70Watts mosfet

This simple mosfet power audio amplifier circuit, with

TL071C
and 2 MOSFETs (
IRF9530
and
IRF530
) can deliver up to 45W on 8Ω speaker or 70W on 4Ω speaker. This schematic is based on
Siliconix application and on variations of voltage on the 2 resistors that are serial inserted
on the voltage supplier of the operational amplifier driver. The MosFet transistor must be
mounted on a heatsink with at least 1K/W.

Schematic of the 70 Watts Mosfet Amplifier Circuit

TL071 datasheet
The efficiency of this amplifier is 70%, distortions at cut frequency were at most 0.2% at
20Hz on 8Ω and 10W. With a power supply of ± 30V the mosfet audio amplifier can deliver
45W on 8 Ω and 70w on 4Ω. Remember that this audio amplifier is not protected on short-
circuits so everytime you switch on check to see if the speaker is connected.

200W audio amplifier circuit

Connecting two
TDA2030

thru cheap power transistors we can create a amplifier wich can deliver a higher power. With the
components value from the schematic the total amplifier gain is 32 dB. The speaker can be 2 ohm
instead of 4 ohm if we use the TIP transistors.

TDA 2030 is produced by SGS Ates and is a complete audio amplifier. AB class of the
final amplifier cand deliver up to 14W on 4 ohm at a +-14V power supply. With a proper
designed power supply this audio amplifier can output 200W.

Schematic of the 200W audio amplifier circuit

Active components:
  IC1, Ic2 TDA 2030
 T1, T3 = BD 250, TIP 36
 T2,T4 = BD 249, TIP 35
 D1 … D4 = 1N4001

Dynamic microphone amplifier circuit diagram

This dynamic microphone amplifier circuit has a total gain of 200 times. If we use 200Ω
microphones R4 must be 220Ω and C1 is 4.7uF. If you want the to get the lowest noise
signal from this dynamic mic amplifier use metalic resistors for R3 .. R6 and for C1 use
more MKM capacitor in parallel connection.
Some specification: with a 3mVpp input signal the output was 800mVpp. The maximum
output voltage was 10Vpp when the input is 50mVpp. The frequencies domain is between
50Hz and 100KHz.

Dynamic microphone amplifier circuit diagram

 Automatic Temperature Controlled Fan

Here is a circuit through which the speed of a fan can be linearly controlled automatically,
depending on the room temperature. This temperature controlled fan circuit is highly efficient as
it uses thyristors for power control. Alternatively, the same circuit can be used for automatic
temperature controlled AC power control.

temperature controlled fan circuit

In this circuit, the temperature sensor used is an NTC thermistor, i.e. one having a negative
temperature coefficient. The value of thermistor resistance at 25°C is about 1 kilo-ohm.

Temperature controlled fan circuit operation

Op-amp A1 essentially works as I to V (current-to-voltage) converter and converts temperature

variations into voltage variations. To amplify the change in voltage due to change in temperature,
instrumentation amplifier formed by op-amps A2, A3 and A4 is used. Resistor R2 and zener diode
D1 combination is used for generating reference voltage as we want to amplify only change in
voltage due to the change in temperature.

Op-amp μA741 (IC2) works as a comparator. One input to the comparator is the output from the
instrumentation amplifier while the other input is the stepped down, rectified and suitably
attenuated sample of AC voltage. This is a negative going pulsating DC voltage. It will be observed
that with increase in temperature, pin 2 of IC2 goes more and more negative and hence the width
of the positive going output pulses (at pin 6) increases linearly with the temperature. Thus IC2
functions as a pulse width modulator in this circuit. The output from the comparator is coupled to
an optocoupler, which in turn controls the AC power delivered to fan (load).

The circuit has a high sensitivity and the output RMS voltage (across load) can be varied from 120V
to 230V (for a temp. range of 22°C to 36°C), and hence wide variations in speed are available. Also
note that speed varies linearly and not in steps. Besides, since an optocoupler is used, the control
circuit is fully isolated from power circuit, thus providing added safety. Note that for any given
temperature the speed of fan (i.e. voltage across load) can be adjusted to a desired value by
adjusting potmeters VR1 and VR2 appropriately.

Potmeter VR1 should he initially kept in its mid position to realise a gain of approximately 40 from
the instrumentation amplifier. It may be subsequently trimmed slightly to obtain linear variation
of the fan speed.

12v battery backup power supply

The figure below shows a project of simple automatic 12V battery backup power supply circuit. The
circuit will automatically shift the load to the battery when the mains supply is not present, and when
mains supply is back the load will automatically shift to the mains supply and the battery will go in
charging mode.

The battery charger part of the circuit is also completely automatic so when the battery will become

full charge the charging will be automatically stopped which will be indicated by the green LED used

in the circuit. The output current is 1A due to which the circuit can be used for wide variety of

devices which require current under 1A.

The circuit is using a 7.2AH SLA battery but you can also use a 10AH or 12AH battery for long

back. You can also use 20AH or 25AH SLA battery but it will take a longer charging time as

compare to the 7.2, 10 and 12AH batteries. For example a 20AH 75% discharge battery will take

around 20 hours for full charge.

The circuit can be easily modified for higher ampere output and for charging higher ampere

batteries faster by using a high ampere transformer with suitable diodes in the place of all 1N4007,

and using a transistor with LM7812 to increase the output current.

The battery charger part of the circuit requires some adjustments at the first time. For adjusting

connect an adjustable power supply and set its voltage to 14.4V. Now remove the battery and the
1A transformer from the battery backup circuit and connect the power supply in the place of battery

and adjust the 10K variable resistor until the green LED lights up. After these adjustments connect

your lead acid battery and the 1A transformer with the battery backup circuit and remove the

adjustable power supply, when you connect battery with the circuit it will go in charging mode. Now

check the battery with multimeter while it is charging and see if the green LED lights up when the

battery voltage reached to 14.4 while charging. If not then again adjust the 10K variable resistor so

the green LED will light up when the battery voltage will be 14.4 while charging.

12V, 5 Amp Transformerless Battery Charger Circuit – SMPS

Based
Last Updated on August 19, 2017 by Swag 257 Comments

In this article we study a simple flyback converter design which is

implemented as an SMPS 12V, 5amp battery charger power
supply.
The proposed 12V, 5 amp smps battery charger circuit employs a
flyback converter topology which results in the required smps
based high current, compact, mains isolated converter design.

Here, the a high power mosfet becomes the main switching

component and is used for triggering the ferrite primary winding
with the set high frequency mains rectified Dc.

When switched ON, the 470k resistor charges the mosfet gate into
conduction and initiates the switching action.

The above action induces a voltage across the auxiliary winding of

the transformer which results in a feedback voltage to the mosfet
gate via the 2n2/100V capacitor forcing the mosfet to conduct
even harder.

As soon as this happens, the primary winding gets connected with

the full 310V DC rectified voltage via the mosfet drain/source
terminals.

During this process, the voltage across the 0.22 ohm resistor
situated at the mosfet source tends to cross the 0.6V level, which
instantly triggers the transistor BC546, which shorts the gate of the
mosfet to ground, rendering it completely switched OFF.

This also ensures cutting-of the auxillary feedback voltage,

restoring the entire primary section to its original switched OFF
state.

The cycle now begins afresh and is switched continuously at

around 60kHz rate which may be varied by increasing or
decreasing the values of the 2n2 feed back capacitor and the
100pF base capacitor of BC546 NPN (it's not recommended
though).

During the switched OFF periods of the primary winding, an

induced equivalent back emf is transferred to the secondary
winding which translates it into the specified stepped down low
voltage, high current secondary output.

The above secondary output is appropriately rectified and filtered

by the high current diode and a filter capacitor.

A feedback stage across the secondary and the primary stages is

implemented via a optocoupler which determines the required
fixed, regulated output voltage.

The zener associated with the optocoupler may be tweaked for

getting different stabilized outputs for the desired applications.

Here it has been fixed to about 14.4V which becomes the optimal
level for charging a 12V lead acid battery.

The current output of this transformerless 12V, 5 amp smps

battery charger can also be changed by two methods.
Either by modifying the secondary wire thickness of the
transformer or by tweaking the value of the 0.22 ohm resistor
positioned across the source/ground terminals of the mosfet.

The input stage typically consists of a bridge rectifier

stage, followed by an NTC and filter stage.

The input EMI coil is optional.

How to Wind the ferrite transformer

The ferrite transformer is wound over a 15mm EE ferrite core

compatible plastic bobbin. The one half primary is wound first,
using a 0.4mm super enamelled copper wire (15 turns). Secure
the end of this on one of the primary side pins of the bobbin.
Cover the winding with a layer of insulation tape.
Next wind the secondary winding (5 turns) using 0.6mm wire over
it.
Terminate the ends on the secondary pins of the bobbin.
Apply insulation tape over this winding.
On this wind 3 turns of 0.4mm auxiliary winding, cover it with
insulation tape.
Finally continue from the secured end of the first primary winding
and wind 15 more turns over the above auxiliary wind to finish of
the ferrite transformer coils.
Put a few layers of insulation tape to finalize the winding
insulation.
Fix the EE cores and tape it yet again along its periphery.
Make sure the EE core edges are separated with an air gap
through a piece of insulation tape or a paper, this will prevent core
saturation and stalling of the desired smps induction.

THE CIRCUIT EXPLAINED ABOVE IS NOT ISOLATED FROM

MAINS, AND THEREFORE IS EXTREMELY DANGEROUS TO
TOUCH WHILE EXPERIMENTING IN POWERED CONDITION.,
AND ALSO THE DESIGN IS SPECIFICALLY FOR USERS WITH
AN ADVANCED KNOWLEDGE IN THE FIELD, NOT
RECOMMENDED FOR THE NEWBIES..

How to Make a Mini Homemade Uninterruptible Power Supply

(UPS) Circuit
Last Updated on August 19, 2017 by Swag 210 Comments

Uninterruptible power supply units are always considered to be

having complicated circuitry and are therefore are costly, difficult
to procure or build.
A simple idea presented here can be built at home using most
ordinary components to produce reasonable outputs. It may be
used to power not only the usual electrical appliances but also
sophisticated gadgets like computers. Its inverter circuit utilizes a
modified sine wave design.
An uninterruptible power supply with elaborate features may not
be critically required for the operation of even the sophisticated
gadgets. A compromised design of an UPS system presented
here may well suffice the needs. It also includes a built-in
universal smart battery charger.

What’s the difference between an uninterruptible power supply

(UPS) and an inverter? Well, broadly speaking both are intended
to perform the fundamental function of converting battery voltage
to AC which may be used to operate the various electrical gadgets
in the absence of our domestic AC power.

However, in most cases an inverter may not be equipped with

many automatic functions and safety measures normally
associated with an UPS. Moreover, inverters mostly don’t carry a
built in battery charger whereas all UPSs have a built in automatic
battery charger with them to facilitate instant charging of the
concerned battery when mains AC is present and revert the
battery power in inverter mode the moment input power fails. Also
UPSs are all designed to produce an AC having a sine waveform
or at least a modified square wave resembling quite like its sine
wave counterpart. This perhaps becomes the most important
feature with UPSs.

With so many features in hand, there’s no doubt these amazing

devices ought to become expensive and therefore many of us in
the middle class category are unable to lay their hands on them.

I have tried to make a UPS design though not comparable with the
professional ones but once built, definitely will be able to replace
mains failures quite reliably and also since the output is a modified
square wave, is suitable for operating all sophisticated electronic
gadgets, even computers.

Understanding the circuit diagram

The figure alongside shows a simple modified square inverter
design, which is easily understandable, yet incorporates crucial
features.

The IC SN74LVC1G132 has a single NAND gate (Schmitt Trigger)

encapsulated in a small package. It basically forms the heart of
the oscillator stage and requires just a single capacitor and a
resistor for the required oscillations. The value of these two
passive components determines the frequency of the oscillator.
Here it’s dimensioned to around 250 Hz.

The above frequency is applied to the next stage consisting of a

single Johnson’s decade counter/divider IC 4017. The IC is
configured so that its outputs produce and repeat a set of five
sequential logic high outputs. Since the input Is a square wave the
outputs are also generated as square waves.
Parts list

R1=20K

R2,R3=1K

R4,R5 = 220 Ohms

C1=0.095Uf

C2,C3,C4=10UF/25V

T0 = BC557B

T1,T2=8050

T3,T4=BDY29
IC1= SN74LVC1G132 or a single gate from IC4093

IC2=4017

IC3=7805

TRANSFORMER=12-0-12V/10AMP/230V

Uninterruptible Power Supply - Battery Charger Section

The base leads of two sets of Darlington paired high gain, hi-
power transistors are configured to the IC such that it receives and
conducts to the alternate outputs.

The transistors conduct (in tandem) in response to these switching

and a corresponding high current alternating potential is pulled
through the two halves of the connected transformer windings.

Since the base voltages to the transistors from the IC are skipped
alternately, the resultant square impulse from the transformer
carries only half the average value compared to the other ordinary
inverters. This dimensioned RMS average value of the generated
square waves very much resembles the average value of the
mains AC that is normally available at our home power sockets
and thus becomes suitable and favorable to most sophisticated
electronic gadgets.

The present uninterruptible power supply design is fully automatic

and will revert to the inverter mode the moment input power fails.
This is done through a couple of relays RL1 and RL2; RL2 has a
dual set of contacts for reversing both the output lines.

As explained above an UPS should also incorporate a built-in

universal smart battery charger which also should be voltage and
current controlled.
The next figure which is an integral part of the system shows a
smart little automatic battery charger circuit. The circuit is not only
voltage controlled but is also includes an over current protection
configuration.

Transistor T1 and T2 basically form an accurate voltage sensor

and never allows the charging voltage upper limit to exceed the
set limit. This limit is fixed by setting the preset P1 appropriately.

Transistor T3 and T4 together keep an “eye” over the rising

current intake by the battery and never allows it to reach levels
which may be considered dangerous to battery life. In case the
current starts drifting beyond the set level, the voltage across R6
crosses over – 0.6 volts, enough to trigger T3, which in turn
chokes the base voltage of T4, thus restricting any further rise in
the drawn current. The value of R6 may be found using the
formula:

R = 0.6 / I, where I is the charging current rate.

Transistor T5 performs the function of a voltage monitor and

switches (deactivates) the relays into action, the moment mains
AC fails.

Parts list

R1,R2,R3,R4,R7=1K

P1=4K7 PRESET, LINEAR

R6=SEE TEXT

T1,T2,=BC547

T3=8550
T4=TIP32C

T5=8050

RL1=12V/400 OHM, SPDT

RL2=12V/400 OHM, SPDT, D1—D4=1N5408

D5,D6=1N4007

TR1=0-12V, CURRENT 1/10 OF THE BATTERY AH

C1=2200UF/25V

C2 = 1uF/25V