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Journal of the European Ceramic Society 34 (2014) 1727–1732

Low variation in relative permittivity over the temperature range 25–450 ◦C

for ceramics in the system (1 − x)[Ba0.8Ca0.2TiO3]–x[Bi(Zn0.5Ti0.5)O3]
Aurang Zeb, Steven J. Milne ∗
Institute for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
Received 5 September 2013; received in revised form 4 December 2013; accepted 5 December 2013
Available online 18 January 2014

Abstract
The dielectric and ferroelectric properties of the ceramic system, (1 − x)Ba0.8 Ca0.2 TiO3 –xBi(Zn0.5 Ti0.5 )O3 , were investigated for compositions
0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4. X-ray powder diffraction patterns indicated tetragonal symmetry at x ≤ 0.05, switching to pseudocubic at x ≥ 0.1, with a single-phase
solid solution limit at 0.2 < x < 0.3. The x = 0 and 0.05 samples were ferroelectric; a change to relaxor behaviour occurred at x ≥ 0.1, with broad
frequency dependent peaks in plots of relative permittivity versus temperature. A significant reduction in the temperature dependence of relative
permittivity occurred at x = 0.3, with εr = 1030 ± 15% over the temperature range ∼25–425 ◦ C, and loss tangent, tan δ ≤ 0.01 from 110 ◦ C to 420 ◦ C.
The dc resistivity values for x = 0.3 were ∼109  m at 300 ◦ C and ∼106  m at 450 ◦ C.
© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Temperature stable dielectrics; Relaxors; Piezoelectrics

1. Introduction allied to high dc resistivity in a low cost material based on

There is a growing demand for dielectric materials with high
and temperature stable relative permittivity at elevated temper-
atures, >200 ◦ C for use in capacitors for electronic systems for
deep-well drilling and aerospace applications.1–5 There are also
applications in hybrid and electric vehicle power systems but
here the demands are less severe, with an upper working tem-
perature ≤200 ◦ C, and a lower limit of −55 ◦ C.6–9 A number of
ceramic dielectric compositions have been developed in recent
years with promising properties at >200 ◦ C.2–7,10 These include
Bi0.5 Na0.5 TiO3 –BaTiO3 – K0.5 Na0.5 NbO3 ,2 Bi0.5 Na0.5 TiO3 –
BaTiO3 –CaZrO3 ,4 Ba0.8 Ca0.8 TiO3 –Bi(Mg0.5 Ti0.5 )–NaNbO3 ,5
BaTiO3 –Bi(Zn0.5 Ti0.5 )O3 –BiScO3 BaTiO3 –Bi(Zn0.5 Ti0.5 )O3 –
BiScO3 ,7 and BaTiO3 –BiFeO3 –BiYbO3 .11 The optimum
composition in the BaTiO3 –Bi(Zn0.5 Ti0.5 )O3 –BiScO3 system
exhibits relatively stable dielectric properties from ≤100 ◦ C
to 450 ◦ C, but has the disadvantage of containing ∼10 wt% of
very costly Sc2 O3 . In this laboratory we have demonstrated
similar levels of temperature stability in relative permittivity
to BaTiO3 –Bi(Zn0.5 Ti0.5 )O3 –BiScO3 , from ∼45 ◦ C to 550 ◦ C,
∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 0113 343 2539; fax: +44 0113 343 2384.
E-mail address: s.j.milne@leeds.ac.uk (S.J. Milne).
Ba0.8 Ca0.2 TiO3 –Bi(Mg0.5 Ti0.5 )O3 .10 There are conflicting
reports as to the effect of Ca on the temperature of the Curie
peak of BaTiO3 12,13 ; but it is widely reported that Ca substitu-
tion decreases the temperature of the tetragonal–orthorhombic
transition.
In this paper, solid solution formation and elec-
tric properties of compositions in the perovskite series,
Ba0.8 Ca0.2 TiO3 –Bi(Zn0.5 Ti0.5 )O3 , are reported.
2. Experimental procedure
Ceramics of (1 − x)Ba0.8 Ca0.2 TiO3 –xBi(Zn0.5 Ti0.5 )O3 for
compositions x ≤ 0.4, abbreviated BCT–BZT, were prepared by
a conventional solid state processing route. The starting pow-
ders were: BaCO3 (Alpha Aesar, 99%, Ward Hill, MA), Bi2 O3
(Alpha Aesar, 99%, Ward Hill, MA), CaCO3 (Sigma Aldrich,
99% purity, St. Louis, MO), TiO2 (Sigma Aldrich, 99.9%) and
ZnO (Sigma Aldrich, 99.9%). The powders, after drying at
250 ◦ C overnight and cooling to room temperature in a desicca-
tor were weighed according to stoichiometric ratios, followed
by ball milling in isopropanol for 24 h. After sieving through a
300 ␮m mesh sieve, the dried slurries were calcined at 900 ◦ C
for 3 h in closed alumina crucibles with heating and cooling
ramp rate of 300 ◦ C/h. The calcined powders were milled again

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2013.12.009
1728 A. Zeb, S.J. Milne / Journal of the European Ceramic Society 34 (2014) 1727–1732
Fig. 1. XRD patterns for solid solution of (1 − x)BCT–xBZT ceramic system
for x = 0–0.4.
for 24 h, and 1 wt% binder was added (Ciba Glascol HA4: Ciba
Speciality Chemicals, Bradford, UK). The powders were com-
pacted uniaxially into pellets 10 mm in diameter and 1.5 mm in
thickness in a steel die at a pressure of 65 MPa. The pellets were
sintered for 6 h at temperatures of 1400 ◦ C, 1270 ◦ C, 1220 ◦ C,
1160 ◦ C 1130 ◦ C, 1100 ◦ C and 1050 ◦ C for x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2,
0.3, 0.34 and 0.4 respectively in closed alumina crucibles sur-
rounded by an ‘atmosphere’ powder of the same composition.
For phase analysis, sintered pellets were crushed into powders
which were analysed using an X-ray powder diffractrometer
(Bruker D8, Cu, K␣ ∼1.5406 Å, Karlsruhe, Germany); scan
speed, 1◦ /min. Lattice parameters were calculated using the
least squares refinement method. The geometrical densities were
measured on at least three pellets of each composition. For calcu-
lation of relative density, geometrical densities of ceramic pellets
were compared with the theoretical density calculated from lat-
tice parameters and cell contents. For measurement of electrical
properties, the sintered samples were ground and polished to a
thickness of ∼1 mm; silver paste (Agar Scientific) was applied to
opposite parallel faces and coated pellets were fired in a furnace
at 550 ◦ C for 10 min to form the electrodes. The dielectric rel-
ative permittivity and loss tangent were recorded as a function
of temperature by using an impedance analyzer (HP Agilent,
4192A Hewlett Packard, Santa Clara, CA) in the temperature
range of 25–600 ◦ C. The values of dc resistance were recorded as
a function of temperature in the range of 250–550 ◦ C at a fixed dc
voltage of 80 V, using a Keithley 617 programmable electrome-
ter (Cleveland, OH). Polarisation and strain–field response were
measured by using a LC precision analyzer (Radiant Technolo-
gies Inc., Albuquerque, NM). Microstructural analyses were
performed on polished, chemically etched samples using scan-
ning electron microscopy (Leo 1530, Gemini; Zeiss, Wetzlar,
Germany).
3. Results and discussion
Fig. 1 shows the perovskite XRD pat-
terns for powders of crushed sintered pellets of
Fig. 2. Unit cell lattice parameters as function of BZT content, x.
(1 − x)Ba0.8 Ca0.2 TiO3 –xBi(Zn0.5 Ti0.5 )O3 , x = 0–0.4. A
secondary phase corresponding to the pattern of CaTi4 Bi4 O15 14
first appeared at x = 0.34, increasing in proportion at x = 0.4
indicating a (1 − x)BCT–xBZT solid solution limit at x ∼ 0.3.
It is evident from the splitting of, for example the {1 0 0} and
{2 0 0} peaks, that x = 0 and x = 0.05 samples show tetragonal
symmetry, with a slight decrease in tetragonal distortion
between x = 0 and 0.05: a = 3.948 Å, c = 3.996 Å, c/a = 1.012 for
x = 0, whilst at x = 0.05, a = 3.962 Å, c = 3.996 Å and c/a = 1.008
(Fig. 2). Compositions x ≥ 0.1 were cubic or pseudocubic,
with little change in cubic lattice parameter with increasing x
(Fig. 2).
The ceramic compositions exhibit relative densities between
90 and 94% of theoretical. Microstructural analysis revealed that
the incorporation of BZT led to a decrease in grain size from an
average ∼7 ␮m for x = 0 (BCT) to ∼3 ␮m at x = 0.3. Although
XRD did not detect secondary phase in x = 0.3, the backscattered
electron image (Fig. 3) revealed a minor component of secondary
phase (dark contrast grains) inferring the solid solution limit lay
between x = 0.2 and 0.3.
The relative permittivity εr and dielectric loss tangent,
tan δ, are plotted as a function of temperature at various
Fig. 3. SEM backscattered electron image for x = 0.3, highlighting a region of
the sample containing darker contrast grains (arrowed), inferring a small amount
of secondary phase in the sample.
 A. Zeb, S.J. Milne / Journal of the European Ceramic Society 34 (2014) 1727–1732 1729

Fig. 4. Relative permittivity and tan δ versus temperature at frequencies 1 kHz–1 MHz for: (a) x = 0; (b) x = 0.05; (c) x = 0.1; and (d) x = 0.3 ceramics.

frequencies (1 kHz–1 MHz) in Fig. 4. Composition x = 0 exhibits 0.58 eV in the low and 0.79 eV in the high temperature region.
a reasonably sharp Curie peak, typical of a normal ferroelec- Both values fall in the range normally expected from oxygen ion
tric with Curie point, Tc ∼ 130 ◦ C in the range reported for migration in perovskites,15–18 thus the discontinuity most prob-
BCT at this composition, 20 mol% Ca. A change to a broad ably signifies a change in carrier concentration/mobility, rather
peak, with little evidence of frequency dispersion, and peak than a difference in charge carrier type. For x = 0.3, there was
temperature ∼100 ◦ C occurs at x = 0.05. The system transforms no discontinuity, with Ea being 0.79 eV across the temperature
to a typical relaxor at x ≥ 0.1, with relative permittivity plots range measured. Values of dc resistivity range from ∼109  m
showing strong frequency dependent εrmax temperatures, Tm . at 300 ◦ C to 106  m at 450 ◦ C for x = 0.3 (Fig. 6).
Values of Tm (1 kHz) increase from 25 ◦ C for x = 0.1 to 90 ◦ C
for x = 0.3; values of εrmax decrease from ∼2300 at x = 0.1
to ∼1180 at x = 0.3 (the limit of the single phase solid solu-
tion) (Fig. 5). The temperature dependence of εr at T > Tm
becomes less severe as the fractional substitution of Bi3+ and
Zn2+ increases. At x = 0.3, εr = 1030 ± 15% over the temperature
range ≤25–425 ◦ C. Negative values of tan δ occurred at inter-
mediate measurement temperatures for frequencies >100 kHz,
attributed to inductive effects associated with instrumental fac-
tors. Low dielectric loss and high dc resistivity are important
parameters for proposed capacitor applications. For composi-
tion x = 0.3, tan δ ≤ 0.025 over the temperature range 85–460 ◦ C;
tan δ ≤ 0.01 over the range 110–420 ◦ C. Values of dc resistivity
measured at fixed voltage of ∼80 V (pellet thickness ∼1 mm)
for x = 0.2 and x = 0.3 are plotted as a function of tempera-
ture in Fig. 6. For x = 0.2, a discontinuity occurred at ∼325 ◦ C;
activation energies, Ea , from corresponding conductivities were Fig. 5. Values of Tm and εrmax as a function of BZT content x.
1730 A. Zeb, S.J. Milne / Journal of the European Ceramic Society 34 (2014) 1727–1732
Fig. 6. Logarithmic plot of dc resistivity versus inverse of absolute temperature
(1000/T) measured at 80 V/mm for x = 0.2 and x = 0.3 ceramics.
Curie–Weiss analysis (Eq. (1))19 confirmed typical ferroelec-
tric behaviour for x = 0 and x = 0.05 with a linear fit to plots of
εr −1 versus T at T > Tc , and Tc ∼ To (Fig. 7):
C
εr = (1)
T − To
Fig. 7. (a) Inverse of relative permittivity (1/εr ) as a function of temperature for
x = 0–0.3 and (b) values of log(1/εr − 1/εrmax ) versus log(T − Tm ) for x = 0–0.3,
symbols represent the experimental data and solid lines the degree of fit.
Fig. 8. Polarisation–electric field P–E response for: (a) x = 0 and 0.05, (b)
x = 0.1–0.3.
where C is the Curie–Weiss constant; To is the Curie–Weiss tem-
perature. An alternative expression of the Curie–Weiss law has
proved popular for analysing ferroelectric and relaxor materials
(Eq. (2))17,19 :
1 1 (T − Tεrmax )γ
− = (2)
εr εrmax C
For an ideal ferroelectric, the γ coefficient is equal to unity,
increasing to ∼2 for a typical relaxor.20–22 The experimental
data for BCT–BZT are plotted in Fig. 7: values of γ increased
from γ = 1.28 at x = 0 to γ = 1.60–1.88 for the compositions
x = 0.1–0.3. The intercept of plots of log(1/εr – 1/εrmax ) versus
og(T − Tm ), Fig. 7b, is a measure of the diffuseness of the peak
in εr vs T, and in this context directly reflects the change in
temperature stability d(εr )/dT at T > Tm .
The polarisation–electric field data for the BCT–BZT sys-
tem are shown in Fig. 8. The compositions x = 0 and x = 0.05
exhibit typical ferroelectric hysteresis loops. For x = 0, remnant
polarisation, Pr ∼ 11 ␮C/cm2 and coercive field, Ec ∼ 8 kV/cm.
At x = 0.05 the hysteresis loops become broader, Pr decreases
slightly to 10 ␮C/cm2 and Ec increases to ∼16 kV/cm indicating
less facile ferroelectric domain switching. Further increases to
the BZT content eliminate ferroelectric properties, with a change
to a low loss dielectric material and a narrowing of P–E loops
from x = 0.1 to 0.3.
 A. Zeb, S.J. Milne / Journal of the European Ceramic Society 34 (2014) 1727–1732
Fig. 9. Bipolar strain–field response for x = 0–0.3 ceramics.
Fig. 9 shows the bipolar strain–electric field response for
compositions x ≤ 0.3 measured at room temperature. For x = 0
and 0.05, the strain–field curves exhibit butterfly loops and
negative strains consistent with a piezoelectric material. Other
samples are electrostrictive. The maximum strains measured
at 50 kV/cm are 0.12% for x = 0, and 0.10% for x = 0.05, with
effective high-field d33∗ ∼300 pC/N for x = 0, and ∼180 pC/N for
x = 0.05. The piezoelectric charge coefficient, d33 measured by
the Berlincourt technique after poling at ∼6.5 kV/mm for 20 min
in silicon oil at temperature of 50 ◦ C, is 90 pC/N for x = 0 and
66 pC/N for x = 0.05.
According to the presumed solid solution mechanism:
[(Ba0.8 Ca0.2 )1−x Bix ][Ti1−0.5x Zn0.5x ]O3 the changeover with
increasing x from a ferroelectric to a relaxor is consistent with
an increase in the multiplicity of valence and ionic radii of
atoms on the A-site (Ba2+ , Ca2+ , Bi3+ ) and B-site (Ti4+ and
Zn2+ ), relative to the parent Ba0.8 Ca0.2 TiO3 perovskite lattice.
Further work is required to confirm the true defect chemistry
and domain structures in this system and their relation to the
improved temperature stability in εr for x = 0.3.
It is appropriate to compare the present results to a related
solid solution (1 − x)BaTiO3 –xBa(Zn0.5 Ti0.5 )O3 .23 The tetrago-
nal solid solution is more restricted and pseudocubic more
extensive in BCT–BZT, with a phase boundary at 0.05 < x < 0.1
in BCT–BZT compared to 0.1 < x < 0.2 for BT–BZT.23 Ferro-
electric properties are comparable, with Pr ∼ 10 ␮C/cm2 and
Ec ∼ 11 kV/cm for tetragonal 0.95BT–0.05BZT.23 The Ca-
modified ceramics display lower values of εrmax temperatures,
Tm. For example Tm ∼ 25 ◦ C for x = 0.1 in BCT–BZT, com-
pared to ∼45 ◦ C in BT–BZT at x = 0.1. Importantly for proposed
high temperature capacitor applications, the BCT–BZT system
gives rise to a much wider range of temperatures with near-
stable dielectric properties. In BT–BZT the composition with
least temperature variability x = 0.34 shows a change in εr from
∼1600 to ∼1200 in the temperature range of ∼120–400 ◦ C,
equivalent to a variation of 1400 ± 15% about a mid-value. In
contrast, the incorporation of Ca2+ generates a wider temper-
ature range with low variability in permittivity, ≤25–425 ◦ C,
albeit with lower εr values. Dielectric properties of BCT–BZT
1731
x = 0.3 are comparable to 0.8BaTiO3 –0.2BiScO3 but offers the
advantage of avoiding costly Sc2 O3 24 ; a comprehensive com-
parison of the properties of other high temperature perovskite
dielectrics is available in Ref. 10
4. Conclusions
Electrical properties of the solid solution
(1 − x)Ba0.8 Ca0.2 TiO3 –xBi(Zn0.5 Ti0.5 )O3 have been stud-
ied. The solid solution limit occurred at x ≤ 0.3. Dielectric
measurements revealed a change from normal ferroelectric to
relaxor behaviour at x ≥ 0.1. Values of εr peak temperature
decreased from ∼130 ◦ C at x = 0 to ∼25 ◦ C at x = 0.1 and then
increased to 90 ◦ C at x = 0.3. Polarisation–electric field measure-
ment showed normal ferroelectric behaviour in x = 0 and 0.05
samples, with Pr ∼ 11 ␮C/cm2 at x = 0, and Pr ∼ 10 ␮C/cm2
for x = 0.05 samples; Ec increased from 8 kV/cm at x = 0 to
16 kV/cm at x = 0.05. Compositions 0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.3 were relaxor
dielectrics. Stability in values of relative permittivity over a
wide temperature range was demonstrated for x = 0.3, with
εr = 1030 ± 15% over the temperature range ≤25–425 ◦ C, and
tan δ ≤ 0.01 from 110 ◦ C to 420 ◦ C. The dc resistivity ranged
from ∼109  m at 300 ◦ C to ∼106  m at 450 ◦ C.
Acknowledgements
A. Zeb wishes to thank the Government of Pakistan (HEC and
Islamia College Peshawar, Chartered University) for providing
scholarship. The authors wish to thank A. Qasir for advice with
electrical measurements.
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