PLAN LESSON

1. NAME COMP#
2. Musonda Stephen 14075008
3. Bwalya Peter 14004992
4. Sithole Muzonde 14004941
5. Saili Enock 14005301
6. Nkhowani Nangachi 14045338

Grade: 11 No. of pupils: 40 Gender: 25 boys and 15 girls. Time: 80 minutes.

SUBJECT; Mathematics

TOPIC; Probability

SUB-TOPIC; laws of probabilities

SPECIFIC OUTCOME: Derive the laws of probability

REFERENCES:

Mark H. et al (2008). The free high school science texts: Free software foundation.

TEACHING AIDS: board ruler, pieces of chalk, a coin, and a duster.

SPECIFIC OUTCOME: Pupils will compute probabilities using the laws of probability

RATIONALE

Probabilities ensures that learners are given the opportunity to share their experiences and ideas
with one another, and on discussion in which these ideas can be evaluated The contexts used are
those which learners will encounter in everyday life (game shows, examples from the press) and
learners encounter probabilities based on equal as well as unequal likelihoods at an early stage.
Formal language, terminology and mathematical rules are only introduced after the relevant
concept has been developed and on the basis of the understanding of this concept.

PRE-REQUISITE SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE

 Pupils should have the knowledge be able to add and multiply of fractions.

LESSON PUPIL ACTIVITY TEACHER ACTIVITY

PHASE
Ask pupils why we carry an umbrella
INTRODUCTION to work on particular days.
(20 minutes) Pupils raise their hands to answer the Do you carry an umbrella every day
questions. of the year?
Why not?
EXPECTED ANSWERS
When you expect it to rain, does
We carry an umbrella to work on actually rain.
particular days in the likelihood that it
might rain. Do you think it is possible to always
have the required outcome?
Pupils will mention what they will Show the pupils both sides of a coin
see. and ask them what they see on each
side.
Head and tail.

(a) When you flip a coin, which side

(a) We may have a head or tail so the will come up?
set of all possible outcomes of flipping a What are the possible outcomes of
coin is {Head, Tail}. flipping a coin?

The teacher writes the possible

outcomes on the board;
when flipping a coin it is possible to
(i) The total number of the possible get {Head or Tail}
[Introduce concept of outcome]
outcomes of tossing a coin is 2. And then explains to the pupils that a
(ii)The number of heads in the Sample set of all possible outcomes in a random
experiment indicated by the letter S is
space tossing a coin is 1. Sample space.
(i) What is the total number of the
(iii) The fraction of a head in the possible outcomes of tossing a coin in
1 the Sample space?
sample space .
2 Which one of the two, Heads or Tails
will come up more often?
(ii) What is the number of heads in the
Sample space?
(iii) What is the fraction of a head in
 the sample space?

The teacher will then explain to the

1
pupils that the fraction 2 represents the
possibility of getting a head when a
coin is flipped.

Today class we are going to learn on

probability.

Expected Answers from the pupils. Additional law of probability

LESSON
DEVELOPMENT (b) Probability =
(40 minutes) 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒉𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒏
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔
𝑬𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒔 6
(i) P(White)= 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒔 = 11 .

Example given to pupils:

Events of 𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝟓
(ii) P(Red)= 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒔 = 𝟏𝟏.
(1) A box contains 5 red marbles
Events of 𝒃𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝟎
and 6 white marbles. If a marble is
(iii) P(Blue)= 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒔 = 𝟏𝟏 = drawn from the box at random, what
is the probability that:
𝟎.
(i) the marble is white?
𝟔 𝟓
(iv) P(White or Red )= + =1. (ii) the marble red?
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏

(iii) the marble is blue?

(iv) the marble is either white or

red?

(a) The probability 0 just means that there is
no chance of an event happening. The
probability of any event which is not in the
sample space is zero. 0 represents the
probability of impossibility.
(b) it represents that we are certain that the
ball marble will be one of those colours.
(c) Smallest is o and largest is 1.
𝟔 𝟓
(d) P (W) +P ( 𝑊′ ) = 𝟏𝟏 + 𝟏𝟏 =1.
From the above example, we will draw
the laws of probability.
(a) What does the probability in (1)(iii)
represent?
Rule I
The probability that represent an
impossible outcome is 0.
The probability 0 just means that there
is no chance of an event happening.
(b) What does the probability 1 in (iv)
represents?
Rule 2
1 is the probability or certainty.
The sum of all the probabilities in the
sample space is 1.
 The likelihood of all possible
events needs to add up to 1. If
the likelihood of all possible
events doesn't add up to 1,
you've made a mistake.
(c) What is the smallest and largest
possible probabilities?
Rule 3
All probabilities lie between zero and
one inclusive.
No probability should be less than
zero or greater than one i.e.
0 ≤ P (E) ≤1.
(d) What is the sum of the
probability of choosing white 𝑃(W)
and not choosing white𝑃(W’)?
Rule 4 -The complement rule
The probability of the sample space is
1. The probability of an event not
occurring is one minus the probability
of it occurring.
Probability(no event) = 1 -
Probability(event)
 Exercise.
Solutions to question 1
𝟐 𝟑 1 . A bag contains red, green and
(i) P("not red" ) = 1 - P (red) = 1 – 𝟓
= 𝟓.
yellow pegs. A peg is taken at random
𝟕 𝟐 𝟑
(ii) P( Red or green )= 𝟐𝟎 + 𝟓 = 𝟒. from the bag. The probability that it is
𝟕
(iii) P(yellow) = 1 - P ("not yellow" ) red is 𝟐𝟎 and the probability that it is
𝟕 𝟐 𝟐
=1 – ( + ) green is 𝟓.
𝟐𝟎 𝟓
𝟏
= .
𝟒 (i) Find the probability that it is not
red.

(ii) Find the probability that it is either

red or green.

(iii) Find the probability that it is

yellow.

Solutions to question 2
Homework.
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠
(i) P (E) = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 2. A manufacturer tested 1000 cell
25 1
=1000 = 40
. phones at random and found that 25 of
them were defective. If a cell phone is

(ii) method 1 selected at random, what is the

Number of non-defective cell phones = probability that the

1000-25 =985 (i) Selected cell phone is a defective

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 non 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 one?
∴ P (E) = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑
(ii) Selected cell phone is a
985 39
=1000 = 40
. nondirective one?

method 2
Alternatively we use P("not" an event) = 1 -
P (Event)
P ("not" defective) = 1 - P (defective) =1 −
 1 39
40
= 40.

Self-evaluation

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