Voice Controlled Home Automation

CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

A. INTRODUCTION

Devices are sometimes left plugged into power sockets whereas others are supposed to be plugged
into and out of power sockets at different intervals depending on the time of the day. All this requires an
individual to manually attend to each of the devices independently from time to time.

Have you ever imagined yourself turning ON/OFF your appliances while you are just sitting on your
couch or while you are resting on your bed? Do you ever think of switching your appliances with just a
touch of your finger? Does it come into your mind of using your Smartphone as your remote control?If
that is the case, then, you are imagining of home automation or simply Smart home. Generally, home
automation is the control of any or all electrical devices in our home. It is also refers to the use of
computer and information technology to control home appliances and features (such as windows or
lighting). It may include centralized control of lighting, HVAC (heating, ventilation and air
conditioning), appliances, and other systems, to provide improved convenience, comfort, energy
efficiency and safety. The popularity of home automation has been increasing greatly in recent years due
to much higher affordability and simplicity through Smartphone and tablet connectivity. The concept of
the “Internet of things” has tied in closely with the popularization of home automation.

This proposal focuses mainly on automatic switching ON/OFF of appliances.The project is

developed using a microcontroller to control the command signal received from Smartphone using
Bluetooth and then will trigger the relay to turn on and off the connected home
appliances.Androidapplication is the center of this control to send command signals to microcontroller.
 A. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

One of the problems that have been cited is the inconvenience of the disabled and elderly people.
Inconvenience in terms of attending to the appliances just to plug and/or unplug it using their own
hand.Doing those kind of things may sometimes cause more trouble due to their impairment. Fast-paced
technology which some elderly people do not know how to use that brings inconvenience to their living.
Other problems are fire which is at times due to overheating of devicesthat lessens the level of safety
inside your home and high electric cost through continuous power consumptionof unplugged appliances
that limits the allocation of your money.With these issues, they then decided to propose a
microcontroller-based automatic switch using Bluetooth-enabled devices which will enable one to
remotely switch and manage his appliances from a specific range inside or outside his home.

B. OBJECTIVES

The main purpose of this project is todevelop home automation specifically automatic switching
ON/OFF of appliances which is being remotely controlled by a command signal from Android phone
via Bluetooth. In this project, they will be able also to:

i. Help elderly and handicapped people live a more convenient life.

ii. Design cost efficient and improve safety system.
iii. Provide an easy-to-use environment.

C. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Today, automation technology is gaining more recognition among the people not just for home
modification but in industrial and business sectors too. Home automation technology is constantly
improving its flexibility by incorporating modernized features to satisfy the increasing demand of the
people.We live in a time unlike any other. With so many technological advancements at our fingertips,
our lives are made easier, which fortunate is considering the fast-paced lives most of us lead. In recent
years, great strides have been made in making homes a bit more “tech savvy.”

Equipment and other electric powered gadgets, such as home appliances and lighting are all instantly
switch and people do not need to have a hand on it. Modern houses are gradually shifting from
conventional switches to centralized control system, involving remote controlled switches. Presently,
conventional wall switches located in different parts of the house makes it difficult for the user to go
near them to operate. Even more it becomes more difficult for the elderly or physically handicapped
people to do so. Wireless switching of appliances provides a most modern solution with smart phones.

There are many factors that are responsible for home automation's growing importance.Some
important benefits of home automation are listed below:

a. Affordable: Home automation process doesn't require a huge sum of money to modify your
home. This is one of the important reasons for its growing popularity among the homeowners.
You can save a lot of money if you plan to automate your home during its construction process.

b. Easy to use: You can operate and access the automation technology with ease due to its simple
procedures that are easy to learn and implement. Centralized control system is used to control the
overall operations of different equipment, which ultimately reduces your burden and allows you
to operate the devices with a single button click.

c. Enhanced performance: Proper wiring and computer control are the important factors that
determine the effective performance of the automation technology. Usually, home automation
systems that are installed using professional installers are reliable and perform all its operation
effectively without causing frequent failures.

d. Improves the security features: One of the important uses of home automation technology is that
its ability to enhance the security features of the home without demanding a huge home
renovation. For example, you can monitor the entire security systems by making use of video
surveillance system. Besides, you can use motion detector to detect even the slightest movements
around your home without the need for wandering.
 e. Safe: Automation systems are installed carefully and are integrated under one centralized control
unit, which ultimately secures the people.

f. Energy saving: By controlling temperature and lighting based on the programmed schedules,
automation systems reduce the energy bills considerably. Now, you can move to distant places
without any worries regarding your energy bills by making use of automation systems.

The key value of the smart home will be in situations that can help to make people’s lives easier.
Smart homes have the potential to improve the accessibility of technology, allowing users to control
aspects of a room through their devices. Rather than encouraging laziness, if employed properly, this can
provide help for both individual users and organizations. Indeed, many of the current deployments of
connected technology are in homes for people with accessibility needs. Another setting we can see
'smart home' technology being valuable in is hospitals: patients could control their beds and the
temperature in their room all through their Smartphone, a device they are already comfortable with as
opposed to an unfamiliar remote control. Systems can range from simple remote control of lighting
through to complex computer/micro-controller based networks with varying degrees of intelligence and
automation. Home automation is adopted for reasons of ease, security and energy efficiency
D. SCOPE AND LIMITATION
Scope

1. Powered by 220V AC.

2. Installation of Blueterm Application in Android phone is necessary.
3. Bluetooth is manually turned on and off.
4. Password is being used to allow authorized users only from accessing the appliances at home
automatically.
5. Once paired, password will not be needed.
6. TURN ON: Press 1 to activate device 1, press 2 to activate device 2, press 3 to activate device 3,
and press 4 to activate device 4.
7. TURN OFF: Press A/a to deactivate device 1, press B/b to deactivate device 2, press C/c to
deactivate device 3, and press D/d to deactivate device 4.
 8. The system has four available outlets but the maximum number of output pin in the
microcontroller is thirteen.

Limitations
1. Android operating system only.
2. One at a time connection only.
3. Standard range is approximately 10 meters.
4. Absolute maximum ratings of 40mA DC current per I/O pin of the microcontroller.
5. The distance and range of Bluetooth is dependent on the location of appliances from the system.

E. DEFINITION OF TERMS

Android

An operating system for smartphone and other device, developed by Android, Inc. and later
purchased by Google. The Android platform is based on the Linuxoperate system,
and feature numerous applications apps developed by Google and by third-party developer. Phones
running the Android operating system are the primarycompetitor to Apple's IPhone, and are the best-
seller smartphones global.

Android phone
The Android cell phone is a cell phone running the Android OS. A typical Android cell phone is a
smartphone with a touch screen interface, multiple connectivity options, Internet browsing capabilities,
support for video playback and a camera.

Automatic
It means having controls that allow something to work or happen without being directly controlled
by a person

Automation
The technique of making an apparatus, a process, or a system operates automatically.
Bluetooth
It is a public standard (802.15.1) intended for short-range, low-power wireless transmissions. It is
used for connecting consumer electronics such as a wireless keyboard or mouse to a PC.

Controller
Device that controls other devicesusing wireless network. There are a variety of controllers available
including hand-held remote controls, central gateway controllers that provide access to the Internet and
PC software (via USB) that can control your network from anywhere in the world.

Device
A Device is a specific electronic product that can be controlled through the wireless network. The
device can be a local wireless controller, which controls a specific light or appliance (usually connected
to it by mains wiring), or a sensor that provides input to the network. Each Device is seen as a
network Node.

Gizduino (Arduino clone)

An open source computing platform based on a simple input/output (I/O)board and the use of
standard programming language; simply, it is a tool for implementing a program you have designed.

Home Automation
All aspects of adding switch to your home and appliances. It can be as simple as adding remote
switch to a few lights, or creating a more complex system that includes automatic sensors and security
systems.

Infrared
Infrared (IR) is invisible radiant energy, electromagnetic radiation with longer wavelengths than
those of visible light, extending from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 700 nanometers
(frequency 430 THz) to 1 mm (300 GHz) (although people can see infrared up to at least 1050 nm in
experiments). Most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature is infrared.

LED
 Stands for Light Emitting Diode. These modern light bulbs use very little power - typically 10% of
the traditional incandescent bulbs.

Microcontroller
A small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and
programmable input/output peripherals.

Module
A device that adds wireless switch to lights or appliances. For instance a dimmer module enables
you to switch a lamp wirelessly.

Network
Two or more devices connected together is called a Network. This enables devices to be switched
and to communicate with each other. For home automation we typically refer to a Wireless Network as a
Network.

Pin Mode
It configures the specified pin to behave either as an input or an output.

Relay
A wireless controlled device that switches the On/Off state of a local appliance (load).
The relay switches the power going to the load via standard mains cables. The term relay is normally
associated with Inserts and Modules that switch appliances of more than 600W (not lights).

Smartphone
A smartphone or smart phone is a mobile phone with an advanced mobile operating system which
combines features of a personal computer operating system with other features useful for mobile or
handheld use

“Tech savvy”
Tech savvy means knows more about modern technology, especially computer.
Wireless Network
A Network on which the devices communicate wirelessly using radio waves (RF). Wi-Fi,
LightwaveRF, Z-Wave and ZigBeeare all wireless network technologies.

ZigBee
ZigBee is an IEEE 802.15.4-based specification for a suite of high-level communication protocols
used to create personal area networks with small, low-power digital radios.

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND LIMITATIONS

This chapter will explain about the review of the works and studies from other researchers that were
related to the development of this project, which is “Home Automation: Automatic Switching ON/OFF
using Android phone via Bluetooth”.The literature review is a continuous part that should be done until
this project is successfully developed.

A. LITERATURE

A smart home is a "home equipped with lighting, heating, and electronic devices that can be
controlled remotely by a Smartphone or computer". Home automation used to be something of a
science fiction concept, as we can see from Microsoft’s amusing 90s vision of the smart home. But now
that technology has advanced, home automation is actually happening. We can now control our TVs
and set-top boxes from our phones or tablets, control our lights using Bluetooth-enabled devices. Apps
are at the center of helping to control our homes, allowing us and our homes to be smarter and better
connected.

When people think about home automation, most of them may imagine living in a smart home: One
remote controller for every household appliance, cooking the rice automatically, starting air conditioner
 automatically, heating water for bath automatically and shading the window automatically when night
coming. To some extent home automation equals to smart home. They both bring out smart living
condition and make our life more convenient and fast. People at that time understood that a smart home
is not owing to how well it is built, not how effectively it uses space, not due to how it is
environmentally friendly. It is only because of how interactive technologies that it contains. Those are
still useful rules for home automation technology today. Below are some related studies about the home
automation using different processes to make a better smart home.

CHAPTER 3

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

A. DESIGN

A centralized controller can be used to control appliances in your home. The design uses
ATMEGA328 microcontroller board as the controlling unit of the system, Android phone as input
device and the home appliances as output device. The connection between the input and the control unit
is wireless using Bluetooth. Figure 4.1 shows the block diagram of the system.

Power 220V
Supply
Input Process Output

Cellphone Microcontroller AppliancesOn/Off

command signal
Bluetooth Relay

Fig. 4.1: Block Diagram of Home Automation Power-Controlled Switch

A Bluetooth shield is interfaced to the microcontroller board at the receiver end while on the
transmitter end, an Android application is necessary to send ON/OFF commands to the receiver where
loads are connected, if the app is not installed the system does not make sense. By touching the specified
input on the application, the loads can be turned ON/OFF remotely through this wireless technology.
A.1. Algorithm

This section will explain the step-by-step process of how the system was developed.

A.1.1 Parts and Components

In order to start the design of the project, you will be needing the parts and components listed
below.

Fig. 4.1: ATMEGA328 Gizduino microcontroller board.

Fig. 4.2: Bluetooth Shield

 Fig. 4.3: Relay card

Fig. 4.4: 12V DC Power Adapter

Fig. 4.5: Extension cord

Fig. 4.6: Some wires and jumper wires

 Fig. 4.7: Android phone with Blueterm application

4 RESISTORS

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component designed to oppose an electric current by producing a voltage
drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is, in accordance with Ohm's law:

V = IR

Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits. They are extremely commonplace in most
electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire
(wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome).

The primary characteristics of resistors are their resistance and the power they can dissipate. Other
characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise, and inductance. Less well-known is critical resistance, the
value below which power dissipation limits the maximum permitted current flow, and above which the limit is
applied voltage. Critical resistance depends upon the materials constituting the resistor as well as its physical
dimensions; it's determined by design.

Resistors can be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits, as well as integrated circuits. Size, and
position of leads (or terminals) are relevant to equipment designers; resistors must be physically large enough not
to overheat when dissipating their power.

A resistor is a two-terminal passive electronic component which implements electrical resistance as a

circuit element. When a voltage V is applied across the terminals of a resistor, a current I will flow through the
resistor in direct proportion to that voltage. The reciprocal of the constant of proportionality is known as the
resistance R, since, with a given voltage V, a larger value of R further "resists" the flow of current I as given by
Ohm's law:

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in most electronic
equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made
of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome). Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits,
particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits.

The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial resistors are
manufactured over a range of more than 9 orders of magnitude. When specifying that resistance in an electronic
design, the required precision of the resistance may require attention to the manufacturing tolerance of the chosen
resistor, according to its specific application. The temperature coefficient of the resistance may also be of concern
in some precision applications. Practical resistors are also specified as having a maximum power rating which
must exceed the anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit: this is mainly of concern in
power electronics applications. Resistors with higher power ratings are physically larger and may require heat
sinking. In a high voltage circuit, attention must sometimes be paid to the rated maximum working voltage of the
resistor.

The series inductance of a practical resistor causes its behavior to depart from ohms law; this specification
can be important in some high-frequency applications for smaller values of resistance. In a low-noise amplifier or
pre-amp the noise characteristics of a resistor may be an issue. The unwanted inductance, excess noise, and
temperature coefficient are mainly dependent on the technology used in manufacturing the resistor. They are not
normally specified individually for a particular family of resistors manufactured using a particular technology. [1]
A family of discrete resistors is also characterized according to its form factor, that is, the size of the device and
position of its leads (or terminals) which is relevant in the practical manufacturing of circuits using them.

Units

The ohm (symbol: Ω) is the SI unit of electrical resistance, named after Georg Simon Ohm. An ohm is
equivalent to a volt per ampere. Since resistors are specified and manufactured over a very large range of values,
the derived units of milliohm (1 mΩ = 10−3 Ω), kilohm (1 kΩ = 103 Ω), and megohm (1 MΩ = 106 Ω) are also in
common usage.

The reciprocal of resistance R is called conductance G = 1/R and is measured in Siemens (SI unit),
−1
sometimes referred to as a mho. Thus a Siemens is the reciprocal of an ohm: S = Ω . Although the concept of
conductance is often used in circuit analysis, practical resistors are always specified in terms of their resistance
(ohms) rather than conductance.

VARIABLE RESISTORS

Adjustable resistors

A resistor may have one or more fixed tapping points so that the resistance can be changed by moving the
connecting wires to different terminals. Some wire wound power resistors have a tapping point that can slide
along the resistance element, allowing a larger or smaller part of the resistance to be used.

Where continuous adjustment of the resistance value during operation of equipment is required, the
sliding resistance tap can be connected to a knob accessible to an operator. Such a device is called a rheostat and
has two terminals.

Potentiometer

A potentiometer is a manually adjustable resistor. The way this device works is relatively simple. One terminal of
the potentiometer is connected to a power source. Another is hooked up to ground (a point with no voltage or resistance
and which serves as a neutral reference point), while the third terminal runs across a strip of resistive material. This
resistive strip generally has a low resistance at one end; its resistance gradually increases to a maximum resistance at the
other end. The third terminal serves as the connection between the power source and ground, and is usually interfaced to
the user by means of a knob or lever. The user can adjust the position of the third terminal along the resistive strip in
order to manually increase or decrease resistance. By controlling resistance, a potentiometer can determine how much
current flow through a circuit. When used to regulate current, the potentiometer is limited by the maximum resistivity of
the strip.

The power of this simple device is not to be underestimated. In most analog devices, a potentiometer is what
establishes the levels of output. In a loud speaker, for example, a potentiometer directly adjusts volume; in a television
monitor, it controls brightness.

A potentiometer can also be used to control the potential difference, or voltage, across a circuit. The setup involved
in utilizing a potentiometer for this purpose is a little bit more complicated. It involves two circuits: the first circuit
consists of a cell and a resistor. At one end, the cell is connected in series to the second circuit, and at the other end it is
connected to a potentiometer in parallel with the second circuit. The potentiometer in this arrangement drops the voltage
by an amount equal to the ratio between the resistance allowed by the position of the third terminal and the highest
possible resistivity of the strip. In other words, if the knob controlling the resistance is positioned at the exact halfway
point on the resistive strip, then the output voltage will drop by exactly fifty percent, no matter how high the
potentiometer's input voltage. Unlike with current regulation, voltage regulation is not limited by the maximum
resistivity of the strip

5 CAPACITORS
 A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors
separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential difference exists between the conductors, an electric field is
present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the plates. The effect is
greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly separated conductors.

An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, which is measured in

farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them. In
practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current. The conductors and leads
introduce an equivalent series resistance and the dielectric has an electric field strength limit resulting in a
breakdown voltage.

The properties of capacitors in a circuit may determine the resonant frequency and quality factor of a
resonant circuit, power dissipation and operating frequency in a digital logic circuit, energy capacity in a high-
power system, and many other important aspects.

A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a device for storing electric charge. The forms of practical
capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two conductors separated by a non-conductor. Capacitors used as
parts of electrical systems, for example, consist of metal foils separated by a layer of insulating film.
 Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating
current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output of power supplies, in the resonant circuits that tune
radios to particular frequencies and for many other purposes.

A capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric

(insulator). When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops in
the dielectric that stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the conductors. An ideal capacitor is
characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on
each conductor to the potential difference between them.

The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of conductor, hence
capacitor conductors are often called "plates", referring to an early means of construction. In practice the
dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit,
resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the conductors and leads introduce an undesired inductance and
resistance.

Theory of operation

Capacitance

Charge separation in a parallel-plate capacitor causes an internal electric field. A dielectric (orange) reduces the
field and increases the capacitance.
 A capacitor consists of two conductors separated by a non-conductive region The non-conductive region
is called the dielectric or sometimes the dielectric medium. In simpler terms, the dielectric is just an electrical
insulator. Examples of dielectric mediums are glass, air, paper, vacuum, and even a semiconductor depletion
region chemically identical to the conductors. A capacitor is assumed to be self-contained and isolated, with no
net electric charge and no influence from any external electric field. The conductors thus hold equal and opposite
charges on their facing surfaces, and the dielectric develops an electric field. In SI units, a capacitance of one
farad means that one coulomb of charge on each conductor causes a voltage of one volt across the device. The
capacitor is a reasonably general model for electric fields within electric circuits. An ideal capacitor is wholly
characterized by a constant capacitance C, defined as the ratio of charge ±Q on each conductor to the voltage V
between them:

Sometimes charge build-up affects the capacitor mechanically, causing its capacitance to vary. In this case,
capacitance is defined in terms of incremental changes:

Energy storage

Work must be done by an external influence to "move" charge between the conductors in a capacitor.
When the external influence is removed the charge separation persists in the electric field and energy is stored to
be released when the charge is allowed to return to its equilibrium position. The work done in establishing the
electric field, and hence the amount of energy stored, is given by:[11]

Current-voltage relation

The current i(t) through any component in an electric circuit is defined as the rate of flow of a charge q(t)
passing through it, but actual charges, electrons, cannot pass through the dielectric layer of a capacitor, rather an
electron accumulates on the negative plate for each one that leaves the positive plate, resulting in an electron
depletion and consequent positive charge on one electrode that is equal and opposite to the accumulated negative
charge on the other. Thus the charge on the electrodes is equal to the integral of the current as well as proportional
to the voltage as discussed above. As with any antiderivative, a constant of integration is added to represent the
initial voltage v (t0). This is the integral form of the capacitor equation,

Taking the derivative of this, and multiplying by C, yields the derivative form,

The dual of the capacitor is the inductor, which stores energy in the magnetic field rather than the electric field. Its
current-voltage relation is obtained by exchanging current and voltage in the capacitor equations and replacing C
with the inductance L.

DC circuits

A series circuit containing only a resistor, a capacitor, a switch and a constant DC source of voltage V0 is known
as a charging circuit. If the capacitor is initially uncharged while the switch is open, and the switch is closed at t =
0, it follows from Kirchhoff's voltage law that

Taking the derivative and multiplying by C, gives a first-order differential equation,

At t = 0, the voltage across the capacitor is zero and the voltage across the resistor is V0. The initial current is then
i (0) =V0 /R. With this assumption, the differential equation yields

where τ0 = RC is the time constant of the system.

As the capacitor reaches equilibrium with the source voltage, the voltage across the resistor and the current
through the entire circuit decay exponentially. The case of discharging a charged capacitor likewise demonstrates
exponential decay, but with the initial capacitor voltage replacing V0 and the final voltage being zero.

Applications

Capacitors have many uses in electronic and electrical systems. They are so common that it is a rare
electrical product that does not include at least one for some purpose.

4.14 1N4007

Diodes are used to convert AC into DC these are used as half wave rectifier or full wave rectifier.
Three points must he kept in mind while using any type of diode.
1. Maximum forward current capacity
2. Maximum reverse voltage capacity
3. Maximum forward voltage capacity
 Fig: 1N4007 diodes
The number and voltage capacity of some of the important diodes available in the market are as
follows:
 Diodes of number IN4001, IN4002, IN4003, IN4004, IN4005, IN4006 and IN4007 have maximum
reverse bias voltage capacity of 50V and maximum forward current capacity of 1 Amp.
 Diode of same capacities can be used in place of one another. Besides this diode of more capacity can be
used in place of diode of low capacity but diode of low capacity cannot be used in place of diode of high capacity.
For example, in place of IN4002; IN4001 or IN4007 can be used but IN4001 or IN4002 cannot be used in place
of IN4007.The diode BY125made by company BEL is equivalent of diode from IN4001 to IN4003. BY 126 is
equivalent to diodes IN4004 to 4006 and BY 127 is equivalent to diode IN4007.

Fig:PN Junction diode

PN JUNCTION OPERATION
 Now that you are familiar with P- and N-type materials, how these materials are joined together to form a
diode, and the function of the diode, let us continue our discussion with the operation of the PN junction. But
before we can understand how the PN junction works, we must first consider current flow in the materials that
make up the junction and what happens initially within the junction when these two materials are joined together.

Current Flow in the N-Type Material

Conduction in the N-type semiconductor, or crystal, is similar to conduction in a copper wire. That is, with
voltage applied across the material, electrons will move through the crystal just as current would flow in a copper
wire. This is shown in figure 1-15. The positive potential of the battery will attract the free electrons in the crystal.
These electrons will leave the crystal and flow into the positive terminal of the battery. As an electron leaves the
crystal, an electron from the negative terminal of the battery will enter the crystal, thus completing the current
path. Therefore, the majority current carriers in the N-type material (electrons) are repelled by the negative side of
the battery and move through the crystal toward the positive side of the battery.

Current Flow in the P-Type Material

Current flow through the P-type material is illustrated. Conduction in the P material is by positive holes,
instead of negative electrons. A hole moves from the positive terminal of the P material to the negative terminal.
Electrons from the external circuit enter the negative terminal of the material and fill holes in the vicinity of this
terminal. At the positive terminal, electrons are removed from the covalent bonds, thus creating new holes. This
process continues as the steady stream of holes (hole current) moves toward the negative terminal.

A.1.2. Microcontroller Program

Before proceeding with the hardware connections of the project. You need to compile and upload a
program in your microcontroller for you to control the system. The program must be appropriate with
the process that you want to achieve. In this section, the code that the researcher used will be provided
below for development and/or modification.
 A.1.3. Schematic Diagram

The connection of the parts and components will be showed in this section. Make sure to follow the
connection especially the proper wiring of supplyand ground from the source. It may damage one of
your component or worst is your whole system.Figure 4.8 shows the schematic diagram of this project
with a single load only.

Fig. 4.8: Schematic Diagram connecting a single appliance.

In the figure above, they used Arduino as their microcontroller board, you can also choose your
desired microcontroller board as long as it uses an ATMEGA328 microcontroller chip. Another
reminder is to put first the Bluetooth shield above your microcontroller before you proceed with the
wiring. Thus, making your connections in microcontroller through Bluetooth Shield. Connect the 12V-
DC power adapter in the microcontroller to power up your system.
 B. TESTING

After setting up the components needed in this project, this is the result of the testing that has been
conducted. Table 1 shows the testing of power switching using relay.

TRIAL Scenario Expected Actual Remarks

Relay 1 is Off, Relay 1 should Relay 2 turned
1
Action: Turn ON turn On On
Relay 2 is On, Nothing should Nothing
2
Action: Turn On happen happened
Relay 3 is On, Relay3 should Relay 3 turned
3
Action: Turn Off turn Off Off
Relay 4 is Off, Nothing should Nothing
4
Action: Turn Off happen happened
Table 1: Testing of Power switching ON/OFFusing relay

Legend: --The actual result is the same as the expected result.

 It shows that during the first testing of the power switching ON/OFF using relay. The actual result of
four trials isthe same with the expected result prior to the executed action.

After testing the power switching using relay, the loads are then connected. Table 2 shows the
outcomes of the testing done.

TRIAL Scenario Expected Actual Remarks

1 Device 1 is Off,
Action: Press the command Device 1 Nothing
signal for device 1 to turn should turn On Happened.
it ON.
2 Device 2 is On,
Action: Press the command Device 2 Device 2
signal for device 1 to turn should turn Off is still On
it OFF.
3 Device 1 is Off,
Action: Press the command Nothing should Device 1
signal for device 1 to turn happen. turns On
it OFF.
4 Device 2 is On,
Action: Press the command Nothing should Device 2
signal for device 2 to turn happen turns Off
it ON.
Table 2: Testing of Power switching with loads connected.

Legend:

--The actual result is not the same as the expected result.

In second testing of the power switching ON/OFF, loads are then connected to the relay. The actual
result of four trials is the inverse with the expected result prior to the executed action.
 CHAPTER 4

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

A. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

This project entitled, “Home Automation: Automatic Switching ON/OFF using Android phone via
Bluetooth”, aims to give a more convenient, cost efficient and safety life to the user. It is all automated.
This project takes away a wide range of initiatives from people. Equipment and other electric powered
gadgets, such as home appliances and lighting are all instantly control and people do not need to have a
hand in it.

An Android smart phone connected with Bluetooth sends control signals to microcontroller board.
On receiving signal microcontroller process, it performs task to control power of appliances. System
provides a user-friendly environment to control all connected home appliances. The popularity of the
wireless network in home automation is increased in recent years and the advance technology has made
this possible.

In this paper, a home automation system based on a Bluetooth wireless technology is pre posed. The
proposed Bluetooth home network is designed for monitoring and remote control of different appliances
connected over Bluetooth network in a home environment. The developed Bluetooth home network
system includes emulation programs of each device and a home server program. The Bluetooth network
system has been simulated to be functioning by developing sensor modules and device control systems.

The system is secured for access from any user or intruder. The users are expected to
acquire pairingpassword for the connection to access the switching of home appliances.This system can
be used as a test bed for any appliances that requires on-off switching applications without
any internet connection. The full functionality of the home automation system was tested and the
wireless communication between the cell phone and microcontroller was found to be limited to <50m
in a concreted building and maximum of 100m range was reported to be applicable in an open
range.

The home automation system has been experimentally proven to work satisfactorily by connecting
sample appliances to it and the appliances were successfully controlled from a wireless mobile device.
The Bluetooth client was successfully tested on a multitude of different mobile phones from different
manufacturers, thus proving its portability and wide compatibility. This project will not only provide
convenience to the common man but will be a boon for the elderly and disabled.

B. CONCLUSION

Nowadays, Smart home usually implement the normal remote and control of devices in your home.
Therefore, we propose to design a Bluetooth based home automation system which will enable one to
remotely manage his/her appliances from anywhere, anytime.Rather than encouraging laziness, if
employed properly, this can provide help for both individual users and organizations. For instance; smart
home technology could be especially useful for people with disabilities, allowing them to switch their
home appliances from a single device. Indeed, many of the current deployments of connected
technology are in homes for people with accessibility needs. Some devices if not controlled properly
consume a lot of energy which leads to extra expenditure on electricity. Thus, this project will help the
user to save energy, improve safety and effective usage of electrical equipment and appliances.

As we've mentioned, providing peace of mind is one aspect that may appeal to homeowners. In
addition, home automation is growing rapidly nowadays and enters in this emerging market quickly. It
can undoubtedly make life at home much easier. For the millions of people affected by disabilities and
also the elderly population, it can make a life-changing difference. Some devices if not controlled
properly consume a lot of energy which leads to extra expenditure on electricity.

This link can help users save both money and energy. In recent years, there has been a rise in energy
monitors and energy saving plugs. Mobile devices have the potential to connect to these devices, giving
the user one place where they can review and alter their home’s energy use in order to better control
their budget.
It is evident from this project work that a Home Automation: Power Switching On/Off Using Android
Phone via Bluetooth can be cheaply made from low cost locally available components and can be used
to remotely control home appliances ranging from electric fan, television and even from lightning
system. And better still, the components required are so small and few that they can be packaged into a
small inconspicuous container.The designed home automation system was tested a number of times and
certified to control different home appliances as long as the maximum power and current rating does not
exceed that of the used relay.
Finally, this home automation system can be also implemented over Bluetooth and Ethernet without
much change to the design and yet still be able to remotely control a variety of home appliance. Hence,
the system is scalable and flexible.

C. RECOMMENDATION

It can be concluded that the objectives of this project were achieved, which are high level of
accessibility and convenience to elderly and handicapped person. In addition, a user-friendly
Android application as an alternative to remote control unit of a home automation system has also been
established. Improvements can be made to improve this project, some recommendations are:

1. Security system that might be compatible for the Bluetooth system.

2. Add circuit breaker for security purposes.
3. Compatibility for the Apple users or iOS device and Windows.
4. Increase the range of Bluetooth connectivity
 REFERENCES

Electric Power Components and Systems. (2014, February 5). Retrieved September 24, 2015.

http://freshome.com/2013/01/17/top-10-benefits-of-automating-your-home/
http://www.academia.edu/9445731/Home_Automation_Review_of_Literature
http://www.slideshare.net/adammckay/importance-of-the-home-automation-system
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation#Overview_and_benefits
http://mysteriousmaniacs.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/5/6/12565748/home_automation.pdf
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/231182479_BLUETOOTH_BASED_HOME_AUTOMATI
ON_SYSTEM_USING_CELL_PHONE
http://pegasus.javeriana.edu.co/~CIS0810SD03/HA%20Bluetooth.pdf