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TRANSFORMER
What is the voltage at secondary side of a transformer having a turn ratio of 1:10 if DPDC-14
1 440V dc is applied at primary?
(a) 0 V (b) 4400 V
(c) 44 V (d) 4.4 V
What would be your comment regarding the size, of a 1 kVA. 400 Hz transformer and a
1 kVA, 50 Hz transformer?
(a) 400 Hz transformer is smaller in size
2 (b) 50 Hz transformer is smaller in size MCQ BPDB-
(c) both the transformer are of equal size 13
(d) no comment can be made without seeing the transformer
(e) none of the above
3 Draw an equivalent circuit of transformer referred to secondary. DWASA-14
4 Draw the vector diagram of a single phase step down transformer. BPDB-11
A 400 V/100 V, 500 VA single phase transformer has an equivalent impedance of 0.5 NWPGCL-14
5 p.u. If the primary winding impedance is 0.1 ohm ,find the secondary winding
impedance in ohm both referred to secondary.
6 What are the no load and full load losses of transformer? PGCB-14
7 What are the load and no load losses of a transformer? What is all day efficiency of a BUET M.Sc.
transformer? 13
8 Maximum efficiency of a transformer is 98%. It runs at 50% efficiency for 14 hours PGCB-14
and at no load for remaining 10 hours. Find it’s all day efficiency.
9 A 30 kVA, 2400/240 V, 50 Hz single phase transformer, operating at no load, draws BPDB-13
138 W at a p.f. of 0.21 lagging. Determine
i) the exciting current of the transformer
ii) the core loss component of the exciting current and
iii) the magnetizing component of the exciting current.
10 A single phase 1000/200 V takes a no load current of 3A at 0.2 power factor lagging. EGCB-2014
Calculate the primary current and power factor when secondary current is 280 A at
power factor 0.8 lagging.
11 A single phase transformer with a ratio of 100/200 V takes a no-load current of 3A at BPDB-2015,
0.2 power factor lagging. If the secondary supplies a current of 280 A at a p.f. of 0.8 EGCB-12
lagging, estimate the current taken by the primary.
12 The equivalent circuit impedances of a 20kVA, 8000/240V, 60Hz transformer are to be
determined. The open circuit test and the short circuit test were performed on the BPDB-14
primary side of the transformer, and the following data were taken: (FF)
Open circuit test (primary) Short circuit test
VOC = 8000 V VSC = 489 V
IOC = 0.214 A ISC = 2.5 A
POC = 400 W PSC = 240 W
Find the impedance of the approximate equivalent circuit referred to the primary side,
and sketch the circuit. [Example 2.2, Chapman 4th edition]
In short circuit test of a transformer in which side supply voltage is applied? DPDC MCQ-
(a) Low voltage side 14
13 (b) High voltage side
In short circuit test of single phase transformer, the wattmeter reading roughly gives – MCQ
Rony Parvej’s EEE Job Preparation Lecture – 3 & 4: Transformer
14 (a) Copper loss (b)Core loss (c) Both (d)None PGCB-14
In open circuit test of transformer power supply is given in MCQ
15 (a) low voltage side (b) high voltage side (c) (d) PGCB-14
Practically in open circuit test of a transformer, the wattmeter measures DPDC MCQ-
16 (a) Copper loss (b) Core loss 14
(c) A slight copper loss (d) both (b) & (c)
17 Why transformer is rated in KVA? What are the instrument transformers? PGCL-11
18 Write down the conditions of parallel operation of transformers. BUET M.Sc.
Unknown
Show the direction of the current in primary and polarity of the load initially: PGCB-14
19
26 What are the disadvantages of 3-phase Y-Y connected transformer? How this problem BUET
can be solved? M.Sc.12
27 A 500KVA, 13200/480 V distribution transformer has four taps 2.5% on its primary DWASA-14
winding. What are the voltage ratios of this transformer at each tapings?
Rony Parvej’s EEE Job Preparation Lecture – 3 & 4: Transformer
What is the voltage at secondary side of a transformer having a turn ratio of 1:10 if DPDC-14
1 440V dc is applied at primary?
(a) 0 V (b) 4400 V
(c) 44 V (d) 4.4 V
A transformer cannot raise or lower the voltage of a D.C. supply because Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction
are not valid since the rate of change of flux is zero.
As transformers require an alternating magnetic flux to operate correctly, transformers cannot therefore be used to
transform or supply DC voltages or currents, since the magnetic field must be changing to induce a voltage in the
secondary winding. In other words, Transformers DO NOT Operate on DC Voltages. So, the output is zero.
Due to some mechanical constraints, generally transformer size is inversely proportional to the operating
frequency. Thus 50 hz, transformer will have max. size.
The impedance of the transformer is greater for higher frequencies (as X=wL). So for constant voltage to keep
same current rating (because for constant kVA) we have to reduce the inductance of the winding. And to reduce the
inductance we have to reduce the no. of turns in the windings of the transformer. By reducing the no. of turns the size
of the transformer will be reduced for higher frequencies.
This is a short cut method based on analysis. generally power transformers use lower frequency (50hz) and we
know in electronic ckts like oscillators producing very high frqs in range of KHz we use only SMALL trfrs than pwr
trfrs.... so on analysing we can conclude tat higher frquency transformers have less volume...
NOTE: this is only shortcut method, actual reason depends on the FORMULA only for determining the size
Rony Parvej’s EEE Job Preparation Lecture – 3 & 4: Transformer
3 Draw an equivalent circuit of transformer referred to secondary. DWASA-14
Figure: vector diagram of a single phase step down (VP>VS) transformer at lagging power factor.
Rony Parvej’s EEE Job Preparation Lecture – 3 & 4: Transformer
Figure: vector diagram of a single phase step down (VP>VS) transformer at leading power factor.
Figure: vector diagram of a single phase step down (VP>VS) transformer at unity power factor.
:
Figure: vector diagram of a single phase step down (VP>VS) transformer at no load.
Rony Parvej’s EEE Job Preparation Lecture – 3 & 4: Transformer
A 400 V/100 V, 500 VA single phase transformer has an equivalent impedance of 0.5 NWPGCL-14
5 p.u. If the primary winding impedance is 0.1 ohm, find the secondary winding
impedance in ohm both referred to secondary.
p.u এর ম্যাথ করার সম্য় এটা করব।
6 What are the no load and full load losses of transformer? PGCB-14
No Load Losses:
Iron loss: Hysteresis and eddy current loss
Very small amount of copper loss also occurs in primary
Full Load losses:
At full load, Copper loss is largest and a very small amount of eddy current loss is there.
7 What are the load and no load losses of a transformer? What is all day efficiency of a BUET M.Sc.
transformer? 13
A transformer has mainly two types of losses, these are, iron losses and copper losses. Iron loss, which is also referred
as core loss, consists of hysteresis loss and eddy current loss. These two losses are constant when the transformer is
charged. That means the amount of these losses does not depend upon the condition of secondary load of the
transformer. In all loading condition, these are fixed. But the copper loss which is also referred as I2R loss entirely
depends upon load I. A distribution transformer cannot be run with constant load throughout 24 hours. At day peak
time it’s loading is high, whereas in night lean time its loading may be negligible. So selecting a transformer depending
upon its conventional efficiency is not practical and economical, too. As a solution of these problems, the concept of all
day efficiency of distribution transformer came into the picture.
In this concept, we use the ratio of total energy delivered by the transformer to the total energy fed to the
transformer, during a 24 hrs span of time instead of ratio of power output and input of the transformer. Hence,
all day efficiency is determined as, total KWh at the secondary of the total KWh at the primary of the
transformer for a long specific period preferably 24 hrs. i.e,
This is very much useful to judge the performance of a distribution transformer, whose primary is connected
to the system forever, but secondary load varies tremendously throughout the day.
8 PGCB-14
Rony Parvej’s EEE Job Preparation Lecture – 3 & 4: Transformer
Rony Parvej’s EEE Job Preparation Lecture – 3 & 4: Transformer
10 A single phase 1000/200 V takes a no load current of 3A at 0.2 power factor lagging. EGCB-2014
Calculate the primary current and power factor when secondary current is 280 A at
power factor 0.8 lagging.
১১ নং এর অনুরূপ
11 A single phase transformer with a ratio of 100/200 V takes a no-load current of 3A at BPDB-2015,
0.2 power factor lagging. If the secondary supplies a current of 280 A at a p.f. of 0.8 EGCB-12
lagging, estimate the current taken by the primary.
Find the impedance of the approximate equivalent circuit referred to the primary side,
and sketch the circuit. [Example 2.2, Chapman 4th edition]
In short circuit test of a transformer in which side supply voltage is applied? DPDC MCQ-
Rony Parvej’s EEE Job Preparation Lecture – 3 & 4: Transformer
13 (a) Low voltage side 14
(b) High voltage side
The main purpose of this test is to find the iron loss and no load current which are useful in calculating core loss
resistance and magnetizing reactance of the transformer.
In O.C. test primary winding is connected to a.c. supply, keeping secondary open. Sometimes a voltmeter may be
connected across secondary as voltmeter resistance is very high & voltmeter current is negligibly small so that
secondary is treated as open circuit. Usually low voltage side is used as primary and high voltage side as secondary to
conduct O.C. test.
Short-Circuit Test:
The main purpose of this test is to find full load copper loss and winding parameters (R01 &X01 or R02 & X02)
which are helpful for finding regulation of transformer.
(Reference: Chapman + Lab Manual ofShri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management, Nagpur)
In short circuit test of single phase transformer, the wattmeter reading roughly gives – MCQ
14 (b) Copper loss (b)Core loss (c) Both (d)None PGCB-14
Practically in open circuit test of a transformer, the wattmeter measures DPDC MCQ-
16 (a) Copper loss (b) Core loss 14
(c) A slight copper loss (d) both (b) & (c)
17 Why transformer is rated in KVA? What are the instrument transformers? PGCL-11
Rony Parvej’s EEE Job Preparation Lecture – 3 & 4: Transformer
Cu loss of a transformer depends on current and iron loss on voltage. Hence, total transformer loss depends on volt-
ampere (VA) and not on phase angle between voltage and current i.e. it is independent of load power factor. That is why
rating of transformers is in kVA and not in kW.
(Reference: Theraja topic 32.23)
(Reference: electrical4u.com)
Show the direction of the current in primary and polarity of the load initially: PGCB-14
19
Answer:
Tips:
Based on the dot convention, a current entering the dotted terminal of one coil, will induce positive voltage at the dotted terminal
of the second coil. Alternatively, if the current leaves the dotted terminal of the coil, it will induce negative voltage at the dotted
terminal of the second coil.
The circuit polarity signs '+' and '-' indicate example applied and resultant, relative voltage polarities.
The instantaneous polarities of the voltages across each inductor with respect to the dotted terminals are the
same.
The circuit arrows indicate example applied and resultant relative current directions.
The instantaneous directions of the current entering the primary inductor at its dotted end and the current
leaving of the secondary inductor at its dotted end are the same.
Rony Parvej’s EEE Job Preparation Lecture – 3 & 4: Transformer
Subtractive polarity transformer designs are shown in the upper circuit diagrams. Additive polarity transformer
designs are shown in the lower circuit diagrams.
Why do we ground Y-neutral in D-Y transformer? (i) for flowing zero sequence current MCQ BPDB-
25 14 (FF)
(ii) …
26 What are the disadvantages of 3-phase Y-Y connected transformer? How this problem BUET
can be solved? M.Sc.12
Rony Parvej’s EEE Job Preparation Lecture – 3 & 4: Transformer
27 A 500KVA, 13200/480 V distribution transformer has four taps 2.5% on its primary DWASA-14
winding. What are the voltage ratios of this transformer at each tapings?