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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting


Design of Masonry and RC structures
Earthquake Damage to Buildings and Structures: Lessons from Past
Earthquakes

ACECOMS, AIT
Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of 
Masonry and RC Structures
21‐23 January 2010, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Earthquake Damage to Buildings and Structures: 
Lessons from Past Earthquakes

Haiti Earthquake (Jan 12, 2010) Dr. Pennung Warnitchai


M 7.0, focal depth 13 km School of Engineering and Technology
Downtown Port au Prince Asian Institute of Technology

Tectonic Earthquakes

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Where do earthquakes occur ?

Tectonic Plates

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Plate Tectonics
The earth’s outer shell consists of several large and fairly stable slabs
of solid rock called ‘plates’.

The thickness of each plate is about 30 to 80 km. The plate moves


horizontally, relative to neighboring plates, on a layer of softer rock.

New tectonic plate is created at mid-ocean ridges by the upwelling and


cooling of magma from the Earth’s mantle. In order to conserve mass, the
horizontally moving plates are believed to be absorbed at the ocean trenches
where a subduction process carries the tectonic plate downward into the
Earth’s interior.

Indian Ocean

Press & Siever (1986)

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Tectonic Plates

Tectonic Map of SouthEast Asia Seismicity Map of SouthEast Asia

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software


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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Seismic Sources in Bangladesh

ADPC & OYO Int. Corp., Report on Probabilistic Seismic Motion Analysis, submitted to 
CDMP, Ministry of Food and Disaster Management, 20 June 2009

Historical Seismicity of Bangladesh

(Source: Prof.Ansary, BUET)

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Earthquake Disasters
Damage to Buildings and Structures

Wenchuan Earthquake (2008), China
Magnitude = 7.9
Death Toll > 70,000

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Kashmir Earthquake (Oct 8, 2005)
Magnitude = 7.7
Death Toll   >  70,000

Balakot, Kashmir Earthquake (2005)

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Kobe Earthquake (1995)
Magnitude = 7.2
Death Toll > 6 000
Death Toll   >   6,000

Chi‐Chi Earthquake (1999)
Magnitude = 7.3
Death Toll  >   2,400

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Haiti Earthquake (2010)
Magnitude = 7.0

Death Toll: 100,000 ~ 200,000


Death Toll:  100,000  200,000

Haiti Earthquake (2010)
Magnitude = 7.0

Death Toll:  100,000 ~ 200,000

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Yogyakarta Earthquake (2006)
Magnitude = 6.2
Death Toll  >  5,600

Nature of Earthquake Ground Shaking


Ground motion parameters, Attenuation characteristics

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Earthquake Motion: Kobe Earthquake, 1995

Ground Motion Parameters

There are many different ground motion parameters:
• Modified Mercalli Intensity (I ~ XII)
• Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA)
( )
• Peak Ground Velocity (PGV)
• Peak Ground Displacement (PGD)
• Spectral Acceleration (SA)

Usually Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) is considered to be 
the preferred ground motion parameter.

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Earthquake Magnitude = M

Ground Shaking Intensity

Ground Shaking
I t
Intensity
it

miles

Distance from the Causative Fault

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

km

M = 5.0

M = 6.0

M = 7.0

M = 7.5

Earthquake Magnitude = M

Ground Shaking Intensity

Ground Shaking
I t
Intensity
it

Ground Shaking
Intensity
y
Considered by most
seismic design codes

miles

Distance from the Causative Fault

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Strong ground shaking above the rupture zone


The 1995 Kobe Earthquake

The 1995 Kobe Earthquake

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Yogyakarta Earthquake (2006)

Epicenter

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Bantul, Yogyakarta

Bantul, Yogyakarta

Strong Ground Shaking + Unreinforced Masonry Houses


= A Major Disaster

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Masonry Houses in Bantul

•Poor quality binding materials


•Flexible roofs—no diaphragm action
•No & Inadequate reinforcement

BPKP Building (Sewon, Yogyakarta, 2006)

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Brittle failure in column

Nonductile
reinforcement
details in column

ISI Building (Sewon)

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Brittle Failure in Column

Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Maps

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Earthquakes in 
Thailand‐Burma‐
Indochina Region
(1910‐2000)

PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Seismic Hazard
Map of Thailand

This map shows              
contours of PGA              
(in unit of g ) with 10% 
probability of 
exceedance in a 50‐
year exposure period.

Global Seismic Hazard Map

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

G LOBAL S H
EISMIC A
AZARD P
SSESSMENT ROGRAM

43

http://seismo.ethz.ch/gshap/

Active Faults in Thailand and  PGA with 2% Probability of Exceedance
Seismicity Map (1912‐2007)
Myanmar in a 50‐year exposure period

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

PGA with 10 % Probability of Exceedance แผนที่แสดงอัตราเรงสูงสุด (PGA) ของ


PGA with 2% Probability of Exceedance
in a 50‐year exposure period แผ นดินไหวทีม ่ ีโอกาสเพียง 2% ที่จะมี
in a 50‐year exposure period
คาสูงกวาในคาบเวลา 50 ป

Use of Probabilistic Ground Motions in Earthquake‐
resistant Design of Buildings
The expected performance of buildings in modern earthquake‐resistant design 
codes are:

1. Resist a minor level of earthquake ground shaking (SE) without damage
SE = Serviceability earthquake—50% probability of exceedance in 30 years (43‐
year return period)

2. Resist the design level of earthquake ground shaking (DBE) with damage
(which may or may not be economically repaired) but without causing 
extensive loss of life.
DBE = Design basis earthquake
DBE Design basis earthquake—10%
10% probability of exceedance
probability of exceedance in 50 years 
in 50 years
(472‐year return period)

3. Resist the strongest earthquake shaking expected at the site (MCE) without
collapse, but potentially with extreme damage.
MCE = Maximum considered earthquake—2% probability of exceedance in 50 
years (2475‐year return period)

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Soil Amplification of Ground Motions

Earthquake Magnitude = M

Ground Shaking Intensity

Ground Shaking
I t
Intensity
it

miles

Distance from the Causative Fault

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

The 1985 Michoacan Earthquake (Ms = 8.1)


The earthquake caused considerable destruction and loss of
life in Mexico City, about 350 km from the EQ epicenter. The
number of deaths was more than 10,000.

Earthquake Disaster in Mexico City (1985)

Much of the destruction was due to significant amplification of


EQ ground motions by thick soft soil deposits.

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Acceleration-Time
Histories of EQ Motions

Shake Table Experiment

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

ELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRA


Spectral Acceleration (g)
1.2

1.0 Mexico City Earthquake,


SCT site (1985)
N S componentt
N-S

0.8

Maximum Base Shear 
0.6 =  Building Mass x SA

0.4

0.2

0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Natural Period (sec)

Examples of Elastic Design Spectrum
Elastic Base Shear Coefficient (Ce)
1

0.8

0.6
Mexico City Building Code 1995

0.4

Bangkok
0.2 UBC 97, Zone II , Soil class E

UBC 97, Zone I , Soil class E


0
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0
Period (T)

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Soil Amplification of Ground Motions

+ Resonant Amplification of Building Responses

= Risk from Distant Large Earthquakes

Map showing Soil (Site) 
Conditions in Thailand
(derived from digital elevation 
data—SRTM30 and boreholes data) 

Rock (No Amplification)


Very Stiff Soil
Stiff Soil (Moderate Amplification)
Moderately Soft Soil
Very Soft Soil (High Amplification)

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Maps showing Soil (Site) Conditions in Dhaka and Chittagong
(derived from boreholes data and microtremor survey) 

Site Class

ADPC & OYO Int. Corp., Report on Probabilistic Seismic Motion Analysis, submitted to 
CDMP, Ministry of Food and Disaster Management, 20 June 2009

Key Concepts in Seismic Resistant Design

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Expected Seismic Performance of Buildings and Structures

The structure should be able to resist a minor to


moderate level of earthquake ground motion without
any significant damage.

The structure must be able to resist a major level of


earthquake ground motion without collapse, but
possibly with some structural as well as nonstructural
damage.

The challenge to the engineer is to design the structure


so that the damage is limited to an acceptable level.

Lateral Strength
Seismic Resistance = +

Lateral Deformability
(elastic and Inelastic)

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Avoidance of Configuration Irregularity

Soft/Weak Story Interruption of Columns T-shaped Plan Torsionally Irregular

Abrupt Changes in Interruption of Vertical- Large Openings in Drastic Changes in


Size of Members Resisting Elements (walls) Diaphragm (Floor) Mass/Stiffness Ratio

Structural Form

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Nonductile Reinforcement Details

Low Transverse Reinforcement High Longitudinal Reinforcement

Lap-Splice in Potential Plastic Hinge Region


Construction Joints
Non-Uniform Flexural Capacity
Non-Uniform Shear Capacity

No Joint Reinforcement

Discontinuous Positive Beam Reinforcements


Short Embedment Length into Columns

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Reversed Cyclic Loading Test of


RC Columns with Short Lap Splices

Failure Mechanism

R1 R2 R3
“Shear Failure” “bond deterioration”
“Shear Failure” “splitting crack” “splitting crack”

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Brittle Failure in Column

Beam-Column Joint Failure

Balakot, Kashmir Earthquake (2005)

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Cyclic Loading Test of a Beam-Column Sub-assemblage

Hydraulic Actuator

Failure Mechanism
0.5% Drift 2.5% Drift

3% Drift 6% Drift

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Improvement of Seismic Performance of Beam-Column Joint

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Post-tensioned Flat Slab-Column Frame Building

Punching Shear

Hydraulic Actuator

Column

Post-tensioned Flat Slab

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Tendon profiles

16 cm
48 cm 70 cm 70 cm 70 cm 54 cm 70 cm 70 cm 70 cm 48 cm

166 cm

275 cm
35 cm
35 cm

570 cm

25 cm
35 cm
29 cm
35 cm
35 cm

275 cm
35 cm

166 cm

570 cm
ALL PRESTRESSING STRAND
NS concentrated DIA 0.5 IN GRADE 270 K
EW distributed 16 cm DUCT LAYOUT
260 cm 50 cm 260 cm N

Top deformed bars


16 cm

2755 cm

10 DB10 @ 8 cm
2.00 m
570 cm

8 DB10 @ 8 cm
25 cm

2.00 m
275 cm

570 cm
ALL REINFORCEMENT
16 cm DB10 GRADE SD30
TOP REINFORCEMENT
260 cm 50 cm 260 cm

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Bottom deformed bars

16 cm
275 cm
DB10 @ 55 cm #
5.60 m

570 cm

25 cm
275 cm
570 cm
ALL REINFORCEMENT
DB10 GRADE SD30
16 cm

260 cm 50 cm 260 cm BOTTOM REINFORCEMENT

Cyclic Loading Test of a Slab-Column Connection

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Side View of the Test Specimen

Actuator

Gravity Load
Column

Flat Slab

Hinge

Punching Shear Failure of the Test Specimen

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Pancake-type Collapse
(Mexico City EQ, 1985)

Pancake-type Collapse due to


Brittle Failure of Supporting Columns
(Bhuj EQ, 2001)

Ahmedabad

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Bottom deformed bars

16 cm
275 cm
DB10 @ 55 cm #
5.60 m

570 cm

25 cm
275 cm
570 cm
ALL REINFORCEMENT
DB10 GRADE SD30
16 cm

260 cm 50 cm 260 cm BOTTOM REINFORCEMENT

Slab-Column Connection with Drop Panel

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Flat Slab with Drop Panel: Max Drift = 6 % Vg/V0 = 0.14


Flat Slab without Drop Panel: Max Drift = 2 % Vg/V0 = 0.28

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Avoidance of Configuration Irregularity

Soft/Weak Story Interruption of Columns T-shaped Plan Torsionally Irregular

Abrupt Changes in Interruption of Vertical- Large Openings in Drastic Changes in


Size of Members Resisting Elements (walls) Diaphragm (Floor) Mass/Stiffness Ratio

Typical Reinforced Concrete Commercial Buildings

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

VULNERABILITY FACTORS

ƒ Non-seismic Detailing
ƒ Strong Beam–Weak Column
ƒ Soft/Weak First Story
ƒ Torsional Irregularity
ƒ Frame-Infill Interaction

3D-view generated by SAP2000 v10

Elastic Dynamic Response (Modal Analysis)

Lateral-Torsional Movement (period = 0.50 sec)

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Soft-story Collapse of Commercial/Residential Buildings


in the 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake (Taiwan)

91

A majority of collapsed residential buildings in the 1999


Kocaeli (Turkey) were caused by soft first story.

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Measures to correct torsional irregularity

Solid walls should Shear walls are


be of nonstructural added at or near the
cladding open face

Strength and stiff Torsion is accepted,


moment-resisting and building is
or braced frame is designed to resist the
designed for soft forces and minimize
front wall the distortion they
cause

Shake table tests of real wood‐frame houses
Full-scale Takatori record, Kobe EQ

2005.11.21 2005.11.24

Left: Retrofitted Right: Non-retrofitted

http://www.bosai.go.jp/hyogo/index.html

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Kobe Earthquake, 1995

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Intermediate Story
Collapse in a 6-story
Building in Bhuj

Bhuj Earthquake,
India (2001)

(Source: EERI)

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

A Hospital Building with Torsional Irregularity

1st Floor Plan

Lift core

Bhuj Earthquake, India (2001)

RC beam‐column frames
were not adequately connected
to the stiff RC elevator core.

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Buildings with Re-entrant Corners

Buildings with Re-entrant Corners

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Measures to Correct Re-entrant Corners

Splay re-entrant corner

Collapse of a Mosque (I)


Kocaeli (Turkey) Earthquake (1999)
Magnitude = 7.7

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Collapse of a Mosque (II)

Earthquake-induced Collapse of a Cathedral

Source: Dr. Yutaka Nakamura & Prof. Fumio Yamazaki

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Diagonal Shear Cracks in Brick Wall


(Pakistan EQ, 2005)

STIE Building 2 (Sewon)

Yogyakarta EQ (2006)
Magnitude = 6.2

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Damage inside a Building (Kobe EQ, 1995)

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Damage to Elevated Expressway Structure


Kobe EQ, 1995

Damage to Bridge Piers


(Chi Chi EQ, 1999)

Brittle Shear Failure

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Failure of Bearing Supports


Kobe EQ, 1995

Collapse of Road Bridge in Philippines


(Luzon Earthquake, 1990)

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Scenario Tokyo Metropolitan Earthquake


NHK TV 2003.8.31

Poor Construction Method


Kobe EQ, Japan (1995)

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Local Buckling of
Thin-wall Bridge Piers
(Kobe EQ, 1995)

Collapse of Thin-wall Bridge Piers


(Kobe EQ, 1995)

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Liquefaction

• Rapid settlement
• Lateral spreading
• Retaining wall failure

Saturated Loose Sand

pore water sand boiling


sand particle

settlement

cyclic shear deformation

Before Earthquake After Earthquake


Earthquake

Evidences of EQ-induced
Liquefaction in Kobe

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Damage to Kobe Port due to EQ-induced Liquefaction

Loss of Bearing Capacity


Due to Liquefaction

A building in Dagupan,
Philippines after the
1990 Luzon EQ

Overturned building in
Adpazari, Turkey in the
1999 Kocaeli EQ

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

The 1964 Niigata EQ, Japan

Damage to Sewers

Sand Boiling Sand Boiling

Flexible Pipe
Manhole
Crack or Residual Strain
Residual Strain

Rigid Pipe Original Soil


(Liquefied)

Lift-up Force
Replaced Soil (Liquefied)

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Tokachi-oki EQ, Hokkaido (2003)

Ungerground Pipe Failure in Baguio, Philippines


(Luzon Earthquake, 1990)

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Rapid Soil Settlement in Port Island, Kobe

Damage to Underground Structures


(Kobe EQ, 1995)

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Earthquake-induced Landslide
(Kobe EQ, 1995)

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Eathquake-induced Landslide in Wenchuan County, China


(Wenchuan Earthquake, 2008)

Foundation Failure due to Land Slide


(Chi Chi EQ, 1999)

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Dynamic Stability of Embankment

Bhuj earthquake 2001

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Bhuj earthquake 2001 Irrigation Dams

Ground Failure by Lateral Fault Movement

Kocaeli (Turkey) Earthquake (1999)

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Surface rupture caused by


Fault dislocation

Surface Ground Deformation (Chi Chi EQ, 1999)

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

The 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, Shih-Kang Dam

The 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, Shih-Kang Dam

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Fires resulting from the Earthquake


Kobe EQ, 1995

Fires resulting from the Earthquake


Kobe EQ, 1995

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Damage due to Earthquake-induced Fires


Kobe EQ, 1995

Tsunami generated by an Earthquake

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

http://staff.aist.go.jp/kenji.satake/Sumatra-E.html

Kamala Beach, Phuket

Maximum Water Level

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

Khao Lak, Phang-Nga


Maximum Water Level

The 1995 Kobe Earthquake

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofitting Design of Masonry and RC structures

ACECOMS :: Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software


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