Abstract

This study was conducted to determine effective garbage bin locations using the
domination in graphs theory. In this study, the researchers also compared the proposed
garbage bin locations to the current garbage bin locations. In order to have a standard
problem solving process and in order to avoid bias and mistakes, a program using excel
was created. This program purely consists of formulas and function and no Visual Basic
for Applications (VBA) was used.
In the case of the first map, we have two possible answers, which had perfectly
dominated the area with no overlapping vertices and with an efficient use of the
domination number. In the case of the second map, it also has two answers. However,
they are not perfect dominations. In the case of the third map, since we cannot fully
dominate this graph, we are forced to have overlapping vertices.
The result of the test shows that there is a significant effect of the domination in
graphs theory regarding garbage disposal. Mathematically, it shows that the proposed
garbage disposal sites are more effective than the current garbage sites. This can be
explained by the more areas that a vertex can dominate the less vertexes or bins would
be needed.
Contents

Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ 1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 5
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 5
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ................................................................................................................. 6
STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESIS ............................................................................................................. 6
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................... 7
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY .................................................................................. 7
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
DOMINATION IN GRAPHS .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
History ........................................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Domination Grid......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
The transformation of the maps into excel format: .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Map 1 ..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Map 2 ..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Map 3 ..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Parts of the excel format: .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
I. Domination Grid............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
II. Proposed Areas For The Garbage Bins ........................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
III. Intersecting Vertices Graph ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
IV. Number Of Overlapping Vertices Box ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
V. Number Of Non-dominated Vertices Box ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
VI. Maximum Number Of Dominations Box .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
VII. The Number Of Dominations That Must be Placed Left Box ..... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ........................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Graphing of current garbage locations of Map 1....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Graphing of Proposed Locations Of Map 1: ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Graphing of Current Garbage Locations on Map 2 .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
 Graphing of Proposed Garbage Bin Locations for Map 2 ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Graphing Of Current Garbage Bin Locations for Map 3 ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Graphing of Proposed Garbage Locations for Map 3: ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter V. Summary and Conclusion ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Results: ....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Conclusion: ................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter VI. Recommendations ...................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Bibliography ................................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 1 Theorems For domination number of grid ............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 2 Actual Map of Map1, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 3 Excel Map Version of Map 1 ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 4 Actual Map of Map 2, Cabadbaran City, Agusan del Norte ............. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 5 Excel Map Version of Map 2 ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 6 Actual Map of Map 3, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 7 Excel Map Version of Map 3 ............................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 8 Domination grid has no formulas within its cells ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 9 Domination Grid is a mirror of areas 2 and 3 .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 10 Effect when a D is placed on the domination grid ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 11 When nothing is entered on the domination gid every cell has a value of "D"Error! Bookmark

not defined.

Figure 12 Formula used for Proposed Areas for the Garbage Binsa Graph... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 13 Intersecting Vertices Graph ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 14 Formula Used ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 15 Number of Overlapping Vertices Box ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 16 Formula Used For Area 4 ............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 17 Intersecting Vertices Graph ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 18 Formula Used for Area 5 ................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 19 Formula Used For Area 7 ............................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 20 Current Garbage Locations Of Map 1 ............................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 21 Graphing Of The Current Garbage Locations In Excel Of Map 1.... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 22 Proposed Locations Number 1 ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 23 Proposed Locations Number 2 ....................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 24 Proposed Garbage Bin Locations Number 1 .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 25 Proposed Garbage Bin Locations Number 2 .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 27 Graphing of Current Garbage Bin Locations on Map 2 .................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 26 Actual Map of Current Garbage Locations on Map 2 .................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 28 Proposed for Garbage Bin Locations for Map 2 Number 1 ........... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 29 Proposed for Garbage Bin Locations for Map 2 Number 2 ........... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 30 Actual Map of Current Garbage Locations on Map 3 .................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 31Graphing of Current Garbage Bin Locations on Map 3 ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 32Proposed for Garbage Bin Locations for Map 3 Number 1............ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 33 Proposed for Garbage Bin Locations for Map 3 Number 2 ........... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 34 Proposed for Garbage Bin Locations for Map 3 Number 3 ........... Error! Bookmark not defined.
 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Garbage is an unwanted or undesired material or substance discarded by

residents. The term is often used interchangeably with municipal solid waste. Garbage

may also refer tolitter, improperly disposed waste products. Garbage collection is a part

of the process of waste management. It is the transfer of solid waste from the point of use

and disposal to the point of treatment or landfill. Waste collection also includes the

curbside collection of recyclable materials that technically are not waste, as part of a

municipal landfill diversion program. As more garbage waste is produced, so is the need

for more garbage collection areas.

The domination problem in graphs is used to potentially solve this problem.

This problem is derived from the famous Art Gallery Problem that was first posed in 1973

by the mathematician Victor Klee. There must be a minimum number of guards to watch

over the gallery, and the guards must watch over all of the materials in the gallery.

Although this is applied to the art gallery, it can also be used in the

collection of garbage in the community. It could maximize few trash collection areas to

make it accessible to all constituents in the community.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The study ought to address the problem of the collection of garbage in the

community derived from the domination of graphs theory which will be utilizing the least

amount of garbage bins around the community placed at the most strategic locations .The

measurement to be addressed mathematical testing would be an a domination grid

program on excel that runs purely on functions and formulas. This specifically answers

the following question:

1) Mathematically, are the garbage sites proposed using the

domination of graphs theory more effective than the current

garbage bins?

2) Do the proposed garbage locations have less overlapping

vertices compared to the current garbage bin locations?

3) Do the proposed garbage locations have less to no vertices that

are not dominated compared to the current garbage bin

locations?

4) Do the proposed garbage locations have a lesser number of

garbage bins compared to the current garbage locations?

STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESIS

Hypothesis:

1. That the strategic locations provided by the dominations in graph theory

ismathematically more effective than the current locations.

 2. The proposed location uses less garbage collection sites that the current.

3. The proposed garbage location sites would have no non-dominated vertices.

4. The proposed garbage location sites would have lesser overlapping vertices

compared to the current garbage location sites.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will yield information and data about the possibility of putting the

minimum number of garbage bins in the community using the domination of graphs

theory. This can be beneficial in the economy because we can be able to utilize little

quantity of trash bins in the community in a way that all of the trash bins are accessible

to all the constituents.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

1. This study will only focus on the minimum number of trash bins in the

community and does not include any other.

2. The research is only derived from the Domination of Graphs theory and

no other.

3. The maturity of the citizens would not be considered.