical out-of-phase
(quadrature), and horizontal field components were measured along the line at 12.5 metre
station intervals. The geophysical measurements, time, and position are recorded in the
instrument's solid state memory.

5.3 IP RECEIVER

The Scintrex IPR-11 time domain microprocessor-based receiver was used. This unit operates
on a square wave primary voltage and samples the decay curve at ten gates or slices. The
instrument continuously averages primary voltage and chargeability until convergence takes
place. At this point, the averaging process is stopped. Data are stored internally in solid-state
memory.

5.4 IP TRANSMITTER

The survey used the Scintrex IPC-7/2.5 kW time domain transmitter powered by an 8 hp
motor generator. This instrument is capable of putting out a square wave of 2, 4 or 8 seconds
'on-off time. The current output was accurately monitored with a digital multimeter placed in
series with the current loop.

5.5 DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM

Data were processed in the field using a 486DX (33 MHz) laptop computer. Colour IP and
resistivity pseudosections were processed using the GEOPAK IPSECT processing package.
Spectral analysis and accompanying pseudosections were processed using JVX in-house
software. The magnetic and VLF data were processed using the GEOPAK Line Processing
Package. Maps were printed on a STAR NX-80 colour dot-matrix printer.

Final processing was completed at the JVX office in Richmond Hill, Ontario using a 386DX
(33MHz) Flexcache computer and a 486DX-2 (66MHz) computer. Final plan maps and
pseudosections were produced using the AUTOCAD computer-aided drafting package, and
plotted on a NICOLET ZETA pen plotter. Colour maps were processed using the GEOPAK
RTICAD and IPSECT packages and printed on TEKTRONIX COLORQUICK ink jet and FUJITSU
DL-2400 dot matrix printers.

6. SURVEY METHOD AND FIELD PROCEDURES

6. l EXPLORATION TARGET

The exploration target for the geophysical surveys is gold mineralization. Induced Polarization
anomalies will result from massive sulphides and disseminated metallic sulphides if they are
of sufficient concentration and volume. The resistivity data are useful in mapping lithologic
units and zones of alteration, shearing or conductive sulphides, all of which may help define
 J VX

the geological/geophysical character of the area. Total field magnetic and VLF-EM data may
enhance geological structure information, find conducting bodies and thus help determine
exploration target locations.

6.2 ip/RESisnvrry (QUANTITIES MEASURED)

The phenomenon of the IP effect, which in the time domain can be likened to the voltage
relaxation effect of a discharging capacitor, is caused by electrical polarization at the rock or
soil interstitial fluid boundary with metallic or clay particles lying within pore spaces. The
polarization occurs when a voltage Is applied across these boundaries. It can be measured
quantitatively by applying a time varying sinusoidal wave (as in the frequency domain
measurement) or by an interrupted square wave (as in the time domain measurement). In the
time domain the IP effect is manifested by an exponential type decrease In voltage with time.

The direct current apparent resistivity is a measure of the bulk electrical resistivity of the
subsurface. Electricity flows in the ground primarily through the ground-waters present In
rocks either lying within fractures or pore spaces or both. Silicates which form the bulk of the
rock forming minerals are very poor conductors of electricity. Minerals that are good
conductors are the sulphide minerals, some oxides and graphite where the current flow is
electronic rather than electrolytic.

Measurements are made by applying a current across the ground using two electrodes (current
dipole). The current Is In the form of an interrupted square wave with on-off periods of 2
seconds. The primary voltage and IP effect is mapped in an area around the current source
using what is essentially a sensitive voltmeter connected to a second electrode pair (potential
dipole). The primary voltage determines the apparent resistivity after corrections for
transmitter current and array geometry. (See Figure 4).

For any array, the value of resistivity is a true value of subsurface resistivity only If the earth is
homogeneous and isotropic. In nature, this is very seldom the case and apparent resistivity is
a qualitative result used to locate relative changes In subsurface resistivity only.

The IPR-11 also measures the secondary or transient relaxation voltage during the two second
off cycle. Ten slices of the decay curve are measured at semi-logarithmical spaced intervals
between 45 and 1590 milliseconds after turn-off. The measured transient voltage when
normalized for the width of the slice and the amplitude of the primary voltage yields a measure
of the polarizability called chargeability in units of millivolts/volt.

For a 2 second transmit and receive time the slices of integration are as follows:
 Ci PI Pe PS *4 PS PG

JU- 0 *\ a -J-*- o —*I*. a t'* o—A- a

ARRAY GEOMETRY

Apparent Resistivity;

z 2if na(ntl) Vp/I

where /•*a r apparent resitivity (ohm.m)

n = dipole number (dimensionless)
a z dipole spacing (m)
Vp z primary voltage (mV)
I z primary current (raA)

Pole-Dipole Array
Array Geometry and Formula for Apparent Resistivity

Figure 4
 J VX

SLICE DURATION FROM TO MIDPOINT

(msec) (msec) (msec) (msec)
MO 30 30 60 45
Ml 30 60 90 75
M2 30 90 120 105
M3 30 120 150 135
M4 180 150 330 240
M5 180 330 510 420
M6 180 510 690 600

Table 4 : Time slices recorded by the IPR-11 receiver

Traditionally, the M7 slice 8 (from 690 to 1050 ms after shut-off) is chosen to represent
chargeability in pseudosection form. Note that the GEOPAKIPSECT processing packages uses
the convention that the time slices are named Ml to M10 (rather than MO to M9).

The spectral parameters M-IP, tau, and c may be derived from the IPR-11 data with the Soft ][
software. Johnson (1984) summarises the spectral parameters as follows in section 7.1.1 of
this report.

6.3 IP/RESISnVlTY (FIELD PROCEDURES)

Figure 5 illustrates the IP survey results of a pole-dipole and dipole-dipole array over the same
survey line. The negative readings for the dipole-dipole array are due to insufficient voltage
drops across the potential electrode dipole pairs. This is due to the limited ability of the
current electrode pair separated by one "a"-spacing to energize greater ground volumes. A
larger transmitter or greater electrode/ground contact may not improve the data quality by a
significant degree. A second possibility may be that steel stakes were employed as potential
electrodes which can have negative polarization associated with the metal contact with the
soil. Porous pots must be used when the ground is not frozen to obtain high quality data.

The pole-dipole data are much cleaner and thus presents more information in these areas due
to one electrode being located at an "infinite" distance and thus energizing a greater volume of
ground. In summary, some anomalies detected with the pole-dipole array might be
undetectable with the dipole-dipole array.
 76K 100N 186N 16011 176H 800N taSM 850K 87SN SOON 886N S60N 3T6N 400N 486N460N 476N BOON 686N 850N875X

t -.8 -J -1.0 -1.4

-1.4 -t.i -1.1 -1.5

g 4 a.7\-i.8
a s a.N - l.S -1.1 -I.* -B.' -1.0 -.8 -.8 -M --4

78V tOOM 1SBH 1BOX 178N WOK MAX UON I7BX SOON 98SN 8BOM 978M 400X 48SN 460N 478N BOON 5WX B60X B7SN
l
8.1

IP Array Comparison

Figure 5
 J VX

Gold mineralization, the target of this survey, does not occur in sufficient quantities to effect
either the bulk polarizability or resistivity of the ground. The anomalous IP response will be
engendered by the sulphides which are commonly associated with gold deposits.

The resistivity data is useful in mapping lithologic units and geologic structures such as faults
and shear zones. For gold exploration it is particularly useful to delineate zones of
silicification which is often associated with gold mineralization.

The spectral data has proved useful in differentiating between fine-grained and coarse-grained
sulphides or graphite (see section 7.1.1 of this report). Gold is often found associated with
sulphides that are fine grained. Experience has shown the M-IP parameter (derived m) is
helpful in ranking anomalies in areas of high resistivity, where the apparent chargeability is
increased sympathetically. Also in areas of low conductivity, the parameter has proved
advantageous in determining which anomalies have sulphide sources.

As the source discrimination capability of the IP measurement (either time or frequency

domain) remains somewhat unclear, we strongly recommend that in areas with geologic
control, the IP decay forms be studied for significant and systematic differences. If such
differences appear, such may be applied elsewhere in the same geologic environment. Our
experience has shown time constants (tau) are important interpretation aids in areas of
moderate to high resistivities which occur with pyrite in zones of silicification.

6.3.1 Spectral IP Analysis

The IP/resistivity survey employed the time domain method with a pole-dipole electrode array.
The array configuration is illustrated in figure 4.

The current electrodes are marked CI and C2. The potential electrodes are marked PI, P2,
etc. The receiver measures the voltage across adjacent pairs of potential electrodes, i.e. P1-P2,
P2-P3, .... P6-P7. These potential pairs are labelled by an integer 'n* which indicates the
multiple of the dipole width that the given dipole lies away from the nearest current electrode.

The further the potential dipole lies from the current dipole the greater is the depth of
investigation. However, the effective limit of distance is restricted by the attenuation of the
signal as the distance increases.

Resolution of the survey is increased by decreasing the 'a' separation (but a smaller 'a' also
decreases the depth of investigation). The current survey employed an 'a* spacing of 25
metres.
The waveform of the transmitted current is a two second on-off alternating square wave. The
IPR-11 measures the voltage (primary voltage) across each potential dipole at an appropriate
time after the current begins its on cycle, which approximates a D.C. measurement of voltage.

For a pole-dipole array, the apparent resistivity (pa) is given by:

8
 d VX

2nna(nH-l) Vp/I

where
pa = apparent resistivity in ohm-metre
n s dipole multiple (dimensionless)
a s* dipole separation in metres
Vp = voltage across potential dipole in millivolts
I = transmitted current in milliamperes

This equation includes a geometry dependent component known as the k-factor (2icna(rH-l))
and a component dependent on ground resistivity (Vp/I). The k-factors as used by the IPR-11
for a=25 m and 3=50 m pole-dipole electrode arrays and n = l to 6 are given below:

DIPOLE 3=25 m 3=50 m

n^ 314 628
^2 942 1880
11=3 1880 3770
^4 3140 6280
^5 4710 9420
11=6 6590 13200

Table 5 : K-Factors for the pole-dipole array

For any array, the value of resistivity is a true value of subsurface resistivity only if the earth is
homogeneous and isotropic. In nature, this is very seldom the case and apparent resistivity is
a qualitative result used to locate relative changes in subsurface resistivity only.

As discussed earlier, the IPR-11 also measures the secondary or transient relaxation voltage
during the two second off cycle of the current, which is a measure of the polarizability of the
ground. Employing the two second cycle time, ten slices of the decay curve are measured at
semi-logarithmically spaced intervals starting at 45 milliseconds after current turn-off and
ending 1590 milliseconds after turn-off. The measured transient voltage when normalized for
the width of the slice and the amplitude of the primary voltage yields a measure of the
polarizability is called chargeability, and has units of millivolts/volt.

Chargeability (M) as measured by the IPR-11, is averaged over several periods of the
transmitted waveform and normalized for:
1. the length of the integration interval;
2. the steady state voltage and

r
J VX

3. the number of pulses.

Mathematically this is described as:

1000/Vpt, Vs/I

where
M - chargeability (mV/V)
Vs = secondary voltage
Vp = primary voltage
t,. = integration interval (t, -y
t, = time at beginning of integration
t? = time at end of integration

By adjusting t, and tj, the chargeability is sampled at different points of the decay. Figure 6
illustrates the decay waveform with the 10 slices of integration and table 4 of section 6.2 lists
the decay windows measured. Traditionally, t, = 690 ms and ta = 1050 ms (corresponding to
slice M7) are chosen.
The spectral parameters M-IP. tau and c may be derived from the IPR-1 1 data with Soft ][, the
JVX in-house spectral analysis software package. These spectral parameters are described in
detail by Johnson (1984), and are summarised in section 7. 1. 1 of this report.

6.4 MAGNETIC METHOD

The magnetic method consists of measuring the magnetic field of the earth as influenced by
rock formations having different magnetic properties and configurations. The measured field
is the vector sum of primary, induced and remanent magnetic effects. Thus, there are three
factors, excluding geometric factors, which determine the magnetic field. These are the
strength of the earth's magnetic field, the magnetic susceptibilities of the rocks present and
their remanent magnetism.
The earth's magnetic field is similar in form to that of a bar magnet. The flux lines of the
geomagnetic field are vertical at the north and south magnetic poles where the strength is
approximately 60,000 nT (or gammas). In the equatorial region, the field is horizontal and its
strength is approximately 30,000 nT.

The primary geomagnetic field is, for the purposes of normal mineral exploration surveys,
constant in space and time. Magnetic field measurements may, however, vary considerably
due to short term external magnetic influences. The magnitude of these variations is
unpredictable. In the case of sudden magnetic storms, it may reach several hundred nT over a
few minutes. Therefore, it is necessary to take continuous readings of the geomagnetic field
with a base station magnetometer while the magnetic survey is done.

The intensity of magnetization induced in rocks by the geomagnetic field F is given by:

10
 Nominal total receive time: 0.2,1,2,4 sec

'0-3

ttttt 6t 6t 6t Window
Delay Width

IPR-11 Transient Windows

Decay Wavefo nn

FIGURE 6
 J VX

where:
I s the intensity of magnetization
k s the volume magnetic susceptibility
H = the magnetic field intensity
The magnetic susceptibilities of rocks are determined primarily by their magnetite content
since magnetite is strongly magnetic and widely distributed.
The remanent magnetization of rocks depends both on their composition and their previous
history. Whereas the induced magnetization is nearly always parallel to the direction of the
geomagnetic field, the natural remanent magnetization may bear no relation to the present
direction and intensity of the earth's field. The remanent magnetization is related to the
direction of the earth's field at the time the rocks were last magnetized. Interpretation of most
magnetometer surveys is normally done by assuming no remanent magnetic component.
Since the distribution of magnetic minerals (magnetite, pyrrhotite) will, in general, vary with
different rock types, the magnetic method is often used to aid in geologic mapping. In gold
exploration, the magnetic survey is of particular importance because it may map areas of
structural complexity, carbonization, and silicification.

6.4 VLF METHOD

The Very Low Frequency (VLF) Electromagnetic Method measures variations in the
components of the electromagnetic fields set up by communication stations operating In the 15
to 25 kHz frequency range. These stations, located around the world, generate signals for the
purposes of navigation and communication with submarines.
Above a uniform earth, the groundwave of the vertically polarized VLF radiowave has three
field components:
1) a radial, horizontal electrical field,
2) a vertical electrical field, and
3} a tangential, horizontal magnetic field.

These fields induce eddy currents in conductive bodies. These eddy currents in turn generate
secondary electro-magnetic fields.

The primary field from a VLF station can vary considerably with time. For the most part, the
field fluctuates moderately during the course of the day due to changes in atmospheric
conditions. However, more dramatic changes are possible. Towards evening there is a large
upward swing in the field strength. At several points during the day, both partial and total
drops in the field amplitude can be observed. Due to these irregularities in field strength, the
horizontal field data should be regarded with skepticism since it is difficult to know whether
changes are caused by conductors or by variations in the station's signal. If the primary field
strength is constant, changes in the amplitude of the horizontal magnetic field reflect
variations in the conductivity of the earth.

11
 J VX

In the absence of a conductive body, there is no vertical magnetic field. However, near a
conductor, a vertical field will be observed. The relative amplitudes of the in-phase and
quadrature components may be used to interpret the conductivity and size of the conductor.

A normalized Horizontal Field (Hz) may be derived as follows:

Hz = [(Hobs-Hbackground)XHbackground] x 10096

where H^ is the observed Horizontal Field. The computation of Hz provides a first pass
removal of the diurnal component on an individual line basis only. The resulting profile map
may be used to outline major conductive linear trends and differentiate between relative high
and low conductive units. The use of a VLF base station would give a more accurate Hz as
well as survey line to survey line continuity of the Hz, resulting in a data set reliable enough to
contour.

7. DATA PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION

7.1 IP/RESISTIVITY

The raw data stored internally in the IPR-1 1 system are transferred at the end of every survey
day to the field computer. The operator edits the data, removing repeat or unacceptable
readings and correcting any errors in the header. The data are then backed up on floppy
diskette in ASCII format, and converted into binary format for further processing.

The spectral parameters M-IP, c, and tau were computed employing SOFT ][, the spectral
software package. This programme compares the raw transient decay curve with a library of
curves calculated from known parameters and by least squares fitting selects a best matching
curve. A listing of the spectral parameters and a measure of fit with appropriate station and
line labels as well as contoured pseudosections of M7, resistivity, M-IP, and tau are then
printed. In addition, colour pseudosections of M7 and resistivity were generated using the
GEOPAK IPSECT package. This was done at the end of each survey day.

In the JVX office at Richmond Hill, Ontario, all data are reviewed and additional necessary
editing is performed. The M7, resistivity, M-IP, and tau pseudosections are re-plotted using a
Nicolet Zeta drum plotter and 486DX-2 (66MHz) and 386DX (33MHz) computers to further
facilitate line to line correlation of the various IP and resistivity anomalies. Aligning
pseudosections according to their positions facilitates line to line correlation of the various IP
and resistivity anomalies.

7.1.1 IP Spectral Analysis

Historically the time domain IP response was simply a measure of the amplitude of the decay
curve, usually integrated over a given period of time. Over the last decade, advances have
made it possible to measure the decay curve at a number of points, thus allowing the
reconstruction of the shape of the curve. By measuring the complete decay curve in the time
domain, the spectral characteristics of the IP response may be derived.

12
JVX

Recent studies have shown there is a relationship between the decay form and the texture or
grain size of the polarizable minerals, i.e. the IP response is not only a function of the amount
of the polarizable material. This could be important when it comes to ranking anomalies of
equal amplitude or discriminating between economic and non-economic sources.

IP decay forms are quantified using the Cole-Cole model developed by Pelton et al (1978).
Pelton was one of the first to use the term Spectral IP. The Cole-Cole model is determined by
the resistivity and three spectral parameters, M-IP, tan, and c. These parameters are
interpreted as follows:

M-IP Chargeability Amplitude (mV/V)

This is related to the volume percent metallic sulphides (although there is no simple
quantitative relationship between the two).

tau Time Constant (sec)

A short time constant (e.g. 0.01 to O. l s) suggests a fine grained source. A long time
constant (e.g. 10 to 100 s) suggests a coarse grained (or interconnected or massive)
source.

c Exponent (dimensionless)
A high c value (e.g. 0.5) implies one uniform polarizable source. A low c value (e.g. O. l )
implies a mixture of sources.

Conventional chargeability is a mixture of these spectral parameters and a change in any one
parameter will produce a change in the apparent chargeability. In the absence of spectral
analysis, such changes are always ascribed to a change in the volume percent metallic
sulphides, even though the cause may be a shift from fine to coarse grained material
In practice, the spectral parameters are used to characterize and prioritize IP anomalies which
have been picked from the pseudosections of M7 and resistivity. In this regard, the
chargeability amplitude (M-IP) and the time constant are the most useful. IP anomalies which
are similar in all other respects may be separated based on their spectral characteristics.

Spectral parameters are extracted from all measured decay curves by finding a best fit between
the measured decay and a suite of master curves. The process yields a fit parameter which is
the root mean square difference (expressed as per cent) between the ten values of the
measured and best fit master decays. The fit parameter Is low (i.e. less than 19b) for high
quality data of moderate to high amplitude. The fit parameter is high (i.e. greater than 100/*))
for poor quality or low amplitude data.

7.2 MAGNETICS

The raw data stored internally in the IGS-2/MP-4 system are transferred at the end of every
survey day to the field computer. After the data are edited, with repeat or unacceptable
readings being removed, they are backed up on floppy diskette in ASCII format, and contour
and profile maps are printed.

13
 J VX

In the JVX office at Richmond Hill, Ontario, all data are reviewed and additional necessary
editing is performed. Contoured maps and maps with profiles and posted values of the data
are plotted on a Nicolet Zeta drum plotter.

7.3 VLF

The raw data stored internally in the IGS-2/VLF-4 system are transferred at the end of every
survey day to the field computer. After the data are edited, with repeat or unacceptable
readings being removed, they are backed up on floppy diskette in ASCII format, and profile
maps are printed.

In the JVX office at Richmond Hill, Ontario, all data are reviewed and additional necessary
editing is performed. Maps with profiles and posted values of the data are plotted on a Nicolet
Zeta drum plotter.

NOTE: The AUTOCAD drawing flies of the plates and a complete data set including all the field
measurements and any calculated products is available from JVX Ltd. on floppy disk or
printed listing on a time and material basis.

8 INTERPRETATION

8. l METHODOLOGY

JVX uses its many years of experience in the interpretation of geophysical data to extract the
most accurate information from the data. The following section simplifies the interpretation
procedure for the sake of clarity.

r
l 8.1.1 IP./Resistivity

The I.P. and resistivity data are interpreted using the following procedure:

1) Chargeability anomalies are picked on the pseudosections and classified using

the following scheme os a guide:

r i4
J VX

Very Strong fr 30 mV/V) and well-defined

Strong (20 to 30 mV/V) and well-defined

Moderate (10 to 20 mV/V) and well-defined

Weak (5 to 10 mV/V) and well-defined

Very Weak (3 to 5 mV/V) and poorly defined

x x x x x x Extremely Weak fc3 mV/V) and very poorly defined

The peak of the anomaly gives a qualitative indication of the depth to the top of
the anomalous source and the location of the centre of the body. Where
possible, the location and dipole number of the peak is written beside the
anomaly bar.

2) The spectral characteristics of the anomalies are examined. The peak value of
M-IP is noted, and t is classified according to the following scheme:

H High fr 3.0 sec)

M Medium (0.3 to 3.0 sec)

L Low fc 0.3 sec)

3) Resistivity anomalies are picked on the pseudosections and classified using the
following scheme os a guide:

VH(n) Very High fcx 25 000 Qm) highly silicified

H(n) High fr 10 000 Qm) probably silicified

WH(n) Weak High fc 10 000 Qm) relative increase compared to surrounding

material

SL(fi) Strong Low — strong decrease in resistivity

ML(n) Medium Low — medium decrease in resistivity

WL(n) Weak Low — slight resistivity decrease relative to surrounding material

EL(n) Extremely Weak Low — marginal resistivity decrease relative to

surrounding material

where ri is the dipole number at which the anomaly peak is located.

4) The anomalies from steps 1) to 3) are marked on the compilation map.

15
 J VX

5) Resistivity anomalies on the compilation map are joined into conductive and
resistive zones.

6) Zones of high chargeability are interpreted based on spectral, resistivity, and

geometric information.

7) The anomalies are rated according to JVX1 past experience. The following are
some of the characteristics which may be indicative of economic mineralisation:

* a moderate to high chargeability anomaly flanked by a narrow finger-shaped

resistivity high;

* high M-IP values fc 300 mV/V) which are not associated with a resistivity low
(these indicate a relative increase in the quantity of metallic sulphides); and

* low T values (short time constant), which indicate that the sulphides are
disseminated and fine-grained. Generally, this is indicative of economic gold
mineralisation. However, in environments where the sulphides have been
remobilised, gold mineralisation may be associated with coarse-grained
sulphides (long time constant).

* In particular, very high M-IP values O* 900 mV/V) with short T are high priority
spectral I.P. targets.

8.1.2 Magnetics
The total field magnetic data are studied for lateral changes of the strength of the magnetic
field. The representative contours are chosen to best express both anomalous bodies and
lithological contacts.

8.1.3 VLF

The VLF data are studied to determine the location of any conductors, which are indicated by
"cross-overs" (where the in-phase and out-of-phase responses cross). Where possible, these
are connected on the plan map in order to delineate conductive axes.

8.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE GEOPHYSICAL RESPONSES

The interpretation was made from the individual maps, included in Appendix C, and is shown
on the compilation map (Plate 8).

16
 J VX

8.2.1 Magnetics

The area is divided into two regions by a northeast-southwest contact (MCI). The region to the
"~ northwest of MCI is characterised by higher magnetic field values, and to the southeast by
lower magnetic field values. Parallel to and northwest of MCI, there is a linear magnetic low,
MC2. Airborne geotem data show that the Kirkland Lake Murdoch Creek Fault Zone (KMFZ)
^. is present in this area, and so these two structures are interpreted to form the KMFZ.

8.2.2 VLF

All VLF conductors are weak, and are associated with the thinning of the overburden over the
resistivity high RH1 (see section 8.2.3).

8.2.3 Resistivity

" Resistivity High l (RH1)

This zone of increased resistivity (p^lOOO firn) includes a deep (^5) silicified zone
(p^lO 000 Qm) along line 800 W. This silicified zone becomes very shallow (0=1) at 225 to
"~ 250 N. The southeast contact of RH1 can be traced clearly to line 400 W, and is parallel to
MCI and the KMFZ. Its northern and southeastern contacts correlate with the weak VLF
conductors.

Resistivity High 2 (RH2)

This weak resistivity high (p^lOOO ftm) can be clearly traced on lines O and 200 W, and
^ appears to be truncated by the KMFZ.

8.2.4 Induced Polarization

IP Zone l (EP1)
This very weak chargeability anomaly forms an east-west trend, parallel to the Victoria Lake
Break (which is located to the south of the Crossroads Property, and has significant gold
mineralisation). It crosses the resistivity and magnetic field trends, which are northeast-
southwest. This anomaly is associated with a significant drop in resistivity, and so is a
favourable area for silicification and gold mineralisation based on JVX* experience in this area.

IP Zone 2 (IP2)
This weak chargeability anomaly forms an east-west trend on lines 800 W and 600 W. It is
r~ located within RH1, and is associated with the silicified zone where it becomes very shallow on
line 800 W. In this region, it has favourable spectral characteristics (M-Jff^ 150 mV/V,
1=0.01 s).

i IP Zone 3 (IPS)
" This broad, very weak chargeability anomaly extends from 125 S to 50 N along line 800 W.

17
 J VX

8.3 EXPLORATION TARGETS

The following targets have been prioritised based on the available geophysical data. They may
be further prioritised when geochemical and drill hole data become available.

Target 1A HIGH PRIORITY 1^17=2.6 mV/V, ^5

DrW Target M-fftl02 mV/V, 1=100 s
Location: 400 W, 350 S

Although IP Zone l is very weak, it is well defined and associated with a significant decrease
in resistivity, making it a good candidate for silicification in JV3C experience. This location
within the zone was selected because it has the best defined chargeability and resistivity
characteristics, the strongest spectral character, and is located in the centre of IP1. If drilling
results are positive, then Target IB (see below) should also be drilled.

Target IB MEDIUM PRIORITY 1^7=1.8 mV/V, 11=2

Possible Drm Target M-ff^35 mV/V, 1=0.05 s
Location: 800 W, 275 to 225 S

Although the anomaly is extremely weak, this target is located at the intersection of IP Zone l
and MC2, and so it should be drilled if results from Target 1A are positive.

Target 2A HIGH PRIORITY M7^6. l mV/V, ^3

Prospecting and Drill Target M-ff^l56 mV/V, ^0.01 s
Location: 800 W, 175 N

This medium-depth chargeability anomaly has good spectral characteristics, and is associated
with a silicified zone which appears to be broken up and altered. The silicification comes close
to the surface (nsl), so this area should be mapped in detail as well as drilled.

Target 2B HIGH PRIORITY 1^7=5.0 mV/V, ^2

Prospecting and Drill Target M-ff^l31 mV/V,
Location: 800 W, 250 N

See Target 2A above.

18
 JVX

9. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

From August 15th to 21st, 1994, time domain spectral induced polarization, resistivity, total
field magnetics, and VLF surveys were conducted by JVX Ltd. on behalf of Kalahari Resources
Inc. on the Crossroads Property located on the north shore of Victoria Lake 10 km east of
Kirkland Lake, Ontario (NTS 32D/4).

The purpose of the survey was to utilize SPECTRAL IP, resistivity, total field magnetics, and
VLF data to define spatial orientation and strike extent of disseminated metallic sulphides,
magnetic susceptibility and electromagnetic conductivity which may be related to gold or base
metal mineralization.

Four targets were selected which should be further examined by drilling and surface mapping.
They are summarised In the following table.

MEDIUM
Possible Drill Target

Table 6 : Summary of Exploration Targets

r 19
J VX

If there are any questions with regard to the survey, interpretation, or any other aspect of this
report, please call the undersigned at JVX Ltd.

Respectfully submitted,

Jan Kozel, M.Sc., B.A.Sc.

Geophysicist

Slaine Webster, B.Sc.

President

JVX Ltd.

20
 APPENDIX A

INSTRUMENT
SPECIFICATION SHEETS

The microprocessor-based IPR-11 is the
heart of a highly efficient system for
measuring, recording and processing
spectral IP data. More features than any
remotely similar instrument will help
you enhance signal/noise, reduce errors
and improve data interpretation. On top
of all this, tests have shown that survey
time may be cut in half, compared with
the instrument you may now be using.
The IPR-11 Broadband Time Domain IP
Receiver is principally used in electrical
(EIP) and magnetic (MIP) induced polari
zation surveys for disseminated base
metal occurrences such as porphyry cop
per in acidic intrusives and lead-zinc
IPR-11
deposits in carbonate rocks. In addition,
this receiver is used in geoelectrical sur
veying for deep groundwater or geother
mal resources. For these latter targets,
the induced polarization measurements
may be as useful as the high accuracy
resistivity results since it often happens
that geological materials have IP contrasts
when resistivity contrasts are absent. A
third application of the IPR-11 is in
induced polarization research projects
such as the study of physical properties
of rocks.
Due to its integrated, microprocessor-
based design, the IPR-11 provides a large
amount of induced polarization transient
curve shape information from a remark
ably compact, reliable and flexible format.
Data from up to six potential dipoles can
be measured simultaneously and
Broadband
Time Domain
IP Receiver
Operator using the IPR-11
recorded in solid-state memory. Then, the
IPR-11 outputs data as: 1) visual digital
display, 2) digital printer profile or pseudo-
section plots, 3) digital printer listing,
4) a cassette tape or floppy disk record,
5) to a microcomputer or 6) to a modern
unit for transmission by telephone. Using
software available from Scintrex, all spect
ral IP and EM coupling parameters can
be calculated on a microcomputer.
The IPR-11 is designed for use with the
Scintrex line of transmitters, primarily the
TSQ series of current and waveform
stabilized models. Scintrex has been
active in induced polarization research,
development, manufacture, consulting
and surveying for over thirty years and
offers a full range of time and frequency
domain instrumentation as well as all
accessories necessary for IP surveying.
Technical Description
of the IPR-11 Broadband
Time Domain IP Receiver
Digital Display
Analog Meters
Digital Data Output
Standard Rechargeable Power Supply
Disposable Battery Power Supply
Dimensions
Weight
Operating Temperature Range
Storage Temperature Range
Standard Items
Optional Items
Shipping Weight
Two, 4 digit LCD displays. One presents
data, either measured or manually entered
by the operator. The second display:
1) indicates codes identifying the data
shown on the first display, and 2) shows
alarm codes indicating errors.
Six meters for: 1) checking external circuit
resistance, and 2) monitoring input
signals.
RS-232C compatible, 7 bit ASCII,
no parity, serial data output for
communication with a computer, digital
printer, digital storage device or modem.
Eight rechargeable NiCad D cells provide
approximately 15 hours of continuous
operation at 25"C. Supplied with a
battery charger, suitable for 110/230V,
50 to 400 Hz, 10W.
At 250C, about 40 hours of continuous
operation are obtained from 8 Eveready
E95 or equivalent alkaline D cells.
At 25"C, about 16 hours of continuous
operation are obtained from 8 Eveready
1150 or equivalent carbon-zinc D cells.
345 mm x 250 mm x 300 mm, including lid.
10.5 kg, including batteries.
-20 to -i-550C, limited by display.
-40 to -l-600C.
Console with lid and set of rechargeable
batteries, RS-232C cable and adapter,
2 copies of manual, battery charger.
Multidipole Potential Cables, Data Mem
ory Expansion Blocks, Crystal Clock,
SOFT II Programs, Printer, Cassette Tape
Recorder, Disk Drive or Modern.
25 kg includes reusable wooden shipping
case.
At Scintrex we are continually working to
improve our line of products and beneficial
innovations may result in changes to our
specifications without prior notice.
222 Snidercroft Road Geophysical and Geochemical
Concord Ontario Canada Instrumentation and Services
L4K 1B5
Telephone: (416) 669-2280
Fax: (416) 669-5132
Telex: 06-964570

Function
Jhe l PC-7/2.5 kW is a medium power
transmitter system designed for time do
main induced polarization or commutated
DC resistivity work. It is the standard power
transmitting system used on most surveys
under a wide variety of geophysical,
topographical and climatic conditions.
The system consists of three modules: A
Transmitter Console containing a
transformer and electronics, a Motor
Generator and a Dummy Load mounted in
the Transmitter Console cover. The purpose
of the Dummy Load is to accept the Motor
Generator output during those parts of the
cycle when current is not transmitted into
the ground, in order to improve power out
put and prolong engine life.
The favourable power-weight ratio and com
pact design of this system make it portable
and highly versatile for use with a wide
variety of electrode arrays.
Features
Maximum motor generator output. 2.5 kW:
maximum power output. 1.85 kW: maximum
current output, 10 amperes: maximum
voltage output, 1210 volts DC.
Removable circuit boards for ease in servic
ing.
Automatic on-off and polarity cycling with
selectable cycling rates so that the op
timum pulse time (frequency) can be
selected for each survey.
The overload protection circuit protects the
instrument from damage m case of an
overload or short in the current dipole cir
cuit.
The open loop circuit protects workers by
automatically cutting off the high voltage in
case of a break in the current dipole circuit.
Induced Polarization
and Commutated DC
Resistivity Transmitter
System
Both the primary and secondary of the
transformer are switch selectable for power
matching to the ground load. This ensures
maximum power efficiency.
The built-in ohmmeter is used for checking
the external circuit resistance to ensure
that the current dipole circuit is grounded
properly before the high voltage is turned
on. This is a safety feature and also allows
the operator to select the proper output
voltage required to give an adequate current
for a proper signal at the receiver.
The programmer is crystal controlled for the
very high stability required for broadband
(spectral) induced polarization
measurements using the Scintrex IPR-11
Broadband Time Domain Receiver.
 Technical
Description of
IPC-7/2.5 kW
Transmitter System

Transmitter Console

if Maximum Output Power 1.85 kW maximum, defined as VI when cur

rent is on, into a resistive load

Output Current 10 amperes maximum

Output Voltage Switch selectable up to 1210 volts DC

Automatic Cycle Timing T:T:T:T; on:off:on:off

Automatic Polarity Change Each 2T

Complete 2.5kW induced polarization system Pulse Durations Standard: T = 2,4 or 8 seconds, switch
including motor-generator, reels with wire, tool kit, selectable
porous pots, simulator circuit, copper sulphate. Optional: T = 1,2,4 or 8 seconds, switch
IPR-8 receiver, dummy load, transmitter, electrodes
and clips.
selectable
Optional: 1 = 8,16,32 or 64 seconds, switch
selectable

Voltage Meter 1500 volts full scale logarithmic

Current Meter Standard: 10.0 A full scale logarithmic

Optional: 0.3, 1.0, 3.0 or 10.0 A full scale
linear, switch selectable

Period Time Stability Crystal controlled to better than .01 "/o

Operating Temperature Range -30"Cto -t-55'C

Overload Protection Automatic shut-off at output current above

10.0 A
IPC-7/Z.SkW transmitter console with lid and
dummy load. Open Loop Protection Automatic shut-off at current below 100 mA

Undervoltage Protection Automatic shut-off at output voltage less

than 95 V

Dimensions 280 mm x 460 mm x 310 mm

T T[
Weight 30kg
T T Shipping Weight 41 kg includes reusable wooden crate
0- -- ——i
- T T
Motor Generator

Maximum Output Power 2.5 kVA, single phase

Time Domain Waveform
Output Voltage 110 VAC

Output Frequency 400 Hz

Motor 4 stroke, 8 HP Briggs b Stratton

Weight 59kg

Shipping Weight 90 kg includes reusable wooden crate

222 Snidercroft Road Geophysical and Geochemical

Concord Ontario Canada Instrumentation and Services
L4K 1B5

Telephone: (416) 669-2280

Cable: Geoscint Toronto
Telex: 06-964570
 Scintrex has used low power con
sumption microprocessors and high
^. density memory chips to create the
IGS Integrated Portable Geophysical
System; instrumentation which will
— change the way you do ground
geophysics.

— Here are the main benefits which you

will derive from the IGS family of in
strumentation:

1. Depending on your choice of

optional sensors you can make one,
—. two or all of: magnetic, VLF and
electromagnetic measurements.
Thus, you may optimize the IGS
^ system for different geophysical
conditions and production
requirements.
— 2. You will save time and money in the
acquisition, processing and presen
tation of ground geophysical survey
^. data.
3. You will achieve an improvement in
the quality of data through enhanced
~~ reading resolution, an increase in
the number of different parameters
measured and/or a higher density of
— observations. Further, errors which
occur in manual transcription and
calculation will be eliminated.
"~ 4. Your operator will appreciate the
simplicity of operation achieved
through automation.
5. Since add-on sensors are relatively
less expensive, your investment in a
— range of IGS instrumentation may be
much less than it would be with a
number of different instruments, The Scintrex IGS-2/MP-4/VLF-4/EM-4 permits one operator to efficiently measure magnetic, VLF
each dedicated to a different and EM fields and to record data in computer compatible solid-state memory.
measurement.
System Options
and Accessories
A. Console and Power Supply
A-1 IGS-2 System Control Console with
16K RAM memory and manual: Note
that no battery pack is included so
that one of items A-2, A-3 or A-4
should be selected unless the IGS is
to be run from an external 12 V DC
power source. The battery packs are
interchangeable by the user.
A-2 Non-rechargeable Battery Pack in
cludes battery holder and 10
disposable 'C' cell batteries. Used in
normal portable operation unless
temperatures are below -200 C in
which case the Rechargeable Battery
Pack and Charger should be chosen.
A-3 Rechargeable Battery Pack and
Charger includes battery holder, 6
rechargeable non-magnetic batteries,
charger and one spare cap for the bat
tery charging plug. This is the best
battery pack for portable total field
and gradiometer magnetics since the
non-magnetic property of these bat
teries ensures a minimum of noise.
Also used for light duty (slow cycling)
magnetic base station applications
and in cold weather where disposable
batteries lose power.
A-4 Heavy Duty Rechargeable Battery
Pack includes heavy duty recharge
able batteries installed in a console
with a built-in charger. Useful for
rapid cycling base station or mobile
applications.
A-5 Low Temperature Battery Extender
Kit designed so that battery pack can
be worn inside coat in cold weather
conditions. Kit includes bottom cover
for console, console to battery pack
interconnecting cable, cover for bat
tery pack and waist belt.
B. Memory Expansion Options
B-1 IGS Memory Expansion l. An addi
tional 16K RAM is added to the ex
isting memory board for a system
total of 32K RAM.
B-2 IGS Memory Expansion II. A further
16K RAM is added to the existing
memory board for a system total of
48K RAM.
B-3 IGS Memory Expansion III. An addi
tional board is required on which
memory can be added in up to six
16K RAM groups. Not available with
all sensor options.
B-4 Further Memory Expansion. Memory
expansion to a system total of 192K
RAM is feasible for some applica
tions.
C. Accessories
C-1 RS-232 Cable and Adaptors. Includes
a special RS-232 data transfer cable
and two IGS-2 to RS-232 cable adap
tors. Used for communicating bet
ween the IGS-2 and peripheral
devices such as a digital printer,
microcomputer, cassette recorder,
modem or a second IGS-2 (or MP-3
Proton Magnetometer) for diurnal
corrections.
C-2 Minor Spare Parts Kit consisting of
two keyboard diaphragms and two 2A
quick acting fuses.
C-3 Display Heater Option. Required to
heat the LCD display on the IGS-2
Console for operation at
temperatures below -20C C.
C-4 Digital Printer for use with 110 V AC
power supply and with X-on/X-off
interfacing for use with IGS-2, MP-3 or
VLF-3 instruments, one box of paper,
ribbon and manual. Note that the
RS-232 Cable and Adaptor are re
quired.
C-5 Conversion of Digital Printer for use
with 220 V AC power supply.
D. MP-4 Proton Magnetometer
Sensor Option
D-1 MP-4 Magnetometer Signal Process
ing Board and Magnetometer Pro
gram EPROM for mounting in IGS-2
Control Console, manual.
D-2 Portable Total Field Sensor Option
including sensor for total field
measurements, sensor staff, two sen
sor cable assemblies, backpack sen
sor harness, spare non-magnetic
sensor clamp screw.
D-3 Base Station Sensor Option, in
cluding 50 m sensor cable assembly,
sensor for total field measurements,
sensor tripod, external power cable,
analog chart recorder cable and spare
non-magnetic sensor clamp screw.
D-4 Gradiometer Sensor Option including
second sensor cables, two 0.5 m staff
extenders to complement Portable
Sensor Option and spare non
magnetic sensor clamp screw.
D-5 Spare section for Portable Total Field
Sensor Staff (0.5 m length).
222 Snidercroft Road
Concord Ontario Canada
L4K1B5
Telephone: (416) 669-2280
Cable: Geoscint Toronto
Telex: 06-964570
E. VLF-4 VLF Electromagnetic
Sensor Option
E-1 Two VLF-4 Signal Processing Boards
and VLF program EPROM for mount
ing inside IGS-2 System Control Con
sole, dual coil VLF-magnetic field
sensor with level compensator,
sensor-console interconnecting cable,
harness and support for back mount
ing of sensor, manual.
E-2 VLF EM Primary Field Drift Correction
Option consisting of two program
EPROMS which replace the standard
VLF program EPROMS in each of the
portable and base station VLF units.
E-3 VLF Electric Field Sensor Option for
VLF resistivity measurements. In
cludes two capacitive electrodes with
integral preamplifiers and 5 m of
cable. Longer cable lengths on
request.
F. EM-4 Genie/Horizontal Loop
Electromagnetic Sensor Option
F-1 Two EM-4 Signal Processing Boards
for mounting either inside IGS-2
System Control Console or the EM-4
Genie/Horizontal Loop Expansion
Module, one program EPROM for
mounting inside IGS-2, one receive
coil, one interconnecting cable,
manual.
F-2 EM-4 Tiltmeter/Intercom Module. Per
mits Horizontal Loop measurements
to be made with magnetics but
without VLF.
F-3 EM-4 Genie/Horizontal Loop Expan
sion Module. Permits Horizontal Loop
measurements to be made with both
magnetics and VLF.
F-4 Genie/Horizontal Loop Portable Elec
tromagnetic Transmitter complete
with heavy duty battery pack, battery
charger, manual.
F-5 TM-2 Tiltmeter/Intercom Module used
with TM-2 when Horizontal Loop
measurements are to be made.
F-6 Transmitter-Receiver Interconnecting
Cables for Horizontal Loop measure
ments are made to order, in any
lengths up to 300m.
G. Carrying Cases
A variety of carrying cases are
available to suit different combinations
of console and sensor options.
 APPENDIX B
REFERENCES

Johnson, I.M. Spectral I.P. Parameters as Determined through Time Domain Measurements.
pp. 1993-2003 Geophysics 49(11), 1984

Johnson, I.M., B. Webster, R Mathews, and S. McMullan Time Domain Spectral IP Results
from Three Gold Deposits in Northern Saskatchewan. The Canadian Mining and
Metallurgical Bulletin, Feb. 1989
Spectral induced polarization parameters as determined
through time-domain measurements
lan M.Johnson*
ABSTRACT
A method for the extraction of Cole-Cole spectral
parameters from time-domain induced polarization data
is demonstrated. The instrumentation required to effect
the measurement and analysis is described. The Cole-
Cole impedance model is shown to work equally well in
the time domain as in the frequency domain. Field trials
show the time-domain method to generate spectral pa
rameters consistent with those generated by frequency-
domain surveys. This is shown to be possible without
significant alteration to field procedures. Cole-Cole time
constants of up to 100 s are shown to be resolvable
given a transmitted current of a 2 s pulse-time. The
process proves to have added usefulness as the Cole-
Cole forward solution proves an excellent basis for
quantifying noise in the measured decay.
INTRODUCTION
The induced polarization (IP) phenomenon was first ob
served as a relaxation' or decay voltage as a response to the
shut-off of an impressed de current. This decay was seen to be
quasi-exponential with measurable effects several seconds after
shut-off. Differences in the shape of decay curves seen for
different polarizable targets have been recognized from the
start (Wait, 1959). A systematic method of analyzing time-
domain responses in order to generate an unbiased measure of
source character has, until recently, been lacking. Devel
opments in the frequency domain have been more pronounced.
In an attempt to improve our understanding of time-domain
IP phenomenon, the Cole-Cole impedance model, developed
and tested in the frequency domain, is used to generate the
equivalent time-domain responses. Time-domain field data are
then analyzed for Cole-Cole parameters and the results used to
interpret differences in the character of the source.
The theoretical basis for the work will be presented. The
instrumentation required to effect the measurement and analy
sis will be described. Field examples will be discussed.
SPECTRAL IP
The term "spectral IP" has been used to designate a variety
of methods which look beyond the familiar resistivity and
chargeability (or "percent frequency effect"} as measured in
electrical surveys. A number of geophysical instrument manu
facturers/contractors have developed instrumentation and
methodologies which, in essence, collect and analyze data from
electrical surveys at a number of frequencies or delay times. The
data analysis produces a set of quantities which characterize
the information gained. These quantities or parameters are
promoted by the sponsor for application in a variety of search
problems for mineral and hydrocarbon resources.
In recognition of the pioneering work of Pelton (Pelton et al.,
1978), the Cole-Cole impedance model has been adopted. The
model has been extensively field tested and found to be reliable
(Pelton et al., 1978). Pelton suggested that the complex im
pedance (transfer function) of a simple polarizable source may
bc best expressed as
(1)
where
Z(co). complex impedance (in fi-m),
RO " the de resistivity (in CI - m),
m ** the chargeability (in volts/volt),
T ~ the time constant (in seconds),
co — the angular frequency (in seconds''X
c IB the exponent (or frequency dependence),
(dimensionless)
and
The de resistivity (R0) is related to the apparent resistivity
 Johnson
calculated in conventional electrical methods. The
chargeability (m) is the relative residual voltage which would be
seen immediately after shut-oil of an infinitely long transmitted
pulse (Siegel, 1959). It is related to the traditional chargeability
as measured some time after the shut-off of a series of pulses of
finite duration. The time constant (T) and exponent (c) are those
newly measurable physical properties which describe the shape
of the decay curve in time domain or the phase spectrum in
frequency domain. For conventional IP targets, the time con
stant has been shown to range from approximately 0.01 s to
greater than 100 s and is thought of as a measure of grain size.
The exponent has been shown to have a range of interest from
0.1 to 0.5 or greater and is diagnostic of the uniformity of the
grain size of the target (Pelton et ah, 1978).
Selection of the Cole-Cole model is the primary step in
simulating the response of a single polarizable target. A number
of other effects are present to a greater or lesser extent depend
ing upon the geoelectric environment. Multiple targets of differ
ing characteristics will cause overlapping effects. Measurements
may contain an appreciable component due solely to inductive
coupling effects. In very conductive terrain, this contribution
may be large enough to dominate the IP effects (Hallof and
Pellon, 1980). The inductive effect itself may be a valued
measurement in its own right (Wynn and Zongc, 1977).
SPECTRAL IP IN THE TIME DOMAIN
The earlier work is well summarized in Wait (1959). Dy that
time enough data had been gathered to point to differences in
measured decay curves and a number of decay curve modeling
schemes had been tried. Developments in instrumentation were
less pronounced. In 1967 the Newmont Standard IP decay was
introduced (Dolan and McLaughlin, 1967). Induced polariza
tion receivers were subsequently introduced which used the
Newmont Standard as a basis for IP measurements. The so-
called L/M parameter was used for a number of years as a
sensitive measure of agreement with the Newmont Standard
and of source character (Swift, 1973).
IP receivers evolved in the mid 1970s through single dipole
instruments which could be programmed to measure a number
of points on the decay. Decay curve analysis was possible
(Vogelsang, 1981), if tedious and inexact. Extremely long pulse
times were suggested as a means of effecting some type of
time-domain spectral discrimination given the equipment then
available (Halverson et al., 1978). The late 1970s saw the intro
duction of time-domain IP receivers which could measure and
record digitally a number of points on the decay. The per
formance of both transmitters and receivers was improving in
parallel.
The first studies of the shape of the time-domain decay given
a Cole-Cole impedance model were made by Jain (1981) and
Tombs (1981). Both authors show a number of numerically
generated decay curves as the steady-state response to a con
ventional (+1 0, , 0) pulse train. Measured decays were com
pared to master curves with uncertain results.
Both contributions stopped short coroutine application.
Having generated a set of standard decays, the differences in
curve shape could be quantified. A measure of the accuracy in
the field measurement required to effect a reasonable resolution
in spectral character could be gained. Routine application
would better define the limitations of the method under average
field conditions.
Although the master-curve approach is considered the most
practical one for routine spectral IP work, other approaches
are possible. The time-domain decay may be modeled as a
series of decaying exponentials from which the frequency-
domain phase spectrum is easily calculated (Gupta Sarma et al.,
1981). Both input current and output voltage may be expressed
as transform pairs of time-domain signals. The transfer function
may be extracted directly.
NUMERICAL MODELING
From Tombs (1981), the (*, O, -, 0) transmitted current of
amplitude 70 and of pulse time T s used in conventional time
domain IP may be expressed in Fourier series form as
2 ~- (2)
A homogeneous earth whose electrical properties may be
modeled by a single Cole-Cole impedance of Z(co) is assumed.
Ignoring the effect of array geometry, the steady-state voltage
as measured at the receiving dipole pair is
V(t) -
For conventional time-domain IP receivers, it is common to
sample the decay through a sequence of N slices or windows.
The value recorded for each slice is
(4)
where tlt tt *i are the limits on the integration and Vp is the time
average of measured voltage during the current on-time. In
addition, it is common to average S, over a number of cycles
and to filter out those signals at frequencies well below the
transmitted fundamental/^^ 1/4T).
For ease of presentation, we define a function G(tt , f,*,, T, c,
7"). This function describes the t, t, c, and T dependence of S,
and is derived by inserting the expression for the Cole-Cole
impedance from equation (1) and V(t) from equation (3) into
the right-hand side of equation (4) as follows:
" '
J f'l* l
G(t,, t, c, T) "* -————- Im Y. ~
Ci*i *i) Jn --t ;i
x /"cos -
nn cos 3nn\
-
V 4 4 J
e'""1T dt. (5)
l -H f Y
Combining equations (3) and (4) and using the notation of
equation (5), the theoretical decay during the off-time is given
by
(6)
The measured theoretical primary voltage may be expressed
 Spectral IP Parameters
TIME DOMAIN COLE-COLE
MASTER CURVES
FIG. 1. Theoretical time-domain decay curves for fixed c and
variable T. A typical IPR-11 measured decay is shown as a
series of dots (0.2 s receiver mode) and x's (2 s receiver mode).
as
Vr - I0 R0 - l0 R0 m + l0 R0 mG(tm , tb , t, c. T),
where f., (k are the limits of integration during the current
on-time.
Combining equations (6) and (7), the theoretical decay is
given by
s 103 mG((,.t,t,.T.c, T)
1 l-m-t-niG(t., tt , t, c, T)
Preferred Cole-Cole spectral parameters may be determined
by a "best-fit" match of measured data to a suite of master
curves. The process used may be summarized as follows.
The master-curve set is numerically generated through equa
tion (8) by allowing c and T to vary in discrete steps over ranges
of interest. The chargeability is set to l V/V and the pulse time
to 2 s. Both S, and G(tt , tb , T, c, T) are retained in the master-
curve set.
If the measured decay is given by M, m V/V (i ** l, N), an
observed chargeability m0 V/V is defined as the weighted
average amplitude shift in log amplitude space between mea
sured and master curves, i.e.,
l *
log m0 = - X (log A/, - log
" /-i
Observed chargeability values are determined for all master
curves. The weighting factors w, bias the averaging to late delay
times where integration intervals are longest.
The "best-fit" master curve is selected by minimizing
SD - J [log M, - log (m0 S,)] 2 w,,
where the m0 used is that value appropriate to the master curve
under consideration.
The true chargeability m may be found by setting
mG(t,, t,* i, T. c. T) ^ w0 G(t,. f(*i, t. c. T)
.^.T. c. T)~ G(f., f*, t. c. T)
(H)
Hence,
ma x 103
mV/V.
G(r., f4 , •c,c,T} - G(t., tt . T. c. T)]
(12)
Confidence in the spectral parameters so determined is relat
ed to the agreement between measured data and the selected
master curve. This agreement is quantified by the root-mean-
square (rms) deviation defined as
^A1 -^) xlo1
l " f M \2 l 1/2
The process outlined above will yield spectral parameters
which are only apparent. Polarizable targets of interest are
most often of finite size and embedded in a medium which may
itself possess characteristic impedances. The theoretical prob
lem of greater generality is a complex one with no reasonably
general forward solution yet available.
Pelton et al. (1978) presented the case of a simple polarizable
target buried in a nonpolarizing host. They showed that as the
relative size of the target, as defined by the dilution factor
(7) decreases, the exponent is effectively unchanged. The time con
stant is similarly unaffected as long as the true chargeability is
not large. The apparent resistivity and apparent chargeability
are, however, not as stable under large changes in the dilution
factor.
This implies that the shape of the time-domain decay and
therefore the apparent time constant T and exponent c are
(8) relatively stable under large changes in the dilution factor. The
apparent chargeability is not.
By inspection,
G(t,, r, t ,, t. c, T) - G(nt,, nt,* ,, m, c, nT). (14)
If for example, the receiver timing, pulse time, and Cole-Cole
time constant are all doubled, the master-curve values are
unaffected. This is a useful result for predicting the pulse length
required to resolve spectral parameters given that one already
has a complete Understanding of the resolution capabilities of
the method for one pulse time (e.g., T ~ 2 s). As an example, let
us assume that time-domain IP surveys using a pulse time of 2 s
are known to result in spectral discrimination (i.e., decay curve
shape differences) for time constants up to 100 s. If it is sus
pected that it may be important to resolve -time constants of
(9)
l 000 s, for example, all other things being equal, a pulse time
of 20 s would be required.
All of the above applies for a homogeneous earth whose
behavior is described by a single Cole-Cole impedance. Mea
sured decays may be the result of the superposition of effects
due to more than one source type. Resolution of more than one
impedance type should be possible if all types are sufficiently
(10) different in time constant (Major and Silic, 1981). If this con
dition is met, the net impedance may be expressed as the sum of
impedances of each type. This implies that measured voltages
may be modeled as the sum of voltages due to both IP and
inductive coupling effects and the mathematical summary
 Johnson
shown above will apply equally well to both. At a minimum,
any analysis should be capable of measuring and resolving IP TIME DOMAIN COLE-COLE
MASTER CURVES
effects (relatively low c, large t) arid inductive coupling (1C)
effects (relatively high c, small T).
Further developments are based on the timing characteristics
of the IP receiver involved. The Scintrex IPR-11 receiver is
assumed through the remainder of the paper and all results are
specific to this receiver.

IPR-11 MODEL CURVES

C-ai.f-l.OMe.

The Scintfex IPR-11 time-domain IP receiver is a

microprocessor-controlled unit which measures ten semi-
logarithmically spaced points on the decay for up to six dipoles
simultaneously. Receiver slice-timing can be reset to fill in other HUE (mi)
parts of the decay curve in 10 point sets. The measured decay is
recorded to a resolution df 0.1 mV/V. FIG. 2. Theoretical time-domain decay curves for fixed T and
The master curves are numerically generated per equation variable c. The Newmont Standard decay for a 2 s pulse time is
(8). In the calculation of G(f,. i,*,, T, c, T) the integration is shown with fitted time constant arid exponent.
done before the summation. The coding used is taken in part
from that published by Tombs (1980).
The master curves are generated assuming m = l V/V and
7 = 28. The exponent c is allowed the values 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4,
0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, and 1.0. The time constant t is allowed the
values 0.01,0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0, 30.0, and 100.0 s. The
exponent values reflect the expected range for polarizable tar
gets (0.1 to 0.8) and inductive coupling effects (c ** 1.0) (Pelton
et al., 1978). The time-constant values are limited at the low end
by the minimum sampling interval (3 ms) and at the high end
c , 3W.) c , 3W)
by what curve shape differences can reasonably be resolved 0- t .Z 1 * .5 1
given a pulse time of 2 s. The time constant values chosen are
thought to give reasonably uniform rms deviations between
different master curves.
Master curve data for longer pulse times is immediately R
available given the identity of equation (14). M .1 3
The weighting factors used in equations (9) and (10) have the .1 1
values 0.773,0.800,0.823,0.843,0.897,0.978,1.048,1.143,1.306,
S
.1 3
and 1.389.
Figure l shows simulated IP decays for variable time con D .3
.1
1
(00
stant and fixed exponent. A simulated decay as sampled by the E
IPR-11 is shown, assuming that both 0.2 and 2 s I PR-11 receive V
modes have been used. 1 i .1 .1
Figure 2 shows simulated IP decays for variable c and fixed t. A .1 30
Also shown is the Newmont Standard curve (Dolan and T
McLaughlin, 1967) for a pulse time of 2 s. It has been found to
fit best to the master curve given by a time constant of l s and c 1
value of 0.1. The rms deviation of the fit is 0.3 percent. A time 0 .t
.1
.OS
10O .4 1
constant of l s is consistent with the fact that the Newmont N .2 3
Standard was influenced by the avcifage of a large number of
measured decays. With regard to the c values, Pelton (1978) .4 1
noted an average value for c of 0.25 as seen in most field y. .2
.1
.3
.01
surveys. The c value of 0.1 for the Newmont Standard decay is, .6 1
however, understandable. Averaging time-domain decay curves
of fixed c and variable t will generally result in a curve with an 2- t
exponent value less than that of the .individual decays.
Numerical experiments have been conducted to examine the
stability of the curve-matching process. In essence, the mea
sured decay is set to one of the master curves. The rms devi Fio. 3. Curve shape differences (or rms deviation) between
ation between this decay and each of the master curves is then selected master curves. Arranged in order of increasing devi
calculated. The master curves are arranged in order of increas- ation from the c = 0.2, T = l and the c = 0.5, T = l curves.
 Spectral IP Parameters
Vs/Vp
(mV/V)
Colt - Colt Porom*Urt
m - H2.I mV/V
f ' SOuc.
C - 0.5
D - O.S5*
Time (mi)
FIG. 4. Measured data (10 point), best-fit master decay curve,
and calculated spectral parameters. Array is pole-dipole with
a ** 10 m, n - 6 with Vp 1.2 mV. Rms deviation = 0.65 per
cent. K, designates the voltage measured during the transmitter
off-time.
ing rms deviation. The results Tor part or this work are shown in
Figure 3. The left-hand column shows the ranking in order of
increasing curve shape difference away from a measured decay
as given by the c ** .2, T -* l s master curve. The right-hand
column shows the ranking away from a measured decay as
given by the c = .5, t = l s master curve. These results serve to
illustrate the following.
(1) As c is reduced from 0.5 to 0.2, the differences in the
shape of the curve between master curves of different
T are reduced and the confidence in the time-constant
determination is lessened. This is no more than the
familiar result obtained in the frequency domain.
That is, as c approaches 0.1, the phase spectrum
flattens, the peak in the phase spectrum becomes less
distinct, and the time constant becomes more poorly
determined.
(2) Figure 3 gives an indication of the order of rms
deviation required to achieve reasonably reliable
spectral parameters. An rms deviation between the
measured and master curve data on the order of l
percent is indicated.
An important consideration in any time-domain spectral IP
approach is the maximum resolvable time constant given a
fixed transmitted pulse time. Resolution will be in part a func
tion of the differences in master curves as quantified by the rms
deviation. The differences measured between the T ~ 30 s and
the t 100 s master curves are 3.06 percent for c = 0.5 and 0.12
percent fore ^ 0.1.
A number of unknown factors will be introduced when the
method is taken into the field. The performance of various IP
transmitters under the normal variety of load conditions is not
precisely known. Measured decays will display a reliability
which is a complex function of the design of the receiver, field
IP ff?.0 O.U .4 4.**
1C 310.* 0.009 t 12.4*.
.RESULTANT THEORETICAL
DECAY
Vs/Vp
(mV/V)
1C MASTER
Time (msl
FIG. 5. Measured data (20 point composite), best-fit master
curves, and calculated spectral parameters. Both IP and induc
tive coupling (1C) effects are modeled. Array is dipole-dipole
with a = 100 m, n = 6 with ^ = 2.6 mV.
procedures, natural noise, etc. Most conventional IP targets are
not well modeled as a homogeneous earth. The role of spectral
IP parameters in minerals exploration is still in debate.
Given all of these factors, the method described herein has
been designed with reasonable compromise such that basic
spectral parameters can be determined using traditional field
procedures. Through such a scheme, spectral data over a wide
variety of targets may be collected to improve understanding of
the method reliability and function and to modify strategy to
best fit the exploration problem at hand.
FIELD WORK
The results shown below have been taken from a variety of
field IP surveys. Most of these surveys have been undertaken
without modification or special consideration for the determi
nation of spectral parameters. The IPR-11 receiver was used
exclusively. All of the data were gathered with a pulse time of
2 s. A variety of crystal-controlled transmitters were used.
Analysis was, in all cases, effected by a specially prepared
application software set which is resident on a microcomputer
of common manufacture.
Decay curve analysis
Measured decays are shown in Figures 4 and 5.
The time-domain decay shown in Figure 4 is taken from a
survey over a near-surface Canadian volcanogenic sulfide zone.
Array geometry was pole-dipole with a spacing of 10 m and
n = l to 6. The decay shown is from the n = 6 dipole. The
measured primary voltages were 3 685 mV (n = 1) and 1.2 mV
(n = 6). Apparent resistivity for the sixth dipole was 290 fi - m.
Eight transmit cycles were stacked or averaged to make the
reading.
 Johnson
The fit is quite good with a deviation of 0.65 percent. The a Vp of 2.6 mV. For the late-time measurement, 10 cycles were
observed chargeability (m0) is 283.1 mV/V. The Cole-Cole spec averaged with a Vf of 2.6 mV. Acceptable data quality is possi
tral parameters are given as 582 mV/V (m), 30 s (T), and 0.3 (c). ble for such low primary voltages in large part because the
Given the array style, a spacing, and a relatively resistive IPR-11 receiver timing is triggered off the signal from the first
host, no significant 1C component was expected (Dey and potential dipole pair. Primary voltages in the n - l dipole in
Morrison, 1973). Figure 5 shows a measured decay from dipole- both cases were greater than 400 mV.
dipole survey in an area of Australia with a considerable thick For the 1C component a c value of l was assumed. The fitted
ness of conductive cover. More than 100 m of 50 fi - m ground parameters for both IP and 1C effects are shown on Figure 5.
are involved. The a spacing (100 m) and the n value (6) were The theoretical decays for IP, 1C, and the summed responses
additional reasons to measure the early-time portion of the are superimposed.
decay. The decay shown is measured by sampling both early- The IP fit is based on the 10 points of the late-time measure
and late-time 10 point decays to give a composite 20 point ment. The 1C component decayed rapidly and had no measur
decay. able influence after 40 ms following shut-off. The theoretical 1C
For the early-time measurement, 8 cycles were averaged with curve is a good approximation to the early-time decay after

APPARENT RESISTIVITY/IOO (ohm-m)

40 N ION KH QH IH 101 208 Mi 40S SOS tOS TOS MS (OS COSMOS 120 S IMS MOS IMS KOS

2M l* 201 at IM 242 09 Kt MO

551 2*4 Ut 2(7 IX }l( 243 255 2V 231

747 27t 314 2H 37( 324 327 320 2(0

117 (27 342 301 3M 114 090 370 3I( lit

3*f Oil 29( 9(0 317 4(1 2030 4W WO

(00 ni ttt 413 1170 94* (2* 3470 (II f 24 \

CHARGEABILITY (690-1050 ms) - mV/V

M n.4 (.9 ri io.( it (.1 (.1 10.7 K jr.r iij^A2.i\ en 4i.i

(.2 (.4 (.1 (.1 l* 7.7 (t 13 90 10.1 4 IIO.*-' (7.77 9(.*\.12J

(.7 (.4 7.* 1.9 7.1 7.9 1.2 *9 10.6 111

(l (.1 T.( (l (l (.7 31 O.I 114 K).] 4.

(.2 i.* *.( 2.9 (.2 St lC 71 14 7 l t

7.( 4.( 5.( 9.1 4.* (( 32 l 3 3.7 rs 05 0-f

TIME CONSTANT -r-(tecondt)

r

0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 O.I 'so io rao so loo rod w 10 a
0.01 0.01 001 0.01 01 0.01 01 O.Ol 00 00 10 30 00 WO CO 30 00

0.01 O.Ot OOI O.OI OOI 001 0.03 01 10030301008303030 10

0.01 0.01 OOI 0.03 OOt 001 001 0.01 OOI 30 00 ' 10 O! 50 30 JO
0.01 OOI 0.01 0.01 OOI 001 O.Ot.—s.0.01 . . i 00 1.0 10 30

p . i i . 30 10 00

EXPONENT - C

01 03 02 01 Ol 01 03 01 02 0.2 07 02 02 0.2 0.3 03 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3

02 0.1 02 0.1 0.1 0.1 01 0.2 02 0.2 0.2 02 02 01 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2

0.1 02 Ol 03 0.3 05 03 03 02 02 02 02 01 01 04 0.1 0.1 O.1 0.1 Ol

o.i as o.i 0.3 o! 0.1 o.z 0.2 0.2 02 oz 02 0.3 0.4 04 0.1 03 02 0.1
0.2 O.3 0.3 0.2 05 0.1 O2 02 02 O' 05 ' ' ' 01 02 01 01
0.2 0.3 0.3 O3 03 01 02 03 02 01 O5 08 ' . i i 02 02 O.1

FIG. 6. Segment of results from an IPR-11 survey using the pole-dipole array with a 10 m and n - l to 6. Shown are apparent
resistivity/100 (Q-m) eighth-slice chargeability (mV/V), Cole-Cole time constant (seconds) and exponent (c). Near-current electrode
is to the left of the potential electrode string.
 Spectral IP Parameters
D *
(V.).
10 Vp(mV) ICO 10,000
FIG. 7. Rms deviation as a function of primary voltage (VJ for
spectral fits from data shown in part in Figure 6.
subtraction of the IP effect. The first measuring point at 4.5 ms
after shut-off shows an anomalously high value. This value
causes the large rms deviation seen for the 1C component.
It was remarked earlier that impedances could be summed
without excessive error if time constants were sufficiently differ
ent. Figure 5 shows the effective decomposition of a decay
curve into IP and 1C components where respective time con
stants are less than one order of magnitude apart. The differ
ence in c values is influential in giving recognizably different
forms.
In the example cited, the 1C component has died out before
seriously affecting the 10 point IP measurement from which the
spectral IP parameters are determined. In extreme cases, induc
tive effects may persist and the early sample points of the 10
point IP decay will be corrupted. Spectral parameters deter
mined without removal of such inductive effects may be unre
liable. In such cases, the early-time measurement is important
to the proper definition of 1C effects, separation of IP and 1C
decays, and determination of spectral parameters.
Pseudosection plots
The results of a portion of a time-domain induced polariza
tion survey are shown in Figure 6. Shown are the apparent
resistivity (divided by 100) in fi-m, the 8th slice chargeability
(690 to l 050 ms) in mV/V, the time constant in seconds, and
the exponent c. Array geometry was pole-dipole, with a = 10m.
The current trailed the potential electrode string, the whole
advancing to the right. The standard 10 point decay of the 2 s
receive mode was used throughout.
The area is one of very resistive Precambrian basic volcanics
with little or no overburden. The line segment shown passes
into a broad zone of near-surface metallic sulfidcs of which
pyrite is the most common.
Two distinct zones are seen in the pseudosections. The left-
hand portion or host rock is an area of high resistivities and
low chargeabilities. The right-hand portion is an area of ex-
Table 1. Spectral parameters, average values. Spectral parameter sum
mary Tor different array geometrics. The data set Tor the survey line is a
portion of (hat shown in Figure 6.
__________C__________ T D
Array Host Anomaly Total Agreement ("/o) ("/o)
Pole-dipole 0.26 0.27 0.27 100 2.17
Dipole-dipole 0.27 0.29 0.28 88 2.59
Gradient 0.10 0.17 0.13 75 2.40
tremely low resistivities and high chargeabilities. The ground is
indeed so conductive under the "anomaly" as to reduce pri
mary voltages below that point at which a reliable IP measure
ment can be made.
The time constant shows a strong correlation with the two
zones. The time constant is uniformly low in areas of the host
rock and uniformly high over the anomaly. The spatial stability
of the calculated time constant is promising given the low
inherent chargeabilities of the host and the sometimes low
primary voltages over the anomaly.
The c values averaged 0.26 for the host and 0.27 for the
anomaly. These exponent values compare well with the 0.25
value suggested by Pelton et al. (1978) as the most expected
value.
The distribution of rms deviations as a function of primary
voltages is shown in Figure 7. In this example, the spectral fits
are equally good down to primary voltages of l mV below
which the rms deviations have become large, and the spectral
IP results are judged unreliable.
The same line segment was surveyed with both dipole-dipole
and gradient arrays. Average values of the c value for the three
arrays used, for host and anomalous regions, are shown in
Table 1. The time-constant agreement column shows the per
centage of calculated time constants which are within a factor
of three of those calculated using the pole-dipole array. The
gradient array time constants are compared with the nearest
plotted vertical average of time constants as determined using
the pole-dipole array.
The calculated time constants are reasonably stable and
independent of array geometry. The gradient array gives con
sistently lower c values. This is a reasonable result given that
the primary field in the gradient array will, in general, energize
a wider variety of polarizable targets. The measured decay may
be the result of the superposition of responses of possibly
different time constants from more than one source.
Comparison with frequency-domain spectral results
In 1981, Selco Mining Corporation contracted Scintrex Ltd.
and Phoenix Geophysics Ltd. to conduct spectral IP surveys on
five selected lines over the Detour deposit. Cole-Cole parame
ters were determined independently by Scintrex working in the
time domain and by Phoenix working in the frequency domain.
Array setups were in each case dipole-dipole with a = 100 m,
n ^ l to 6. Surveys were completed within one month of each
other over the same grid.
 Johnson

TIME DOMAIN
TIME CONSTANT - 3~- (seconds)
SS,^^——^^——4S__________25—^——————BL.

0.01 0.3 0-O3 O.) O.I

EXPONENT - C

FREQUENCY DOMAIN
TIME CONSTANT - f- (seconds)
6S———^-——4!S_________IS________BL

EXPONENT-C

.25 li J9 J9 .29 3. f M .M \ .40 .25 .29 .29 .29

.29 .25 .25 .29 .29 25 /.C7

V_^
.25 .29 .29 .29 Jt .21 .24 l Jl .M J .29 .23 .29 .29
^——-——-———'
.29 .29 -M .29 M .30 .29 .M .29 29 29 .29 .29 .29

.29 .29 . .49 .29 .47 25 .25 .—v15 ** J* ** **

.29 .29 . . J9 .43 .23 . X J2 \ .43 .23 f*

FIG. 8. Cole-Cole parameters as determined through time-domain (by Scintrex) and frequency-domain (by Phoenix) measurements
over line 8 W of the Detour deposit. Spectral parameters are omitted in the time-domain data where the rms deviation exceeds 7.5
percent.
 Spectral IP Parameters

APPARENT RESISTIVITY (ohm-m) t* to ra ea

v -y
CHARGEABILITY (690 -1050 mi) mV/V
not iwi toot not MOI 1W* 4WI HOI

TIME CONSTANT - r-(Mcondi)

_____MO!__________I*O*__________1OO* ISO*______ 300S _____ MOI__________4OO*_________4*0* too* MO*

V\V1 VI VVi Vb vVl Vil VV. Vi. .i. Vil V*. VVI Vfa. VJI Vk VVI Vfc

vi vii vil vi! vb *1

jvl ifVVvW vvi vi. vi

vi vil vh i, vvi vi
.x
,vi vi 4VVI VI Vfc *l

•-'n v'ci vvi vi VM vb *'i vi *'i , rfi ^v*,^i **\w *^* *^*

CHARGEABILITY - m -(mV/V)

BO* not Ma* HO* SMI

EXPONENT - C
no* 1*0* too*______no* MO*__________1*0* 40a* 4*0*
T I
"•'"Vi v't /*r-K.vi vi
jf '\'r - WB ** -' "' l "* "* *" V* VI .VI

^1 Vt VI V^V ^' ^' *'* *~*l *** ^'l 0' v *1 *' *l A VI i, ft .'l

VI VI VI x*l VI VI

VI VI VI VI VI VI VI VI v't VI tJ VI VI vi *4 vi. v's ^l

r "'*————————————Vi ('i Vf- v'l vi v^ vi ., .k. vV i, v, VI * * *t~ *'l M

FIG. 9. Time-domain spectral IP results over a known gold producer. Deposit is centered some 50 m below station 450 S. An iron
formation is located near the baseline.

r
 Johnson
The Detour zinc-copper-silver deposit is situated in the Abi
tibi volcanic belt in northwestern Quebec. Three mineralized
zones have been identified. Most prominent metallic sulfide*
are sphalerite, pyrite, and to some extent chalcopyrite. The
distribution patterns of zinc, copper, and silver arc irregular at
times and inconsistent.
The Cole-Cole parameters c and i as determined by both
methods for a portion of line 8 W are shown in pseudosection
form in Figure 8. The line was traversed from north to south
with the current dipole trailing. Economic mineralization is
known at depths of 10 to ISO m and from stations l S to 3 N.
Both methods produced a coincident apparent chargeability
high/apparent resistivity low with anomalous values from 5 S
to 7 N. From the time-domain data, average apparent
chargeabilities (610 to l 050 ms) were up to 3 mV/V away from
the anomaly and, over 100 mV/V near station l N. Apparent
resistivities were on the order of l 000 to 3 000 CI - m (host) and
less than 100 tt - m over limited segments of the anomaly.
Both pseudosection pairs in Figure 8 show relatively higher
time constants and exponent values over the center of the
deposit. A detailed comparison reveals a number of differences,
some of which may be caused by the following. The time-
domain data by current standards are noisy. Spectral parame
ters were not plotted when the rms deviation exceeded 7.5
percent. Even with this rather high cut-off a number of plot
points in the time-domain pseudosection remain blank. Fixing
the exponent in the frequency-domain analysis may affect the
comparison.
This comparison suggests that both methods will produce
spectral parameters which are at least roughly equivalent. Re
sults of this type would be more informative if they were of
better quality and more extensive. The work cited is, however,
the only controlled in-field comparison of the two methods
available at this time.
An exploration application
In 1983, the Ontario Geological Survey sponsored a series of
geophysical surveys by Scintrex Limited over known gold de
posits in the Beardmore-Geraldton greenstone belt. The results
of this work are described in the open file report by Marcotte
and Webster (1983). Part of this work involved an IPR-11
survey on five lines over the Jellicoe deposit. Earlier gold pro
duction came from a sheared silicified and brecciated zone of
quartz stringers and veinlets hosted by arkose. Mineralization
consists of gold and disseminated sulfides (pyrite, arsenopyrite,
and sphalerite) up to 10 percent locally. The deposit is centered
some SO m subsurface. Overburden is moderately conductive
and of 10 to 20 m thickness. The host rocks are Precambrian
metasediment; including arkose and greywacke. The deposit is
some 200 m south of an extensive and prominent iron oxide
formation.
The IP survey was carried out using a pole-dipole array with
an a spacing of 25 m and n ^ l to 5. The results over one survey
line are shown in pseudosection form in Figure 9. The apparent
resistivity, eighth-slice chargeability, Cole-Cole time-constant,
chargeability, and c value are shown in contoured pseudo
section form.
The deposit is centered at station 450 S and is seen as a broad
chargeability high. The apparent resistivity section shows no
marked coincident low. At the extreme north end of the line a
10
resistivity low and strong chargeability high are indicated. This
is most probably an area of barren sulfides, probably pyrite
associated with the iron formation.
The spectral IP results arc interesting from a number of
points of view. The time constant of the deposit is higher than
the host and yet noticeably lower than that indicated by the
barren sulfides near the baseline. The true chargeability
pseudosection has amplified the anomaly over the deposit. The
c values show an average value consistent with expectations.
The low c values of 0.1 over the deposit suggest more than one
Cole-Cole dispersion may be present.
CONCLUSIONS
A method for extracting Cole-Cole spectral parameters from
routine time-domain IP measurements was developed, exer
cised, and applied. Resolution over a broad range of time
constants was shown to be possible given time-domain decays
from transmitted waveforms with a pulse time of 2 s. The
apparent c values are governed in part by the type of array
geometry used. Limited field tests demonstrated a coarse agree
ment with results seen in the frequency domain.
Independent of the direct use of the spectral parameters, the
analysis procedure using the Cole-Cole model was found to
give a number of useful side effects. The agreement between
measured and theoretical decay curves is an excellent way to
quantify the noise quality of the measured decay. Method
performance using a 2 s pulse time suggests a maximum resolv
able time constant of approximately 100 s. This may be used to
predict pulse times required to resolve targets of longer time
constants.
Further developments could make good use of a forward
solution which can more adequately predict the spectral re
sponse of more complex geologic models. More field work
involving both the time- and the frequency-domain spectral IP
methods is required. More spectral IP data from surface and
downhole surveys would extend our understanding of the
method and would contribute to its evolution.
The method appears a promising one for systematic appli
cation to a variety of exploration problems. Field experience
with the method should suggest the best uses of the information
gained. Spectral IP results may be most useful when judged on
a prospect-by-prospect basis. In-field spectral calibration
through downhole and small-scale array studies and close liai
son between geologists and geophysicists will be important.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The cooperation of Selco, Campbell Resources, Geopeko,
and the Ontario Geological Survey is greatly appreciated.
REFERENCES
Dey, A., and Morrison, H. F., 1973, Electromagnetic coupling in fre
quency and lime domain induced polarization surveys over a multi-
layered earth: Geophysics. 3H,380-405.
Dolan, W. M., and McLaughlin, G. H., 1967, Considerations con
cerning measurement standards and design of IP equipment, parts I
and II, in Proc. of the symposium on induced electrical polarization:
Univ. of California, Berkeley, 2-31.
Gupta Sarnia, D., Jain, S. C, and Reddy, B. S., 1981, True and
apparent spectra of buried polarizable targets: Rep. no.
IND/74/OI2-I8, Nat. Geophys. Res. Inst., Hyderabad, India.
 Spectral IP Parameters
Hallof, P. G, and Pclton, W. H., 1980, The removal of inductive
coupling effects from spectral IP data: Presented at the 50th Annual
International SEG Meeting, November, in Houston.
Halverson, M. O., Zinn, W. G., McAlisler. E. O., Ellis. R., and Yates.
W. C., 1978, Some results or a series of geologically controlled Held
tests of broadband spectral induced polarization: Presented at the
48th Annual International SEG Meeting, November l in San Fran
cisco.
Jain, S. C, 1981, Master curves for derivation of Cole-Cole parameters
from multichannel time domain data: Rep. no. IND/74/012-20, Nat.
Geophys. Res. Inst., Hyderabad, India.
Major, J., and Silic, J., 1981, Restrictions on the use of Cole-Cole
dispersion models in complex resistivity interpretation: Geophysics,
v. 46, 916-931.
Marcotte, D., and Webster, B, 1983, A report on geophysical surveys
conducted in the Beardmore-Geraldton greenstone belt: Ontario
Geol. Survey open-file rep. 5469.
Pelton, W. H., Ward, S. H, Hallof, P. G.. Sill, W. P., and Nelson, P. H.,
1978, Mineral discrimination and removal of inductive coupling
with multifrequency IP: Geophysics,43,588-609.
Seigel, H. O., 1959, Mathematical formulation and type curves for
induced polarization: Geophysics, 24,547-565.
Swift, C. M, 1973, The L/M parameter of time domain IP
measurements A computational analysis: Geophysics, 38,61-67.
Tombs, J. M. C., 1980, A study of induced polarization decay curves:
Rep. no. 102, Inst. Geol. Sci. (London), Appl. Geophys. Unit,
London.
1981, The feasibility of making spectral IP measurements in the
time domain :Geoexpl., 19,91-102.
Wait, J. R., Ed., 1959, Overvoltage research and geophysical appli
cations: Pergammon Press.
Voglesang. D., 1981, Relations of IP decay curve statistics and geology:
Geophys. Prosp., 29,288-297.
Wynn, J. C, and Zonge, K. L., 1977, Electromagnetic coupling: Geo
phys. Prosp., 25,29-51.
 MINERAL EXPLORATION
Time domain spectral IP results from three
gold deposits in northern Saskatchewan
lan Johnson and Blaine Webster. JVX Ltd., and
Ron Matthews and Steve McMullan, Cameco
ABSTRACT
Time domain spectral Induced Polarization (IP) data from
the Tower, Jojay and Laurel Lake gold deposits in northern
Saskatchewan are presented. The resistivity data shows both
resistivity lows (due to fault, shear or alteration zones) and
resistivity highs (due to silicification) in the area of the deposits.
The high resistivity zones suppress and distort coincident IP
responses, calling for high quality surveys and special care in
interpreting the IP data.
Electromagnetic methods are not effective in locating the
deposits. This is due, in part, to masking by conductive cover.
The Jojay Lake deposit has a strong magnetic response. A more
indirect magnetic association is seen for the Tower Lake deposit.
The Laurel Lake deposit has no magnetic signature. Magnetic
data are useful in defining structure in all cases.
All three deposits are outlined in the IP survey results. IP
anomaly amplitudes from the pole-dipole array are from two
times (Tower and Laurel Lake) to six times (Jojay Lake) back
ground values. Gradient array IP anomalies are of less ampli
tude. The spectral time constant is short for the Tower and
Laurel Lake deposits and long for the Jojay deposit. This im
plies that the metallic sulphides in the Jojay deposit are more
interconnected than those of the other two deposits.
INTRODUCTION
Induced polarization/ resistivity surveys are commonly used
in gold exploration programs in the Canadian shield because
the IP method is effective in detecting disseminated metallic sul
phides which are often found associated with gold. Other com
mon geophysical survey methods such as magnetics, VLF and
EM are not generally capable of direct detection of dissemi
nated sulphides.
Keywords: Exploration, Gold deposits, Induced polarization (IP)
methods, Tower Lake deposit, Jojay Lake deposit, Laurel Lake deposit,
Spectral IP.
Paper reviewed and approved for publication by the
Geology Division of CIM.
lan Johnson received a B.Sc. in geo
physics from the University of Western
Ontario in 1968 and a Ph.D. in geo
physics from the University of British
Columbia in 1972. On graduation, he
worked for Paterson, Grant and Wat
son Ltd. From 1978 to 1986, he worked
in the surveys division of Scintrex Ltd.
in Toronto. He is currently a consult
ing geophysicist working in areas of
resistivity/IP and helicopter borne
surveys.
Since the introduction of the IP method in the 1950s, it has
undergone continuous improvement. The most recent improve
ment is the development of time domain receivers which sam
ple the full decay and record it in digital form. This results in
a more complete measurement of the response which permits
analysis and enhancement of data quality and the derivation
of anomaly parameters which characterize the measured decay.
This extension of conventional time domain IP methods is called
spectral IP, a term first introduced by Pelton et al. working
in the frequency domain*". Spectral IP surveys are attractive
because they allow the possibility of discriminating between IP
responses which have similar amplitudes but are due to dissimi
lar geologic targets. The discrimination can be important in the
selection of IP anomalies for follow-up.
Time domain spectral IP survey results are presented over
three known gold deposits in northern Saskatchewan Tower
Lake, Jojay Lake and Laurel Lake. The surveys were initiated
and supported by Cameco A Canadian Mining and Energy
Corporation (formerly the Saskatchewan Mining and Develop
ment Corporation SMDC) and were carried out by JVX Limit
ed using the Scintrex IPR-11 receiver and attendant spectral
analysis software.
Time Domain Spectral IP
In conventional time domain IP/resistivity surveys, the
chargeability is recorded as an average of the residual voltage
after shut-off of an interrupted square wave. In spectral IP,
the receiver samples the decay at a number of time periods, thus
defining the shape of the decay. Each measured decay can then
be analyzed for curve shape characteristics using simple models.
The model most commonly used is the Cole-Cole modeio,
originally developed by Pelton et al. for the analysis of frequency
domain IP data. This model is defined by four parameters. They
are:
1. R the resistivity in ohm-meters
2. m the chargeability amplitude in mV/V
3. tau the time constant in seconds
4. c the exponent (dimensionless).
These parameters are independent physical properties of the
subsurface. Conventional chargeability (or per cent frequency
effect or phase if working in the frequency domain) is a mix-
Blaine Webster received a B.Sc. in
geophysics from the University of
British Columbia in 1970. He joined
Inco in Sudbury in 1971 where he
worked until 1979. Between 1979 and
1983, he was manager of ground and
drillhole surveys for the Toronto office
of Scintrex Ltd. He founded JVX Ltd.
in 1983. The company has performed
a variety of services including contract
geophysical surveys and regional and
property geological and geophysical
studies. Included are more than 200
time domain spectral IP surveys.
MINERAL EXPLORATION TIME DOMAIN SPECTRAL IP RESULTS FROM THREE GOLD DEPOSITS
SOON SSON SOON 650N 700N T5ON OOON 850N 9OON
•\v - ~ - M f- -^
^ \., ~, *, -—I,,A ,, ,. ^
"Fins Grained Sulphides
FIGURE 1. Time domain spectral IP results from a pole-dipole survey
(dipole spacing - 25 m) near Chibougamau, Quebec. Shown in pseudo-
section form are the apparent resistivity/100, the eighth slice charge
ability (labelled as M7 according to IPR-11 protocol-taken from the
690 to 1050 ras window), time constant and chargeability amplitude
(m). Traverse direction is from right to left.
ture of the more fundamental properties m, tau and c.
In practice a suite of master decay curves is built up assum
ing a range of values of c and tauP). Measured decays are com
pared to these curves. The best agreement yields the spectral
parameters m, tau and c for each dipole. As with resistivity and
conventional IP, the spectral parameters are presented using
normal pseudosection plotting conventions.
The derived spectral parameters are used to supplement the
conventional IP/resistivity survey results. Pseudosections of ap
parent resistivity and one chargeability slice are often the basic
presentation from profile type surveys. Ten slices are recorded
by the IPR-11 receiver. The eighth slice located between 690
and 1050 ms after shut-off is commonly plotted. IP anomalies
are picked from the chargeability pseudosections. The spectral
parameters are also presented in pseudosection form so that they
may be correlated with the IP anomalies.
The parameters m and tau are the most useful in separating
anomalies with similar resistivity and chargeability characteris
tics. The chargeability amplitude m is related to the volume per
cent metallic sulphides (although there is no convenient quan-
Ron Matthews received a B.Sc. in phys
ics from the University of Exeter in
1970, and a Ph.D. in geophysics from
the University of London, England, in
1976. On graduation, he joined Hunt
ing Geology and Geophysics as a
geophysicist. He has worked for Noran-
da Exploration Ltd. and Geoscource in
Dublin, Ireland, and in 1978 joined
Cameco (then the Saskatchewan Mining
and Development Corporation
SMDC), based in Saskatoon. He is cur
rently senior geophysicist with Came
co. His primary area of interest is mining geophysics with particular
emphasis on electromagnetic methods.
1 10 108" 106" 104U 102"
950N
60'
Flint
Flon
Prince
Albert
FIGURE 2. Regional geologic map of northeastern Saskatchewan show
ing the position of the Tower Lake, Jojay Lake and Laurel Lake
deposits.
titative relationship between m and the volume per cent polariz-
able material). The time constant is related to grain size and
commonly varies from 0.01 to over 100s. Finely disseminated
sulphides should give a short time constant. Interconnected or
more massive sulphides should give a long time constant. The
exponent c is a measure of the uniformity of gram size and varies
from 0.1 to 0.5. A c value of 0.5 suggests a single polarizable
source. Smaller c values imply a mixture of sources. These con
cepts from Pelton et al.w are the starting point for interpret
ing spectral IP data. They will be refined and improved as more
experience with the spectral IP method is gained.
An example of the use of spectral IP surveys for gold ex
ploration is shown in Figure 1 (3). Two distinct, but similar,
Steve McMulIan received a B.Sc. in
honours earth science from the Univer
sity of Waterloo in 1980. On gradua
tion, he joined Uranerz Exploration and
Mining Ltd. as a geophysicist involved
in exploration for uranium in Saskatch
ewan and the Northwest Territories.
From 1983 to 1988, he was employed
as a geophysicist with Cameco (then the
Saskatchewan Mining and Development
Corporation SMDC), based in
Saskatoon where he worked on explo
ration for uranium as well as gold and
base metals in the La Ronge and Flin Flon areas. He is currently a
geophysicist with the Geological Survey of Botswana.
2
 MINERAL EXPLORATION TIME DOMAIN SPECTRAL IP RESULTS FROM THREE GOLD DEPOSITS
30ON
100S
FIGURE 3. Contoured magnetic map for the Tower Lake area. Mini
mum contour Interval m 100 nT. The shaded areas outline the miner
alized zones (labelled A, B and Pat). Lines of pole-dipole survey coverage
are highlighted.
IP/resistivity anomalies are seen in the pseudosections of ap
parent resistivity and chargeability. The time constants are
generally short (i.e. 0.01 to 0.1 s) for the anomaly to the left
and long (i.e. 10 to 100 s) for the anomaly to the right. Both
anomalies have been drilled. The anomaly showing the short
time constants was confirmed to be caused by fine grain dis
seminated sulphides. The long time constant anomaly was found
to be caused by more coarse-grained sulphides. Economic gold
was found in association with the fine grained sulphides whereas
only small amounts of gold were found in the area of the long
time constant IP anomaly.
Time domain spectral IP is beneficial for reasons additional
to that of source discrimination. The analysis provides a
measurement of data quality which can be used by the opera
tor to improve survey procedures. The analysis can be used to
separate signal from instrument or geologic noise. In very resis
tive areas, for example, potential electrode cable effects may
produce false chargeability highs, particularly at early times.
Inductive coupling effects may give problems in conductive
areas. Spectral IP allows the identification and separation of
decays which are of interest from those which are noise related.
Regional Setting of the Tower Lake, Jojay Lake
and Laurel Lake Deposits
Figure 2 shows the location of the deposits relative to the
regional geology of northeastern Saskatchewan*4*. The area is
underlain by Proterozoic metasediments, metavolcanics and in-
trusives of the La Ronge Domain. Paleozoic sediments lie to
the south and west and the Athabasca Basin is located to the
northwest.
Current gold exploration in northern Saskatchewan has
focussed on known gold showings and their immediate sur-
Resistivity/100
lau B A PAT
B A PAT
FIGURE 4. Contoured pseudosections of the spectral IP/resistivity
results for line l -l- 00 W of the Tower Lake grid. Shown are the appar
ent resistivity in ohm-m divided by 100, the eighth slice chargeability
(M7) in rnV/V, the time constant (tau) in seconds and the chargeabil
ity amplitude (m) In mV/V. The B, A and PAT mineralized zones are
indicated. Traverse direction is from south to north. Areas of M7 greater
than 5 mV/V and m greater than 100 mV/V have been shaded.
roundings in the Central Metavolcanic Belt of the La Ronge
Domain, particularly in the Sulphide Lake, Star Lake and
Waddy-Tower Lakes areas. The Jojay Lake deposit is located
approximately 8 km north of the Star Lake mine. Most gold
deposits in this area are structurally controlled and are hosted
by quartz veins. Controlling structures may be shear zones
(Jojay Lake), or late regional fault structures such as the Byers
Lake fault (Tower Lake)W. Another major auriferous area is
located in the Flin Flon-Amisk Lake area in the Flin Flon
Domain. Gold occurences (e.g. Laurel Lake) in the West Chan
nel of Amisk Lake are characterized by quartz-vein systems sur
rounded by extensive alteration haloes of carbonate, sericite and
silica^.
Tower Lake Project
The Tower Lake Project is a gold exploration joint ven
ture operated by Golden Rule Resources Ltd. in partnership
with Goldsil Resources Ltd. and Cameco. The project is located
approximately 170 km northeast of La Ronge, Saskatchewan.
Geologic reserves of the Tower East deposit are 1.36 million
tonnes at 3.4gXtonne gold (1.5 million short tons at 0.1 oz/ton).
Definition diamond drilling of the deposit is currently in
progress.
Geology
The project is located within the Central Volcanic Belt of
the La Ronge Domain which hosts most of the major gold
occurrences in the La Ronge area. The Tower East deposit is
hosted by quartz diorite of the Brindson Lake pluton and is
associated with the regional Byers fault system. Gold is associ-
 MINERAL EXPLORATION
rho
d)
O) 144,0 1U.O 1O*.0
k.
CO 1.0 132.0 111.0
it.o 137.0
O)
w
'w
0)
a:
FIGURE S. Theoretical resistivity/IP pseudosections for a vertical tabu
lar body at surface. Results are for a pole-dipole array traversing from
left to right. The host medium has a resistivity (rho) of 100 and a charge
ability (m) of 1. The tabular body has resistivities of 10 and 1000 respec
tively and a chargeability of 10 (all units are relative). Areas with
changeabilities greater than 3 have been shaded.
ated with pyrite which occurs most commonly as pervasive fine
grained disseminations and stringers^). An increase in gold
concentration with an increase in pyrrhotite has been noted in
some cases.
Gold content varies directly with pyrite concentration and
occurs as fine-grained inclusions in pyrite with a few grains inter-
grown with calcite/quartz microveining. Pyrite concentrations
vary between l "It and 5"!a in the mineralized zone. The pyrite
mineralization occurs as fine-grained disseminations and
stringers as well as clusters of coarse-grained euhedral crystals.
The occurence of minor amounts of fine-grained chalcopyrite
typically marks areas of higher grade gold values (visible gold).
The mineralized zones are 10m to 40 m wide and are covered
with a variable thickness of sandy boulder till and minor glacio
lacustrine clay.
Geophysical Setting
The Tower Lake deposit is outlined on the contoured mag
netic map in Figure 3. The minimum contour interval is 100
nT. The Byers fault which marks the contact between mafic
volcanics to the north and quartz diorite intrusive rocks to the
south is seen as a break in the isomagnetic contours. IP/resistiv
ity surveys were conducted over lines O, 1+00 W and 2 + 00
W. The pole-dipole array with six dipoles and a dipole spacing
of 25 m was used.
The geophysical signature of the deposit is that of a weak
TIME DOMAIN SPECTRAL IP RESULTS FROM THREE GOLD DEPOSITS
tocos
uoos
102.0 101.0
103.0 1010
FIGURE 6. Contoured magnetic map for the Jojay Lake area. Mini
iit.0 nao mum contour interval ^ 25 nT. The shaded areas outline the mineral
ized zones. Lines of pole-dipole coverage are highlighted.
IP response. There is no direct electromagnetic response associ
ated with the deposit. The deposit has an indirect magnetic
response.
IP Survey Results
The IP/resistivity results for line 1100 W are shown in con
toured pseudosection form in Figure 4. South of station
O -t- 25 S bedrock responses are masked by conductive lake sedi
ments. Mineralization in the Pat, A, and B zones correlate to
a broad low resistivity zone of apparent resistivities less than
3000 ohm-m and anomalous M7 chargeabilities in three zones
from 0 + 25 N to 2 + OON (5.5 to 6.5 mV/V with background
values of l to 4 mV/V). A local resistivity high at stations l * 25v
N to l + 50 N may indicate an area of silicification. The Byers
fault is interpreted at 2 + 25 N and is characterized by a 125
m wide zone of low chargeabilities.
The lower two pseudosections show the spectral time con
stant and chargeability amplitude. Plot positions with no data
are where the IP decay has been judged too noisy for reliable
determination of spectral parameters. As most of the spectral
data has been plotted, the IP survey is judged to be of good
quality.
The time constant is consistently short in the area of the
deposit indicating a fine-grained texture. The chargeability am
plitude may be used to locate areas of highest metallic sulphide
concentrations. The pseudosections show three chargeability
anomalies. These correspond to the three mineralized zones
when allowance is made for a shift of approximately one dipole
spacing between the chargeability high and the causative body,
i.e. the IP anomaly is located one dipole spacing before the tar
get. This positional shift may be explained by the model results
shown in Figure 5. Theoretical apparent resistivities and charge
abilities for a pole-dipole array passing over both a conductive-
chargeable and a resistive-chargeable body are shown. These
results have been calculated by the computer program 1PND1KE
from Urquhart Dvorak Ltd. The algorithm is from
Hanneson'6'.
Figure 5 illustrates how the chargeability anomaly is cen-
— 4 —
MINERAL EXPLORATION TIME DOMAIN SPECTRAL IP RESULTS FROM THREE GOLD DEPOSITS

Resistivity/100 P
f
C
T
425W 37SW 325* 225 W 175 W

N
M7

7PT-S

tau
00 MOlOO .M MUO JO 10940 MOM 10.00
30.00 MOM MM 3040 MM MM lOO.OOxfOO.00 10.00 100.09 10.00

1040 MOM MM 30.00 MM M.M 30.00 3a09 39.M 30.09 30.00

MM 3040 39.00 30.00 MM M40 , 100.00 30.00 3aW MM 100.09 IJOOS
30M MUO 30.00 MM MM loioo 100.09 100.OO 100.00 3.00
MOM 30M 30M 39M 10040 10.00 39M 100.00 100.09 39M

m
FIGURE 8. Contour plan maps of the apparent resistivity and charge
ability (M7) from the pole-dipole and gradient surveys over the Jojay
Lake deposit. Values from the second dipole of the pole-dipole data
have been used.

FIGURE 7. Sucked pseudosections for the pole-dipole survey on line
12 * 50 S over tbe Jojay Lake deposit. Shown are the apparent resistivity
in ohm-m divided by 100, the chargeability in mV/V (M7), the time
constant in seconds (lau), the chargeability amplitude in mV/V (m) and
the exponent (c). The location of the deposit is shown. The chargeabil
ity pseudosections have been shaded for M7 values greater than 20 mV/V
and m values greater than 300 raV/V.
tered over the target when it is more conductive than the host.
For a resistive target, however, the resistivity and IP anoma
lies are shifted and distorted and of less relative amplitude. This
result applies to the Tower Lake data. The gold and dissemin
ated sulphides are associated with more resistive rones of silicifi
cation. The higher resistivities are probably due to lower
porosities. This behaviour is important when interpreting pole-
dipole IP survey results for gold in a resistive environment.
Jojay Lake Project
The Jojay Lake Project is a gold exploration joint venture
operated by Cameco in partnership with Claude Resources Ltd.
and Shore Gold Fund Inc. The Jojay deposit is located approxi
mately 150 km northeast of La Ronge, Saskatchewan. The
deposit is within the Central Volcanic Belt of the La Ronge
Domain. Geologic reserves of the Jojay deposit were 284 100
tonnes at 9.1 g/tonne gold (313 200 short tons at 0.26 oz/ton)
following the winter 1987 program. The deposit is open below
a depth of 250 m and is currently being considered for devel
opment.
Geology
The deposit is hosted by intermediate to mafic volcanics close
to the fault contact with clastic metasediments. Pyrrhotite,
pyrite, galena, sphaerite and quartz occur in a quartz-carbonate
vein stockwork which is structurally controlled^. Metallic sul
phides range from O to 15T6 and average 2Vt of the rock volume.
The deposit is 0.5 m to 10 m wide and is covered by O to
10 m of sandy boulder till.
Geophysical Setting
The deposit is outlined on the contoured magnetic map in
Figure 6. The minimum contour interval is 25 nT. The Gnat
Lake fault is seen as a break in the isomagnetic contours. The
Jojay Lake fault marks the contact between clastic metasedi
ments to the west and mafic to intermediate volcanics to the east.
IP/resistivity surveys were carried out using both gradient
(dipole spacing = 25 m) and pole-dipole (six dipoles with a di
pole spacing of 25 m) arrays. As gradient surveys are often two
to three times less expensive than pole-dipole surveys, they are
sometimes initially used to establish the regional IP/resistivity
character of an area. Profile surveys are then carried out to pro
vide detail in areas of interest.
The geophysical signature of the deposit is a strong mag
netic anomaly together with a strong IP response. Electromag
netic surveys are dominated by surficial conductivity.
IP Survey Results
The apparent resistivities and chargeabilities obtained for
the pole-dipole survey are shown as contoured pseudosections
^ MINERAL EXPLORATION TIME DOMAIN SPECTRAL IP RESULTS FROM THREE GOLD DEPOSITS
IOCS -
FIGURE 9. Contoured magnetic map for the Laurel Lake area. The
minimum contour interval is 10 nT. The shaded area outlines the deposit.
The line of pole-dipole coverage is highlighted.
in Figure 7. The mineralized zones are indicated. The resistivi
ties are low (2000 to 5000 ohm-m) in the area of the Jojay fault
ralative to the volcanics to the east which have resistivities greater
than 20 000 ohm-m. The resistivities to the west of the Jojay
fault are of the same order as those seen in the area of the fault.
This may be due to the overburden cover which consists of
swamp and muskeg.
The M7 chargeability pseudosection is dominated by a strong
response which correlates with the mineralized area. IP response
amplitudes are from 25 to 35 mV/V with background values
of 5 mV/V. The IP anomaly does not separate the mineralized
zones. This is expected given that the array spacing is twice their
separation. The mineralized zone near station 2 + 00 W is of
limited extent and does not significantly add to the total reserves
of the deposit. As metallic sulphides are limited, there is no coin
cident IP/resistivity response.
The long time constant values imply coarse-grained sul
phides. This may be an oversimplification as it is not clearly
supported by the geology. The change in time constants from
those seen at Tower Lake does, however, suggest some geolog
ical difference, although a better explanation for the difference
is lacking. Physical property studies in both areas should give
a basis on which to better interpret the spectral IP data.
The chargeability amplitude data suggests that there may
be significant concentrations of metallic sulphides to the west
of the Jojay fault. The spectral c value is included for com
pleteness. In theory, a high c value suggests a single target
whereas a low c value suggests that a mixture of polarizable
sources is present.
The pole-dipole and gradient data are presented as contour
plan maps in Figure 8. Both datasets show a low resistivity zone
located west of a strong chargeability anomaly over the deposit.
The gradient array appears to have provided a reliable picture
of the regional resistivity and IP character. The pole-dipole
results, however, give better resolution and a larger relative
anomaly amplitude for the IP response which corresponds to
the deposit.
Spectral parameters may also be derived from the gradient
array data. The results are usually less reliable because the array
is less focussed on one polarizable source. This is observed in
6
Resistivity/100
not 20QS isos
M7
tau
FIGURE 10. Stacked pseudosections for line l -t- 25 W over the Laurel
Lake deposit. Shown are the apparent resistivity in ohm-m divided by
100, the eighth slice chargeability in mV/V (M7), the time constant in
seconds (tan) and the chargeability amplitude in mV/V (m). The loca
tion of the deposit is shown. Traverse direction is from south to north.
Chargeability anomalies of 6 mV/V or greater (M7) and ISO mV/V
or greater (m) have been shaded.
this case where the average c value for line 12 H- 50 S is 0.19 for
the gradient array compared to 0.26 for the pole-dipole array.
The time constants for the two arrays are in total disagreement
east of the Jojay fault. The gradient array time constant is short
(.01 to l s) whereas the pole-dipole array time constant is long
(30 to 100 s). The pole-dipole time constants are more reliable
in view of the higher c values.
Laurel Lake Project
The Laurel Lake deposit is part of the Amisk Lake project
operated by Cameco in partnership with Husky Oil. The deposit
is situated on Missi Island within Amisk Lake approximately
25 km southwest of Flin Flon, Manitoba. It is located within
the Amisk Group volcanics which hosts all of the major base
metal deposits in the Flin Flon area. Geologic reserves of the
Laurel Lake deposit are 255 800 tonnes at 15.1 g/tonne gold
and 75.7 g/tonne silver (281 970 short tons at 0.44 oz/ton Au
and 2.21 oz/ton Ag) (press release, January 27, 1988). Under
ground exploration of the deposit started in the spring of 1988
as part of an economic feasibility study.
Geology
The deposit is hosted by quartz-feldspar porphyry, which
forms part of an interpreted intrusive-flow complex. The miner
alization appears to be synvolcanic in origin. Metallic minerals
include pyrite, tetrahedrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and gale
na, which occur as disseminations and veins in a broad sericite
alteration zoneW.
Gold occurs as fine specks of free gold in and along inter
granular boundaries between sulphide grains. The sulphides
occur as veins, stockworks, disseminations and irregular masses.
Mineralization occurs in discrete sub-zones which are distin
guishable by their dominant ancillary sulphide species. Sulphide
MINERAL EXPLORATION TIME DOMAIN SPECTRAL IP RESULTS FROM THREE COLD DEPOSITS
concentrations vary from lOVe to 3(Wo of rock volume in a zone
l m to 2 m wide. The overburden cover varies from O to 20
m in thickness and consists of glaciolacustrine clay and boulder
till.
Geophysical Setting
The outline of the deposit is shown on the contoured mag
netic map in Figure 9. This outline is a much simplified view
of what is a complex network of mineralized veins. The area
was surveyed with the gradient array. Selected lines were also
surveyed using the pole-dipole array. Electomagnetic and mag
netic surveys have not been effective in outlining mineraliza
tion although they have been useful for regional mapping. The
most useful survey for outlining the deposit directly has been
IP/resistivity.
IP Survey Results
The spectral IP/resistivity results for line 1+25 W are
presented in Figure 10. The mineralized zone correlates with
a well-defined chargeability high with M7 anomaly amplitudes
of 6 to 9 mV/V with background values of 3 to 4 mV/V. A
resistivity low with apparent resistivities from 300 to 1000
ohm-m from stations 1+25SIOO + 75N may outline the zone
of alteration which contains the deposit. The chargeability high
which maps the deposit coincides with higher resistivities. This
could be interpreted as a region of silicification. The shape and
location of the IP/resistivity anomalies are consistent with the
model results shown in the lower half of Figure 5. The
IP/resistivity anomaly to the north of the deposit has been
drilled and an additional vein system has been discovered.
The time constant is uniformly short over the entire survey
line. No significant difference in the texture of the polarizable
material has been detected and the deposit appears to be associ
ated with fine-grained material. The IP dataset is of good quality
as most of the spectral results have been plotted. The charge
ability amplitude data defines the target zone somewhat better
than the M7 results. The chargeability amplitude anomaly is
four to five times background.
Gradient surveys were conducted in two directions. The
chargeability high seen in the pole-dipole survey which corre
lates with the deposit was also noted in the gradient IP data.
The mineralized zones can be traced out using the gradient array
although individual anomalies are less distinct.
Conclusions
Time domain spectral IP/resistivity surveys were conducted
over three known gold deposits in northern Saskatchewan. In
all cases the deposits were seen as chargeability highs. IP
anomaly amplitudes varied from weak (Tower Lake), through
moderate (Laurel Lake) to strong (Jojay Lake). The spectral
data (time constant and chargeability amplitude) were most use
ful in the Tower Lake area where the conventional IP response
was weak. This illustrates the usefulness of the spectral IP
method in providing more diagnostic and better quality IP data
(Reprinted from The Canadian Mining and Metallurgical Bulletin, February 1989)
Printed in Canada
7 —
needed to better select anomalies for follow-up. In all cases,
the interpretation of the spectral parameters would benefit from
access to more extensive model results and physical property
studies.
The apparent resistivity data mapped the faults and altera
tion zones as resistivity lows. Local resistivity highs (often within
the resistivity lows) may indicate areas of silicification and,
hence, areas more promising for gold mineralization. High
resistivities may also be responsible for a reduction in the am
plitude and a distortion of IP anomalies. The intrepretation of
pole-dipole IP data must make allowance for these effects.
The gradient array IP surveys gave somewhat mixed results.
They have proved to be a useful method for establishing the
regional character of an area and locating areas for follow- up.
There is no consistent magnetic signature to the deposits.
Magnetic anomalies in the Jojay area are probably due to high
concentrations of pyrrhotite. This association is not as appar
ent in the Tower Lake area and is absent in the Laurel Lake
area. Electromagnetic methods are not useful for direct detec
tion because the deposits are associated with disseminated sul
phides which are normally only detectable using IP methods.
The EM survey results are also strongly influenced by varia
tions in conductive overburden.
Acknowledgments
The cooperation of Claude Resources Inc., Golden Rule
Resources Ltd., Goldsil Resources Ltd., Husky Oil and Shore
Gold Fund Inc. is gratefully acknowledged.
REFERENCES
1. PELTON, W.H., WARD, S.H., HALLOF. P.O., SILL, W.P.,
and NELSON, P.M., Mineral discrimination and removal of induc
tive coupling with multifrequency IP; Geophysics, Vol. 43, pp.
588-609, 1978.
2. JOHNSON, I.M., Spectral induced polarization parameters as
determined through time domain measurements; Geophysics, Vol.
49, No. 11. pp. 1993-2003, 1984.
3. JOHNSON, I.M. and WEBSTER. B.. Time domain spectral in
duced polarization: some recent examples for gold; presented at
Exploration 87, Toronto, 1987.
4. SIBBALD, T.I.I., Overview of the precambrian geology and
aspects of the metalogenesis of northern Saskatchewan; Economic
Minerals of Saskatchewan, C.F. Gilboy and L.W. Vigrass eds.,
Saskatchewan Geological Society special publication No. 8, pp.
1-16; 1987.
5. LAHUSEN, L., Geology and gold mineralization of the Tower
Lake Project, Saskatchewan; presented at Geological Association
of Canada Mining Association of Canada Joint Annual Meet
ing, Saskatoon, 1987.
6. HANNESON, J., Interpretation of IP/Resistivity data from areas
of steep dip and thin overburden; presented at the 58th Annual
Meeting of the SEG, Anaheim, Cal.; 1988.
7. COOMBE, W., Gold in Saskatchewan; Saskatchewan Geologi
cal Survey, Open File Report Number 84-1.
8. WALKER, T. and MCDOUGALL, F., Geology of the Laurel Lake
gold-silver deposit; Economic Minerals of Saskatchewan; C.F. Gil
boy and L.W. Vigrass eds., Saskatchewan Geological Society, spe
cial publication No. 8; pp. 44-53; 1987.
 APPENDIX C
PLATES
KALAHARI RESOURCES INC.. CROSSROADS PROPERTY
(NTS 32D/4)

Plate 1: Total Field Magnetic Contours

l : 5000
Plate 2: Total Field Magnetic Profiles
l : 5000
Plate 3: VLF Profiles
l : 5000
Plate 4: Chargeability (M7) Contours
l : 5000

Plate 5: Resistivity Contours

l : 5 000
Plate 6: Stacked M7 and Resistivity Pseudosections
Scale l : 2 500
Plate 7: Stacked M-IP and Tau Pseudosections
Scale l : 2 500

Plate 8: Compilation Map

Scale l : 5 000
 Ministry of
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and Mines
Ontario
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Recorded HoMerfa) CtjmNa

Mining DMtton
ree-y rk &S-3332.

Work Performed (Check One Work Group Only)

Work Group Type
Geotechnical Survey ZP/tesistivfy j 70ta/ -fit/4 rf*?* cfrcf , I/LF
Physical Work, V "-..:

Including DritHng
Rehabilitation HeeiSVED •.'
Other Authorized i

Work OCT2 11994:

- ^
Assays
MINING LANUS rtPAn^.
^^^^^^"^^^^""^^tfSSSSf9i^9
Assignment from
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4 - - .1^

Total Assessment Work Claimed on the Attached Statement of Coste S -

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Persons and Survey Company Who Performed the Work (Give Name and Address of Author of Report)
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'/o JVX M. g? f
fors. f**-. 2-+A
fate/
(attach a schedule If necessary)
Vi
Certification of Beneficial Interest * See Note No. 1 on reverse akle
l certify that at the thne the work was performed, the daJms covered ki this work
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For Office Use Only

Total Value Cr. Recorded

0241 (03/91)
i

o
V*

r *3ft
•:.\ '\

CM

•\ --,

if
i:

- ,?'i

fc

I
i
i

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 Ministry of
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and Mines
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. Ministere du
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(hat des coflts aux fins
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Type
Contractor's Transportation
and Consultant's ^-f^fCu./^/^O fi 4Y00 -06 Transport (^Ou/y'er e {"c. f /G0*J~0
Fees
Orottsds /rt? /^^ , t/ffff- /S ")
('entrepreneur 3~P y fteS -SUfrty ffrte-'J 3*r/ *t*S*/,
•t de I'sxpsrt- V

* T "' Tf-^ *^ f/ftf- 41

conssll fo/yjrf j We- fJjj&m*
Type
Supplies Used
Foumlturas
utilises*
RECEIVE D -
Food and
Lodging
.f. 1
Nourrttura et OCT ^ 1 1 9 C 4
hebergement
Mobilization and
Type Demobilization MINING LANDS Bfl UNCH
Equipment Mobilisation et bzl&jjk.-:
Rental demobilisation
Location de Sub Total of Indirect Costs ,
materiel
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^•- Amount AllnvmhlB Innt nnutar than 9Mfc of Dlnx* Coat*)
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L'JSSBSBv:

Total Direct Costs Total Value of Assessment Credit Viteur total* du credit
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rt Indlrtct* admMUM

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l hereby certify: J'atteste par la presents :

that the amounts shown are as ap ite as possible and these costs que les montants indiques sont le plus exact possible et que ces
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on theaoarffnjBanyrfg'Rep 'orkJorn sur les terrains indiques dans la formule de rapport de travail ci-joint.

that am authorized Et qu'a litre de . je suis autorise

ion in Company) (titulaire enregistre, representant, poste occupe dans la compagnie)

to make this certification

0212 (04/91) Nota : Dans cette formule, torsqu'il designe des personnes, le masculin est utilis6 au sens neutre.
Ontario Geoscience Approvals Office
Ministry of
933 Ramsey Lake Road
Ministere du 6th Floor
Northern Development Developpement du Nord Sudbury, Ontario
and Mines et des Mines P3E 6B5
Telephone: (705) 670-5853
Fax: (705) 670-5863
December 21, 1994
Our File: 2.15653
Transaction #W9480.00508
Mining Recorder
Ministry of Northern
Development and Mines
4 Government Road East
Kirkland Lake, Ontario
P2N 1A2
Dear Mr. Sponner:
RE: Approval of Assessment work on mining claim 1186346 in Arnold
Township.

The assessment credits for Geophysics(MAG/VLF)(IP/RES), section 14 of

the Mining Act Regulations, as listed on the original Report of Work,
have been approved as of December 21, 1994.
Please indicate this approval on the claim record sheets.
If you have any questions concerning this correspondence please
contact Bruce Gates at 670-5856.
ORIGINAL SIGNED BY:
Yours sincerely,

Ron C ~. Gashlrhski
Senior Manager, Mining Lands^Sec^tion
Mining and Land Management Branch
Mines and Minerals Division
BIG/dl
Enclosures:
cc: Assessment Files Office
Sudbury, Ontario
/ Resident Geologist
Kirkland Lake, Ontario
 TRIM LINE

k)
C/l
THE TOWNSHIP
OF
Clifford Twp. (M.338)

ARNOLD
.•® J* xHV
* \

l *
W l
l 1186982
DISTRICT
l
"~~~r™* ~p"—' *~~ ^,,^-v' *^~ "^* TIM l SK AM

^
-r H86983 ll86594 LARDER LA
MINING XHVISI
1203423 5M

SCALE: 1-INCH ^ CHAINS

h-— —
,u -- rN- 7~c2fM- - -- — --*
. VCT^AStes* ,,,.^. i
l
,
O
3T
l———- /--—j LEGEND

PATENTED LAND
1202814 1202818 CROWN LA*) SALE
98O449 , 898842 ' 658843
1202819 LEASES O
LOCATED LAND 6 * Lac.
- 4M
f f. LICENSE OF OCCUPATION L.O.
MINING RIGHTS ONLY M R O.
I2D2736 SURFACE RIGHTS ONLY S.R.O
ROADS
IMPROVED ROADS
L
IO4MS4
, T —— T" -L
I04MCS
}v .T.-j - - - K) KING'S HIGHWAYS

1203299 --- J ---- L ---'

l TO4967I ' W9873 | - X.

11202812
,. —— ,'\.
S RAILWAYS , ^.

Q.
-/l ^1202737 ^ Minis
Oft MUSKEG ?
r? CANCELLED c
K e
Q) 1202817 PATENT SURFACE RIGHTS ONLY

l* s "S 12028(6 O)
c NOTES
(O
400' Surface Rights Reservation along the shores of
II867O8 G
all lakes and rivers

' 1202732^ Areas withdrawn from staking under Section

36 u the Mining Act (R. S. O. I960).
""""'l jU86707 p ^ ~" j 1202606 11154783
1202607 Order No. File Date Disposition

(g) JURFACE RIGHTS WTHDRAWN FROM STAKING

SECTION 43 ORDER (R.S.O.I97O) FILE NO. 163497

J—— __l 1202731 ) SURFACE RIGHTS WITHDRAWN FROM STAKING

l SECTION 43 ORDER (R.S.O.I97O) NO.NR W.32/79

1186346
r
— — —v
THE INFORMATION THAT
APPEARS ON THIS MAP

j:—}
HAS BEEN -COMPILED
FROM VABKHJ6 SOURCES, 1203(453 l SURFACE . MINING RIGHTO WIT! IDRAWN PROM
f IS NOT -.— —— -j 1200584 1200565 6TAKIN6,9tetlon 86/80 order NO. W/aa/86
EBfe, THOSE ORDER NO, O-34/88 OPENS W/32/88
TO STAKE Mfr4- )203454 l
MS SHOfULD CON- SURFACE v MIMN6 RIGHTS WITHDRAWN FROM
MININQ
STAKINO,s-*tkm 36/SO ORDER NO.W/33/88NR
u FRY OF
NORTHERN DtVELOP- 'X 1203456 l O-O7/88L OPENS W-33/88NR
WENT AND MJNE8, FOR AD- ' . /*———— -,
OITIONAL INFORMATION
ON THE STATUS OF THE 1200587 IILI1 PROPOSED CROWN SUBDIVISION
UNDS SHOWN HEREON.
[203458 ! "^^B | H86229
© MINING 8 SURfACE RIGHTS WITHDRAWN FJ
SECTION 35. THE MINWG ACT RSO I99O,

1 2 M
HYDRO TRANSMISSION LINE
APPROXIMATE LOCATION
PLAN NO.
M. 321
Gauthier Twp.( M. 350) COPY OF THIS MYLAR
ARCHIVED APR.08/92
MINISTRY OF
NORTHERN DEVELOPMENT
AND MINES
L THIS TOWNSHIP/AREA FALLS WITHIN THE
IN CIRCULATION JULY 8.1988 T.O*

NOTICE !H TJM^AMING MANAGEMENJ UNIJ,ANQ MAY BE ARCHIVED APR. 18.1994

SUBJECT TO FORESTRY OPERATIONS
THE MNR UWT FORESTER FOR THIS AREA CAN BE
32D04NW0290 2 15653 ARNOLD 200 CONTACTED AT/ P.O.BOX 129 3WA9TIKA.ONT.
 Spectral cutoff 59fc Spectral cutoff 59b

Spectral cutoff 209fc Kalahari Resources Ltd. Kalahari Resources Ltd.

Crossroad Property Spectral cutoff
Crossroad Property
Kalahari Resources' Ltd. LINE NUMBER 400 WEST
"A" 260
LINE NUMBER.
METRES
600 WEST
N~l TO 6
Kalahari Resources Ltd.
"A*. 26.0 METRES N-l TO 6
Crossroad Property SCINTREX IPR-11 RECEIVER TX PULSE TIME 2.0 SEC SCINTREX IPR-11 RECEIVER TX PULSE TIME: 2.0 SEC
Crossroad Property
LINE NUMBER 200 WEST LINE NUMBER 800 WEST
"A" 26.0 METRES N-l TO 6 POLE-DIPOLE ARRAY RECEIVE TIME: 2.0 SEC POLE-DIPOLE ARRAY RECEIVE TIME: 2.0 SEC
'A* 260 METRES N-l TO 6
TRAV. DIRECTION NORTH CI POSITION TRAILING TRAV. DIRECTION NORTH CI POSITION TRAILING
SCINTREX IPR-11 RECEIVER TX PULSE TIME 2.0 SEC SCALE 1. 2600 SCALE 1: 2600 SCINTREX IPR-11 RECEIVER TX PULSE TIME: 2.0 SEC
POLE-DIPOLE ARRAY RECEIVE TIME: 2.0 SEC IP COLE-COLE 'M' (UV/V) IP TAU (SEC) IP COLE-COLE "U- (MV/V) IP TAU (SEC) POLE-DIPOLE ARRAY RECEIVE TIME: 2.0 SEC
TRAV. DIRECTION NORTH CI POSITION TRAILING TRAV. DIRECTION NORTH CI POSITION: TRAILING
SCALE l 2600 ot m *. u r4 ^ o* ut *. w hi -* _____ ____ SCALE 1. 2600
IP COLE-COLE "IT (UV/V) IP TMJ (SEC) IP COLE-COLE V (MV/V) IP TAU (SEC)

i
Ot Ut *. if M — 01 Ut *. CJ K) U N —

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W
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LA Ul
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U) Ul ot

g g
M

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Ul
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ut
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s
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B
Spectral cutoff 209k K

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VI Ul

8
Kalahari Resources Ltd.
Crossroad Property
LINE NUMBER: LINE 0
j
8 3 Ut
^ Q

Ul

0
-- 0 ^ ^^
8Ul

"A" 260 METRES N-l TO 6 Ul

a
Ul
8 8
Q
SCINTREX IPR-11 RECEIVER TX PULSE TIME 2.0 SEC
POLE-DIPOLE ARRAY
TRAV. DIRECTION: NORTH
RECEIVE TIME: 2.0 SEC
CI POSITION. TRAILING U)
g
Ul
B .
SCALE 1. 2500
IP COLE-COLE TT (UV/V) IP TAU (SEC) Ul
ttI/I tt

-
z z
K tt z

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?
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288
8

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32D04NW0290 2 15653 ARNOLD 210

 Kalahari Resources Ltd. Kalahari Resources Ltd.
Crossroad Property Crossroad Property
Kalahari Resources Ltd. UNK NUMBER- 400 WEST LINE NUMBER: 000 WEST Kalahari Resources Ltd.
Crossroad Property
"A*: 26.0 METRES N-l TO 6 A*: 26.0 METRES N-l TO 6 Crossroad Property
SCINTREX IPR-11 RECKIVKR TX PULSE TIME: 2.0 SEC SCINTREX IPR-11 RECEIVER TX PULSE TIME: 2.0 SEC LINE NUMBER: 800 WEST
LINE NUMBER- 200 WEST POLK-DIPOLE ARRAY RECEIVE TIME: 2.0 SEC POLE-DIPOLE ARRAY RECEIVE TIME: 2.0 SEC A" 26.0 METRES N-l TO 6
A': 26.0 METRES N-l TO 6 TRAV. DIRECTION- NORTH CI POSITION: TRAILING TRAV. DIRECTION NORTH CI POSITION: TRAILING
SCALE 1:__2500_____________ SCALE l 2500 SCINTREX IPR-11 RECEIVER TX PULSE TIME: 2.0 SEC
SCINTREX IPR-11 RECEIVER TX PULSE TIME 2.0 SEC POLE-DIPOLE ARRAY RECEIVE TIME: 2.0 SEC
POLE-DIPOLE ARRAY RECEIVE TIME- 2.0 SEC SUtt 8 (UT) /ioo TRAV. DIRECTION: NORTH CI POSITION: TRAILING
TRAV. DIRECTION. NORTH CI POSITION. TRAILING SCALE 1: 2600
SCALE 1: 2500 CI N -* n i* f- in M
RESISTIVITY /IOO
RESS1WIY /IOO
ei w
u *. u M
- O'l-

Kalahari Resources Ltd.

Crossroad Property
UNE NUMBER: LINE O
A'. 26.0 METRES
SCINTREX IPR-11 RECEIVER TX PULSE TIME: 2.0 SEC N
POLE-DIPOLE ARRAY RECEIVE TIME: 2.0 SEC
TRAV. DIRECTION. NORTH CI POSITION: TRAILING
SCALE 1. 2500

f Uu

" ^^\V
\\

1.0'

0 J*

^\ - i

32D04NW0290 2 15653 ARNOLD

220
 o CD O O
o O O O
CD CO CM

600 N 600 N

400 N 400 N

200 N 200 N

BflSE LINE BflSE LINE

RECEIVED

OCT 2 l 1994
MINING LANDS

200 S 200 S

KALAHARI RESOURCES LTD.

CROSSROADS PROPERTY
400 S 400 S ARNOLD TWP., ONT.
______N.T.S. 32 D/4——-—-
RESISTIVITY CONTOURS (n=2)
CONTOUR INTERVALS : 50 ft 250 ohm m
REL. LOW: T REL. HIGH: *

SURVEYED BY JVX LTD. USING

SCINTREX IPR-11 Rx ; IPC-7/2.5 kW Tx
SUMMER 1994
100 too 200 300
o O
o
CO O O
O
0-J METRES
O CD
CD
PLOTTED BY
JVX SCALE 1:5000 PIATE 5
OCT 1994
32D04NW0290 2 15653 ARNOLD
230 rat no M42-A
 o O O C)
o o o C)
OD CO CM CJ

EDO N 600 N

4DD N 400 N

200 N 200 N

BflSE LINE BRSE LINE

2*156

200 S 200 S

l/
KALAHARI RESOURCES LTD.
CROSSROADS PROPERTY
400 S 400 S ARNOLD TWP.. ONT.
_________N.T.S. 32 D/4________
CHARGEABILITY (m7) CONTOURS (11=2)
CONTOUR INTERVALS 0.2 fc l mV/V
REL. LOW: * REL HIGH: *

SURVEYED BY JVX LTD. USING

SCINTREX IPR-11 Rx ; IPC-7/2.5 kW Tx
SUMMER 1994
100 100 200 300
O C3
O
O
D CD CM METRES
D D
CD
PLOTTED BY
JVX SCALE 1:5000 PLATE 4
OCT. 1994
32D04NW0290 2 15653 ARNOLD
240 rW. no 0448 A
 O CJ
o CD O O O CD rj r
CD D CD O CJ m
OD r- CD uO

1-3?
b - l -SI
5 f l-32 -29
b 4/ -SO -SO
S 4J -SI -29
B 1 -28 -3S
8 l -28 1-31
8 l -28 s - I-S5
l-si 7 J -28 11 (-SI
80-28 s - 1 -SI
600 N 7 * -28 s - l -so BOO N
7 K -29 5 - -29
8 J -28 5 - -29
S A-SI 4 - -29
4 -f -28 J - l -SI
4 4j -31 S- -SI
4 || -SO 2 - -S3
4 4] -30 l -32
5 -l -SO O - l -SI
-vi - -Is 4 -M -30 O - -so
4 41 -SI -l -so
(•M -12 f -p 4 41 -32 -l
'-2fl 9 l -is -f -ka 4 4| -31 -l
-21 - 20 1 4 4J -SI -l
-23 98. b -l -21 -l 1-28

.i
5 -A -SI -l l -28
400 N -21 - 701
S -H -90 o -S2 4UU N
l
t si
5 41 -SO -SO
S -U -29 l -30
-n- l
9
4 -J -29
-18 -rf* -24

di
3 f -SI 2)
-l* Z -f -2B -19
II" -20
-19 - - r? -19
l"" -18
-20
-is -22
VIS - -: -is -28
-IS -29
-20 L-31
-le- -n -n y 5 * -25 \-3S
y-io l 7 A -29 t-98
200 N
200 N 8 fl\-SS 41
-u 1

a
f 40
11 -36
-9 l -25 -S3 f-37 -SB
-S3 -S4
-7-H-90 -31 -30 -S3
-SO 11 -SO 1 -30
-29 -32 -tt -SO
l -l* -29 -SO -tt -21
-28 -SO 1 1 -K -a
-28 -29 7 B -28 -29
-SO -SO e 2B
-29 -28 -U l -30
-29 -tt -29
-IS -21 -29
-25 -30 -tt -in
BflSE LINE -n -31 -tt 1 -28 BflSE LINE
-m
-28
-K
-28
-30
-SO
RECEIVED
-K l-s* -28 -SI
-21 -31 -28 POSTED VALUES:
.10 r 2 l 1994
2-15
-It -27 -SI CD
-28 -SO -SI
-78 -31 -30
-n -29 -29
-29 -29 -so
.Ai'WSBRANCh
-.D -27
-27
-30
-28
-2B
-SO
IN PHASE TO WE!
-28 -29 -SO
-28
-28
-SO
-tt
-2B
-29
OUT OF PFASE TO EAST
1-33
-29 -ZB -2B
200 S -SI -28 -n 200 S
-29 -29 -ZB
-28 -29 -28
-29 -29 -28
-29 -SO -28
-SO -31 -28
-30 -21 -SO
-30 -29 -31
-28 -SO
-S2
-29
KALAHARI RESOURCES LTD.
-28
-28
-tt
-30
CROSSROADS PROPERTY
-29 ARNOLD TWP., ONT.
400 S 400 S
-29
-SO ______N.T.S. 32 D/4—————-
-29
-n
-29 VLF PROFILES
-ZB
-27
PROFILE SCALE l cm rep. 50K (POSITIVE EASTWARDS
-EC IN PHASE: ——— ; OUT OF PHASE:
-29
TRANSMITTER STATION . NAA (CUTLER, MAINE) 24.0 kHz
r (-20
LIB
SURVEYED BY JVX LTD. USING
4 -H -SO
3 \ -28 SCINTREX IGS-2/VLF-4
600 S
3 -i -29
GOO S ?UXfMER 1994
100 100 200 300

D METRES
CD CD D
D O
CD CD O Os) PLOTTED BY
PLATE 3
D
D
03
O
LO
CD (D JVX SCALE 1:5000
OCT. 1994
nt no 9442-A
32D04NW0290 2 15653 ARNOLD 250
 CJ o O
o o o CD o o o O
o CD o O CD 00 CM
00 r- CO m

-47
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-42
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600 N -4* 600 N

l-st -47

K7*
t-n

400 N 400 N
4ioa
fiOS
j. l OS
1-81 las
1*7 tin
(-BO 4110
P7 4ns
(-83 l"
••AT? n •1S3
11 ei
1-72 •l 54
l-W 142
f-St 138
-tt 144
-SI
200 N -62
101
200 N
-ai

lin
•Jiza
4114
ut*
li 27
4i2i
4na
134
f 113 r94
flos
Vi 03
II MOl
14
m
BflSE LINE BRSE LINE
;EBVED
08
17
ia
la
to
17
17 1994
20
31
23
ZS is i.jjj j- AN PS BRANCH
oz Z2 14
o* 122 15
at 23 l*
RI 24 15
18 12
200 S 11
10 K 200 S
O7 la
03 18
17 ir?
01 41
02 41
03 ss
12 14
14

KALAHARI RESOURCES LTD.

K
30 15
tt 13
31 K ST?
IB 43
13
10
32
24 CROSSROADS PROPERTY
400 S oa
K 400 S ARNOLD TWP., ONT.
12
OS
______N.T.S. 32 D/4————
01
12
01
TOTAL FIELD MAGNETIC PROFILES
ID
oa
PROFILE SCALE : l cm rep 40 nT
aa POSTIVE EASTWARDS
n
34
BASE LEVEL : 58 000 nT
41
4*
31 SURVEYED BY JVX LTD. USING
52
SCINTREX IGS-2/MP-4 MAGNETOMETER
600 S tt
40 600 S SUMMER 1994
12
oa
CD
100 100 200 300
D
o METRES
o o
o o D o o (M
PLOTTED BY
o o o
CD
r- CD in
en
JVX SCALE 1:5000 PIATE 2
OCT. 1994
JVX r*f no M42-*
32D04NW0290 2 15653 ARNOLD 260
 o o
a o o o o o o D O
CD CD CD o o m c\j
OD r- to in -4-

600 N 600 N

400 N 400 N

200 N 200 N

BflSE LINE BflSE LINE

2-15653 OC i z i 1994

200 S 200 S

KALAHARI RESOURCES LTD.

CROSSROADS PROPERTY
ARNOLD TWP., ONT.
400 S 400 S ______N.T.S. 32 D/4 ——
TOTAL FIELD MAGNETIC CONTOURS
CONTOUR INTERVALS: 20 b 100 nT
REL. LOW: T REL. HIGH *

SURVEYED BY JVX LTD. USING

SCINTREX IGS-2/MP-4 MAGNETOMETER
600 S 600 S SUMMER 1994
100 100 200 300

D
O METRES
a
CJ a PLOTTED BY
D
D
CD
CD
O
O
O
CD
O
00
Csl
JVX SCALE 1:5000 PLATE l
CD LD OCT. 1994
rat uo M42-A
32D04NW0290 2 15653 ARNOLD 270
 LEGEND

WH(2) - Weak High Resistivity, n-2

Very Strong H(1) - High Resistivity, n^l
VH(2) - Very High Resistivity, n-2

Strong l Strong Resistivity Low

Medium j Medium Resistivity Low

Weak l l
M-IP(mWV) 517 . L j J Weak Resistivity Low ( WL )
Tim* Constant (Long.Medium or Short) —' | l

Very Weak i Very Weak Resistivity Low

M
M

Extremely Weak "

M
•C
M

CHARGEABILITY RESISTIVITY
ANOMALY ANOMALY

IP- 1 Chargeability Zone

- Resistivity High

Magnetic High

Magnetic Low
RECEIVED
Fault

MC1——— — Mag Contact

OCT 2 11994

KMFZ Kirkland Lake

Q,
HP High Priority
federation Target M P Medium Priority
*** l O6 Priority

COMPILATION MAP
KALAHARI RESOURCES LTD.
CROSSROADS PROPERTY
ARNOLD TWP , ONT
N T.S 3,2 D, 4
TOTAL FIELD MAGNETIC CONTOURS
CONTOUR INTERVALS. 20 fe 100 nT
REL. LOW * REL. HIGH *

SURVEYED BY JVX LTD USING

SCINTREX IGS--2/MP 4 MAGNETOMETER
sou : SUMMER 1994
100 100 200 300
t--

METRES
PLOTTED i*
ATC SCALE 1:5000 PLATE 8
OCT 1994 j;
32D04NW0290 2 15653 ARNOLD 280 JVX rat no S*442 A