Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ACECOMS, AIT
Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures
Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of
Masonry and RC Structures
21‐23 January 2010, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Earthquake Damage to Buildings and Structures:
Lessons from Past Earthquakes
Tectonic Earthquakes
Tectonic Plates
Plate Tectonics
The earth’s outer shell consists of several large and fairly stable slabs
of solid rock called ‘plates’.
Indian Ocean
Tectonic Plates
ADPC & OYO Int. Corp., Report on Probabilistic Seismic Motion Analysis, submitted to
CDMP, Ministry of Food and Disaster Management, 20 June 2009
(Source: Prof.Ansary, BUET)
Earthquake Disasters
Damage to Buildings and Structures
Wenchuan Earthquake (2008), China
Magnitude = 7.9
Death Toll > 70,000
Kashmir Earthquake (Oct 8, 2005)
Magnitude = 7.7
Death Toll > 70,000
Kobe Earthquake (1995)
Magnitude = 7.2
Death Toll > 6 000
Death Toll > 6,000
Chi‐Chi Earthquake (1999)
Magnitude = 7.3
Death Toll > 2,400
Haiti Earthquake (2010)
Magnitude = 7.0
Haiti Earthquake (2010)
Magnitude = 7.0
Death Toll: 100,000 ~ 200,000
Yogyakarta Earthquake (2006)
Magnitude = 6.2
Death Toll > 5,600
Ground Motion Parameters
There are many different ground motion parameters:
• Modified Mercalli Intensity (I ~ XII)
• Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA)
( )
• Peak Ground Velocity (PGV)
• Peak Ground Displacement (PGD)
• Spectral Acceleration (SA)
Usually Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) is considered to be
the preferred ground motion parameter.
Earthquake Magnitude = M
Ground Shaking
I t
Intensity
it
miles
km
M = 5.0
M = 6.0
M = 7.0
M = 7.5
Earthquake Magnitude = M
Ground Shaking
I t
Intensity
it
Ground Shaking
Intensity
y
Considered by most
seismic design codes
miles
The 1995 Kobe Earthquake
Epicenter
Bantul, Yogyakarta
Bantul, Yogyakarta
Nonductile
reinforcement
details in column
Earthquakes in
Thailand‐Burma‐
Indochina Region
(1910‐2000)
Seismic Hazard
Map of Thailand
This map shows
contours of PGA
(in unit of g ) with 10%
probability of
exceedance in a 50‐
year exposure period.
G LOBAL S H
EISMIC A
AZARD P
SSESSMENT ROGRAM
43
http://seismo.ethz.ch/gshap/
Active Faults in Thailand and PGA with 2% Probability of Exceedance
Seismicity Map (1912‐2007)
Myanmar in a 50‐year exposure period
Use of Probabilistic Ground Motions in Earthquake‐
resistant Design of Buildings
The expected performance of buildings in modern earthquake‐resistant design
codes are:
1. Resist a minor level of earthquake ground shaking (SE) without damage
SE = Serviceability earthquake—50% probability of exceedance in 30 years (43‐
year return period)
2. Resist the design level of earthquake ground shaking (DBE) with damage
(which may or may not be economically repaired) but without causing
extensive loss of life.
DBE = Design basis earthquake
DBE Design basis earthquake—10%
10% probability of exceedance
probability of exceedance in 50 years
in 50 years
(472‐year return period)
3. Resist the strongest earthquake shaking expected at the site (MCE) without
collapse, but potentially with extreme damage.
MCE = Maximum considered earthquake—2% probability of exceedance in 50
years (2475‐year return period)
Earthquake Magnitude = M
Ground Shaking
I t
Intensity
it
miles
Acceleration-Time
Histories of EQ Motions
0.8
Maximum Base Shear
0.6 = Building Mass x SA
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Natural Period (sec)
Examples of Elastic Design Spectrum
Elastic Base Shear Coefficient (Ce)
1
0.8
0.6
Mexico City Building Code 1995
0.4
Bangkok
0.2 UBC 97, Zone II , Soil class E
Map showing Soil (Site)
Conditions in Thailand
(derived from digital elevation
data—SRTM30 and boreholes data)
Maps showing Soil (Site) Conditions in Dhaka and Chittagong
(derived from boreholes data and microtremor survey)
Site Class
ADPC & OYO Int. Corp., Report on Probabilistic Seismic Motion Analysis, submitted to
CDMP, Ministry of Food and Disaster Management, 20 June 2009
Expected Seismic Performance of Buildings and Structures
Lateral Strength
Seismic Resistance = +
Lateral Deformability
(elastic and Inelastic)
Structural Form
No Joint Reinforcement
Failure Mechanism
R1 R2 R3
“Shear Failure” “bond deterioration”
“Shear Failure” “splitting crack” “splitting crack”
Hydraulic Actuator
Failure Mechanism
0.5% Drift 2.5% Drift
3% Drift 6% Drift
Punching Shear
Hydraulic Actuator
Column
Tendon profiles
16 cm
48 cm 70 cm 70 cm 70 cm 54 cm 70 cm 70 cm 70 cm 48 cm
166 cm
275 cm
35 cm
35 cm
570 cm
25 cm
35 cm
29 cm
35 cm
35 cm
275 cm
35 cm
166 cm
570 cm
ALL PRESTRESSING STRAND
NS concentrated DIA 0.5 IN GRADE 270 K
EW distributed 16 cm DUCT LAYOUT
260 cm 50 cm 260 cm N
2755 cm
10 DB10 @ 8 cm
2.00 m
570 cm
8 DB10 @ 8 cm
25 cm
2.00 m
275 cm
570 cm
ALL REINFORCEMENT
16 cm DB10 GRADE SD30
TOP REINFORCEMENT
260 cm 50 cm 260 cm
16 cm
275 cm
DB10 @ 55 cm #
5.60 m
570 cm
25 cm
275 cm
570 cm
ALL REINFORCEMENT
DB10 GRADE SD30
16 cm
Actuator
Gravity Load
Column
Flat Slab
Hinge
Pancake-type Collapse
(Mexico City EQ, 1985)
Ahmedabad
16 cm
275 cm
DB10 @ 55 cm #
5.60 m
570 cm
25 cm
275 cm
570 cm
ALL REINFORCEMENT
DB10 GRADE SD30
16 cm
VULNERABILITY FACTORS
Non-seismic Detailing
Strong Beam–Weak Column
Soft/Weak First Story
Torsional Irregularity
Frame-Infill Interaction
91
Shake table tests of real wood‐frame houses
Full-scale Takatori record, Kobe EQ
2005.11.21 2005.11.24
http://www.bosai.go.jp/hyogo/index.html
Intermediate Story
Collapse in a 6-story
Building in Bhuj
Bhuj Earthquake,
India (2001)
(Source: EERI)
Lift core
Bhuj Earthquake, India (2001)
RC beam‐column frames
were not adequately connected
to the stiff RC elevator core.
Yogyakarta EQ (2006)
Magnitude = 6.2
Local Buckling of
Thin-wall Bridge Piers
(Kobe EQ, 1995)
Liquefaction
• Rapid settlement
• Lateral spreading
• Retaining wall failure
settlement
Evidences of EQ-induced
Liquefaction in Kobe
A building in Dagupan,
Philippines after the
1990 Luzon EQ
Overturned building in
Adpazari, Turkey in the
1999 Kocaeli EQ
Damage to Sewers
Flexible Pipe
Manhole
Crack or Residual Strain
Residual Strain
Lift-up Force
Replaced Soil (Liquefied)
Earthquake-induced Landslide
(Kobe EQ, 1995)
http://staff.aist.go.jp/kenji.satake/Sumatra-E.html