Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Project by
Ambion, Noel E.
Engineering (SCEGE)
Manila City
October 2014
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
As part of SOCIP’s function in directing the Institute’s extension services related to the
researcher’s fields, it has received a request from Barangay 872, Zone 95 Pandacan Manila for a
Structural Investigation and possible Design of a Third-Storey Extension from a Previously Built
Two-Storey Multi-Purpose Barangay Hall without the use of an As-Built Plan.
To investigate if the existing 2-storey Barangay Hall could carry an additional 3 rd storey,
without the use of an As-Built Plan, A design of the projected 3-storey structure was made using
STAAD. The design was based on the codes and provision of the National Structural Code of the
Philippines (NSCP 2010). This provided us with the minimum structural member requirements
for the structure to be safe. The computed minimum member requirements were then compared
with the existing 2-storey member properties.
In comparing the structural member properties of the 2 structures, the dimensions were
neglected since it was the same for both the structures. The area of steel was used for the main
part of comparison.
The investigation, computed using MS Excel, shows that the area of steel of the existing
2-storey is insufficient in carrying the additional loads from the 3rd storey. In light of this, a
retrofitting method is recommended
Our recommendation is the use of concrete jacketing for the columns. Jacketing is one of
the most frequently used techniques to strengthen reinforced concrete (RC) columns and beams.
With this method, axial strength, bending strength, and stiffness of the original structure are
increased. We advise further research and study regarding the implementation of this type of
retrofitting and its estimated cost. We suggest another thesis group to continue this study.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………………..vi
LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………………....ix
Appendix ...........................................................................................................................................
List of Figures
Fig. 3.1: The figure shows the location of the project and the nearby streets
Fig. 3. 2: The figure shows the location of the construction of the structure and nearby existing
buildings (satellite view)
Fig. 3.3: The figure shows the existing two-storey building that is subject for renovation
Fig. 5.16 Detail of Detail of Beam RB-1 or Beam no. 40 from STAAD Output
Fig. 5.24 Comparing Area of Steel As between "Existing 2nd Floor Beams" and "3-storey 2nd
Floor Beams"
Fig. 5.25 Result of Comparison in Area of Steel As between "Existing 2nd Floor Beams" and "3-
storey 2nd Floor Beams"
Fig. 5.26 Comparing Area of Steel between "Existing 2nd Floor Columns" and "3 Storey 2nd
Floor Columns"
Fig. 5.27 Result of Comparison in Area of Steel between "Existing 2nd Floor Columns" and "3
Storey 2nd Floor Columns"
\
List of Tables
Table 3.2 Proposed Mitigation and Enhancement Measures, Estimated Cost and Responsibilities
INTRODUCTION
The project is supported by the Office of Social Orientation and Community Involvement
Program (SOCIP) of Mapua Institute of Technology (MIT). The Office of SOCIP in accordance
with its mission and vision wanted to support the development of infrastructure in the location.
One of the visions of the SOCIP Office is to instil among faculty members, students and people
in the outside community a strong desire to improve and maintain sanitary environment
conditions. SOCIP also believes in the Institute’s principle of service efficiency as a way of
achieving the goals and priorities and in the promotion of the institute’s technological excellence.
It also maintains close and cooperative relationship among the different schools within the
Institute and the homes, and the communities that the Institute-carried-out project may service.
Included in one of their commitments is to fulfil an obligation and responsibility to our country
without reservation by actively supporting the projects and policies of our society and help bring
progress and prosperity to the entire Filipino race.
As part of SOCIP’s function in directing the Institute’s extension services related to the
researcher’s fields, it has received a request from Barangay 872, Zone 95 Pandacan Manila for a
Structural Design of a Third-Storey Extension from a Previously Built Two-Storey Multi-
Purpose Barangay Hall. In accordance with green engineering, water sustainability will be
included in the design of the requested vertical wall garden. The researchers chose this topic to
be able to help the community in their own way. As students who are educated in the field of
civil engineering, public service through civil works reinforced the selection of this topic.
CHAPTER 2
The existing structure may not be able to withstand the additional load from the 3rd story
extension. Structural members may fail if the loads imposed on them will be greater than what
they are designed for. If found out that retrofitting is needed, the most suitable method and
process must be identified for the structure.
The additional loads may also cause harmful effects on the existing foundation because
of its design, being only for the 2 storeys, and the bearing capacity of the soil. If retrofitting will
be needed due to the additional loads from the 3rd storey and/or structural retrofit then
identification of the most suitable method and process is needed.
The beneficiary requested for a vertical wall garden that will be self-sustaining and
economical. Fulfilment of this request requires study on the simple rainwater harvesting systems.
The rainwater system must be simple and yet able to address the need of water of the garden.
The project is also limited only to the investigation of the structure. Estimate and design of
the retrofit method is not part of the project.
Safety is the most important factor in any design subject. Hence, retrofitting methods will
be used if safety will become an issue in the existing structure.
Technology is very useful in the engineering design. Technology progresses the structural
design of a building. Designing of building nowadays are computer software simulated which is
user-friendly and have accurate calculations for the design.
This extension of service of the Institute was organized by SOCIP in accordance with its
mandate, vision and mission.
The beneficiary is to receive a design of the Extension of the Existing 2-Storey Multi-
Purpose Barangay Hall into a 3-Story Building with a Vertical Wall Garden in Barangay 872 of
Pandacan Manila Zone 95.
2.7 The Innovative Approach
The proposed 3rd storey extension of the existing 2 -storey Multi-Purpose Hall will be
analysed and conceptualized using computer-aided design programs.
STAAD.Pro
This program will help in the design and analysis of the different structural
elements.
ETABS
AutoCAD 2012
This program will be used for the layout of architectural and structural drawings.
Google Sketchup
The computations and results that will be provided by the aforementioned software will
be rechecked using the codes and provisions in the National Structural Code of the Philippines
2010.
There are many available methods and processes for structural and geotechnical
retrofitting; each is a solution to a specific problem. Research was made on the kinds of
retrofitting methods and processes in order for the group to identify the most suitable remedy
against possible structural and geotechnical shortcomings.
In accordance with the green engineering design to be incorporated in the structure, the
group conducted a research on systems that will give efficiency and sustainability to the use of
water resources. The group will specifically research on the use of rainwater harvesting for the
beneficiary requested vertical wall garden.
The design adopts and follows the codes and provisions of the National Structural Code
of the Philippines 2010.
2.10 Sustainable Development Concept
In adherence to the demand in the incorporation of green engineering in the design of
structures due to climate change, the group will research a water system that incorporates
rainwater harvesting with the vertical wall garden. This will be done with the philosophy of
green engineering in mind, which is the sustainability and efficiency of resource use. Rainwater
Harvesting System is necessary in promoting integrated sustainable development because the
water from the rain can be recycled and used for the maintenance of the vertical wall garden and
proven to be self-sustaining as the water is automatically delivered to the plants.
CHAPTER 3
Green design would also be applied for the structure following the beneficiary’s request
for a vertical wall garden with rainwater harvesting. The project will have a great economic
impact since the project would have a rainwater harvesting system.
Fig. 3.1: The figure shows the location of the project and the nearby streets
Fig. 3. 2: The figure shows the location of the construction of the structure and nearby existing
buildings.(satellite view)
Fig. 3.3: The figure shows the existing two-storey building that is subject for renovation
3.1.3 Project Information
The project is the Extension of an Existing Two-Story Multi-Purpose Barangay Hall into
a Three-Story Building with a Vertical Wall Garden is located at Barangay 872 Zone 95 District
VI Pandacan, Manila.
The detailed estimate of the project will comprise the materials cost and labor cost and
Extended Value Added Tax to satisfy the beneficiary’s declared budget.
POSSIBLE ENVIRONMENTAL
LEVEL OF IMPACT
PROBLEM/ISSUE
Noise Level Low Impact
Air Quality Low Impact
Flora and Fauna Low Impact
Economy Moderate Impact
Environmental and Health Issue Low Impact
Table 3.1 Predicted Environmental Issues and its Level of Significance
3.3.2 Brief Discussion of specific significant impacts on the Physical and Biological
Resources
Noise Level
Noise will have a low impact during the construction phase since the location is
surrounded by residential structures. The noise could cause irritation to the household residents.
No students and workers would be affected by the noise since the location is only a residential
area.
Air Quality
Air quality will have a low impact only during the construction phase as the air quality
would change once minor sources of chemicals would be present.
3.4.1 Summary Matrix of Proposed Mitigation and Enhanced Measures, Estimated Cost
and Responsibilities
Environmental
Proposed Mitigation Cost Responsibilities
Problem/Issue
Construction Phase
Before the construction, the
residents around the location will
be informed about the project to
be constructed
Noise Level N/A CONTRACTOR
In construction, activities that
will produce loud noise will be
scheduled during day time to
avoid construction at night.
Environmental FREQUENCY OF
MITIGATION MEASURES
Problem/Issue MONITORING
Construction Phase
Before the construction, the
residents around the location will DAILY
be informed about the project to
Noise Level be constructed
In construction, activities that
will produce loud noise will be
DAILY
scheduled in day time to avoid
construction at night.
Before Construction Phase
The workers would be oriented
by the contractor to avoid DAILY
occurrence of air-related
problem.
During Construction Phase
The perimeter of project location
will be surrounded by fence to
avoid disturbances during
DAILY
Air Quality construction. The workers will
implement dust control by
putting up fine nets in the
location
After Construction Phase
To control air infection in the
area clearing of any objects that
DAILY
may affect air quality must be
done after the construction
phase.
There is minimal impact to the
Flora and
environment therefore DAILY
Fauna
mitigations are not necessary
Safety precautions will be
observed during the construction DAILY
Environmental phase.
and Health Health measures will be put into
Issue place to prevent emissions of
DAILY
substances that may harm the
public’s health
Table 3.3 Mitigation Measures and Frequency of Monitoring
The guidelines provided by the stated agencies must be followed strictly during the
construction of the building.
CHAPTER 4
4.1 Abstract
The officials of Barangay 872 of Zone 95 Pandacan Manila seek to extend their existing
2-Storey Multi-Purpose Barangay Hall into a 3-Storey Structure with a Vertical Wall Garden.
Health of the existing structure and foundation may be harmed because of the additional loads
from the 3rd storey extension.
Analaysis and Investigation of the existing structure may lead into retrofitting. The group
will research on the kinds of retrofitting methods and processes for the structural and
geotechnical aspect of the building. The researchers must be able to come up with a design
recommendation of the retrofits that would be most suitable for the project given the economical
and spatial constraints.
To be able to adhere to the green engineering design of the project, the students must
research on the kinds of rainwater harvesting systems for the requested vertical wall garden. The
research must be able to identify the most fitting system for the project given the same
economical and spatial limitations.
4.2 Introduction
Retrofitting is the upgrading of certain building system, such as mechanical, electrical, or
structural, to improve performance, function or appearance (Newman, 2001). Its concepts include
strengthening, repairing and remoulding (CEB, 1995). According to the article "Making existing
structures earthquake resistant", seismic retrofitting is the modification of existing structures to
make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground motion, or soil failure due to earthquakes.
The retrofit techniques are also applicable for other natural hazards such as tropical cyclones,
tornadoes, and severe winds from thunderstorms. It is mostly used for earthquake-damaged
buildings and earthquake vulnerable buildings.
The short description of Retrofitting stated above explains its importance. This proves to
be a better option in providing the economic concerns and immediate housing problems rather
than replacement of buildings.
According to the same article "Making existing structures earthquake resistant", with the
development of performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE), several levels of
performance objectives are gradually recognized such as Public Safety, Structure Survivability,
Structure Functionality, and Structure Unaffected. The goal in Public Safety is to protect human
life, ensuring that the structure will not collapse upon its occupants or passers-by, and that the
structure can be safely exited. Under severe seismic conditions the structure may be a total
economic write‐off, requiring tear down and replacement. The goal in Structure Survivability is
that the structure, while remaining safe for exit, may require extensive repair (but not
replacement) before it is generally useful or considered safe for occupation. This is typically the
lowest level of retrofit applied to bridges. In structure Functionality, the primary structure is
undamaged and the structure is undiminished in utility for its primary application. A high level
of retrofit, this ensures that any required repairs are only "cosmetic" for example, minor cracks in
plaster, drywall and stucco. This is the minimum acceptable level of retrofit for hospitals. In
structure unaffected, the level of retrofit is preferred for historic structures of high cultural
significance. There is a need in Earthquake Vulnerable Buildings if the buildings have been
designed according to a seismic code, but the code has been upgraded in later years; if the
buildings designed to meet the modern seismic codes, but deficiencies exist in the design
or construction; essential buildings must be strengthened like hospitals, historical monuments
and architectural buildings; important buildings whose service is assumed to be essential even
just after an earthquake; buildings the use of which has changed through the years; buildings that
are expanded, renovated or rebuilt.
The proposed project, as discussed in the statement of the problem, is an existing building
that the beneficiary wished to be expanded. Hence, retrofitting will be required.
As required by the beneficiary, the building will never be completed if there is no touch
of green. The green design of the project will focus on the mechanisms of water consumption
reduction.
According to the article, “Seismic Retrofit of existing Buildings”, some seismic hazard
mitigation technologies includes friction damper, fluid viscous damper, carbon fibre reinforced
plastic, fibre reinforced cement, and external prestressing.
According to the article “Friction Dampers for Seismic Control of Buildings”, the use of
friction dampers has shown to provide a practical economical and effective new approach to
design building to resist earthquakes. It has very high dissipation capacity, is reliable and
maintenance free and offers savings in the initial cost of new construction or retrofit of existing
buildings.
According to the article “Retrofitting of Existing RCC Buildings by Method of
Jacketing”, to increase the capacity/strength of the system (Seismic Resistance Based Design)
concrete jacketing, steel jacketing or FRP wrapping may be done.
4.4 Methodology
The research will concentrate on the analysis and investigation of the existing structure.
Researches and relevant studies are to be collected to address the results in the investigatio n of
the existing structure. As the most suitable design and methods are determined, the evaluated
structural approach will be incorporated into the design. For green approach of the project,
efficiency computations are to be considered to determine the effectiveness of these features.
Relevant studies and researches will be gathered regarding the design of the rainwater harvesting
to come up with economic design.
If the beneficiary accepts the proposed design and no revisions are demanded, the final
design will be made. The final design will comply with the prescribed specifications and
restrictions of the beneficiary.
4.4.2 Conceptual Framework
Discussion and Planning with Beneficiary On Site Investigation and Data Gathering
Evaluation
Applicable
Conceptual Design
Estimation Cost
Reconsiderations
Consultation of Beneficiary
Final Design
4.5 Results and Discussion
The objectives of retrofitting are Structure Survivability, Structure Functionality, and
Structure Unaffected. The goal in Public Safety is to protect human life, ensuring that the
structure will not collapse upon its occupants or passers-by, and that the structure can be safely
exited. If upon the result of our investigation for the extension of the existing two storey
barangay hall fails, then the structure will be risky for all the people residing around it. The goal
in Structure Survivability is that the structure, while remaining safe for exit, may require
extensive repair (but not replacement) before it is generally useful or considered safe
for occupation.
For the vertical wall garden requested by the beneficiary, the use of rooftop rainwater
harvesting is recommended since it is a system of catching rainwater where it falls. In rooftop
harvesting, the roof becomes the catchments, and the rainwater is collected from the roof of the
house/building. It can either be stored in a tank or diverted to artificial recharge system. This
method is less expensive and very effective and if implemented properly helps in augmenting the
ground water level of the area.
CHAPTER 5
5.0 Introduction
To investigate if the existing 2-storey Barangay Hall could carry an additional 3 rd storey,
a design of a 3-storey Barangay Hall was made to determine the minimum member
requirements. The designed minimum member requirements are then compared with the
members of the existing 2-storey Barangay Hall.
Dead loads consist of the weight of all materials and fixed equipment
incorporated into the building or other structure [*] – Section 202 Definitions NSCP 2010
The loads used were determined by ocular observation of the existing structure,
the values were obtained from “Table 204-2 Minimum Design Dead Loads (kPa)” of the
NSCP [*].
Live loads shall be the maximum loads expected by the intended use or
occupancy but in no case shall be less than the loads required by this section. [*] –Section
205 Live Loads NSCP 2010
The loads used were determined from the structures’ function and was obtained
from “Table 205-1 Minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live Loads” of the NSCP [*]
Base Shear (V), is the total design lateral force or shear at the base of a structure.
It is an estimate of the maximum expected lateral force that will occur due to seismic
ground motion at the base of a structure. [*] Section 208.2 Definitions, Earthquake Loads
– NSCP2010
Seismic parameters used for the computation of the earthquake load are based
from the structural material, seismic zone, occupancy, distance from fault line, soil type,
and structural system.
The Philippine archipelago is divided into two seismic zones only; Zone 2 covers
the provinces of Palawan, Sulu, and Taw-Tawi while the rest of the country is under
Zone 4. Each structure shall be assigned a seismic zone factor Z, in accordance with
Table 208-3. [*] Sec 208.4.4.1 – Seismic Zone
Zone 2 4
Z 0.20 0.40
Table 5.3 Seismic Zone Factor
Since the structure is located at Metro Manila, it is under “Seismic Zone 4”:
Seismic Zone Factor, Z = 0.4
2. Occupancy Category, I
Each site shall be assigned a soil profile type based on properly substantiated
geotechnical data using the site categorization procedure set forth in Sec 208.10 and
Table 208-2. [*] Sec 208.4.3- Site Geology and Soil Characteristics
Exception: When the soil properties are not known in sufficient detail to
determine the soil profile type,Type Sd shall be used. Soil Profile Type Se or Sf need not
be assumed unless the building official determines that Type Se or Sf may be present at
the site or in the event that Type Se or Sf is established by geotechnical data. [*] Sec
208.4.3- Site Geology and Soil Characteristics
Soil Profile Soil Profile Average Soil Properties for Top 30m of Soil Profile
Type Name / Generic Shear Wave SPT, N Undrained
Description Velocity, Vs (blows/300mm) Shear Strength,
(m/s) Su (kPa)
Sa Hard Rock >1500
Sb Rock 760 to 1500
Sc Very Dense 360 to 760 >50 >100
Soil and Soft
Rock
Sd Stiff Soil 180 to 360 15 to 50 50 to 100
Profile
Se Soft Soil <!80 <15 <50
Profile
Sf Soil Requiring Site-specific Evaluation.
See Section 208.4.3.1
Table 5.5 – Soil Profile Types
Na = 1
Since the structure is located more than 15km from a known seismic source:
Nv = 1
Since the soil type is Sd and the seismic zone is 0.4, Ca= 0.44Na:
Ca=0.44*(1)
Seismic Coefficient, Ca=0.44
Soil Profile Type Seismic Zone Z
Z=0.2 Z=0.4
Sa 0.16 0.32Nv
Sb 0.20 0.40Nv
Sc 0.32 0.56 Nv
Sd 0.40 0.64 Nv
Se 0.64 0.96 Nv
Sf See Footnote 1 of Table 208-8
Table 5.10 – Seismic Coefficient, Cv
Since the soil type is Sd and the seismic zone is 0.4, Cv=0.64Nv:
Cv=0.66*(1)
Seismic Coefficient, Cv=0.66
4. R
R is used for computing the design base shear. It is a numerical coefficient representative of the
inherent over strength and global ductility capacity of lateral-force-resisting systems, as set forth
in Table 208-11 or 208-13 [*] Sec 208.3 – Symbols and Notation
5. Structure Period, T
T is the elastic fundamental period of vibration of the structure in the direction under
consideration, sec [*] Sec 208.3 – Symbols and Notation
Using method A:
For all buildings, the value T may be approximated from the following equation:
T=Ct(hn)3/4
Where:
Ct = 0.0731 for reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames and eccentrically braced frames.
Ct = 0.0488 for all other buildings.
Since the structure uses reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames, the value for Ct is:
Ct = 0.0731
Since the structure is 9m tall, the value for hn is:
hn=9m
Computing for T:
T=0.0731(9)3/4
Structure Period, T= 0.37983874
Factored load combinations are used to determine the most critical effects of different
loads when acting against the structure simultaneously. Load and resistance factor design must
be used on the structures and all of its portions to resist the most critical effects of the different
loads.[*] 203.3.1 Basic Load Combinations
Wind loads as lateral loads were not considered since we will be using a roof deck and
based on computation the earthquake load will be more critical
Since wind loads were not considered, only the factored load combinations with dead
loads, live loads and earthquake loads were used.
0.9D + 1.0E
Where:
D = Dead load
L = Live load
E = Earthquake load
Fig. 5.6 STAAD Factored Load Combination 1.2D+1.6L
5.2.1 Introduction
To investigate if the existing 2-storey Barangay Hall could carry an additional 3 rd storey,
a design of a 3-storey Barangay Hall was made to determine the minimum number of steel
reinforcements with the existing beam dimensions as parameters. The designed minimum steel
reinforcements are then compared with the steel reinforcements of the members of the existing 2-
storey Barangay Hall.
The design of the 3-storey Barangay Hall required the design of the beams, columns,
slabs and foundation against dead, live and seismic loads. For the design of the beams, columns
and slabs the program STAAD.Pro V8i was used however in the design of the foundation, MS
Excel mainly used.
STAAD.Pro V8i was used in the design of the beams. Using the most critical load
combination of the dead,live and seismic loads, the minimum required steel reinforcement for
flexure and shear was determined while within the existing beam dimensions.
The schedule of the beam is provided and as for thesis requirements, a manual sample
computation of a beam is provided.
5.2.2.1 Sample Computation
Beam RB-1 or Beam no. 40 in STAAD is used to show the manual sample computation.
Computation for the minimum Area of Shear Reinforcement, Av, and Stirrups Spacing, s:
Since is safe!
Fig. 5.16 Detail of Detail of Beam RB-1 or Beam no. 40 from STAAD Output
5.2.3 Design of Columns
STAAD.Pro V8i was used in the design of the columns. Using the most critical load
combination of the dead,live and seismic loads the minimum required steel reinforcement was
determined while within the existing column dimensions. The spacing of ties was determined
from the minimum requirements of the NSCP.
The schedule of the column is provided and as for thesis requirements, a manual sample
computation of a column is provided.
Vertical spacing of lateral ties shall not exceed 16 longitudinal bar diameters, 48 tie bar
diameters, or one half times the least side dimension of the composite member.
Vertical Tie Spacing must be least of the following:
192 mm
Axial
Beam Name Dimension Ties
Reinforcement
Bar
No. of bars
diamater
3rd Floor
3C-1 340x320 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
3C-2 315x330 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
3C-3 340x320 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
3C-4 370x325 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
3C-5 340x355 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
3C-6 340x340 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
nd
2 Floor
2C-1 340x320 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
2C-2 315x330 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
2C-3 340x320 12 mm 16 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
2C-4 370x325 16 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
2C-5 340x355 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
2C-6 340x340 16 mm 8 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
1st Floor
C-1 340x320 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
C-2 315x330 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
C-3 340x320 16 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
C-4 370x325 16 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
C-5 340x355 16 mm 8 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
C-6 340x340 16 mm 8 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
ACI one-way
Slab S10 or Plate no. 74 in STAAD
Solving for W:
Solving for d:
Sample Computation for the Flexure Reinforcement Bars for Slab S10 done in MS Excel:
2758 kN-m
Computation for, Ru
Solving for d:
Since
Computation for Area of Steel, As:
4. Unfactored live load, L, does not exceed three times unfactored dead load, D,; and
For Calculation negative moments, ln, is taken as the average of the adjacent clear spans lengths.
POSITIVE MOMENTS:
End Spans
Discontinuous end unrestrained
Discointinuous end integral with support
Interior Spans
NEGATIVE MOMENTS:
At exterior face of first interiod support
Two spans
More than two spans
At other faces of interiopr supports
At face of all supports for: slabs with spans not
exceeding 3 meters; and beams where ratio of
sum of column stiffness to beam stiffness
exceeds eight at each end of the span
At interior face of exterior support for members
built integrally with supports:
Where support is a spandrel beam
Where support is a column
SHEAR:
At face of first interior support
At face of all other supports
where:
Two-way Shear Failure:
where:
Since d in two-way shear failure is greater than d in one-way shear failure, use d =
552 mm.
Assuming that the column is rigid, we can have a cantilever beam with a uniform
load of 258.77 kPa times the length of the beam along the other direction.
Φ = 0.9
b = 3400 mm
d = 675 – 75 – 20 – 10 = 570 mm
Hence, use
SUMMARY:
Use 3.4 m x 3.4 m footing, with a thickness of 675 mm having 21 ф20 mm
reinforcing bars spaced at 160 mm o.c. on both directions.
5.2.6 Investigation
To determine if the steel reinforcement in the existing 2-storey structure satisfies the
minimum requirements for the additional 3rd storey, we compared the computed Area of steel of
each beam in the 2-storey to its corresponding beam in the 3-storey structure.
Beam and column sizes are neglected in the investigation since the dimensions of the
members in both the 2-storey and 3-storey are the same.
MS Excel was used for the computations in this investigation
Beam Investigation
Fig. 5.24 Comparing Area of Steel As between "Existing 2nd Floor Beams" and "3-storey 2nd
Floor Beams"
Fig. 5.25 Result of Comparison in Area of Steel As between "Existing 2nd Floor Beams" and "3-
storey 2nd Floor Beams"
Column Investigation
Fig. 5.26 Comparing Area of Steel between "Existing 2nd Floor Columns" and "3 Storey 2nd
Floor Columns"
Fig 5.27 Result of Comparison in Area of Steel between "Existing 2nd Floor Columns" and "3
Storey 2nd Floor Columns"
Comparing the area of steels of the beams and columns of the two structures, it can be
seen that the area of steel in the existing structure is insufficient to carry the additional loads of
the 3rd storey.
5.3 Architectural Plan
5.3.2 Elevation
The structural codes used in the proposed Medium Rise Housing conform to the
National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) 2010 Volume 1 (Buildings and other
Vertical Structures) and to the American Concrete Institute (ACI) Code for Buildings.
Minimum design loads are considered based from the NSCP 2010, as well as the seismic
considerations.
Dead Load
Dead Loads used for the design were based on National Structural code of the
Philippines (NSCP) 2010 Volume 1 Table204-2 Minimum Design Dead Loads (kPa)
Earthquake Load
Earthquake parameters were established based from the material to be used for the
design, seismic zone, occupancy, and distance from a fault line, soil type, and structural
system. Seismic load computation was done by the STAAD pro 2007 software.
Zone, Z 0.4
Importance Factor, I (Standard Occupancy Structure) 1.0
Soil Profile Type Sd
Seismic Type A
Near Source Factor, Na 1
Near Source Factor, Nv 1
Seismic Coefficient, Ca 0.44
Seismic Coefficient, Cv 0.66
R, Over-strength Factor (SMRF Concrete) 3.5
Under the earthquake load total base shear is also computed. It is necessary for
the computation of horizontal distribution. is used to compute the period
of the structure. The period of the structure is the elastic fundamental period of vibration
of the structure. While is used for the computation of base shear. But you
need to check the value of V if it exceeds the maximum V, . If yes, use the
maximum. It is also needed to check for the minimum, use the equation
Load Combinations
The load factors considered in the design are the following: dead load, live load,
and seismic load. Wind loading as a lateral load was not considered since based from the
computations the earthquake load will be more critical than the wind load as a lateral
load.
1.2D + 1.6L
0.9D + 1.0E
Where:
The designer may select any from the load combinations provided by the NSCP.
It depends on the weather condition, location of the structure. For example, if the
structure is near a fault line it must use the load combination that involves earthquake
load. Conversely, if the structure is predictable to experience both strong wind and
earthquake, the load combination involving them will be used. And whatsoever is more
critical will govern. The design of beams, girders, and columns used STAAD software.
The software provides the dimensions of the members and the required number of rebars
and stirrups. It also gives the volume required for concrete and rebars which are needed
for estimation part of the paper.
The design of the beams, girders and columns provided the group with the
minimum requirements for a 3-storey structure. A design for a 2-storey structure was also
made to serve as the as-built plan for the Barangay Hall. These two designs were the
basis for the investigation. The steel reinforcements were the only varying factors since
the beam and column dimensions pre-set in Staad was the same. The steel reinforcements
were the basis if the structure will be able to carry the additional storey or not.
5.4.2 Minor Fields of engineering
Green walls have seen a recent surge in popularity. Of the 61 large-scale outdoor
green walls listed in an online database provided by greenroof.com, 80% were
constructed in or after 2009 and 93% dated from no later than 2007. Many Iconic green
walls have been constructed by Institutions and in public places such as Airports and are
now becoming common, to improve the aesthetics.
Green walls are found most often in urban environments where the plants reduce
overall temperatures of the building. "The primary cause of heat build-up in cities
is insolation, the absorption of solar radiation by roads and buildings in the city and the
storage of this heat in the building material and its subsequent re-radiation. Plant surfaces
however, as a result of transpiration, do not rise more than 4–5 °C above the ambient and
are sometimes cooler."
Living walls may also be a means for water reuse. The plants may purify slightly
polluted water (such as greywater) by absorbing the dissolved nutrients. Bacteria
mineralize the organic components to make them available to the plants. A study is
underway at the Bertschi School in Seattle, Washington using a GSky Pro Wall system,
however, no publicly available data on this is available at this time.
Living walls are particularly suitable for cities, as they allow good use of
available vertical surface areas. They are also suitable in arid areas, as the circulating
water on a vertical wall is less likely to evaporate than in horizontal gardens.
The living wall could also function for urban agriculture, urban gardening, or for
its beauty as art. It is sometimes built indoors to help alleviate sick building syndrome .
The concept that has been discussed is concepts that will be used in this paper that
covers environmental engineering. These concepts will further be discussed in the related
literature part of the paper.
5.4.2.2 Geotechnical Engineering
In the first part of making this thesis when the project and beneficiary are
available, one of the things the researchers considered is on what areas of civil
engineering the project will focus. One of the goals of the proposed design of the three-
storey office building is that it can withstand the loads that will be applied to it. In order
to achieve this, the group decided to consider geotechnical engineering as one of the
minor areas of this project.
A building’s foundation transmits loads from buildings and other structures to the
earth. Foundations are designed and constructed for structures of various sizes such as
high-rise buildings, bridges, medium to large commercial buildings, and smaller
structures where the soil conditions do not allow code-based design. Foundations are
designed to resist bending, settlement, shear, bearing and axial. Bearing capacity is the
ability of the site soils to support the loads imposed by buildings or structures. Settlement
occurs under all foundations in all soil conditions, though lightly loaded structures or
rock sites may experience negligible settlements. There are various types of foundation
that can be used on structures. It depends on the soil bearing capacity, depth of the
foundation and the column to column distances.
The types of foundation used for the structure are isolated square footing for the
extreme and combined footing at the center of the structure due to narrow space
available. Isolated footing is used to support single columns. This is one of the most
economical types of footings and is sued when columns are spaced at relatively long
distances, while combined footings usually support two columns, or three columns that
are not in a row. Combined footings are used when two columns are so close that single
footings cannot be used or when one column is located at or near a property.
Properties and provisions for the design of foundations are also stated on the
National Structure Code of the Philippines. The properties used for the square footing are
the following:
Cc 75 Mm
Df 2.8 M
Qa 217.0 kPa
15 kN/m^3
F’c 28 MPa
Fy 414 MPa
Diameter of bar 16 mm
Reduction Factors
On the other hand Two-Way Action is where each of the critical section to be
investigated may be located so that its perimeter is a minimum but need not approach
closer than d/2 (a) edges or corners of columns or (b) changes in slab thickness. For Two-
Way Action Vc is the smaller value of and .
The required steel areas were computed as well as the size of the footings and the
steel reinforcements. By using Microsoft Excel, the computation of the footings becomes
easier since you only have to input the correct formula and the data. The dimensions of
the isolated footings are: 3400mm x 3400mm with a thickness of 675mm having 21-
20mm diameter reinforcing bars spaced at 160mm on center on both directions.
Throughout the time, the researchers were able to apply what they have learned
from soil mechanics and foundation design subjects. As civil engineering students, the
researchers were able to design the foundation of our project. Because they have provided
the detailed design with the aid of data, theories and principle we were able to attain the
Geotechnical aspect of the structure. They also understand and appreciate more of the
importance of the foundation of a structure together with several aspect you have to to
consider in designing and the significance of having a reliable data. Based on this part of
the paper, the design of combined footing is more complex than the isolated footing
because of the type of load they carry.
CHAPTER 6
PROMOTIONAL MATERIAL
The promotional materials used to make this projects and make it in a presentable manner are
the following programs:
a) Google SketchUp
-Help in the rendering of 3D models for the panels as well as the architectural work. It
has the ease of using free form methods of constructing elements making it a more
friendly method in creating drawing drafts.
b) AutoCad
- Help in the layouts of the floor plans specifically the design of the structural works and
as well as the architectural plans.
c) STAAD.Pro V8i
- Help in determining the design of the structural elements which includes the beams,
columns, and footings. This software is the basis in knowing the required reinforcing bars
for each structural elements, the cutting lists, and the bill of quantities to be generated.
6.1 Project Model (Perspective)
BUDGET ESTIMATION
1. Concrete Works
2. Form Works
3. Rebar Costing
5. Architectural Finishes
7. Miscellaneous Works
Following this step, the durations for the various tasks necessary to complete
the work are listed and grouped into a work breakdown structure. Project planning is often used
to organize different areas of a project, including project plans, workloads and the management
of teams and individuals.
Based on the schedule generated by the software MS Project 2013, the over-all estimated
duration of the extension of the Barangay hall in Pandacan, Manila is 21 days. Majority of the
estimated days goes to the Structural Works which includes formworks, rebar laying and
concrete pouring of structural members.
The aim of this thesis project is to investigate the existing 2-storey Brgy. Hall if it can
carry an additional 3rd storey and if eligible, design the additional storey. In addition to the
design and investigation, recommendation of a vertical wall garden design is to be given to
contribute to the environmental impact of the structure and promote green design
Also, a retrofit method is to be recommended.
A design of the projected 3-storey structure was made using STAAD. The design was
based on the codes and provision of the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP
2010). This provided us with the minimum structural member requirements for the structure to
be safe. The computed minimum member requirements were then compared with the existing 2-
storey member properties.
In comparing the structural member properties of the 2 structures, the dimensions were
neglected since it was the same for both the structures. The area of steel was used for the main
part of comparison.
The investigation, computed using MS Excel, shows that the area of steel of the existing
2-storey is insufficient in carrying the additional loads from the 3 rd storey. In light of this, a
retrofitting method is recommended and can be found in the recommendations.
Chapter 10
RECOMMENDATIONS
As the group applied green engineering, exemplary architectural design and innovative
structural design to the barangay hall, the project seems to be in a full package but the health of
the existing structure and foundation may be harmed because of the additional loads from the 3rd
storey extension. Analysis and Investigation of the existing structure may lead into retrofitting.
Our recommendation is the use of concrete jacketing for the columns. Jacketing is one of
the most frequently used techniques to strengthen reinforced concrete (RC) columns and beams.
With this method, axial strength, bending strength, and stiffness of the original structure are
increased. The success of this procedure is dependent on the monolithic behaviour of the
composite element. Steel Connectors are occasionally applied. These steps involve specialized
workmanship, time and cost; but our recommendation is not limited to concrete jacketing only.
We advise further research and studies regarding the implementation of this type of retrofitting
and its estimated cost. We suggest another thesis group to continue this study.
For the vertical wall garden as requested by the beneficiary, we would recommend
rooftop rainwater harvesting since it is a system of catching rainwater where it falls. In rooftop
harvesting, the roof becomes the catchments, and the rainwater is collected from the roof of the
house/building. It can either be stored in a tank or diverted to artificial recharge system. This
method is less expensive and very effective and if implemented properly helps in augmenting the
ground water level of the area.
Chapter 11
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The group would like to express their deepest gratitude and appreciation to the following
personages and establishments whose support, effort and assistance greatly contributed to the
accomplishment and success of this project proposal.
First, to our dear and ever supportive parents, whose financial and moral support kept us
going from the beginning until the last phase of our thesis project.
Second, to our thesis adviser, Engr. Edgardo S. Cruz, whose ideas and advice contributed
to the progress of our project. He really guided us on the formulation and design phase of our
thesis and we would like to thank him for sharing his knowledge and expertise during our
consultations with him. We are very glad and thankful for having him as our thesis adviser.
Third, to Engr. Divina Gonzales and Engr. JP Carreon, our CE200L professors, whose
assistance and guidance really helped in the formulation of our thesis problem and title at the
beginning. We would also like to thank Engr. Cueto for his constructive criticisms, tips and
advice during the first oral defence that help us create a better project presentation.
To our beneficiary, Chairman Lorena S. Engracial, we are really grateful that they us for
their future project. We are very thankful for the trust they have given us.
Lastly, we would like to thank God for keeping us blessed and safe everyday as we
continue to pursue our study. When things are getting hard in our thesis, His grace enlightens us
and helps us keep going. Our success will never be completed without His blessings.
CHAPTER 12
REFERENCES
Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines (2010) National Structural Code of the
Philippines 2010
E-REFERENCES
http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/11_497.PDF
http://web.mit.edu/istgroup/ist/documents/earthquake/Part5.pdf
http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/10_vol9_5107.pdf
Seismic Retrofitting
http://buildingresearch.com.np/services/sr/sr3.php
Methods of Rainwater Harvesting
http://theconstructor.org/water-resources/methods-of-rainwater-harvesting/5420/
APPENDIX
APPENDIX A.
Article Type Paper
CEGE Journal
ISBN ________________________
Abstract
The officials of Barangay 872 of Zone 95 Pandacan Manila seek to extend their existing
2-Storey Multi-Purpose Barangay Hall into a 3-Storey Structure with a Vertical Wall
Garden. Health of the existing structure and foundation may be harmed because of the
additional loads from the 3rd storey extension. Analysis and Investigation of the existing
structure may lead into retrofitting. In this thesis paper, the group will research on the
kinds of retrofitting methods and processes for the structural and geotechnical aspect of
the building. The researchers must be able to come up with a design recommendation of
the retrofits that would be most suitable for the project given the economical and spatial
constraints. To be able to adhere to the green engineering design of the project, the
students must research on the kinds of rainwater harvesting systems for the requested
vertical wall garden. The research must be able to identify the most fitting system for the
project given the same economical and spatial limitations.
Acronyms/Abbreviations
1 Introduction
The project is supported by the Office of Social Orientation and Community Involvement
Program (SOCIP) of Mapua Institute of Technology (MIT). The Office of SOCIP in accordance
with its mission and vision wanted to support the development of infrastructure in the location.
One of the visions of the SOCIP Office is to instil among faculty members, students and people
in the outside community a strong desire to improve and maintain sanitary environment
conditions. SOCIP also believes in the Institute’s principle of service efficiency as a way of
achieving the goals and priorities and in the promotion of the institute’s technological excellence.
It also maintains close and cooperative relationship among the different schools within the
Institute and the homes, and the communities that the Institute-carried-out project may service.
Included in one of their commitments is to fulfil an obligation and responsibility to our country
without reservation by actively supporting the projects and policies of our society and help bring
progress and prosperity to the entire Filipino race.
As part of SOCIP’s function in directing the Institute’s extension services related to the
researcher’s fields, it has received a request from Barangay 872, Zone 95 Pandacan Manila for a
Structural Design of a Third-Storey Extension from a Previously Built Two-Storey Multi-
Purpose Barangay Hall. In accordance with green engineering, water sustainability will be
included in the design of the requested vertical wall garden. The researchers chose this topic to
be able to help the community in their own way. As students who are educated in the field of
civil engineering, public service through civil works reinforced the selection of this topic.
The officials of Barangay 872 seek to expand their 2-story Multi-Purpose Barangay Hall.
The expansion will be the addition of a 3rd storey to the existing 2-storey building. The effects of
the additional loads from the 3rd storey on the structure must be identified in order for the
researchers to come up with a safe and economic design.
CEGE Journal
ISBN ________________________
The existing structure may not be able to withstand the additional load from the 3 rd story
extension. Structural members may fail if the loads imposed on them will be greater than what
they are designed for. If found out that retrofitting is needed, the most suitable method and
process must be identified for the structure.
The additional loads may also cause harmful effects on the existing foundation because
of its design, being only for the 2 storeys, and the bearing capacity of the soil. If retrofitting will
be needed due to the additional loads from the 3 rd storey and/or structural retrofit then
identification of the most suitable method and process is needed.
The beneficiary requested for a vertical wall garden that will be self-sustaining and
economical. Fulfilment of this request requires study on the simple rainwater harvesting systems.
The rainwater system must be simple and yet able to address the need of water of the garden.
The main objective of the study is to analyze and investigate the existing structure to know if
it is capable of carrying the additional loads or if retrofitting is needed. If retrofitting is needed a
research on the retrofitting methods and processes that will be most suitable for the structure will
be needed. Also, the project aims to promote green engineering through sustainability and
efficiency of resources by integrating rainwater harvesting into the beneficiary’s requested
vertical wall garden, thus a research on the method of rainwater harvesting shall also be
conducted.
This study is limited due to economic restraints and unavailability of data. The “as-built”
plan of the Barangay Hall structure cannot be found from the owners nor from “DPWH-South
Manila” offices. We were unable to conduct a “Non-destructive test”, a method in finding out the
properties of a beam or column, due to its high cost.
Thus, the group chose to base the data on the minimum design requirements for the structure.
These minimum design requirements were obtained by designing a 2-storey structure with
existing barangay hall’s function, use and member dimensions.
The project is also limited only to the investigation of the structure. Estimate and design of
the retrofit method is not part of the project.
CEGE Journal
ISBN ________________________
Seismic Strengthening or Retrofitting are actions taken to upgrade the seismic resistance
of an existing building so that it becomes safer under future earthquakes. This can be in the form
of providing seismic bands, eliminating sources of weakness or concentrations of large mass and
openings in walls, adding shear walls or strong column points in walls, bracing roofs and floors
to be able to act as horizontal diaphragms, adequately connecting roofs to walls and columns and
2
also connecting between walls and foundations.
________________________
1
Methods for Seismic Retrofitting of Structures,
http://web.mit.edu/istgroup/ist/documents/earthquake/Part5.pdf
2
Retrofitting of Existing RCC Buildings by Method of Jacketing,
http://raijmr.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/1_1-9-Bhavar-Dadasaheb-O.-et-al.pdf
CEGE Journal
ISBN ________________________
The retrofitting of a building requires an appreciation for the technical, economic and
social aspects of the issue in hand. Changes in construction technologies and innovation in
retrofit technologies present added challenge to engineers in selecting a technically,
economically and socially acceptable solution. Conventional upgrading techniques usually
include the addition and/or strengthening of existing walls, frames and foundations. Adopting
these recommendations often leads to heavy demolition, lengthy construction time,
reconstruction, and occupant relocation with all the associated direct and indirect costs. It is often
the indirect costs, the environmentally hostile approach, and the inconvenience associated with
conventional techniques that deter building owners and custodians from committing to seismic
3
retrofit.
________________________
3
Seismic Retrofitting, http://buildingresearch.com.np/services/sr/sr3.php
4
Methods for Seismic Retrofitting of Structures,
http://web.mit.edu/istgroup/ist/documents/earthquake/Part5.pdf
CEGE Journal
ISBN ________________________
Some seismic hazard mitigation technologies includes friction damper, fluid viscous
damper, carbon fibre reinforced plastic, fibre reinforced cement, and external prestressing.
The use of friction dampers has shown to provide a practical economical and effective
new approach to design building to resist earthquakes. It has very high dissipation capacity, is
reliable and maintenance free and offers savings in the initial cost of new construction or retrofit
5
of existing buildings.
________________________
5
Seismic Retrofitting, http://buildingresearch.com.np/services/sr/sr3.php
6
Friction Dampers for Seismic Control of Buildings
http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/11_497.PDF
CEGE Journal
ISBN ________________________
There are two ways of harvesting water - surface runoff harvesting and roof top
rainwater harvesting. In urban area rainwater flows away as surface runoff. This runoff could be
caught and used for recharging aquifers by adopting appropriate methods; this is considered as
surface runoff harvesting. Rooftop rainwater harvesting is a system of catching rainwater where
it falls. In rooftop harvesting, the roof becomes the catchments, and the rainwater is collected
from the roof of the house/building. It can either be stored in a tank or diverted to artificial
recharge system. This method is less expensive and very effective and if implemented properly
helps in augmenting the ground water level of the area. 8
________________________
7
Retrofitting of Existing RCC Buildings by Method of Jacketing,
http://raijmr.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/1_1-9-Bhavar-Dadasaheb-O.-et-al.pdf
8
Methods of Rainwater Harvesting,
http://theconstructor.org/water-resources/methods-of-rainwater-harvesting/5420/
CEGE Journal
ISBN ________________________
3 Methodology
The study is considered as Evaluative and Applied types of research, with concepts and
relevant studies as the basis of the analysis of the existing elements of the structure and the
structural approach of retrofitting.
The research will concentrate on the analysis and investigation of the existing structure.
Researches and relevant studies are to be collected to address the results in the investigation of
the existing structure. As the most suitable design and methods are determined, the evaluated
structural approach will be incorporated into the design. For green approach of the project,
efficiency computations are to be considered to determine the effectiveness of these features.
Relevant studies and researches will be gathered regarding the design of the rainwater harvesting
to come up with economic design.
If the beneficiary accepts the proposed design and no revisions are demanded, the final
design will be made. The final design will comply with the prescribed specifications and
restrictions of the beneficiary.
3.2 Conceptual Framework
Discussion and Planning with Beneficiary On Site Investigation and Data Gathering
Evaluation
Applicable
Conceptual Design
Estimation Cost
Final Design
CEGE Journal
ISBN ________________________
In terms of structure Functionality, the primary structure is undamaged and the structure
is undiminished in utility for its primary application. A high level of retrofit ensures that any
required repairs are only "cosmetic"; for example, minor cracks in plaster, drywall and stucco.
This is the minimum acceptable level of retrofit for hospitals. Since the existing two-storey
multi-purpose barangay hall remained undamaged, we can simply add an additional floor to it
with the help of retrofitting.
In order to remain the structure unaffected, the level of retrofit is preferred for historic
structures of high cultural significance. There is a need in Earthquake Vulnerable Buildings if the
buildings have been designed according to a seismic code, but the code has been upgraded in
later years; if the buildings designed to meet the modern seismic codes, but deficiencies exist in
the design or construction; Essential buildings must be strengthened like hospitals, historical
monuments and architectural buildings; Important buildings whose service is assumed to be
essential even just after an earthquake; Buildings the use of which has changed through the
years; and Buildings that are expanded, renovated or rebuilt.
CEGE Journal
ISBN ________________________
5 Conclusion
The aim of this thesis project is to investigate the existing 2-storey Brgy. Hall if it can
carry an additional 3rd storey and if eligible, design the additional storey. In addition to the
design and investigation, recommendation of a vertical wall garden design is to be given to
contribute to the environmental impact of the structure and promote green design
Also, a retrofit method is to be recommended.
A design of the projected 3-storey structure was made using STAAD. The design was
based on the codes and provision of the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP
2010). This provided us with the minimum structural member requirements for the structure to
be safe. The computed minimum member requirements were then compared with the existing 2-
storey member properties.
In comparing the structural member properties of the 2 structures, the dimensions were
neglected since it was the same for both the structures. The area of steel was used for the main
part of comparison.
The investigation, computed using MS Excel, shows that the area of steel of the existing
2-storey is insufficient in carrying the additional loads from the 3 rd storey. In light of this, a
retrofitting method is recommended and can be found in the recommendations.
6 Recommendation
As the group applied green engineering, exemplary architectural design and innovative
structural design to the barangay hall, the project seems to be in a full package but the health of
the existing structure and foundation may be harmed because of the additional loads from the 3 rd
storey extension. Analysis and Investigation of the existing structure may lead into retrofitting.
Our recommendation is the use of concrete jacketing for the columns. Jacketing is one of the
most frequently used techniques to strengthen reinforced concrete (RC) columns and beams.
With this method, axial strength, bending strength, and stiffness of the original structure are
CEGE Journal
ISBN ________________________
increased. The success of this procedure is dependent on the monolithic behaviour of the
composite element. Steel Connectors are occasionally applied. These steps involve specialized
workmanship, time and cost; but our recommendation is not limited to concrete jacketing only.
We advise further research and studies regarding the implementation of this type of retrofitting
and its estimated cost. We suggest another thesis group to continue this study.
For the vertical wall garden as requested by the beneficiary, we would recommend
rooftop rainwater harvesting since it is a system of catching rainwater where it falls. In rooftop
harvesting, the roof becomes the catchments, and the rainwater is collected from the roof of the
house/building. It can either be stored in a tank or diverted to artificial recharge system. This
method is less expensive and very effective and if implemented properly helps in augmenting the
ground water level of the area.
7 References
1. Friction Dampers for Seismic Control of Buildings. Retrieved June 10, 2014 from
http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/11_497.PDF
2. Methods for Seismic Retrofitting of Structures. Retrieved June 10, 2014 from
http://web.mit.edu/istgroup/ist/documents/earthquake/Part5.pdf
http://raijmr.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/1_1-9-Bhavar-Dadasaheb-O.-et-al.pdf
CEGE Journal
ISBN ________________________
http://buildingresearch.com.np/services/sr/sr3.php
http://theconstructor.org/water-resources/methods-of-rainwater-harvesting/5420/
APPENDIX B.
Original Project
Report Assessment
Sheet by Panel
Members
APPENDIX C.
English Editor
Assessment and
Evaluation Rubric
APPENDIX D.
Accomplished
Consultation Forms
APPENDIX E.
Compilation of
Assessment Forms
(Rubrics)
APPENDIX F.
Copy of Engineering
Drawings and Plans
A. Project Model (Perspective)
C. Elevation
1. Beam Design
Axial
Beam Name Dimension Ties
Reinforcement
Bar
No. of bars
diamater
3rd Floor
3C-1 340x320 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
3C-2 315x330 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
3C-3 340x320 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
3C-4 370x325 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
3C-5 340x355 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
3C-6 340x340 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
nd
2 Floor
2C-1 340x320 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
2C-2 315x330 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
2C-3 340x320 12 mm 16 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
2C-4 370x325 16 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
2C-5 340x355 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
2C-6 340x340 16 mm 8 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
1st Floor
C-1 340x320 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
C-2 315x330 12 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
C-3 340x320 16 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
C-4 370x325 16 mm 12 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
C-5 340x355 16 mm 8 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
C-6 340x340 16 mm 8 10 mm - @192 mm O.C.
Knowing that I will be graduating soon from Mapua Institute of Technology, a lot of
questions starts to bother me. Questions like what or where will I be three to five years from
now, what career path I would be taking or how I should take them. The truth is I’m not quite
sure yet. Maybe it’s because of the pressure and the responsibilities that a graduating student is
facing such as completing certain requirements, finishing task, meeting deadlines and passing all
exit exams including correlations. It’s a mix feeling of excitement and anxiety of whether you
can make it this term or not.
As Civil Engineering Students, I believe that we all have the same dream or at least the
same idea of what we would like to attain someday – success. We may all have a different basis
of determining success but one thing I’m sure of, studying here at Mapua Institute of Technology
brings us all a step closer to our dreams. This school did not only gave me enough academic
knowledge but also guided me into having the right kind of attitude towards everything. So
wherever I might be in the future, May I still be practicing Civil Engineering in a private
company, establishing my own construction firm or working abroad, I sure owe them all from
Mapua Institute of Technology.
2009103663
Graduation from college introduces you the most important part of life, responsibility.
Departing from your college means that you no longer have them backing you up in your every
move. You will now be in charge of every decision you make in for your life. You will now be
able to steer freely your life into whatever you want to be. After being equipped by Mapua
Institute of Technology with knowledge, after “dreaming big”, you will know be able to “work
to be big”.
I want to see myself to be working for a design firm during the next 3-5 years. I want to
learn as much as I can in the construction industry while I’m still young. Although I know that
most of the engineers recruited in design are topnotchers or top of the class students I still want
to try and apply in this part of the industry. I feel like this is want the most in my field. Later on
in life I want to be balancing a hopefully promising career in the design and in business.
Maybe I’m aspiring for too much and maybe after 3-5 years I won’t be as motivated as I
am now but given the opportunities and drive I have right now.. This is what I want.
2009107643
Graduating from Mapua Institute of Technology truly helps students turn their dreams
into reality which is proven through years. My dream is to become successful in life but before
that dream to be fulfilled it is important to weigh the first steps we take after we graduate. We
have to plan our every move to attain our goal, because unlike when we solve problems in
school, we can’t erase the errors we make in reality. As a Mapua graduate, the industry would
take high expectations from us.
For myself I would take the engineering board exams to get a license, and get a job I
want. I would see myself in a construction industry three to five years from graduation. It is what
I want since entering college and it was proven when I had trainings in different companies. But
since this is just what I see myself doing doesn’t mean that this will happen in three to five years,
maybe if given a chance I could land a job in the design industry or continue my studies to
further my knowledge. We’ll never know what happen in the future so we have to plan our steps
to reach our goal.
Ambion, Noel E.
2009102826
____________________________________________________
Career Objective
To be a part of a company that will help me develop my skills and contribute to its growth by
maximizing my potential.
____________________________________________________
Educational Attainment
Tertiary Education
2009- Present Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Mapua Institute of Technology, Intramuros Manila
2005-2009 Rogationist College
Lalaan 2, Silang, Cavite
____________________________________________________
Seminar Attended
Sept. 2012 Sustainable Infrastructure: Living Beyond Advancement
Mapua Institute of Technology, Muralla Manila
Sept. 2013 Seminar on Sustainable Development
Mapua Institute of Technology
____________________________________________________
Membership and Affiliation
2012-2013 Junior Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers – MIT Student Chapter (JPICE)
2012-2013 American Concrete Institution (ACI)
Skills
Computer-literate with extensive software proficiency like STAAD, AUTOCAD, MS Project etc.
Highly adaptable, self-motivated, resilient, patient risk-taker who is open to new ideas.
Dependable, responsible contributor committed to excellence and success.
Exceptional listener and communicator who effectively conveys information in written and oral.
____________________________________________________
Personal Data
Nickname: No
Birthday: March 06, 1992
Birthplace: Tolentino, Tagaytay City
Civil Status: Single
Language Spoken: Tagalog, English
Religious Affiliation: Roman Catholic
____________________________________________________
Character References
Engr. Edgar Cruz
College Professor, Thesis adviser
Mapua Institute of Technology
engredgar2k@gmail.com
Nielsen Danielle J. Castro
Address: 2721 Caloocan St. Manuguit Tondo, Manila
Contact No.: +639351456444
Email: castronielsen@gmail.com
____________________________________________________
Career Objective
To succeed in an environment of growth and excellence. To seek challenging assignment and
responsibility, with an opportunity for growth and advancement as successful achievements.
____________________________________________________
Educational Attainment
July 2009 – Present Mapua Institute of Technology
Intramuros, Manila
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Skills
Excellent Communication/inter personal skills to interact individuals at all levels.
Computer-literate with extensive software proficiency like STAAD, AUTOCAD, MS Project etc.
Highly adaptable, Self-motivated, Resilient and Flexible.
Positive attitude towards work and great ability towards result oriented output.
____________________________________________________
July 2012 – July 2013 Executive Vice President for Project Management
Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers – MIT Student Chapter
Work Experience
Personal Data
Nickname: Sen
Birthday: May 25, 1993
Birthplace: Manila, Philippines
Civil Status: Single
Language Spoken: Tagalog, English
Religious Affiliation: Born Again-Christian
____________________________________________________
Character References
Engr. Bienvenido A. Cervantes
College Professor
Mapua Institute of Technology
+639272186726
OBJECTIVE
To acquire a position as an on the job trainee that requires Civil Engineering expertise in the
construction of a substructure. To hone my skills and knowledge in civil engineering by practical
application on the job and on the field.
EDUCATION
TERTIARY EDUCATION
2009-present Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Mapua Institute of Technology
Intramuros, Manila
SECONDARY EDUCATION
2005-2009 La Salle Green Hills
343 Ortigas Ave. Mandaluyong City
PRIMARY EDUCATION
1997-2005 La Salle Green Hills
343 Ortigas Ave. Mandaluyong City
ORGANIZATIONS/CLUB
RELATED SKILLS