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CONTENTS
MATERIALS ..................................................................................... 3
ABOUT TECNOCOMMERZ
INTRODUCTION
1
Let us introduce you the ACEQUISA-TECNOCOMMERZ group.
– Since 1983, year that Acequisa was founded, we have been a specialist stockist
and supplier of bars, plates, flanges, tubes and fittings in special stainless steels,
superalloys of nickel, Cr and Mo, Titanium, tantalum, cupronickels and other spe-
cial alloys. Developing our activity mainly throught the Iberian Peninsula (Spain
and Portugal).
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TECNOCOMMERZ
3
CATALOGO
4
14/11/05
Santander
N-623 Exit 2
N-1 Rubena - Villafría
N-623
SANTANDER-BURGOS Toll Motorway
Towards Towards
Vitoria-Francia Vitoria-Francia
Página 4
N-1
TECNOCOMMERZ IRÚN-MADRID HOTEL
Villatoro
Vía Servicio
Towards
Madrid N-620 Villimar
N-1 Roundabout
Vía Servicio
N-120
LEÓN-BURGOS AUTOPISTA
BURGOS-FRANCIA
Traffic lights
Villalvilla
Dirección
Santander
Dirección
Vitoria-Francia Dirección
Castañares
Vitoria-Francia
Dirección
Madrid
N-120
N-620 BURGOS-LOGROÑO
BURGOS-VALLADOLID
Towards N-1
Vitoria-Francia
Toll
Motorway
Towards
Santander
Centro Urbano
Towards
N-620 MOTORWAY Vitoria-Francia
BURGOS-VALLADOLID
Towards
City Centre
Towards
N-1 Vitoria-Francia
MADRID-IRÚN
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PRESENTATION
GLOSSARY
❖ Annealed:
Metallurgical condition for products having undergone a special heat treatment that allows more
sophisticated metalworking techniques such as certain types of machining of forming.
In the case of austenitic and austeno-ferritic steels, this state corresponds to the solution annea-
led state.
❖ Ground bars:
Cold processed bars obtained by grinding; 2B an 2G finishing as per EN 10088-3 for the toleran-
ces h9 and <h8 respectively.
❖ Heat treated:
Metallurgical condition obtained by quenching + tempering.
❖ Material number:
No. of the steel registered with the European Registration Office. The number is found in the STAH-
LEISENLIST Nº 9.
❖ Mechanical properties:
❑ 1 MPa = 1 N/mm2.
❑ For profiles and bars with a thickness < 35 mm having undergone a final cold run, the maximum
HB hardness values or the maximum tensile strength values can be respectively increased:
✔ by 60 units and 150 MPa, and the minimum elongation value can be decreased to 10%, for
ferritic and martensitic steels.
✔ by 100 units and 200 MPa, and the minimum elongation value can be decreased to 20%, for
austenitics.
EN 10088-3.
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QUALITY:
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5º Nickels:
N02200 Niquel 200 2,4060; 2,4066
N02201 Niquel 201 2,4061; 2,4068
6º Exotic metals:
Niobium
Tantalo
N50250..... Titanio Gr 1, 2 y 7
Zirconium
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PRODUCTS, we supply:
Round bars
Hexagon bars
Bored bars
Forged bars
Blanks and rings
Tube plates
Tubes
Plates
Flanges
Elbows
Tess
Reductions
Caps
…………
4
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PRODUCTS, we supply:
Fittings
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PRODUCTS, we supply:
– Flanges
– Forgings
– Special forgings
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PRODUCTS, we supply:
Collars
Forget fittings
Wire mesh
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PRODUCTS, we supply:
Special flanges
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PRODUCTS, we supply:
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IDENTICAL TO XS-80S
1,3 2,1 2,2 2,5 3,3 4,3 5,5
32 1 1/4 42,2 1,65 2,77 2,97 3,56 4,85 6,35 9,70
IDENTICAL TO STD-40S
1,7 2,7 2,9 3,4 4,5 5,7 7,9
40 1 1/2 48,3 1,65 2,77 3,18 3,68 5,08 7,14 10,15
IDENTICAL TO 10S
5
IDENTICAL TO 5S
NOTE: Green values are wall thicknesses in mm, other values are weights in kg/m.
Specific steel weight used for calculation is 8.0.
Titanium weight is approximately 57% of the table values.
DN = Nominal Diameter. SI description of pipe size in mm.
NPS = Nominal Pipe Size - description of pipe size in inch.
O.D = Outside Diameter of pipe.
Sch5S and 10S do not permit threading according to ANSI B1.20.1.
Sch40S and 80S in the table are applicable up to and including 12”.
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The following table summarises the typical resistance of various nickel base alloys to a wide range of co-
rrosive environments. When using the table the following points should be borne in mind:
3. The information should not be taken as an implied recommendation for the use of a particular material
in a specific environment. It should not be a substitute for in plant trials with sample test coupons.
4. Concentrations refer to aqueous solution or mixtures of gases in air.
5. Environments are listed in alphabetical order.
6. This data is typical of results obtained in these environments. However, these alloys are not limited to
the corrosives, temperatures or concentrations given.
N.B. The A rating can be misleading in that very often the corrosion rate is very much less than 0-1 mm/y.
Where thin-walled material is to be used and only very low corrosion rates can be tolerated, more precise co-
rrosion data should be obtained.
Acetaldehyde 99 40 A A A A A
Acetic Acid 0-99 30 C B B A A
Acetic Anhydride 100 30 B B B A A
Acetone
Acetylene
Acrolein
0-100
100
100
100
150
100
A
A
B
A
–
B
A
–
B
A
A
B
A
A
B
7
Air 100 – A A A A A A
Alcohol-Allyl 100 30 A A A A A
Ethyl 100 30 A A A A A
Methyl 100 30 A A A A A
Allyl Chloride 100 30 A A B B A
Aluminium Chloride 100 0-30 B B B C B
AluminiumSulphate (Alum.) 100 30 C B C B A
Ammonia Liquid 0-100 30 C C B A A
Ammonium Bicarbonate 0-100 100 – – – B B
Ammonium Carbonate 0-20 30 – – – C B
Ammonium Chloride (dry) 0-20 20 – – – A A
100 100 B B B C B
Ammonium Hydroxide 0-30 70 – C – A A
Ammonium Nitrate 0-40 80 – – – A A
Ammonium Phosphate 5 100 B B B A A
Ammonium Sulphate 0-40 100 B B B B A
Amyl Acetate 100 30 A A A A A
Amyl Choride 100 30 A B B B B
Aniline 100 30 C C B A A
Barium Chloride 0-40 100 B B B B B
Barium Hydroxide 100 1040 B – B B A
0-50 100 A B B B A
Beer – 30 A A A A A
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PLATES:
STAINLESS STEEL ASTM A 167, ASTM A 176, ASTM A 240
NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOYS ASTM B 127, ASTM B 162, ASTM B 168, ASTM B 409
ASTM B 424, ASTM B 443, ASTM B 463, ASTM B 575
TITANIUM ASTM B 265
COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS ASTM B 169, ASTM B 171, ASTM B 248
FITTINGS:
STAINLESS STEEL ASTM A 182, ASTM A 403, ASTM A 815
NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOYS
TITANIUM
ASTM
ASTM
B
B
366
363 8
COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS ASTM B 61, ASTM B 62, ASTM B 271
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677°
304
321-347
316
28
32
47
38
42
62
22
25
36
29
32
48
17
19
28
31
34
50
13
15
22
24
26
39
12
13
19
20
25
32
9
10
15
16
18
26
10
11
16
14
16
24
8
9
13
12
13
19
7
7
11
10
11
17
9
304 21 28 17 22 13 23 10 18 9 12 7 12 7 11 6 9 5 7
704° 321-347 24 31 18 24 14 25 20 10 17 7 7 13 8 12 6 10 5 8
316 35 46 27 36 21 38 17 29 14 25 11 20 12 18 10 14 8 12
304 15 21 12 16 9 17 7 13 6 11 5 9 5 8 4 6 4 5
732° 321-347 17 23 14 18 10 19 8 14 7 12 5 10 6 9 5 7 4 6
316 26 35 20 27 16 28 12 22 11 19 8 15 9 13 7 11 6 9
304 12 16 9 12 7 13 6 10 5 9 4 7 4 6 3 5 3 4
760° 321-347 13 18 10 14 8 14 6 11 5 10 4 8 4 7 3 5 3 5
316 20 27 16 21 12 22 10 17 8 15 6 11 7 10 5 8 5 7
304 8 11 7 9 5 9 4 7 3 6 2 5 3 4 2 3 2 3
788° 321-347 10 14 8 10 6 11 5 8 4 7 4 6 3 5 3 4 2 3
316 16 21 12 16 10 17 7 13 6 11 5 9 5 8 4 6 4 6
304 6 8 5 6 4 7 3 5 2 4 2 3 2 3 1 2 1 2
816° 321-347 8 11 7 9 5 9 4 7 3 6 6 8 3 4 2 3 2 3
316 13 17 10 13 8 14 6 11 5 9 4 7 4 6 3 5 3 4
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Bwg in mm Bwg in mm
Swg in mm Bwg in mm
10
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WEIGHT OF FITTINGS
NOTE:
All weights in this section are based on approximate weights for steel.
Titanium weights can be calculated as 57% of the table values.
SIZE METRIC 6 8 10 15 20 25 32 40 50
Round Nipples 0,023 0,04 0,055 0,1 0,2 0,242 – 0,405 0,56
Hexagon Nipples 0,032 0,04 0,072 0,1 0,16 0,24 0,38 0,455 0,55
#Hexagon
Reducing Nipples – 0,038 0,055 0,09 0,142 0,205 0,35 0,405 0,51
End Caps 0,026 0,04 0,06 0,106 0,14 0,34 0,454 0,7 1,3
Unions 0,16 0,16 0,21 0,325 0,5 0,9 1,12 1,45 2,19
90° Elbows 0,16 0,135 0,27 0,41 0,61 1 1,25 1,6 2,55
45° Elbows 0,12 0,11 0,23 0,34 0,555 0,85 1 1,4 2,1
Tees 0,255 0,225 0,325 0,6 0,8 1,41 1,4 2,27 3,05
*Reducing Tees – 0,25 0,4 0,7 0,98 1,73 2,01 2,605 3,4
Welding Bosses – 0,053 0,085 0,15 0,22 0,316 0,705 0,998 1,44
Couplings 0,035 0,05 0,08 0,15 0,22 0,31 0,71 1,05 1,5
Reducing Couplings – 0,07 0,105 0,185 0,285 0,396 0,872 1,4 1,71
Half Couplings 0,02 0,024 0,035 0,075 0,15 0,2 0,335 0,5 0,71
SIZE METRIC 6 8 10 15 20 25 32 40 50
*Hexagon Bushes – 0,025 0,035 0,054 0,08 0,18 0,19 0,23 0,455
Square Head Plugs 0,009 0,016 0,029 0,057 0,095 0,172 0,255 0,4 0,58
Hexagon Head Plugs 0,029 0,029 0,057 0,085 0,142 0,227 0,51 0,624 1,021
Round Head Plugs 0,057 0,057 0,085 0,113 0,17 0,34 0,51 0,709 1,361
11
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SIZE METRIC 6 8 10 15 20 25 32 40 50
Couplings 0,039 0,05 0,06 0,115 0,18 0,25 0,4 0,48 0,8
#Reducing Couplings – 0,066 0,071 0,132 0,22 0,325 0,44 0,575 1,3
Half Couplings 0,04 0,054 0,085 0,135 0,17 0,32 0,485 0,6 1,02
Tees 0,265 0,21 0,255 0,31 0,325 0,6 0,85 1,29 1,9
*Reducing Tees – 0,289 0,323 0,415 0,448 0,81 1,32 1,675 2,55
Welding Bosses – 0,072 0,085 0,135 0,205 0,3 0,41 0,56 1,225
End Caps 0,02 0,035 0,058 0,085 0,13 0,21 0,3 0,475 0,73
90° Elbows 0,155 0,13 0,13 0,225 0,29 0,5 0,75 1,1 1,7
45° Elbows 0,072 0,06 0,085 0,18 0,222 0,36 0,555 0,85 1,2
Unions 0,157 0,157 0,188 0,28 0,45 0,775 1,2 1,4 2,25
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WEIGHT OF FITTINGS
SIZE METRIC 6 8 10 15 20 25 32 40 50
SIZE METRIC 6 8 10 15 20 25 32 40 50
Screwed/Plain 3000 lbs 0,040 0,054 0,085 0,135 0,170 0,320 0,485 0,600 0,925
Plain 6000 lbs 0,105 0,130 0,180 0,225 0,290 0,550 0,80 1,100 1,400
Screwed 6000 lbs 0,170 0,215 0,285 0,325 0,501 0,750 0,951 1,600 2,100
#Weights of the smallest reduction, i.e. the heaviest
*Weights of the largest reduction, i.e. the heaviest
SIZE METRIC 6 8 10 15 20 25 32 40 50
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WEIGHT OF FITTINGS
Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Std Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch XXS
Inches Metric 5s 10s 10 20 30 40s Wall 40 60 80s XS 80 100 120 140 160
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Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Std Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch XXS
Inches Metric 5s 10s 10 20 30 40s Wall 40 60 80s XS 80 100 120 140 160
1/2 15 0,02 0,04 0,05 0,05 0,07 0,07
3/4 20 0,03 0,05 0,06 0,06 0,8 0,8
1 25 0,05 0,1 0,11 0,11 0,15 0,15
11/4 32 0,08 0,17 0,18 0,18 0,26 0,26
11/2 40 0,11 0,23 0,3 0,3 0,39 0,39
2 50 0,23 0,38 0,53 0,53 0,67 0,67
21/2 65 0,41 0,64 1,05 1,05 1,05 1,05
3 80 0,75 0,94 1,88 1,88 2,03 2,03
31/2 90 0,9 1,24 2,25 2,25 2,8 2,8
4 100 1,2 1,58 3 3 4,2 4,2 4,5
5 125 2,03 2,74 5,1 5,1 6,5 6,5 9
6 150 3,3 4,09 8,25 8,25 11,75 11,75 13,5
8 200 6,6 7,65 11,1 11,35 16,5 16,5 18,15 24,35 24,35 26,35 29 32
10 250 12,45 13,61 17,35 21,35 31,13 31,13 37,7 37,7 37,7 40,85 50 53 62
12 300 18 20,44 25 33,15 45 45 48 54,5 56 56 68 81,25 92 99
14 350 21 29,96 37,5 39,5 52,5 52,5 52,5 54,45 74 66 66 93,5 124 120 138,8
16 400 28,5 38,7 48 52,2 71,25 71,25 71,25 104,3 106,7 104,3 104,3 138 171,5 166 198
18 450 36 49,05 61,5 65,35 92,15 90 90 118 154,35 110,6 110,6 193 257,4 283 387
20 500 43,8 63,68 75 109,5 135,8 109,5 109,5 154,35 208 135,8 135,8 261 332 376 430
22 550 – – 90 – – – – – – – – – – – –
24 600 66 109,5 109,5 165 214,3 165 165 256,5 355,5 197,5 197,5 443,5 530 621 680
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WEIGHT OF FITTINGS
45° ELBOWS, BUTT-WELD FITTINGS
N.B. SIZE APPROXIMATE WEIGHTS IN Kg
Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Std Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch XXS
Inches Metric 5s 10s 10 20 30 40s Wall 40 60 80s XS 80 100 120 140 160
1/2 15 0,02 0,03 0,03 0,03 0,05 0,05 0,06 0,06
3/4 20 0,02 0,04 0,04 0,04 0,06 0,06 0,08 0,08
1 25 0,04 0,07 0,08 0,08 0,1 0,1 0,14 0,19
11/4 32 0,05 0,11 0,13 0,13 0,18 0,18 0,22 0,3
11/2 40 0,08 0,15 0,2 0,2 0,28 0,28 0,33 0,48
2 50 0,15 0,25 0,35 0,35 0,46 0,46 0,7 0,85
21/2 65 0,28 0,43 0,7 0,7 0,75 0,75 1,25 1,6
3 80 0,5 0,63 1,25 1,25 1,45 1,45 1,88 2,75
31/2 90 0,6 0,83 1,5 1,5 2 2 – 4
4 100 0,8 1,05 2 2 3 3 3,75 4,5 5,1
5 125 1,35 1,83 3,4 3,4 4,65 4,65 6,35 7,5 9
6 150 2,2 2,73 5,5 5,5 8,4 8,4 11,5 13 14,75
8 200 4,4 5,1 10 10 11 11 13,6 17,4 17,4 19 20,25 26 27,5 27
10 250 8,3 9,08 18,5 15,85 20,75 20,75 29,95 26,95 26,95 30,58 37,5 42,5 48,5 54,4
12 300 12 13,63 24,75 24,5 30 30 30,85 40,85 40 40 53,7 61,5 70 78,5 90
14 350 14 20 25 37 35 35 35 40,85 54,5 47 47 67,5 94 95 112 123,73
16 400 19 25,8 32 46,5 47,5 47,5 47,5 62,5 81 62,5 62,5 101 130 137 161,5 183
18 450 24 32,7 41 56 69,45 60 60 87,15 115,75 79 79 145,25 195 202,5 211 272,5
20 500 29,2 42,45 50 73 97 73 73 113,5 155,5 97 97 195,23 238 254 303,5 385
22 550 – – 60 – – – 88,98 – – – 118 – – – – –
24 600 44 73 73 110 159 110 110 190,65 266,5 141 141 333,93 410 477 545 635
Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Std Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch XXS
Inches Metric 5s 10s 10 20 30 40s Wall 40 60 80s XS 80 100 120 140 160
1/2 15 0,01 0,01 0,03 0,03 0,05 0,05
3/4 20 0,02 0,02 0,06 0,06 0,09 0,09
1 25 0,04 0,05 0,1 0,1 0,13 0,13 0,15 0,2
11/4 32 0,05 0,07 0,14 0,14 0,19 0,19 0,23 0,3
11/2 40 0,08 0,1 0,2 0,2 0,23 0,23 0,3 0,35
2 50 0,1 0,13 0,25 0,25 0,3 0,3 0,55 0,6
21/2 65 0,14 0,18 0,35 0,35 0,45 0,45 0,9 1
3 80 0,25 0,36 0,7 0,7 0,85 0,85 1,45 1,8
31/2 90 0,4 0,5 1 1 1,3 1,3 – 2,75
4 100 0,43 0,55 1,1 1,1 1,6 1,6 2,5 2,75 3,5
5 125 0,8 1 2 2 2,7 2,7 4 5 5,5
6 150 1,2 1,5 3 3 4,4 4,4 6 7,5 8,1
8 200 2,2 2,75 4,5 5 5,5 5,5 7 8,35 8,35 11 15,5 18,5 15,45 13,15
10 250 3,6 4,45 6 8 9 9 13,6 13,6 13,6 16,25 21 30 28 28,5
12 300 6 7,5 10 13 15 15 19 25,5 22,5 22,5 29,5 32,5 41 42 44,5
14 350 6,4 8,17 14 13,5 16 16 16 24,5 38 27 27 36,3 50 47 52 59,6
16 400 8,4 10,67 18 18 21 21 21 31,5 52,5 31,5 31,5 52,25 64 59 73 79
18 450 10,4 13 22 22 30 26 26 42 66 36 36 72,5 75 88 93 104
20 500 13,6 17 29 34 42 34 34 56,75 94,5 42 42 98,5 96 105 153 170
22 550 – – 35,5 – – – 42 – – – 51 – – – – –
24 600 20,8 26 44 52 74,5 52 52 96,5 120 60 60 150 118 200 250 285
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WEIGHT OF FITTINGS
EQUAL TEES, BUTT-WELD FITTINGS
N.B. SIZE APPROXIMATE WEIGHTS IN Kg
Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Std Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch XXS
Inches Metric 5s 10s 10 20 30 40s Wall 40 60 80s XS 80 100 120 140 160
1/2 15 0,07 0,09 0,16 0,16 0,25 0,25 0,27 0,27
3/4 20 0,09 0,11 0,23 0,23 0,38 0,38 0,47 0,47
1 25 0,14 0,27 0,35 0,35 0,5 0,5 0,86 0,65
11/4 32 0,35 0,45 0,9 0,9 1,05 1,05 1,25 1,18
11/2 40 0,55 0,65 1,35 1,35 1,5 1,5 1,85 2
2 50 0,68 1,7 1,7 1,7 2,15 2,15 3,18 3
21/2 65 1,06 2,18 2,7 2,7 3 3 4 4,5
3 80 1,5 3 3,75 3,75 3,8 3,8 6,58 7,1
31/2 90 2 4,05 5 5 5,25 5,25 10,9
4 100 2,6 4,4 6,5 6,5 7,65 7,65 9 17 15
5 125 4 7,42 10 10 13,5 13,5 17,5 25 24
6 150 6,35 12,35 16 16 19,3 19,3 24 39,5 37,6
8 200 10,7 20 23 24,6 27 27 31,75 33 33 43,6 49,5 54 70,35 68
10 250 18 28,15 34,7 40 45 45 60 60 60 67,5 74 93 98,5 120,3
12 300 26 47,45 59 56,6 65 65 70,5 95 78 78 115 136,2 150 176,5 183,85
14 350 40,7 69,9 87,16 94,5 102 102 102 105 135 115 115 165 206 240 275 300
16 400 43,95 72,65 90,8 100 110 110 110 167 206,5 167 167 249 335 330 385 425
18 450 53,95 101,7 127,12 127 164 135 135 237,45 277 190 190 322 380 450 500 590
20 500 67,2 169,8 199,76 168 245 168 168 320 378,65 245 245 459 540 590 720 790
22 550 – – 220 – – – 220 – – – 280 – – – – –
24 600 95,9 306,45 310 240 373 240 240 570,65 653,75 350 350 748 910 1100 1180 1310
Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Std Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch XXS
Inches Metric 5s 10s 10 20 30 40s Wall 40 60 80s XS 80 100 120 140 160
1/2 15 0,07 0,09 0,16 0,16 0,25 0,25 0,27 0,27
3/4 20 0,09 0,11 0,23 0,23 0,38 0,38 0,47 0,47
1 25 0,14 0,27 0,35 0,35 0,5 0,5 0,86 0,65
11/4 32 0,35 0,45 0,9 0,9 1,05 1,05 1,25 1,18
11/2 40 0,55 0,65 1,35 1,35 1,5 1,5 1,85 2
2 50 0,68 1,7 1,7 1,7 2,15 2,15 3,18 3
21/2 65 1,06 2,18 2,7 2,7 3 3 3,85 4,2
3 80 1,5 3 3,75 3,75 3,8 3,8 6,13 6,6
31/2 90 2 4,05 5 5 5,25 5,25 10,9
4 100 2,6 4,4 6,5 6,5 7,65 7,65 9 15,9 15
5 125 4 7,42 10 10 13,5 13,5 17,5 23 23,15
6 150 5,6 12,35 14 14 19,3 19,3 24 32,7 37,6
8 200 10,7 20 23 24,6 27 27 31,75 33 33 43,6 49,5 49,25 55,6 51,3
10 250 17,45 26,3 33,15 38,6 43,5 43,5 55 55 55 65,83 63,5 88,5 95 113
12 300 25,25 47,25 59 56,6 63 63 70,5 95 78 78 106,24 124,85 140,85 158 163,45
14 350 40,7 69,9 87,16 94,5 102 102 102 105 135 115 115 162,28 206 235 275 300
16 400 43,95 72,65 90,8 100 110 110 110 167 206,5 167 167 200 335 320 360 410
18 450 53,95 101,7 127,12 127 164 135 135 237,45 256,5 190 190 278,87 380 440 475 550
20 500 67,2 169,8 199,76 168 218 168 168 265,1 350,5 218 218 405,42 540 570 680 770
22 550 – – 220 – – – 220 – – – 280 – – – – –
24 600 94,45 268,99 272 227 373 237 237 390,45 544,8 350 350 606,1 910 1060 1140 1270
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WEIGHT OF FITTINGS
CONCENTRIC REDUCERS, BUTT-WELD FITTINGS
Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Std Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch XXS
Inches Metric 5s 10s 10 20 30 40s Wall 40 60 80s XS 80 100 120 140 160
1/2 15
3/4 20 0,03 0,03 0,07 0,07 0,1 0,1 0,15 0,14
1 25 0,05 0,07 0,13 0,13 0,16 0,16 0,23 0,2
11/4 32 0,07 0,09 0,18 0,18 0,22 0,22 0,27 0,3
11/2 40 0,12 0,14 0,26 0,26 0,35 0,35 0,48 0,45
2 50 0,15 0,23 0,41 0,41 0,57 0,57 0,95 0,9
21/2 65 0,32 0,41 0,77 0,77 1,01 1,01 1,35 1,35
3 80 0,4 0,5 1 1 1,35 1,35 1,9 1,8
31/2 90 0,55 0,68 1,3 1,3 1,89 1,89 – 3,2
4 100 0,65 0,82 1,6 1,6 2,27 2,27 3,65 3,65 3,85
5 125 1,1 1,35 2,75 2,75 3,92 3,92 6,35 6,35 6,35
6 150 1,6 2 3,95 3,95 5,94 5,94 7,5 10 9
8 200 2,6 3,27 5 5,58 6,5 6,5 8 9,86 9,86 11,8 13,5 16,35 16,5 14,5
10 250 4,3 5,45 7,25 8,99 10,7 10,7 14,48 14,48 14,48 17,25 20,45 24,5 28,5 29,5
12 300 6 7,7 9,7 13,21 15 15 16,35 22,25 19,79 19,79 28,15 32,65 38,15 44,25 49
14 350 10,75 13,6 23 22,25 26,85 26,85 26,85 31,3 41,75 35,55 35,55 52,25 64 73 78 86
16 400 13,25 16,35 28 27,5 33,15 33,15 33,15 44 56,75 44 44 73,5 83 97 112 121
18 450 16 19,98 34 33,5 46,76 40 40 59,5 77,4 53,12 53,12 97,6 116 136 145 159
20 500 23,8 29,75 50 59,45 79 59,45 59,45 93 124,85 79 79 159 163 178 305 340
22 550 – – 57 – – – 65,35 – – – 86,71 – – – – –
24 600 28,7 36,32 63 71,7 107,14 71,7 71,7 129,4 180,7 95,34 95,34 228 241 295 540 610
Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Std Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch XXS
Inches Metric 5s 10s 10 20 30 40s Wall 40 60 80s XS 80 100 120 140 160
1/2 15
3/4 20 0,03 0,03 0,07 0,07 0,1 0,1 0,15 0,14
1 25 0,05 0,07 0,13 0,13 0,16 0,16 0,23 0,2
11/4 32 0,07 0,09 0,18 0,18 0,22 0,22 0,27 0,3
11/2 40 0,12 0,14 0,26 0,26 0,35 0,35 0,48 0,45
2 50 0,15 0,23 0,41 0,41 0,57 0,57 0,95 0,9
21/2 65 0,32 0,41 0,77 0,77 1,01 1,01 1,35 1,35
3 80 0,4 0,5 1 1 1,35 1,35 1,9 1,8
31/2 90 0,55 0,68 1,3 1,3 1,89 1,89 – 3,2
4 100 0,65 0,82 1,6 1,6 2,27 2,27 3,65 3,65 3,85
5 125 1,1 1,35 2,75 2,75 3,92 3,92 6,35 6,35 6,35
6 150 1,6 2 3,95 3,95 5,94 5,94 7,5 10 9
8 200 2,6 3,27 5 5,58 6,5 6,5 8 9,86 9,86 11,8 13,5 16,35 16,5 14,5
10 250 4,3 5,45 7,25 8,99 10,7 10,7 14,48 14,48 14,48 17,75 20,45 24,5 28,5 29,5
12 300 6 7,7 9,7 13,21 15 15 16,35 22,25 19,79 19,79 28,15 32,65 38,15 44,25 49
14 350 10,75 13,6 23 22,25 26,85 26,85 26,85 31,3 41,75 35,55 35,55 52,25 64 73 78 86
16 400 13,25 16,35 28 27,5 33,15 33,15 33,15 44 56,75 44 44 73,5 83 97 112 121
18 450 16 19,98 34 33,5 46,76 40 40 59,5 77,4 53,12 53,12 97,6 116 136 145 159
20 500 23,8 29,75 50 59,45 79 59,45 59,45 93 124,85 79 79 159 163 178 305 340
22 550 – – 57 – – – 65,35 – – – 86,71 – – – – –
24 600 28,7 36,32 63 71,7 107,14 71,7 71,7 129,4 180,7 95,34 95,34 228 241 295 540 610
N.B.– Weights are of the smallest reduction, i.e. the heaviest.
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WEIGHT OF FITTINGS
STUB ENDS, BUTT-WELD FITTINGS (ANSI B16.9)
Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Std Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch Sch XXS
Inches Metric 5s 10s 10 20 30 40s Wall 40 60 80s XS 80 100 120 140 160
1/2 15 0,13 0,14 0,3
3/4 20 0,18 0,2 0,35
1 25 0,29 0,38 0,5 0,66
11/4 32 0,41 0,54 0,67 0,95
11/2 40 0,54 0,67 0,9 1,2
2 50 0,98 1,34 2,01 2,46
21/2 65 1,54 2,05 2,69 3,71
3 80 2,1 2,8 3,93 5,18
31/2 90 2,47 2,94 6,25
4 100 2,99 4,17 5,27 6,29 7,68
5 125 5,22 7,41 9,6 11,79 13,84
6 150 6,79 10,27 13,04 16,25 19,2
8 200 7,99 8,84 10,28 12,81 15,63 18,21 21,83 24,55 26,79 26,16
10 250 12,1 14,87 17,86 23,8 23,94 28,13 33,57 38,98 45,54 50,45
12 300 14,64 19,29 21,88 23,21 32,23 29,38 38,84 47,32 55,8 62,05 71,43
14 350 18 15,8 28,57 28,57 32,59 44,2 39,73 54,92
16 400 19,75 16,65 32,14 32,14 43,3 56,7 42,86 71,88
18 450 24,25 21,3 44,2 38 56,25 74,2 50 91,52
20 500 36 31,7 55,8 41,96 65,63 88,4 55,81 112,1
22 550 42,95 37 65 46,88 78 109 62,07 142
24 600 50,05 45,55 75,9 50,45 91,52 128,6 67,41 160
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WEIGHT OF FLANGES
1/2 15 0,5 0,5 0,82 0,82 0,5 5 125 6,8 8,62 9,07 6,8
3/4 20 0,91 0,91 0,82 0,91 0,91 6 150 8,62 10,89 11,79 8,62
1 25 0,91 0,91 1 1 0,95 8 200 13,61 17,69 20,41 13,61
11/4 32 1,27 1,27 1,36 1,27 1,27 10 250 19,5 23,59 31,75 19,5
11/2 40 1,36 1,36 1,81 1,36 1,36 12 300 29,03 36,29 49,9 29,03
2 50 2,27 2,27 2,72 2,27 2,27 14 350 35,38 49,9 59,42 47,63
21/2 65 3,63 3,63 4,08 3,18 3,63 16 400 42,18 63,5 77,11 63,5
3 80 4,08 4,08 4,54 4,08 4,08 18 450 54,43 68,04 94,8 72,57
31/2 90 5 5,44 5,9 5 20 500 72,12 81,65 123,4 88,45
4 100 5,9 6,8 7,71 5,9 24 600 95,25 117,93 186,4 124,74
1/2 15 0,68 0,68 0,91 0,91 0,68 5 125 11,79 15,42 15,88 11,79
3/4 20 1,13 1,13 1,36 1,36 1,13 6 150 15,88 20,41 22,68 15,88
1 25 1,36 1,36 1,81 1,81 1,36 8 200 24,49 31,75 36,74 24,49
11/4 32 2,04 2,04 2,49 2,72 2,04 10 250 34,93 44,91 57,61 34,93
11/2 40 2,95 2,95 3,18 3,18 2,95 12 300 49,9 64,41 83,46 63,5
2 50 3,18 3,18 3,63 3,63 3,18 14 350 74,39 84,37 107,1 86,18
21/2 65 4,54 4,54 5,44 5,44 4,54 16 400 99,79 111,6 139,3 113,4
3 80 5,9 5,9 7,26 7,26 5,9 18 450 127 138,4 176,9 133,8
31/2 90 7,26 9,07 9,53 7,26 20 500 147,4 171,5 223,2 167,8
4 100 9,53 11,34 12,25 9,53 24 600 222,3 247,2 342 249,5
4 100 11,79 15,88 14,97 11,34 12 300 58,51 80,29 102,5 68,95
5 125 14,06 19,5 19,96 13,15 14 350 86,64 105,7 140,6 95,25
16 400 114,8 133,4 180,5 127
6 150 19,96 25,85 27,67 19,05
18 450 140,6 163,3 227,7 156,5
8 200 30,36 40,37 45,36 29,03 20 500 171,5 201,9 281,7 190,5
10 250 41,28 57,15 70,31 50,8 24 600 244,5 290,3 424,6 279
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1/2 15 1,27 1,27 1,36 0,91 1,27 5 125 28,58 30,84 30,84 28,58
3/4 20 1,36 1,36 1,59 1,36 1,36 6 150 36,29 36,74 39,01 36,29
1 25 1,59 1,59 1,81 1,81 1,59 8 200 44 50,8 63,05 44
1
1 /4 32 2,04 2,04 2,27 2,72 2,04 10 250 80,29 88,45 108,9 88,45
11/2 40 2,95 2,95 3,63 3,63 2,95 12 300 97,52 102,5 133,8 108,8
2 50 3,63 3,63 4,54 4,54 3,63 14 350 117,5 157,4 171,5 131,5
21/2 65 5,44 5,44 6,35 6,3 5,44 16 400 166 218,2 239 181,4
3 80 6,8 6,8 8,16 9,07 6,8 18 450 215,5 251,7 301,6 212,7
31/2 90 9,53 11,79 13,15 9,53 20 500 277,6 313 387,8 285,8
4 100 14,97 16,78 18,6 14,97 24 600 370,1 4432 533 392,8
1/2 15 2,72 2,72 3,18 1,81 2,72 6 150 74,39 74,39 72,12 74,39
3/4 20 3,18 3,18 3,4 2,72 3,18 8 200 117 123,8 137 117
1 25 3,4 3,4 3,86 4,08 3,4 10 250 197,8 205,9 230 220
1
1 /4 32 4,54 4,54 4,54 4,54 4,54 12 300 302,6 313 351,5 285,8
11/2 40 6,35 6,35 6,35 6,35 6,35 14 350 426,4 442,3 403,7
2 50 9,53 9,53 10,89 11,34 9,53 16 400 567 589,7 521,7
21/2 65 16,33 16,33 16,33 15,88 16,33 18 450 737,1 793,8 669
3 80 21,77 21,77 21,77 21,77 20 500 929,9 1009,3 805,2
4 100 33,11 31,3 33,11 33,11 24 600 1508,3 1644,4 1281,5
5 125 59,87 59,87 64,41 59,87
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PLATE – metric
WEIGHTS IN Kg
THICKNESS WT PER SQ FT WT PER SQ M 2000 2500 3000 4000 6000
x 1000 mm x 1250 mm x 1500 mm x 2000 mm x 2000 mm
5 mm 3,802 40,925 82 128 184 327 491
6 mm 4,563 49,111 98 153 221 393 589
8 mm 6,084 65,483 131 205 295 524 786
10 mm 7,604 81,845 164 256 368 655 982
12 mm 9,125 98,222 196 307 442 786 1179
15 mm 11,406 122,778 246 384 553 982 1473
20 mm 15,207 163,689 327 512 737 1310 1964
25 mm 19,01 204,622 409 639 921 1637 2456
30 mm 22,813 245,556 491 767 1105 1964 2947
40 mm 30,414 327,378 655 1023 1473 2619 3929
50 mm 38,02 409,244 819 1279 1842 3274 4911
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CATALOGO 14/11/05 13:35 Página 47
MATERIALS INFORMATION
See inside for further details
TRADEMARKS
®
Some alloys presented in this catalogue are registered trade marks wich are the
property of the registered owner:
• AL-6XN of ATI Properties Inc.
• Ferralium of Meighs Ltd.
• 17-4PH of Armco.
• 20 Cb3 of Carpenter Technology, Co.
• Hastelloy B3-C22-C276-C4 of Haynes International.
• Incoloy: 028-330-800-800H-800HT-825-A286-DS; Inconel: 600-601-625-718-
X750 and Honel: 400-K500 of INCO Alloys International.
47
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CATALOGO 14/11/05 13:35 Página 49
310S
310S
Alloy: AISI-310S
(Cr. Ni. alloy)
UNS-S31008
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N
Mini 19 24
Max 22 26 0,08 2 1,5 0,045 0,030 (x)
Balance x
(x) cb = 10 x Cmini, 1,10 max
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4.º Specifications:
Applications
• Kilns
• Fluidized bed coal combustors
• Radiant tubes
• Tube hangers for petroleum refining and steam boilers
• Coal gasifier internal components
• Thermowells
• Refractory anchor bolts
• Burners, combustion chambers
• Retorts, muffles, annealing covers
• Saggers
• Food processing equipment
• Cryogenic structures.
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316L
316L
Alloy: AISI-316L
(Cr. Ni. alloy)
UNS-S31603
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N
Mini 10 16 2
Max 14 18 3 0,030 2 0,75 0,045 0,030 0,10
Balance x
Temperature °C 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
0,2% proof stress 165 150 137 127 119 113 108 103 100
1% proof stress 200 180 165 153 145 139 135 130 128
4.º Specifications:
W. Nr. 1.4404
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Applications
Material 316L and Material No. 1.4435 are mainly used for parts and equipment in urea plant sub-
jected to high pressures and temperatures, and to severe corrosion (steam separator, condenser, re-
actor, stripper, scrubber). Both grades are also suitable for applications involving the attack of a variety
of chemicals in dyemills, in the textile, paper and leather industries, as well as the chemical, pharma-
ceutical and plastics industries.
The steels are not magnetic.
Forming properties
Both grades can conveniently be cold formed, hot formed and machined.
Huey-test
Apart from the testing for resistance to grain disintegration the Huey-test also serves for investiga-
ting whether there are any further inhomogeneities such as precipitations within the grain, sigma pha-
se and inclusions of Ferrite. For this reason the Huey-test represents a very strict testing method,
which includes a great number of parameters.
5,91 g/m2 24h=0.27 mm/year at the Huey-test. This extraordinarily low value can only be guaran-
teed by special provisions at the production of the steel and by extensive quality control during the va-
rious of production.
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317L
317L
Alloy: AISI-317L
(Cr. Ni. Mo. alloy)
UNS-S31703
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N
Mini 11 18 3
Max 15 20 4 0,35 2 0,75 0,040 0,030 0,10
Balance x
4.º Specifications:
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317L is a low carbon version of 317 stainless. It possesses the same high strength and corrosion
resistance and will produce stronger welds due to its low carbon content. Many users are shifting over
to this alloy in lieu of 304 and 316.
Corrosion Resistance
Resistant to a wide variety of marine environments, salts, dilute nitric, acetic and sulfuric acids. Sig-
nificantly higher resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion at ambient temperatures than 316 or 316L
stainless.
Hot Working
All common hot working processes are possible with this alloy. Heat to 2100-2300°F (1149-1260°C).
Avoid working this material below 1700°F (927°C). For optimum corrosion resistance, a post-work annea-
ling is recommended.
Cold Working
Shearing, stamping, heading and drawing can be successfully performed. To remove internal stres-
ses, a post-work annealing is recommended.
Annealing
1850-2050°F (1010-1121°C), followed by rapid cooling.
Hardening
This alloy does not respond to heat treatment. Cold work will cause an increase in both hardness
and strength.
Machinability
Low speeds and constant feeds will minimize this alloy’s tendency to work harden. Tougher than 304
stainless with a long stringy chip, the use of chip breakers is recommended.
Applications
Chemical and petrochemical process equipment, pulp and paper manufacturing and condensers in
fossil and nuclear fueled power generation stations.
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317LMN
317LMN
Alloy: AISI-317LMN
(Cr. Ni. Mo. alloy)
UNS-S31703
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N
Mini 13,5 17 4 0,10
Max 17,5 20 5 0,030 2 0,75 0,045 0,030 0,20
Balance X
4.º Specifications:
B.S.
Cold bending
Heat treatment is in most cases not necessary after cold bending to normal bending radio. At a higher
degree of forming and at operational conditions which could cause stress corrosion in austenitic
steels, a stress-relieving annealing is reconmmended.
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Corrosion Resistance
The addition of nitrogen provides a good austenitic stability for Material 317LMN giving it a superior
corrosion resistance to that of 1.4435. Even after heat treatment e.g. welding, a good corrosion re-
sistance is maintained as there is no possibility of the formation of harmful phases e.g. the sigma pha-
se. The increased molybdenum content affords a high corrosion resistance in chlorine-ion-containing
media. Pitting corrosion resistance is particularly improved.
Material 317LMN is characterized by good resistance in
Mixed acids – sulphuric acid / nitric acid, Hydrofluoric acid / nitric acid
Bleaching solutions – sodium chlorite, sodium-hypochlorite
Sea and brackish water – sodium chloride
Applications
Positive experiences with Material 317 LMN can be expected amongst others in the following
applications:
• Fatty acid plants
• Bleaching plants
• Nuclear evaporation plants
• Plants admitting aqueous chloride solutions.
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321
321
Alloy: AISI-321
(Cr. Ni. alloy)
UNS-S32100
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N TI
Mini 9 17 (x)
Max 12 19 0,08 2 0,75 0,045 0,030 0,10
Balance X
(x) Ti: Ti 5x (c + n) mini, o.70 max.
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4.º Specifications:
W.Nr. 1.4541
High carbon steels prone more to intercrystalline attack in weld zones and slower cooling sections.
These steel avoids such attacks through its stabilization with Ti. The corrosion behaviour of this alloy
in natural environments is very similar to the TP 304/304L alloys. Architecturally, it may not be ade-
quate for near-industrial or onshore locations in Europe. Satisfactory in many low-chloride waters, it is
prone to pitting or crevice corrosion in seawater. Water treatment, galvanic protection and deaeration
can influence the performance.
Features
• Oxidation resistant to 1600°F
• Stabilized against weld heat affected zone (HAZ) intergranular corrosion
• Resists polythionic acid stress corrosion cracking
Application
• Aircraft piston engine manifolds
• Expansion joints
• Refinery equipment
• High temperature chemical process equipment
321 stainless is a titanium stabilized grade commonly used for service in the 1000-1600°F temperatu-
re range. For service temperatures up to about 1600°F, a stabilizing treatment at 1550-1650°F, a stabili-
zing treatment at 1550-1650°F, air cool, may be used to provide optimum resistance to intergranular co-
rrosion and to polythionic acid stress corrosion cracking.
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321H
321H
Alloy: AISI-321H
(Cr. Ni. alloy)
UNS-S32109
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N TI
Mini 9 17 0,04 (x)
Max 12 19 0,10 2 0,75 0,045 0,030 0,10
Balance X
(x) Ti: Ti 4x (c + n) mini, o.70 max.
4.º Specifications:
W.Nr. 1.4878
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This is the high carbon version of TP 321 which ensures greater creep resistance. Behaves much
the same as TP 321 in oxidation resistance.
This grade is version of the most common stainless steel, grade 304. They contain carbide forming
or stabilising elements such as titanium, niobium and tantalum, which form carbides in preference to
chromium carbide, and so prevent sensitisation. The grades were more common before the develop-
ment of steelmaking equipment for reliable and economical manufacture of 304L grade, which is now
used in most applications.
Grade 321 is stabilised with titanium, 347 with niobium (columbium, Cb, in USA practice), and 348
with niobium plus tantalum, with a controlled cobalt content. Grade 348 is mainly used in nuclear ap-
plications. Each grade has an ‘H’ version, with guaranteed high carbon (~0.07%), which can be used in
pressure vessels to higher temperatures.
The grades are used:
• where the steel will be used at temperatures in the carbide precipitation range, 425 to 900°C,
and subsequently exposed to corrosive environments.
• where heavy parts (> 5 mm thickness) are fabricated by welding, and will not be subsequently so-
lution annealed.
In practice, grade 304L is most often used nowadays, except for components for feat treatment
equipment and furnaces which are used intermittently, and may face corrosive conditions while cool.
The grades have similar corrosion resistance to grade 304 which has not been sensitised. They are
not suitable for decorative applications, as the stabilising additions produce inclusions which impair sur-
face quality. They are not available in BA finish, and are usually used as heavy sections in 2D or No 1
finish.
Applications
Heat exchangers, furnaces, boilers in chemical and petrochemical plant.
Welded construction and parts heated in the carbide precipitation range, subsequently requiring the
corrosion resistance of grade 304: boilers, exhaust manifolds, fasteners, fire walls, furnace heating
elements, jet engine parts, mufflers for stationary engines, stack liners.
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347
347
Alloy: AISI-347
(Cr. Ni. alloy)
UNS-S34700
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N Cb
Mini 9 17 (x)
Max 13 19 0,08 2 0,75 0,045 0,030
Balance X
(x) Cb: cb 10 x c mini, 1,00 max.
4.º Specifications:
W.Nr. 1.4550
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General Description:
Stainless steels are iron based alloys containing at least 10.5% Chromium. They achieve their stain-
less characteristics through the formation of an invisible and adherent Chromium rich oxide film. Alloy
347 is a general purpose austenitic stainless steel with a face centered cubic structure. It is essentially
non-magnetic in the annealed condition and can only be hardened by cold working.
Niobium has been added to suppress grain boundary Chromium Carbide precipitation.
Finishes
No 1 (hot rolled, annealed and pickled), 2D (cold rolled).
Heat Treatment
Solution annealing is performed at 1000-1120°C, followed by rapid cooling. The grades cannot be har-
dened by heat treatment. Stress relieving is rarely required due to their high ductility and frequent use at
high temperatures.
Typical Applications
Welded construction and parts heated in the carbide precipitation range, subsequently requiring the co-
rrosion resistance of grade 304: boilers, exhaust manifolds, fasteners, fire walls, furnace heating elements,
jet engine parts, mufflers for stationary engines, stack liners.
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410
Alloy: AISI-410
(Cr. alloy) 410
UNS-S41000
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N
Mini 11,5 0,08
Max 0,75 13,5 0,15 1 1 0,040 0,030
Balance X
Tensile strength, mini: 450 MPa Elongation, mini: 20% Hardness: Brinell, max: 217
Yield strength, mini: 205 MPa Cold dend: 180° RcB, max: 96
Heat Treated Condition. 1” (25mm) round bar, oil quenched from 1800°F (982°C)
Electrical Resistivity
Temper. Coeficient* of Thermal
Thermal Expansion Conductivity Temperature ohm.circularmil/ft microhm.m
°F °C in/in°Fx10-6 m/m.Kx10-6 Btu • ft/ft2 • hr •°F W/m.K °F °C
212 100 5.5 9.9 14.4 25.1 68 20 343 0.57
212 100 385 0.64
932 500 6.2 11.2 16.6 28.9
392 200 433 0.72
*70°F (21°C) to indicated temp. 752 400 529 0.88
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4.º Specifications:
Metallurgy
The microstructure of annealed 410 consists of ferrite and carbides. Austenite forms in increasing
amounts as the steel is heated above approximately 1450°F (790°C). Rapid cooling from above 1450°F
(790°C) produces a partially or completely martensitic structure, depending upon the austenitizing tempe-
rature and the analysis. A fully martensitic structure, or very nearly so, may be developed by oil quench from
1800°F (982°C), or by air cooling if the section is light.
Chromium near the upper specified limit will reduce maximum hardness and will usually produce
small amounts of ferrite in with the hardened martensite. Heats of 410 with higher carbon will have
slightly greater hardness in the annealed condition, and greater hardness in the hardened condition.
Heat Treatment
Annealing: Heat uniformly to 1200-1400°F (650-760°C), remove from furnace and air cool. This should
result in Brinell hardness about 187.
For maximum softness, heat to 1500-1650°F (816-900°C), furnace cool slowly to 1100°F (593°C),
after which air cooling is permissible. Brinell hardness should be approximately 155.
Hardening: Heat to 1750-1850°F (954-1010°C), soak at heat, and quench in oil. Light sections will al-
so harden by air cooling. 410 will harden to some degree when heated 1500°F (816°C) and over unless
slowly cooled to below the critical temperature.
Tempering: Soak at heat at least one hour, longer for large sections, and air cool. Tempering 410 in the
range 750-1050°F (400-570°C) results in decreased impact toughness and somewhat reduced corrosion
resistance.
Applications
• Press plates. • Petrochemical equipment. • Gate valves. • Mining machinery. • Distillation trays.
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431
Alloy: AISI-431
(Cr. Ni. alloy)
UNS-S43100 431
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N C
Mini 1,25 15
Max 2,5 17 0,2 1 1 0,04 0,03
Balance X
4.º Specifications:
DIN F-44
BS
ASTM AISI A-511 A-276 A-276 A-580 A-473
ISO
AFNOR
Machinability
In the fully annealed condition, 431 will gall and build up on the tools. Good surface finishes are not
easily obtained.
Hot Working
Heat to 2100-2200°F (1149-1204°C) for best results. Do not work material below 1650°F (900°C).
Cold Working
This alloy is easily drawn, spun, headed, sheared and bent compared with other stainless steels.
Annealing
1200-1250°F (650-677°C), furnace or air cool.
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Tempering
Temper for desired properties. Temperatures between 700-1050°F (371-565°C) will adversely af-
fect impact strength and corrosion properties.
Hardening
1800-1950 F (982-1066°C), oil quench or ail cool for maximum properties.
Applications
431 has been successfully used in a variety of aircraft and general industrial applications. These in-
clude fasteners, bolts, valve components an chemical equipment.
7.º Weldability:
Most electric welding procedures have proven successful with 431 stainless. Filler metal should be
AWS E/ER410. To avoid cracking, pre-heat the workpiece to 400-600°F (204-316°C). After air coo-
ling, treat at 1200°F (649°C) to reattain maximum properties.
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UNS S31254
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N
Mini
Max
18 20 6,2 Rem 0,7 0,020 0,5 0,4 0,20
20°C
Density g/cm3 8.0
Modulus of elasticity kN/mm2 200
Linear expansion 20 – 100°C x 10–6/°C 16.5
Thermal conduction W/m°C 13.5
Heat capacity J/kg°C 500
Electric resistivity nWm 850
4.º Specifications:
Forgings: F-44
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chromium and molybdenum, S31254 possesses a good resistance against corrosion. Numerous field
tests, as well as practical experience, show that S31254 is resistant to crevice corrosion in sea wa-
ter, even at increased temperatures.
S31254 is delivered in an annealed condition (1150-1200°C, rapid cooling) and has an austenitic
structure. In certain cases there may be traces of intermetallic phases (chi-and sigma phase) in the
centre of the material. Normally, however, this has no influence on the impact strength or on the co-
rrosion resistance. When exposed to a temperature range of between 600-1000°C, these phases can
precipitate at the grain boundaries. If the given recommendations for hot forming, welding and heat
treatment are followed, there will be no precipitation affecting the corrosion resistance.
CORROSION RESISTANCE
General corrosion
In a solution containing halides such as chloride, bromide or fluoride ions conventional stainless ste-
els can readily be attacked by localized corrosion in the form of pitting, crevice corrosion or stress co-
rrosion cracking. In certain cases, however, the presence of halides can accelerate the general (uni-
form) corrosion. This applies especially to cases where halides occur in nonoxidizing acids.
Pitting corrosion
In a solution with a chloride concentration exceeding that of sea water, S31254 possesses a very
good resistance up to high temperatures.
Intergranular corrosion
S31254 has a very low carbon content. Therefore, as far as the connection with the heat input is
concerned, there is little risk of carbide precipitation. Due to the low carbon content and the general
chemical composition, this steel passes the Strauss test (ASTM A 262 Practice E) even after one hour
of sensitizing at 600-1000°C.
However, due to the high alloying element content of the steel, intermetallic phases can precipitate at
the grain boundaries as in the above mentioned temperature range. These precipitations do not involve a
risk of intergranular corrosion in the corrosive media where this steel is used. Thus, welding can be ca-
rried out without any risk of intergranular corrosion. However, in a hot concentrated nitric acid, these pha-
ses can cause risk to intergranular corrosion in the heat-affected zone.
Crevice corrosion
The weak point of the conventional stainless steel grades is their limited resistance to crevice corro-
sion. In sea water, for example, there is a considerable larger risk of crevice corrosion under gaskets,
deposits or fouling than of pitting on the free surfaces.
S31254 is completely free from attacks, even after exposure to sea water at 60°C. Conventional
stainless steel grades, on the other hand, are attacked already at low temperatures by crevice co-
rrosion.
PROCESSING
Hot working
Hot working should be carried out in the temperature range of between 1150-1000°C. Higher tem-
peratures will reduce the workability. Fairly heavy scaling occurs at temperatures exceeding 1150°C.
To ensure dissolution of possible precipitations of secondary phases from the hot forming, the subse-
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quent heat treatment shall take place at min. 1150°C, followed by the quickest possible cooling. If a co-
oling rate is too low, it can cause a reduced corrosion resistance.
Cold working
S31254 possesses very good cold formability. Bending, pressing and other forming operations can
be carried out without any difficulty. Thus, practical experience obtained from the pressing of elbows,
tees, reducers, etc. has been very favourable. The steel workhardens rapidly.
MACHINING
Like other austenitic steels, S31254 is tough. The relatively high hardness and the tendency to-
wards work-hardening must be taken into account when this grade is machined.
Fully satisfactory machining results can be obtained when selecting the right choice of tools and ma-
chining data.
Applications
Up to the present S31254 has been supplied for the following applications:
– Use of equipment in contact with sea water such as heat exchangers, cooling water pipes and
even in cases where stagnant conditions can occur. Desalation plants.
– Equipment at pulp bleaching plants, such as drums, vats and press rolls for filter washers, and
pipelines for pulp and filtrate.
– Components in gas cleaning systems, e.g. in pulp and metallurgical industries, and in power stations.
– Tanks and pipelines for different chemicals with high halide levels.
– Equipment used for the destillation of tall oil.
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AL-6XN®
Alloy: AL6XN®
(Cr. Ni. Mo alloy)
UNS-N08367
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N C
Mini 23,5 20 6 0,18
Max 25,5 22 7 0,75 0,3 2 1 0,04 0,03 0,25
Balance X
For Metal <3/16 inch thick sheet, >3/16 inch thick plate, Welded Tube, Welded Pipe Welded Pipe >3/16
Temperature not strip, seamless bar, forgings <3/16 inch thick wall inch thick wall
exceeeding
300 149 23.8 (164) 23.8 (164) 20.2 (139) 20.2 (139)
400 204 21.0 (151) 21.0 (151) 18.7 (129) 18.7 (129)
500 260 20.5 (141) 20.5 (141) 17.4 (120) 17.4 (120)
600 316 19.4 (134) 19.4 (134) 16.5 (114) 16.5 (114)
650 343 19.0 (131) 19.0 (131) 16.1 (111) 16.1 (111)
700 371 18.6 (128) 18.6 (128) 15.8 (109) 15.8 (109)
750 399 18.3 (126) 18.3 (126) 15.5 (107) 15.5 (107)
800 427 18.0 (124) 18.0 (124) 15.3 (105) 15.3 (105)
KEY: YS = Minimum yield strength 0.2% offset; TS = Minumum tensile strength
All product forms have a minimum 30% elongation in 2” or 4D
Values shown are for comparison only. Always consult current editions of codes and standars for values for us in
Values are as published in 2001 edition of Code. Always consult current editions of codes and standards for values
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4.º Specifications:
Corrosion Resistance
AL-6XN alloy has proven to be resistant to a broad range of very corrosive processing environments. Ex-
ceptional corrosion resistance is obtained to chloride-induced corrosion in the forms of pitting, crevice and
stress corrosion cracking. AL-6XN alloy also has excellent general corrosion resistance to various acids and
salt solutions. This is achieved due to the higher levels of:
• Nitrogen – which retards the formation of chi phase during manufacturing and field welding
• Chromium – provides good resistance to oxidizing environments
• Molybdenum – improves resistance to chlorides.
Cost Comparison
Al-6XN alloy initially is more expensive than 300 series stainless steels. However, life-cycle costs for
systems utilizing the alloy can be far less than the comparable costs of the initial installation, mainte-
nance, and subsequent replacement of lesser alloys used in aggressive environments. In addition to
material replacement, labor costs, and production downtime caused by system failures of 300 series
stainless steels used in very corrosive environments, consideration must also be given to the associa-
ted costs of product contamination caused by corrosion related failures. Studies have shown the ini-
tial cost comparison of Al-6XN raw material to other alloys as follows:
304L stainless steel = factor of 1 (base)
316L stainless steel = 1.15 (x) 304L stainless steel
AL-6XN Alloy = 3 (x) 304L stainless steel
C-276 / C-22 = 5 (x) 304L stainless steel
When selecting materials for process systems, guidelines should be followed giving consideration to
the service environment. The inclusion of corrosion control and the correct material selection is the
most efficient and economical means for controlling corrosion and adding life to a piping system.
Fabrication
The toughness and ductility of the AL-6XN alloy provides for relative ease of fabrication in the shop
or field environments. Satisfactory machining may be achieved by the selection of the correct tools and
machine set-ups.
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ronments and do not necessarily simulate a particular process or industry environment. Note that
the AL-6XN alloy has a much lower general corrosion rate than the 300 series stainless steels in
these aggressive environments.
Pitting Corrosion
Probably the most important characteristic of a stainless steel alloy exposed to chloride contai-
ning solutions is its resistance to pitting and crevice attack. The pitting resistance of an austenitic
stainless steel may be correlated to alloy composition in terms of the Pitting Resistance Equivalent
Number. PREN = %Cr + 3.3 (%Mo) + 16 (%N); where chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen are in
weight percent. Increasing the molybdenum in the alloy produces greater resistance to pitting. The-
refore high molybdenum-high chromium alloys generally provides the best pitting resistance.
Another important consideration is the chloride pitting potential of stainless steel. This is an in-
dication of the susceptibility of the alloy to localized corrosion. If the potential is more positive, the
chances of pitting are reduced.
The Critical Pitting Temperature (CPT) is the minimum solution temperature at which pitting is
first observed. When compared to the other alloys in these tests, the AL-6XN alloy demonstrated
a significantly greater resistance to pitting.
Increasing the acidity (decreasing the pH), of a solution beyond a certain value may result in a
dramatic increase in the general corrosion rate. This value is referred to as the “depassivation pH”,
above which the rate is low and below which the rate is high. Corrosion rates in an acidified 3.5%
sodium chloride solution at room temperature for austenitic stainless steel, ferritic stainless steel,
and AL-6XN stainless show that AL-6XN alloy is the most resistant of the austenitic stainless alloys.
The AL-6XN alloy corrosion rate does not appreciably increase until the solution pH falls below 0.3.
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Crevice Corrosion
Crevice corrosion is another form of localized corrosion that occurs when the corroding metal is in
close contact with anything that makes a tight crevice. Metal degradation at the mating surface of a
sanitary clamp fitting and gasket is usually the result of crevice corrosion. Crevice corrosion is usually
the first to occur and is predictable as to when and where it will take place. Like pitting, the presence
of chlorides makes the reaction proceed at a fast rate. There is a “critical crevice corrosion tempera-
ture” (CCCT) below which corrosion will not occur. The greater the difference between the CCCT and
the operating temperature, the greater the probability that crevice corrosion will occur.
Intergranular Corrosion
The most common example of intergranular corrosion is the formation of chromium carbide in
the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of higher carbon stainless steel duringwelding. These carbides form
along the grain boundaries. Because the carbides require more chromium than is locally available,
the carbon depletes chromium from the area around the carbon. The grain boundary zone is left low
in chromium and creates a new, low chromium alloy in that region. A mismatch in galvanic poten-
tial between the base metal and the grain boundary results, so galvanic corrosion begins. As the
grain boundaries corrode, the grain and the chromium carbides drop out like particles of rusty sand.
The surface of the metal develops a “sugary” appearance.
Intergranular corrosion also can occur whenever intermetallic compounds such as chi or sigma
phase form. These compounds usually form when some type of heating occurs, such as welding, he-
at treatment, or metal fabrication. Understanding how they form makes it relatively easy to control
their formation. Since AL-6XN stainless has low carbon, chromium carbide formation usually is not
a problem. However, chi phase may be a problem as it forms when the weld metal cools after wel-
ding, especially in the heat affected zone, or if heat treatment is improperly performed, or if the alloy
is held for a short time in the 1200-1800°F (650-1000°C) range.
Applications
AL-6XN alloy is currently in use in the follo- It is used in contact with these products:
wing industries: • Sports drinks
• Food Processing • Ketchup
• Pharmaceutical • Soy sauce
• Biopharmaceutical • Barbecue sauce
• Brewery • Salsa
• Desalination • Fine chemicals
• Semi-conductor • Cosmetics
• Aerospace • Pharmaceuticals
• Pulp & paper
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904L®
Alloy: 904L®
(Cr. Ni. Mo alloy)
UNS-N8904
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N 904L®
Mini 23 19 4 1 0,02
Max 28 23 5 2 2 1 0,045 0,035
Balance X
4.º Specifications:
Corrosion Resistance
High leves of chromium, nickel, molybdenum and copper give 904L good resistance to stress corrosion
cracking, chloride pitting and to reducing media such as hot phosphoric acid and dilute sulfuric acid. In the-
se areas it is superior to 316 and 317.
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This austenitic speciality with its high molybdenum and a reduced carbon contets offers excellent resis-
tance to:
• reductive acids like sulphuric and phosphoric acid
• concentrated organic acids, even at elevated temperatures
• salt and soda solutions
• sea water
Special characteristic:
Extraordinary resistance to pit corrosion, stress corrosion and intergranular corrosion.
Structure after heat treatment, austenitic.
With application up to 400°C and an operation up to 100000 h, grade 904L is resistant to intercrys-
talline corrosion acc. to DIN 50914.
Machinability
Slow speeds and positive feeds will minimize this alloy’s tendency to work harden and glaze. Use chip bre-
akers where possible to overcome problems with long draggy chips.
Hot Working
Hot work should proceed after uniform heating to 2000-2200 F. Do not work the material at less than
1800°F. Full annealing should follow any hot work to retain maximum ductility and corrosion resistance.
Cold Working
Although higher forces are required, 904L will respond in a similar fashion to other austenitic stainless
steels like 304, 316 or 317. Most common operations can be successfully performed.
Annealing
1920-1990°F (1050-1090°C), rapid cooling.
Hardening
This alloy does not respond to heat treatment. It may only be hardened by cold reduction.
Applications
Utility scrubber assemblies, acid and fertilizer production equipment. Desalation plants.
For highly critical corrosion problems in the chemical and petrochemical industry, pulp and paper industry
as well as for flue gas desulphurization plants.
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UNS S31803
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N
Mini 4,5 21 2,5 0,08
Max 6,5 23 3,5 0,03 2 1 0,03 0,02 0,20 UNS S31803
Balance X
At room temperature
At higher temperatures:
°C 50 100 150 200 250 280
°F 122 212 302 392 482 536
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4.º Specifications:
Metallurgical structure
After solution annealing at 1900-2000°F (1040°C-1100°C), the precipitation free Duplex structu-
re contains about 40% ferrite and 60% austenite.
The ferritic/austenitic structure is maintained also at higher temperatures. This is due to the nitro-
gen addition, a strongly austenite stabilizing elements, as wel as to the precipitation free state. The pre-
sence of nitrogen, dissolved in the austenitic constituent, retards remarkably the carbide precipitation.
This effect, together with the decrease of carbon content to max. 0.03%, results in a very good resis-
tance against intergranular corrosion even after holding in the critical temperature range of 600-
950°C/1100-1750°F.
Micrographs show the heat-affected zones (HAZ) and the as-weld structure of a multilayer welding
of 4.7 inch (12 mm) sheet with matching filler metal, contrary to commercial Duplex steel grades, whe-
re no part of the HAZ of Duplex has become completely ferritic. Exposed to the Streichertes (ASTM
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262, Practice B), these specimens did not undergo intergranular corrosion and after a 180° bending–
no cracks have been observed.
CORROSION RESISTANCE
General corrosion is characterized by an uniform attack of the steel surface when it comes into con-
tact with a corrosive medium. The resistance is normally considered good if the corrosion rate is less
than 0.1 mm/year, due to its high chromium and molybdenum content.
Duplex has a better resistance than type 316 and 317 in most mediums.
Intergranular corrosion
Thanks to the Duplex structure and the low carbon content, Duplex has a very high resistance to
intergranular corrosion. In general, when welding ferritic-austenitic steels, a narrow heat-affected zo-
ne, close to the fusion line is obtained, where the structure may become fully ferritic. Chromium car-
bides precipitate rapidly in such a zone; thus, producing a risk of intergranular corrosion. However, Du-
plex has a balanced composition which ensures a sufficient amount of austenite in the heat affected
zone to minimize the risk of undesirable carbide precipitation.
Corrosion fatigue
The high mechanical strength combined with the very good corrosion resistance gives Duplex a high
corrosion fatigue strength.
PROCESSING
Hot forming should be carried out in the temperature range of 1200-900°C/2200-1650°F. After
this a final heat treatment is required.
However, it should be borne in mind that the mechanical stength of the material is low at high tem-
peratures.
At temperatures below 950°C embrittling can take place on account of the combination of strain
and exposure in the sigma phase field.
At room temperature cold working can be done without any problems. Cold working >10% entails al-
so a final heat treatment. Work hardening is higher than that of austenitic stainless steels, necessitates,
however, accordingly higher forces of deformation and tools with higher maintenance of cutting power.
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MACHINING
With high speed tools the same cutting data can be applied as with type 316. However, when ce-
mented carbide tools are used the cutting speeds have to be reduced by 20%.
HEAT TREATMENT
All forms of supply are normally delivered in the solution-annealed condition. The temperature of
solution annealing ranges between 1040 and 1100°C/1900-2000°F. Up to 2 mm/0.078 in. quen-
ching can be carried out in air, for thicknesses greater than 2 mm/0.078 in. water quenching will
be necessary.
Structure after heat treatment: ferrite–austenite. Stress relief treatments can in special cases be performed at 550-600°C
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FERRALIUM-255®
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N
Mini 4,5 24 0,08
Max 6,5 27 3,5 0,03 2 1 0,20
Balance X FERRALIUM-255®
The composition above is that shown for UNS S3250 in ASTM A240. The composition of Ferralium
alloy 255[SD40] falls within this range but the exact proprietary compositional range is confidential and
is not released. The standard requirements for Pitting Resistance Equivalent (PRE.N) are met, where
PRE.N = %Cr + 3.3%Mo + 16%N > 40.0.
Ferralium alloy 255 is normally supplied in the solution-treated and stress relieved condition. The ex-
cellent mechanical properties obtained in this condition can be raised further by ageing and if required
shoud be stated at the order stage.
The recommended maximum continuous operating temperature for Ferralium alloy 255-3SF is
275°C. The alloy can be used for occasional short periods at slightly higher temperatures but care
should be exercised.
The lowest temperture for which Ferralium alloy 255-3SF can be considered is around minus 50°C. The
V-notch impact at minus 18°C is typically 80-100 Joules.
FATIGUE CHARACTERISTICS
Ferralium alloy 255-3SF has excellent resistance to fatigue and corrosion fatigue, making it particularly
suitable for items such as shafts in seawater environments.
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4.º Specifications:
Description
Ferralium alloy 255-3SF is a high strength, high alloy duplex stainless steel made under the same Patent
which covers the standard Ferralium alloy 255. It has an even more closely controlled composition and he-
at treatment so as to achieve the optimum corrosion resistance from the alloy system but can be machi-
ned and welded as readily as the alloy 255.
This wrought alloy which complements the advanced cast Ferralium alloy 255-3SC has been de-
veloped especially for the more critical applications in oil and gas production both offshore and ons-
hore, and in naval ships – in fact wherever a high degree of resistance to pitting and crevice attack
in addition to general corrosion resistance is important. Its resistance to acids, notably to sulphu-
ric acid up to about 65% concentration, is also significantly improved so that it is very useful for
handling all kinds of contaminated waters.
Compared with other commercially available duplex alloys such as W.NR 1.4462 (often designated
2205) it has higher strength but retains good ductility and its corrosion resistance is of a significantly hig-
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her order in both sea water and acids. Against the conventional high alloy austenitic alloys characterised
by UNS NO8904 it has both higher strength and much better resistance to selective attack, approaching
that of the so-called “6Mo” alloys although the PRE (pitting resistance equivalent) values of the latter are
slightly higher. However it must be appreciated that PRE is not an absolute measure and is merely a broad
method of grading by calculation from the Cr, Mo and N contents of the alloy. The PREN value for Ferralium
alloy 255-3SF exceeds 37. As with Ferralium alloy 255, a significant copper content in Ferralium alloy 255-
3SF enhances the basic corrosion resistance of the high alloy duplex structure (approximately 50:50) con-
trolled by the chromium, molybdenum, nickel and nitrogen contents. In particular, the copper tends to re-
tard pitting and crevice attack and benefits resistance to sulphuric acid.
Ferralium alloy 255-3SF is relatively “noble” in a galvanic table, comparing with titanium, and has a rest
potential of +0.04 volts (S.C.E.) in 3% Na Cl.
The good resistance to erosion provided by Ferralium alloy 255 is equalled by the alloy 255-3SF, espe-
cially in the age-hardened condition.
In the solution-treated condition the hardness of alloy 255-3SF is within the limit set by NACE MR-01-
75 and Ferralium alloy 255 in the wrought form is now included by name in this Material Recommendation.
The UNS number for Ferralium alloy 255-3SF is S32550.
CORROSION RESISTANCE
Crevice Corrosion
The 300 series austenitic stainless steels are particularly susceptible to a breakdown of their passive film
under crevice conditions in sea water and other corrosive waters. Some highly alloyed ferritic stainless ste-
els resist crevice corrosion attack much more successfully, as can ferritic/austenitic alloys.
Ferralium alloy 255-3SF is even better than wrought Ferralium alloy 255 which already led the field in
resisting this form of attack. For comparison and grading of materials it is widespread practice to use ac-
celerated tests in FeCl3. The table below shows comparisons between Ferralium alloy 255-3SF, some other
wrought duplex alloys and austenitic alloys. The critical crevice temperatures were determined on speci-
mens having a bold (uncovered) to crevice area ratio of approximately 20:1; significant changes in the abo-
ve ratio may alter the critical crevice temperature.
Critical Crevice Corrosion Temperatures in 10% FeCl36H20 (pH1)
CCT°C CCT°C
Ferralium alloy 255-3SF 30 CN7M modified (4.5 Mo) (cast) 0 to 12.5
Ferralium alloy 255 20 DP3 (25Cr/7Ni/3Mo + W) 10
2205 (1.4462) 17.5 316 stainless steel – 2.5
Pitting Corrosion
The pitting resistance of most duplex stainless steels is superior to that of the standard austenitic alloys
such as types 316 and 317 even in low carbon grades.
Ferralium alloy 255-3SF offers a further advance in pitting resistance compared with Ferralium alloy
255, already outstanding in this respect. The critical pitting temperature of alloy 255-3SF in 3% NaCl so-
lution is compared with some other wrought alloys below.
The results presented in the table may be less than claimed elsewhere for the alloys other than the Fe-
rralium alloys. This can be due to the difference in detail between the precise test methods employed. All
the figures were established by an identical procedure used in the same test equipment so that they repre-
sent a true comparison.
Critical Pitting Temperatures in 3% NaCl (deaerated)
CCT°C CCT°C
Ferralium alloy 255-3SF 40 CN7M modified (4.5 Mo) (cast) 20
Ferralium alloy 255 30 316 stainless steel 0
2205 (1.4462) 20
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The presence of copper in Ferralium alloy 255-3SF, as in alloy 255, is particularly benefical in aiding the
resistance to initiation and particularly to propagation of pitting attack. A minimum of 1% copper is essen-
tial to ensure the optimum resistance to pitting.
Stress Corrosion
The stress corrosion cracking resistance in chloride environments of Ferralium alloy 255-3SF is, in com-
mon with standard alloy 255, greatly superior to that of the standard austenitic stainless steels. A consi-
derable amount of test data and service experience with Ferralium alloy 255 has demonstrated the alloy’s
excellent performance in resisting this form of attack. Alloy 255-3SF is identical in performance to the stan-
dard alloy and data can be provided if required.
One factor in handling sea water is that in many situations it may be polluted. For example, harbour wa-
ter and oil field water may contain considerable amounts of dissolved hydrogen sulphide. This can destroy
the passivation of stainless steels, leading to accelerated pitting, increased propensity to crevice attack and
potentially most damagingly to stress corrosion cracking. The beneficial effect of copper in stabilising the
passive film helps Ferralium alloy 255-3SF to combat these forms of attack and the modified chemistry of
the alloy further improves resistance to the stress corrosion hazard created by the presence of H2S. Whe-
re Ferralium alloy 255 is required to meet the requirements of NACE MR-01-75, in which it appears by na-
me, this is satisfied by supplying the alloy in the solution treated and stress-relieved condition.
Acids
Ferralium alloy 255-3SF possesses far superior resistance to sulphuric acid compared with conventio-
nal austenitic stainless steels such as type 316. For many years alloy 255 has been used very successfully
in the lower and higher concentrations of sulphuric acid.
The selection chart is based on tests on material machined and later tested rather than on freshly abra-
ded samples. Freshly abraded samples or activated samples may exhibit different rates of corrosion. This
is of particular significance in aggressive non-oxidising acid conditions.
The application of Ferralium alloy 255-3SF in sulphuric acid can be further extended in strongly aera-
ted solutions and in the presence of oxidising substances but it is essential to carry out tests to esta-
blish suitability.
The outstanding resistance of Ferralium alloy 255-3SF to commercial phosphoric acid containing impu-
rities such as hydrofluoric acid, chlorides and sulphuric acid combined with its excellent resistance to wear
and erosion renders the alloy of special interest for critical components on pumps, valves and fluid hand-
ling equipment generally in the production of fertilizer grade phosphoric acid where hot abrasive slurries are
involved. Ferralium alloy 255-3SF and the cast alloy 255-3SC can often replace more expensive highly allo-
yed stainless steels and nickel based alloys.
Ferralium alloy 255-3SF will successfully resist a wide range of acid mixtures such as sulphuric/nitric,
phosphoric/nitric and nitric/adipic and is highly resistant to acetic, formic and other organic acids where
halide contamination may be present.
Ferralium 255 & Ferralium SD40 possess outstanding resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in ma-
rine and seawater environments. They match the resistance of any other superduplex stainless steel and
are far superior to the so-called marine grades of stainless steel, such as AISI 316 and 317, and the stan-
dard type duplexes such as Alloy 2205. The carefully controlled composition of Ferralium SD40, which is
specifically designed as an offshore grade of superduplex and which has a substantial content of nitrogen
and molybdenum, gives a Pitting Resistance Equivalent (PREN) > 40.0, where PREN = %Cr + 3.3%Mo +
16%N.
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FERRALIUM
Conc. Temp. °C alloy CF-8M (316) CN-7M
w/w 255-3SF
Acetic Acid 0-50% Boiling •1 • •
Acetic Acid Vapour – Hot • ❚ •
Acetic Anhydride – to Boiling • • •
Ammonium Carbamate
(urea production) – to 120 • ❚ ❚
Ammonium Chloride All 75 •2 ❚ •
Ammonium Hidroxide – – • • •
Citric Acid All to Boiling • ❚ •
Copper Sulphate + 10% H2SO4 – to Boiling • ❚ •
1
Formic Acid – 20 • ❚ •
Hydrochloric Acid 2% 100 • ▼ –
5
Nitric Acid 0-60% Boiling • • •
5
Nitric Acid 70% Boiling ❚ ❚ ❚
Phosphoric Acid All to 100 • • •
Phosphoric Acid 0-60% Boiling • ❚ •
Phosphoric Acid 60%-70% 120 ❚ ▼ ❚
Phosphoric Acid 88% Boiling ❑ ▼ ❑
3
‘Wet Process’ 25%-35% 80 • ❑ •
Phosphoric Acid in P2O5
production of phosphate 45%-55% 80-90 •3 ❑ •
fertilisers P2O5
Potassium Chloride 0-30% to Boiling ❚2 ❚ •
Sea Water See separate information
Sodium Chloride 0-10% to Boiling •2 ❚ •
Sodium Hydroxide All 20 • ❚ •
Sodium Hydroxide All Boiling ❚ ❚ ❚
Sulphuric Acid 0-98% 40 • ▼ •
Sulphuric Acid 5%-30% 80 • ▼ •
Sulphuric Acid 30%-50% 60 • ▼ ❚
Sulphuric Acid 98% 100 • ▼ •
Sulphuric Acid 98% 150 ❚ ▼ ❚
4
Sulphuric Acid (fuming) –Oleum – to 80 ❚ ❚ ❚
Sulphuric Acid/Nitric
Acid Misture 43% H2SO4,
25% HNO3, 32% H2O – 100 • ❚ •
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The resistance of Ferralium alloy 255-3SF to erosion, cavitation and wear is extremely good, being the
same as that of the standard alloy 255. Many established applications utilise this property to advantage
most notably in pumps and valves.
MACHINING
FERRALIUM alloy 255-3SF can be readily machined and although considerably harder than the austeni-
tic stainless steels, the same techniques can generally be used. High speed tools can be used but speeds
can be substantially increased by the use of carbide tipped tools.
In common with many stainless steels and high strength materials, heavy machining on Ferralium alloy
255-3SF can sometimes result in slight movement during subsequent operations. This may be accetuated
by surface work hardening if blunt tools are used.
Whilst this movement is not significant in most cases, components requiring specially close tolerances
should be given a stress relief.
The stress corrosion cracking resistance in chloride environments is far superior to any of the standard
austenitic grades. Ferralium 255 & Ferralium SD40 have been successfully tested to 100% of yield
strength in boiling seawater and the tests have shown that the alloys are not susceptible to stress corro-
sion cracking, even under these extreme conditions.
The corrosion resistance of Ferralium 255, which is designed specifically as a chemical grade su-
perduplex, is generally superior to that of the standard austenitic types in sulphuric, phosphoric, ni-
tric and many other acids and salts. Ferralium 255 is highly resistant to acetic acid, formic acid and
other organic compounds. They are particulary suitable for the higher concentrations and tempera-
tures where pitting and preferential corrosion are common causes of failure with standard austeni-
tics in the presence of chloride and other impurities.
Ferralium 255 & Ferralium SD40 are proprietary super duplex stainless steels, containing appro-
ximately 26% chromium, 6% nickel, 1.6% copper, 3.3% molybdenum and 0.24% nitrogen. The ma-
terials are the latest refinement of the Ferralium series of superduplex stainless steels and Ferralium
SD40 was specifically introduced to comply with those specifications calling for a Pitting Resistance
Equivalent (PREN) > 40.0.
The main features of Ferralium 255 & Ferralium SD40 are:
• Excellent corrosion resistance in a wide variety of corrosive chemicals including sulphuric, phosp-
horic and nitric acids.
• Outstanding resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in seawater and other chloride containing
environments, Pitting Resistance Equivalent (PREN) exceeds 40.0.
• High strengh compared to austenitic and 22% chrome duplex stainless steels.
• Excellent ductility and impact strength at both ambient and sub-zero temperatures.
• High resistance to abrasion, erosion and cavitation erosion.
• Excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking in chloride containing environments compared
to standard austenitics.
Since the original Ferralium grade was invented at Langley Alloys in the 1960’s, the Ferralium alloy
series have been providing excellent service in a wide variety of corrosive environments. Some of the
existing industries and applications where the alloys have been successfully used are listed below.
• Chemical Process Industry. Sulphuric Acid Production, Nitric Acid Processes, Polypropylene Pro-
duction, PVC Production, Titanium Dioxide Production, Caustic Evaporators, Equipment Handling
Organic and Fatty Acids.
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• Marine Industry and Shipbuilding. Propellers and Shafts, Rudders, Shaft Seals, Pumps, Bolts
and Fasteners, Valves, Instrumentation, Oil and Chemical Tankers.
• Oil and Gas Industry. Pumps, Valves, Pipe, Vessels, Welllhead Equipment, Subsea Equipment.
• Pollution Control. Fans and pumps, Wet Scrubbers, Incinerators.
• Copper Semlting. ID Fans, Tuyeres bars, Wet Scrubbers, Leaching Area Precipitators.
• Pulp and Paper Industry. Black liquor heater tubes, Digester Blow Valves, Rotary Feed Valves,
I.D. Fans, Brownstock Washers, Precipitators, Bleaching Components.
• Food Industry. Sugar Cane Centrifuges, Corn and Vegetable processing plant.
• Agrochemicals. Fertiliser Production (Wet phosphoric acid).
• Civil Engineering. Statue of Liberty supporting structure, Swimming Pools, Sewage Treatment.
HEAT TREATMENT
The standard solution heat-treatment for Ferralium alloy 255-3SF is carried out at 1060°C followed by
rapid quench, preferably in water. Uniformity of temperature within a range of ± 10°C is essential and ade-
quate time should be allowed so as to ensure that the material is fully soaked throughout at the tempera-
ture. Quenching should be carried out immediately on removal from the furnace, with the minimum of coo-
ling in air during transfer to the quenche tank.
Stress Relief
This should be carried out by heating to 350°C and holding for two hours at temperature followed by air
cool. Depending upon the nature of the component, the extent of machining and the tolerances required,
this treatment may be carried out at one or more stages of the machining cycle.
Ageing
We recommend that ageing heat-treatment is carried out only by the manufacturer, as it requires a very
careful control.
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SD-F55
UNS S32760
Alloy: UNS-S32760 (Super Duplex) F-55
(Cr. Ni. Mo. alloy)
UNS-S32760
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N W
Mini 6 24 3 0,5 0,2 0,5
Max 8 26 4 1 0,03 1 1 0,03 0,01 0,3 1
Balance X
SD-F55
PREN = % Cr + 3.3% Mo + 16% N UNS S32760
PREN > 40
PHASE BALANCE – 50 ± 15% FERRITE
It should be noted that the UNS S32760 designation merely specifies a broad compositional ran-
ge, whereas the composition is tightly controlled in strict accordance with “MDS” specifications. This
ensures a consistent quality product is produced, and the stated corrosion, mechanical an physical pro-
perties are maintained.
The following guaranteed minimum properties are available in the solution annealed condition.
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The above properties for forgings are typical values for section thicknesses up to 300 mm solid or
250 mm in an annulus with a minimum bore of 100 mm. As the properties from forgings are very de-
pendent upon the product route and the actual forging ratio then properties and design are by agree-
ment for other than standard items.
It is not recommended for uses which involve extended exposure to temperatures greater than
300°C (572°F) as there is a substantial reduction in toughness.
Impact Strength
It has good impact strength. There is no true ductile brittle transition, just a gradual decrease in im-
pact energy as the temperature is lowered. The impact energy varies according to product type and
production route. The impact strength is slightly less than that of parent metal.
Young’s Modulus
The modulus is a function of austenite/ferrite ratio and production route. Variations of ± 5% are
found with both wrought and cast products. The typical value at room temperature is 190 GPa
(27600 ksi).
Poisson’s Ratio
The typical value at room temperature is 0.32.
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4.º Specifications:
Fasteners ASTM-A-320.
The combination of the above properties makes the optimum choice in a range of industries. Oil and
gas industry applications include process, seawater, firewater, and subsea pipework systems, with asso-
ciated risers, manifolds, pressure vessels, valves and heat exchangers. Applications in other industries
include pipework systems and associated engineering equipment for pollution control, pulp and paper, po-
wer generation, flue gas desulphurisation, chemical, pharmaceutical, desalination, mining, metallurgical
and marine industries.
CORROSION RESISTANCE
It is highly resistant to corrosion in a wide range of organic and inorganic acids. The copper content gi-
ves excellent resistance to corrosion in many non-oxidising acids. Commercial acid applications often con-
tain chlorides and other impurities which can cause corrosion of some stainless steels. It offers much im-
proved corrosion performance in these environments.
It is also highly resistant to strong alkalis. The production of caustic soda results in hot, strong solutions
and even in 60 wt% caustic soda, SD-F55 has very low corrosion rates (<0.1 mm/y). Caustic soda is often
found with chlorides in extraction processes and even with 10g/l chloride, SD-F55 has excellent corrosion
resistance. Three years service experience of fabricated pipework in 2M caustic soda with chlorides at
230°C has been excellent.
Pitting Corrosion
Exposure to 6% FeCl3 for 24 hours in accordance with ASTM G48 method A to determine the maximum
temperature at which no pitting occurs (the critical pitting temperature, CPT) has given the following results:
Solution annealed wrought: 70-80°C (158-176°F) depending on product form and manufacturing route.
These values are for single exposure testing; testing a single specimen at a series of increasing tempe-
ratures gives a higher CPT value.
Crevice Corrosion
The resistance to localised corrosion is often assessed by use of the PREN number (%Cr + 3.3%Mo +
16%N). It is made to a minimum PREN of 40, ensuring a guaranteed and high resistance to pitting and cre-
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vice corrosion. Has been in service in sea water since 1986 as castings, and since 1989 as wrought pi-
pes and fittings giving satisfactory performance.
At sea water temperatures above ambient (20°C) the risk of crevice corrosion increases. Resists crevi-
ce corrosion up to 55°C but is limited by the pitting resistance of the welds to about 40°C. With the appli-
cation of post weld treatments sea-water temperatures up to 65°C have been handled successfully. Short
term elevated temperature upsets are not uncommon in cooling water circuits. Laboratory tests have
shown that does not suffer crevice corrosion easily during short upsets to 70°C, and when corrosion does
initiate, repassivation occurs rapidly on cooling, from 42°C.
Hydrogen Embrittlement
In common with all high strength steels, duplex and super duplex stainless steels can be susceptible to
hydrogen embrittlement if stressed above the specified minimum yield strength in the presence of hydrogen.
Hydrogen embrittlement therefore becomes an area for consideration when these steels are used sub-
sea with conventional cathodic protection.
However, the proper application of normal design stress criteria and coating technology has allowed
many subsea projects to utilize duplex and super duplex stainless steels successfully for a number of years.
MANUFACTURING
Heat Treatment
Should be solution annealed in the temperature range 1100-1140°C (2012-2084°F) followed by water
quenching.
Hot Forming
Hot forming should be carried out in the temperature range 1100°C TO 1280°C (2012-2336°F). It is
recommended that this is followed by solution annealing and water quenching. Components should subse-
quently be pickled or fully machined.
Cold Forming
It can be adequately cold formed by various processes but the high mechanical properties should be ta-
ken into account. It is recommended that any cold work in excess of 10%-15% is removed by solution an-
nealing and water quenching. It should be noted that cold working above these limits can result in hardness
levels above standard.
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UNS S32750
Alloy: UNS-S32750
(Cr. Ni. alloy)
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N
Mini 6 24 3 0,24
Max 8 26 5 0,5 0,03 1,20 0,80 0,035 0,020 0,32
Balance X
4.º Specifications:
DIN – 14410
Fasteners ASTM-A-320.
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alloy content. The term “Super-Duplex” was first used in the 1980’s to denote highly alloyed, high-performan-
ce Duplex steel with a pitting resistance equivalent of >40 (based on Cr% + 3.3 Mo% + 16N%).
With its high level of chromium, Super-Duplex steel provides outstanding resistance to acids, acid chlo-
rides, caustic solutions and other environments in the chemical / petrochemical, pulp and paper industries,
often replacing 300 series stainless steel, high nickel superaustenitic steels and nickel-based alloys.
The chemical composition based on high contents of chromium, nickel and molybdenum improves
intergranular and pitting corrosion resistance. Additions of nitrogen promote structural hardening by
interstitial solid solution mechanism, which raises the yield strength and ultimate strength values wit-
hout impairing toughness. Moreover, the two-phase microstructure guarantees higher resistance to pit-
ting and stress corrosion cracking in comparison with conventional stainless steels.
From the introduction of its first-generation, Duplex steel has seen a steady increase in popularity.
Recently, the production of highstrength, corrosion resistant super-duplex coil has been implemented
in the marine and chemical industries, architecture and mast riggings, wire lines, lifting and pulley
equipment and well service strands. In fact, development of wire processing techniques has enabled
the production of steel wires down to 1 mm in diameter.
Benefits
• High strength.
• High resistance pitting, crevice corrosion resistance.
• High resistance stress corrosion cracking, corrosion fatigue and erosion.
• Excellent resistance to chloride stress-corrosion cracking.
• High thermal conductivity.
• Low coefficient of thermal expansion.
• Good sulfide stress corrosion resistance.
• Low thermal expansion and higher heat conductivity than austenitic steels.
• Good workability and weldability.
• High energy absorption.
Applications
• Heat exchangers, tubes and pipes for production and handling of gas and oil.
• Heat exchangers and pipes in desalination plants.
• Mechanical and structural components
• Power industry FGD systems.
• Pipes in process industries handling solutions containing chlorides.
• Utility and industrial systems, rotors, fans, shafts and press rolls where the high corrosion fati-
gue strength can be utilized.
• Cargo tank, vessels, piping and welding consumables for chemical tankers.
• High-strength, highly resistant wiring.
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17-4PH®
Alloy: 17-4PH®
(Cr. Ni. Cu. alloy)
UNS-S17400
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N Nb
Mini 3 15 3 (x)
Max 5 17 5 0,07 1 1 0,04 0,03
Balance X
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4.º Specifications:
Features
Applications
• Gate valves. • Pump shafts, gears, plungers.
• Aircraft structures, accessories, engine parts. • Valve stems, balls, bushings, seats.
• Chemical processing machinery. • Pulp & paper mill equipment.
• Food processing machinery. • Fasteners.
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Heat Treatment
At the solution treating temperature, 1900°F (1040°C), the metal is austenitic but undergoes trans-
formation to a low-carbon martensitic structure on cooling to room temperature. This transformation
is not complete until the temperature drops to 90°F (32°C). Subsequent heating to temperatures of
900 to 1150°F (480 to 620°C) for one to four hours precipitation strengthens the alloy. This harde-
ning treatment also tempers the martensitic structure, increasing ductility and toughness.
Solution annealing should be performed in air, argon or dry hydrogen. Cracked ammonia and endot-
hermic atmospheres are likely to contaminate the metal. Remove machining oils and forming lubricants
before solution annealing. Plasma cut surfaces should be ground or machined off before heat treat-
ment to avoid possible cracking.
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20CB3®
Alloy: Carpenter: 20 Cb 3®
(Ni. Cr. alloy)
UNS-N08020
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S Nb
Mini 32 19 2 3 (x)
Max 38 21 3 4 0,07 2 1 0,045 0,035
Balance X
(*) = Nb + Ta = 8 x C -1
4.º Specifications:
Norms Material Chemical Pipes-Tubes Plates Rounds, Strips Wires Forgings Fittings
composit Seamless Welded. Sheets Bars
BS
ASTM B-729 B-474 B-463 B-473 B-463 B-473 B-462 B-366
B-464
It is un austeritic stainless steel developed to resist maynly sulphuric and chloridric acid, hot solu-
tions, between 20-40%. It also offers higher resistance to corrosion than standard 316. It posses
outstanding resistance to pitting and stress corrosion cracking.
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B3®
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N W
Mini 1 27 1
Max 3 32 0,01 3 0,03 3 0,10 0,03 0,015 3
Balance X
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4.º Specifications:
DIN .............................. NiMo29Cr
Werkstoff-Nr. ................. 2.4600
VdTÜV-Werkst.-BI. .......... 517
DIN .............................. 17744, 17750, 17751, 17752, 17753
ASTM ........................... B-333, B-335, B-564, B-619, B-622
ASME ........................... SB-333, SB-335, SB-619, SB-622, SB-626
The alloy is also covered by ASTM specifications B-333 (plate, sheet and strip), B-335 (bar), B-366
(welded fittings), B-564 (forgings), B-619 (welded pipe), B-622 (seamiess pipe and tube and B-626
(welded tube).
Fabrication
The improved thermal stability of B-3 alloy minimizes the problems associaled with fabrication of
B-2 alloy components. This is due to the reduced tendency to precipitate deleterious intermetalic
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phases in B-3 alloy, thereby, affording it greater ductility than B-2 alloy during and following various
thermal cycling conditions.
B-3 alloy has good overall forming. It may be forget or otherwise hotworked, providing that it is held
at 2250°F (1230°C) for a time sufficient to bring the entire piece to temperature. Since it is low car-
bon alloy, the use of lower hot finishing temperatures may be necesary to achieve grain size control.
B-3 alloy may also be formed by cold working. Although it does work-harden somewhat rapidly, B-3
alloy components can be made using all common cold forming techniques.
Limited tests in boiling 20 percent hydrochloric acid indicate that the uniform corrosion resistance
of B-3 alloy is not affected by cold reductions up to 50 percent as compared to that of the alloy in the
solution heat-treated condition.
B-3 alloy can be welded by all common welding techniques, although oxyacetylene and submerged
arc welding processes are not recommended when the fabricated item is to be used in corrosive ser-
vice. Special precautions should be taken to avoid excessive heat input.
Heat Treatment
All wrought forms of B-3 alloy are furnished in the solution heatreated condition unless otherwise
specified, B-3 alloy is solution heat- treated al 1950°F (1065°C) and rapid quenched, except for bright
annealed sheet or heat-treated at 2100°F (1150°C) and cooled in hydrogen.
Applications
B-3 alloy is suitable for use in all applications previously requiring the use of B-2 alloy. Like B-2 alloy,
B-3 is not recommended for use in the presence of ferric or cupric salts as these salts may cause ra-
pid corrosion fallure. Ferric or cupric salts may develop when hydrochloric acid comes in contact with
iron or copper.
Aveage
Concentration Corrosion Rate Per Year
Acid Madium Weight Percent Mils mm
Acetic Acid 10 0,2 0,005
30 0,2 0,005
50 0,2 0,005
70 0,2 0,005
99 (Glacial) 0,7 0,017
Formic Acid 10 0,4 0,010
20 0,6 0,015
30 0,6 0,015
40 0,5 0,013
60 0,3 0,008
89 0,2 0,005
Hydrochloric Acid 1 0,3 0,005
2 1,2 0,03
5 3,8 0,10
10 5,5 0,14
15 6,6 0,22
20 12,1 0,31
(As-welded) 20 13,6 0,35
(50 ppm Fe*) 20 60,0 2,0
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Aveage
Concentration Corrosion Rate Per Year
Acid Madium Weight Percent Mils mm
Phosphoric Acid 10 2,4 0,06
(chemically pure) 30 2,0 0,05
50 3,0 0,08
85 2,9 0,07
Sulfuric Acid 2 0,4 0,010
5 0,7 0,018
10 0,8 0,020
20 1,2 0,03
30 1,2 0,03
(50 ppm Fe*) 30 18,8 0,48
40 1,2 0,03
50 1,7 0,04
(As-welded) 50 2,4 0,06
(Aged 48 Hrs @ 1000°F (540°C) 50 2,0 0,05
60 2,3 0,06
70 6,6 0,17
*
Data from three production heats, for material in the solution heat-treated condition, unless noted. Test values were determi-
ned from an average of four 24 hour exposures.
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C22®
Alloy: Hastelloy-C22®
(Ni. Cr. Mo. alloy)
UNS-06022
4.º Specifications:
DIN 2.4611
BS
ASTM B-622 B-622 B-619 B-575 B-574 B-575 B-462 B-574
B-462
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C276®
Alloy: Hastelloy-C276®
(Ni. Cr. Mo. alloy)
UNS-N10276
4.º Specifications:
Norms Material Chemical Pipes-Tubes Plates Rounds, Strips Wires Forgings Fittings
composit Seamless Welded. Sheets Bars
DIN 2.4819 17744 17751 17750 17752 17750
BS
ASTM B-622 B-619 B-575 B-574 B-575 B-574 B-564 B-366
B-626
ISO NiMo16Cr15Fe6W4 9722 6207 6208 9723 6208 9724 9725
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Applications
Alloy C-276 finds wide application in the chemical and petrochemical industries.
Typical applications include:
• flue gas desulphurisation systems
• organic syntheses involving acid choride catalysts
• MDI and TDI production
• vinyl chloride monomer production
• production of hydrofluoric acid
• sulphuric acid coolers
• chlorine driers
• production tubing in corrosive oil and gas wells
• melamine production
• methionine synthesis
• pickling baths
• aramide plastics production
Alloy C-276 is the improved version of alloy C and is resistant to numerous media including strongly oxi-
dizing chemicals (for example iron and cupric chloride) warm polluted acids, solvents, chloride and media
contaminated by chloride (organic and inorganic), dry chloride, formic and acetic acid, acetic anhydride,
sea water and saline solutions. Furthemore, alloy C-276 is resistant when exposed to damp chlorine gas,
hypochlorite and chlorodioxide solutions. Alloy C-276 combines this excellent corrosion resistance with im-
mensely improved machineability. This alloy does not separate grain boundaries in the zone influenced by
welding so that it is suited for most chemical applications even without heat-tratament.
Alloy C-276 is a nickel-chromium alloy with high molybdenum and tungsten but low iron and silicon
contents, which provides superior corrosion resistance to a wide variety of environments. The compo-
sition is specially formulated to maintain corrosion resistance, even in the weld heat-affected zone, thus
making Alloy 276 suitable even in the as-welded condition. The alloy has excellent resistance to gene-
ral pitting and stress-corrosion cracking and resists oxidation up to approximately 1038°C (1900°F).
The alloy has shown remarkable corrosion resistance in the especially corrosive areas of flue gas de-
sulphurisation systems, such as outlet ducting leading to the stack. It has also been used to solve co-
rrosive problem areas in sewage treatment plants.
Alloy C-276 is used extensively in severe operating enviroments, including those encountered in che-
mical processing, pulp and paper, air pollution control, waste treatment and other disposal, and other
applications.
C-276 exhibits excellent resistance to ferric and cupric chlorides, hot contaminated organics and
inorganics, chlorine, firmic acid, acetic acid, acetic anhydride, sea water and brine. It is one of the few
alloys that is resistant to wet chlorine gas, hypochlorite, and chlorine dioxide.
• Chemical Process Equipment –heat exchangers, reactors and vessels, evaporators, pumps, val-
ves and piping for procesing sulfuric acid, pesticides, phenol, styrene, vinyl chloride, chlorine and
other chemicals.
• Pulp and Paper –bleaching, head boxes, and wastegas scrubbers.
• Ore Processing –uranium and aluminium sulfate.
• Waste Treatment and Disposal –sewage sludge incinerators, industrial and municipal incinera-
tors, chemical and toxic waste incinerators.
• Air Pollution Control – power plant scrubbers and related equipment, electrostatic precipitators,
reheaters, wastehert recovery systems, industrial boiler scrubbers, marine inert-gas scrubbers.
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C4®
Alloy: Hastelloy-C4®
(Ni. Cr. Mo alloy)
UNS-N6455
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S Ti
Mini 14 14
Max 18 17 2 3 0,015 1 0,08 0,04 0,03 0,7
Balance X
Norms Material Chemical Pipes-Tubes Plates Rounds, Strips Wires Forgings Fittings
composit Seamless Welded. Sheets Bars
DIN 2.4610 1.7744 2.4610 2.4610
ASTM B-574-85 B-622 B-619 B-575 B-574 B-575 B-366
B-626
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recommended when the fabricated item is intended for use in corrosion service. Special precautions
should be taken to avoid excesive heat input.
Wrought forms of C-4 alloy are furnished in the solution heat-treated condition unless other wi-
se specified. C-4 alloy is a solution heat-treated at 1950°F (1066°C) and rapid quenched.
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ALLOY-028®
Alloy: Incoloy-028®
(Ni. Cr. Mo. alloy)
UNS-N08028
4.º Specifications:
Norms Material Chemical Pipes-Tubes Plates Rounds, Strips Wires Forgings Fittings
composit Seamless Welded. Sheets Bars
DIN 1.4563
ASTM B-668
B-709 B-668 B-709 B-709
ISO FeNi31Cr27
Mo3,5CuI
AFNOR ZNINCDU31,27
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330®
Alloy: Incoloy-330®
(Ni. Cr. Mo. alloy)
UNS-N08330
4.º Specifications:
Norms Material Chemical Pipes-Tubes Plates Rounds, Strips Wires Forgings Fittings
composit Seamless Welded. Sheets Bars
DIN 1.4333
1.4886
ASTM B-511-2 B-546 B-535 B-715 B-536 B-511 B-536 B-511 B-366
B-535-6 B-710 B-546 B-512 B-512
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Performance Profile
A-330 is the workhorse of the heat resistant alloys. It has good strength, carburization and oxida-
tion resistance to about 2200°F. These properties are enhanced by a nominal 1,25% silicon addition.
330 has been designed to withstand the thermal shock of liquid quenching.
A-330 finds wide application in high temperature industrial environments where good resistance to
the combined effects of carburization and thermal cycling is a prime requisite. A-330 remains fully aus-
tenitic at all temperatures and is not subject to embrittlement from sigma formation.
A-330 is worked by forming and machining procedures similar to those used with the austenitic
stainless steels or nickel-chromium alloys. Forming at room temperature is suggested whenever pos-
sible. Heat treatment is not necesary after most forming or welding operations. When required, the
suggested full anneal is 1900-2050°F, rapid air cool or water quench.
Machinability rating 20-25% of B1112.
A-330 is highly resistant to chloride ion stress corrosion cracking and is a useful engineering choi-
ce for those applications where common stainless has failed by stres corrosion.
Features
• Oxidation resistant to 2200°F
• Resistant to carburization and nitriding
• Resistant to thermal shock
• Good strength at elevated temperature
• Metallurgical stability
• Chloride ion stress corrosion cracking resistance
Applications
• Furnaces containers-carburizing, carbonitriding, annealing malleablizing
• Muffles, retorts
• Bar frame heat treating baskets
• Quenching fixtures
• Radian tubes
• Salt pots, both neutral and cyanide
• Furnace fans and shafts
• Conveyors
• Hot pressing platens
• Tube hangers for crude oil heaters and steam boilers
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800®
Alloy: Incoloy-800®
(Ni. Cr. alloy)
UNS-N08800
4.º Specifications:
Norms Material Chemical Pipes-Tubes Plates Rounds, Strips Wires Forgings Fittings
composit Seamless Welded. Sheets Bars
DIN 1.4876
BS NA15 3074 3072 3076 3073 3076
ASTM B-408 B-514 B-407 B-514 B-409 B-408 B-409 B-408
B-409 B-515 B-163 B-515 B-564 B-564 B-366 800®
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CATALOGO 14/11/05 13:35 Página 119
800H®
Alloy: Incoloy-800H®
(Ni. Cr. alloy)
UNS-N08810
4.º Specifications:
Norms Material Chemical Pipes-Tubes Plates Rounds, Strips Wires Forgings Fittings
composit Seamless Welded. Sheets Bars
DIN 1.4958 17459/460 17459 17460 17460 17460
BS NA15(H) 3074 3072 3076 3073
ASTM B-407 B-515 B-409 B-408 B-409 B-564 B-366 800H®
B-163 B-514 B-564
ISO MC-FeNi32
Cr21APTi
AFNOR
Features
• High desing stresses for ASME Section VIII aplication to 1650°F (899°C)
• Seamless pipe and tube 5” O.D. and under to 1800°F (982°C), Section VIII
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Application
Range of application: alloy 800H is employed where maximum creep-rupture strength is required.
• Ethylene furnace quench boilers
• Reformer outlet pigtails and manifolds
• Heat exchangers
• Pressure vessels
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800HT®
Alloy: Incoloy-800HT®
(Ni. Cr. alloy)
UNS-N08811
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S Al Ti
Mini 30 19 39,5 0,06 0,15 0,15 (x)
Max 35 23 0,75 0,10 1,50 1 0,015 0,60 0,60
Balance
(x) Al + Ti = 0.85 to 1.20
4.º Specifications:
Norms Material Chemical Pipes-Tubes Plates Rounds, Strips Wires Forgings Fittings
composit Seamless Welded. Sheets Bars
DIN 1.4959 17459/60 17460 17460 17460
BS NA15HT
800HT®
ASTM B-407 B-515 B-409 B-408 B-409 B-564 B-366
B-163
ISO
AFNOR
Application
Due to high strength during long periods of service and resistance to carburisation and nitriding,
Alloy 800HT has found many applications in steam/hydrocarbon reforming, for components such as:
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CATALOGO 14/11/05 13:35 Página 122
pigtails, headers/collectors/manifolds, transfer piping, catalyst tubes (in low pressure processes) and
quench-system piping.
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825®
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S N Al Ti
Mini 38 19,5 2,5 22 1,5 0,6
Max 46 23,5 3,5 3 0,05 1 0,5 0,03 0,2 1,2
Balance
INCOLOY alloy 825 has good mechanical properties from cryogenic temperatures to moderately
high temperatures. Exposure to temperatures above about 1000 °F (540 °C) can result in microstruc-
tural changes (phase formation) that significantly lower ductility and impact strength. For that reason,
the alloy is not normally used at temperatures where creep-rupture properties are desing factors.
High-temperature tensile properties are shown. The tests were conducted on cold-drawn rod of
0,75-in. (19-mm) diameter annealed at 1725 °F (940 °C)/1 h.
825®
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4.º Specifications
DIN-2.4858 - Code NiCr21Mo
Seamless Pipes/Tubes: ASTM-B-423
Welded Pipes/Tubes: ASTM-B-704/705
Plates/sheets: ASTM-B-424
Bars: ASTM-B-425
Fittings: ASTM-B-366
Flanges: ASTM-B-564
Corrosion Resistance
INCOLOY alloy 825 is well known for resistance to sulfide corrosion and chloride-ion stress-corrosion
cracking, acid attack, and hydrogen embrittlement cracking. Because it combines corrosion resistan-
ce and strength, INCOLOY alloy 825 makes an excellent choice for long-term use with sour crudes and
gases.
Hydrogen Sulfide
INCOLOY alloy 825 is used to resist the corrosive conditions in sour gas and oil wells. The environ-
ments include hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide in sour crude and gas at high temperatures and
pressures. Table 4 shows the performance of the alloy in a test (NACE test) used to evaluate alloys for
such service. The test consists of exposure of stressed, steel-coupled C-rings to a room-temperature
solution of 5% sodium chloride whith 0,5% acetic acid and saturated with hydrogen sulfide. The speci-
mens of INCOLOY alloy 825 were stressed at 100% of yield strength (0,2% offset). No failure occurred
in the test period of 48 or 50 days.
The result of similar, but more severe tests are given in Table 5. Stressed C-rings were exposed to
the test solutions at high temperatures in pressurized autoclaves. The overpressure gas contained hy-
drogen sulfide or hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. No cracking of INCOLOY alloy 825 occured in
these tests with specimens stressed at 90% of yield strenght.
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Test Stress
Material Condition 1000psi MPa Results
27% cold work 105,0 724 No failure (48 days)
27% cold work plus
600 °F (315 °C)/
1000h 111,9 772 No failure (48 days)
49% cold work 114,2 787 No failure (48 days)
49% cold work plus
600°F (315°C) / 1000h 127,4 878 No failure (50 days)
51% cold work 147,1 1014 No failure (48 days)
63% cold work 133,4 920 No failure (48 days)
63% cold work plus
600 °F (315 °C)/1000 h 133,5 920 No failure (50 days)
Yield Strength
Tests Environment Material Condition (0,2% Offset) Test Stress
1000psi MPa 1000psi MPa Results
25% sodium chloride,
0,5% acetic acid, 27% cold work plus 111,9 772 101,0 696 No failure (43 days)
1 g/L sulfur
saturated with
hydrogen sulfide, 600 °F (315 °C) 1000 h
150psi (1,0 MPa)
overpressure of
hydrogen sulfide, 49% cold work 114,2 787 103,0 710 No failure (43 days)
350 °F (177 °C)
15% sodium chloride,
saturated with 27% cold work 105,0 724 94,5 652 No failure (47 days)
hydrogen sulfide,
1000 psi (6,9 MPa)
overpressure of
nitrogen
with 1% hydrogen
sulfide and 20% carbon
dioxide, 49% cold work 111,9 772 100,0 690 No failure (47 days)
400 °F (204 °C) 51% cold work 147,1 1014 132,4 913 No failure (47 days)
Stress-Corrosion Cracking
An important property of INCOLOY alloy 825 is its relative freedom from stress-corrosion cracking.
The resistance of austenitic alloys to chloride-ion stress-corrosion cracking depends on nickel content.
INCOLOY alloy 825 contains sufficient nickel (42%) for a high degree of resistance to cracking in chlo-
ride environments. Table 6 shows the performance of the alloy in boiling 45% magnesium chloride. The
test were performed on stressed U-bend specimens.
Sea water
INCOLOY alloy 825 has good resistance to general corrosion, pitting, and crevice corrosion in sea
water, although it is subject to biological fouling in continuous immersion. The alloy is also highly resis-
tant to chloride-ion stress-corrosion cracking even in hot sea water.
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Intergranular Corrosion
Like other nickel-iron-chromium alloys, INCOLOY alloy 825 can be sensitized to intergranular corro-
sion in some aggressive oxidizing media. However, INCOLOY alloy 825 contains an addition of titanium,
which, during an appropriate heat treatment, stabilizes the alloy against such sensitization. The mecha-
nisms of sensitization and stabilization for the alloy have been reported. Sensitization of unstabilized ma-
terial can result from exposure to temperatures of 1200 to 1400 °F (650 to 760 °C) during welding
or service.
Susceptibility to intergranular attack is commonly measured by the Huey Test. It consists of expo-
sure to boiling 65% nitric acid for five consecutive 48-h periods. An average corrosion rate of less than
3 mils per month (36 mpy) (0,91 mm/y) for the five periods is considered to be satisfactory perfor-
mance. Substantially higher rates indicate sensitization of the material.
FABRICATION
Hot and cold forming
The hot-working range for INCOLOY alloy 825 is 1600 to 2150 °F (870 °C to 1180 °C). For opti-
mum corrosion resistance, final hot working should be done at temperatures between 1600 and 1800
°F (870 and 980 °C)
Cooling after hot working should be air cool or faster. Heavy sections may become sensitized during
cooling from the hot-working temperature, and therefore be subject to intergranular corrosion in cer-
tain media. A stabilizing anneal (see above) restores resistance to corrosion. If material is to be welded
or subjected to further thermal treatment and sudsequently exposed to an environment that may cau-
se intergranular corrosion, the stabilizing anneal should be performed regardless of cooling rate from
the hot-working
Cold-forming properties and practices are essentially the same for INCOLOY alloy 825 as for INCO-
NEL alloy 600. Although workhardening rate is somewhat less than for the common grades of auste-
nitic stainless steels, it is still relatively high. Forming equipment should be well powered and strongly
built to compensate for the increase in yield strength with plastic deformation.
Annealing
Work-hardened material can be softened completely by annealing. The treatment requires exposure to
a sufficient temperature for a time long enough to cause full recrystallization of the workhardened grain stru-
ture. That removes all of the stresses, softens the material, and decreases mechanical strength.
Recrystallization is a function of time, temperature and amount of cold work as well as alloy com-
position.
Grain growth occurs when material is heated at higher temperatures or for longer times than tho-
se required for recrystallization. Although that results in further softening, a coarse grain structure is
unsuitable for some cold-forming operations and many service conditions (for example, a fine grain is
usually required for good fatigue strength).
A coarse grain cannot be refined in the high-nickel alloys by thermal treatment alone. It can be re-
moved only by cold working to a degree that will result in recrystallization to a finer grain during subse-
quent annealing. If coarse grain is desired, or if maximum softness is required and coarse grain is not
harmful to the application, the material can be given a solution anneal. Solution annealing, or solution
treating, is performed by heating at temperatures in the upper part of the annealing range. The treat-
ment is also used to dissolve the hardening elements in precipitation-hardenable alloys prior to aging.
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Annealing temperatures are critical in maintaining the high degree of corrosion resistance for wich
INCOLOY alloy 825 was designed. For this reason, material leaving the mill has been carefully proces-
sed to provide maximum corrosion resistance. Therefore, during subsequent working, interstage and
final anneals should be limited to the 1700 to 1800 °F (930 to 980 °C) range, consistent with selec-
ted time and prior cold work. The optimum temperature for stabilization in considered to be 1725 °F
(940 °C) whereas 1800 °F (980 °C) provides the optimum combination of softness and fine grain
structure without sacrificing corrosion resistance. Quenching is usually not necessary for parts of thin
cross section such as those from sheet, strip and wire, but rapid cooling may be desired to avoid sen-
sitization in heavier sections.
Prior to any heat treatment, normal precautions should be taken to remove all lubricants, shop soil,
and markings which could induce intergranular attack and embrittlement.
APPLICATIONS
Alloy 825 is employed for phosphoric acid evaporators, pickiling vats, plants for chemical proces-
sing, propeller shafts, transportation means for corrosive media, polution control, oil and gas recovery,
acid production and handling of radioactive wastes.
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286®
Allloy: Incoloy-286®
(Ni. Cr. alloy)
UNS-S66286
Temp Ultimate 0,2% Yield Elong Red of Charpy Stress, psi to Rupture
°F Tensile Strength, in 2”, Area, % V-notch Temp in Indicated Time
Str, psi psi % ft-Ib °F 100 hrs 1,000 hrs
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CATALOGO 14/11/05 13:35 Página 130
4.º Specifications:
Norms Material Chemical Pipes-Tubes Plates Rounds, Strips Wires Forgings Fittings
composit Seamless Welded. Sheets Bars
DIN 1.4980
BS A-638
ASTM A-453 Gr660 A-638
A-638 Gr660
ISO
AFNOR
Features
• High strength to 1000°F
• Oxidation resistant to 1500°F continuous
• Aqueous corrosion resistance similar to 316L
Applications
• Jet engine components
• High temperature fasteners, springs
• Non-magnetic cryogenic equipment
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DS®
Alloy: Incoloy-DS®
(Ni, Cr alloy)
UNS-N08330
4.º Specifications:
Norms Material Chemical Pipes-Tubes Plates Rounds, Strips Wires Forgings Fittings
composit Seamless Welded. Sheets Bars
DIN 1.4862
BS NA17 3074 3072 3076 3073
3073
ASTM B-535 B-546 B-536 B-512 B-536 B-512 B-366
ISO
AFNOR Z12NCS35.16 DS®
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Applications
Alloy DS finds wide application in high-temperature processes:
• fans operating at high temperatures in carburising furnaces – resisting carburisation
• boxes and baskets used in carburising – resisting carburisation and showing weight savings when
compared with cast boxes.
• hangers, hooks and conveyor chains used to carry vitreous-enamelled components during firing – re-
sisting oxide spalling so that oxide does not fall on the enamel
• combustion tubes – resisting oxidation and carburisation and alternating oxidising and carburising
conditions
• jigs and fixtures used in furnace brazing and wire mesh belts to carry components in heat-treat-
ment processes
• thermocouple sheaths – resisting carburisation and nitriding
• flare-stack tips – resisting alternating conditions
• components handling cracked ammonia
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600®
Alloy: Inconel-600®
(Ni. Cr. alloy)
UNS-N06600
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S Ti
Min. 72 14 6
Max. 17 10 0,5 0,15 1 0,5 0,015
Balance
4.º Specifications:
Norms Material Chemical Pipes-Tubes Plates Rounds, Strips Wires Forgings Fittings
composit Seamless Welded. Sheets Bars
DIN 2,4816 17742 17752 17750 17752 17750 17753 17754
BS NA14 3074 3072 3076 3073 3075 3076
ASTM B-167 B-516 B-168 B-166 B-168 B-166 B-564 B-366
B-163 B-517 B-564
ISO NiCr15Fe8
AFNOR NC15Fe
600®
5.º Characteristics and applications:
Alloy 600 is a nickel-base alloy with excellent carburization, and good oxidation resistance at eleva-
ted temperatures. The alloy has long been used in the heat treating industry for many of the same ap-
plication as 330.
Alloy 600 has useful resistance to dry Cl2 and HCl gases at moderately elevated temperatures. Alloy
600 is not suggested for use at red heat when sulfur is present.
Grades 200 and 201 nickel are normally preferred for handling concentrated, high temperature
caustic. However, when sulfur compounds are present as well, or for ammonium hydroxide service,
600 is suggested. Alloy 600 is subject to stress corrosion cracking in hot, concentrated caustic alka-
lies. To avoid stress corrosion cracking, the 600 fabrication should be fully stress relieved prior to use.
A minium treatment of 1650°F 1 hour is sugested, 1800-1850°F 1 hour preferred.
Alloy 600 shows moderate resistance to mineral acid and good resistance to acetic, formic, stea-
ric and other organic acids.
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Excellent resistance is shown in high purity water, as used in the primary and secondary circuits of
some nuclear reactors.
Alloy 600 is particularly resistant to attack by dry chlorine or hydrogen chloride, even at tempera-
tures up to 650°C (1200°F).
At high temperatures in air the annealed and solution treated alloys show good resistance to oxide
scaling and have high strength.
The alloy also resists ammonia bearing atmospheres, as well as nitrogen and carburising gases. Un-
der alternating oxidising and reducing conditions this alloy may suffer from selective oxidation (green
rot).
Applications
Typical applications include:
• thermocouple sheathing in aggressive atmospheres
• vinychloride monomer production; resistance to chlorine, hydrogen chloride, oxidation and carbu-
risation
• conversion of uranium oxide to hexafluoride; resistance to attack by hydrogen fluoride
• production and use of caustic alkalis, particularly in the presence of sulphur compounds
• production of organic and inorganic chlorinated and fluorinated compounds, resistance to attack
by chlorine and fluorine
• nuclear reactor components
• heat treatment furnace retorts and components, particularly with carburising or nitriding at-
mospheres
• catalyst regenerators in petrochemical production
• production of titanium dioxide by the chlorine route.
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601®
Alloy: Inconel-601®
(Ni. Cr. alloy)
UNS-N06601
4.º Specifications:
Norms Material Chemical Pipes-Tubes Plates Rounds, Strips Wires Forgings Fittings
composit Seamless Welded. Sheets Bars
DIN 2.4851 17742 17751 17750 17752 17750
BS
ASTM B-167 B-168 B-564 B-168 B-166 B-564 B-366
B-163 B-166
ISO NiCr23Fe15Al
AFNOR NC23FeA 9722 6207 6208 9723 6208 9724 9725
Corrosion Resistance
An important property of Alloy 601 is resistance to oxidation at temperatures up to 1180°C
(2160°F). Even under severe conditions, such as under cyling heating and cooling, Alloy 601 retains a
tightly adherent oxide layer which is very resistant to spalling.
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Resistance to carburisation is good. Alloy 601 has also shown good resistance to carbonitriding
conditions.
Due to its high chromium and aluminium content, Alloy 601 shows good resistance to oxidising sulp-
hur-bearing atmospheres at elevated temperatures.
Applications
Alloy 601 has found a wide variety of applications in industries as diverse as thermal and chemical
processing, pollution control and power generation.
• trays, baskets and fixtures for heat treatment plant
• refractory anchors, strand-annealing and radiant tubes, high velocity gas burners, wire mesh
belts in industrial furnaces
• insulating cans in ammonia reformers and catalyst support grids in nitric acid production
• components in exhaust gas systems
• combustion chambers in solid waste incinerators
• tube supports and ash-handling components
• components of waste-gas detoxification systems
• oxygen preheaters
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625®
Alloy: Inconel-625®
(Ni. Cr. Mo alloy)
UNS-N6625
4.º Specifications:
Norms Material Chemical Pipes-Tubes Plates Rounds, Strips Wires Forgings Fittings
composit Seamless Welded. Sheets Bars
DIN 2,4856 17744 17751 17750 17752 17750 17752 625®
BS NA21 3072 3076 3072
ASTM B-444 B-704 B-443 B-446 B-443 B-564 B-366
B-705 B-564
ISO NiCr22Mo9Nb
AFNOR NC22DNb
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• High resistance to corrosive attack by mineral acids, such as nitric phosphoric, sulphuric and hy-
drochloric acids, as well as to alkalis and organic acids in both oxidising and reducing conditions.
Alloy 625 is used both for its high strength and outstanding aqueous corrosion resistance. The strength
of 625 is primarily a solid solution effect from molybdenum and columbium. Alloy 625 has excellent welda-
bility, and is frequently used to weld AL-6XN®. Matching filler metals are also used to join dissimilar metals.
Alloy-625 is a low-carbon nickel-chromium-molybdenum-niobium alloy which shows excellent resistan-
ce to a variety of corrosive media.
Due to its low carbon content and stabilising heat treatment, Alloy 625 shows little tendency to sen-
sitisation even after 50 hours at temperatures in the range 650-900 ºC (1200-1650 ºF).
The alloy is supplied in the soft-annealed condition for applications involving wet corrosion, and is ap-
proved by TUV for pressure vessels in the temperature range –196 to 450ºC (–321 to 840 ºF).
The mechanical properties of Alloy 625 can be increased by age-hardening.
This alloy is characterised by:
• outstanding resistance to pitting, crevice corrosion, impingement corrosion and intergranular attack.
• almost complete freedom from chloride-induced stress-corrosion cracking.
• good resistance to mineral acids, such as nitric, phosphoric, sulphuric and hydrochloric acids.
• good resistance to alkalis and organic acids.
• good mechanical properties.
• in special high-temperature applications where very high strength and creep values are required,
the high-carbon, solution treated version (Alloy 625, grade 2) should be used.
• virtual immunity to chloride-induced stress-corrosion cracking.
• practically no corrosive attack in marine and industrial atmospheres. High resistance to seawa-
ter and brackish water, even at high temperatures.
• no sensitisation during welding.
• good resistance to carburisation and to oxidation under static and cyclic conditions, and to chlo-
rine containing gases.
Applications
The soft annealed, low carbon Alloy 625 is widely used in chemical process technology, as its good
corrosion resistance and high strength permit the use of thin structural parts. Alloy 625 is used for
structures in contact with seawater and subject to high mechanical stresses.
• flue gas scrubber components. • chimney linings.
• superphosphoric acid production equipment. • nuclear waste reprocessing equipment.
• sour gas production tubes. • product piping systems and sheathing of risers.
• offshore industry, marine equipment.
For high-temperature applications, up to about 1000 ºC (1830 ºF), the solution-annealed, high car-
bon version (Alloy 625, grade 2) is recommended, due to its excellent creep properties.
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718®
Alloy: Inconel-718®
(Ni. Cr. alloy)
UNS-N07718
4.º Specifications:
Norms Material Chemical Pipes-Tubes Plates Rounds, Strips Wires Forgings Fittings
composit Seamless Welded. Sheets Bars
DIN 2,4668 NiCr19NbMo
ASTM B-637 B-670 B-637 B-670 B-637 B-637
ISO NiCr19Nb5-Mo3
AFNOR NC19FeNb AIR9165 AIR9165 AIR9165
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The major applications of Alloy 718 in the oil field industry are Gate Valves, Choke Stems, Fasteners,
Tubing Hangers and Fire Safe Valves.
Alloy 718 i also used for hotworking shear blades, extrusion-dies and liners where conventional to-
ol steels do not have sufficient strength at the high extrusion temperatures required.
Features
• Good mechanical properties –tensile, fatigue and creep-rupture
• Oxidation resistant throughout its useful temperature range
• Resistant to aqueous corrosion and chloride ion stress corrosion cracking
Heat Treatment
718 alloy is strengthened by a precipitation hardening reaction involving columbium, titanium, alumi-
num and nickel, with a degree of solid solution strengthening by molybdenum. Two commonly used he-
at treatments are:
Anneal 1700-1850 ºF air cool or faster. Age 1325 ºF 8 hr, furnace cool to 1150 ºF, hold at 1150
ºF for a total aging time of 18 hr, air cool.
Size change in hardening –annealed 718 will show a contraction of 0.0008 inch/inch after precipi-
tation hardening.
Anneal 1900-1950 ºF, air cool or faster. Age 1400 ºF 10 hr, furnace cool to 1200 ºF, hold at
1200 ºF for a total aging time of 18 hr, air cool.
The 1700-1850 ºF treatment is optimum for rupture and notch rupture strength, and rupture duc-
tility. This treatment develops the highest room temperature tensile and yield strengths, but with so-
mewhat reduced transverse ductility. Because of a fine grain size this anneal is used for high cycle fa-
tigue strength.
The 1900-1950 ºF treatment improves transverse tensile ductility, impact strength and low-tem-
perature notch tensile strength. The disadvantages of this treatment are notch brittleness in stress
rupture and, because the higher temperature anneal develops a coarser grain size, reduced fatigue
strength.
Applications:
Gas turbine engine parts. Liquid fuel rocket motor components, springs, fasteners, cryogenic tanks.
7.º Weldability:
Excellent welding characteristics, resistant to postweld age cracking.
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X-750®
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S Al Ti
Min. 70 14 0,7 5 0,4 2,25 (x)
Max. 17 1,20 1 9 0,50 0,08 1 0,50 0,01 1 2,75
4.º Specifications:
Norms Material Chemical Pipes-Tubes Plates Rounds, Strips Wires Forgings Fittings
composit Seamless Welded. Sheets Bars
DIN 2,4669
ASTM B-637 B-637 B-637 B-637 B-366
ISO NiCr15Fe5Ti
2Al
AFNOR NC15TNbA
Applications:
The major oil field application for Alloy X-750 is seal rings for connectors and fire safe valves and
choke stems. The mechanical properties detailed are typical of the major oil field equipment companies'
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CATALOGO 14/11/05 13:35 Página 142
requirements and are achieved after an extensive 47 hour heat treatment operation. Other applications
are heatreating fixtures, forming tools, extrusion dies, and test machine grips. For springs and faste-
ners, Alloy X-750 is used from sub-zero to 648 ºC, (1200 º F).
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400®
Alloy: Monel-400®
(Ni. Cu. alloy)
UNS-N04400
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S Al Ti
Min. 63 28
Max. 2,5 34 0,30 2 0,5 0,024
4.º Specifications:
Norms Material Chemical Pipes-Tubes Plates Rounds, Strips Wires Forgings Fittings
composit Seamless Welded. Sheets Bars
DIN 2.4360 17743 17751 17750 17752 17750 17753 17754
BS NA13 3074 3072 3076 3073 3075
ASTM B-163 B-725 B-127 B-164 B-127 B-164 B-564 B-366
B-165 B-730 B-564
ISO NICU30 9722 6207 6208 9723 6208 9724 9725
AFNOR NU30
Corrosion Resistance
Alloy 400 has outstanding resistance to neutral and alkaline salts. It has been a standard material
for salt plants for many years.
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This alloy is one of the few metallic materials which can be used in contact with fluorine, hydrofluo-
ric acid, hydrogen fluoride or their derivatives.
Alloy 400 shows very high resistance to caustic alkalies. Behaviour in seawater is also excellent,
with improved resistance to cavitation corrosion compared with copper-base alloys. It can be used in
contact with dilute solutions of mineral acids such as sulphuric and hydrochloric acids, particularly if
they are air-free. However, as the alloy contains no chromium, corrosion rates may be increased sig-
nificantly in oxidising conditions.
Whilst Alloy 400 can be considered immune to chloride-ion stress cracking, it can stress crack in
the presence of mercury or in most aerated HF vapours. A stress relieving heat treatment is applied in
such cases.
Applications
• feed-water and steam generator tubing in power plants
• brine heaters and evaporator bodies in salt plants
• sulphuric and hydrofluoric acid alkylation plants
• industrial heat exchangers
• cladding for crude oil distillation columns
• splash-zone sheathing in offshore structures
• propeller and pump shafts for seawater service
• plants for uranium refining and isotope separation in the production of nuclear fuel.
• pumps and valves used in the manufacture of chlorinated hydrocarbons
• monoethanolamine (MEA) reboiler tubes
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K500®
4.º Specifications:
Norms Material Chemical Pipes-Tubes Plates Rounds, Strips Wires Forgings Fittings
composit Seamless Welded. Sheets Bars
DIN 2.4375 17743 17743 17743 17752 17754
BS NA18 3074 3072 3076 3073 3075
ASTM B-865 B-865 B-865
ISO NICU30Al3Ti
AFNOR NU30AT
Corrosion Resistance
In general the corrosion resistance of Alloy K-500 is similar to that of Alloy 400.
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Excellent resistance is shown to a wide range of media from pure water to mineral acids, salts and
alkalis. Alloy K-500 is virtually immune to chloride-ion stress corrosion cracking. In the aged condition,
the alloy may be susceptible to stress-corrosion cracking in moist, aerated hydrofluoric acid vapour at
stresses near the yield strength.
In high velocity seawater and in marine atmospheres, good resistance is shown but, in slow moving or
stagnant seawater, pitting may occur. Alloy K-500 also shows good resistance in sour-gas environments.
Applications
Alloy K-500 finds wide application in the marine, chemical, petrochemical and shipbuilding industries.
• valve seals, pump sleeves and wear rings in marine environments – high strength and resistance
to seawater
• pump shafts for fire-fighting pumps – high strength (resulting in smaller diameter shafts) and re-
sistance to flowing seawater
• propeller shafts – high strength (resulting in smaller diameter shafts and thus smaller bearings)
and resistance to seawater
• fasteners e.g. bolts, used in marine atmospheres and tidal waters – resistance to chloride – con-
taining environments
• doctor blades and scrapers
• towing cable armouring – high strength, non-magnetic properties and resistance to seawater
• springs – resistance to a variety of corrosive media
• oil well drilling equipment such as non-magnetic drill collars, valves and instrumentation sleeves –
resistance to chloride-containing media and sour gas environments
• aviation instrument components – non-magnetic properties
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NICKEL-200
Alloy: Nickel-200
(Ni alloy)
UNS-N02200
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S
Min. 99
Max. 0,40 0,25 0,15 0,35 0,35 0,010
4.º Specifications:
Norms Material Chemical Pipes-Tubes Plates Rounds, Strips Wires Forgings Fittings
composit Seamless Welded. Sheets Bars
DIN 2.4066 17740 17751 17751 17750 17752 17750 17753 17754
BS NA11/12 3074 3072 3076 3073 3075
ASTM B161 B725 B162 B160 B162 B160 B564 B366
B163 B730 B564
ISO Ni99.0
Applications:
Chemical and food industry, loading plants, electrical and electronical parts, parts and equipment
NICKEL-200
for aircrafts and rockets, transducers, textile industry, glass industry, soap industry, handling of fatty
acids, etc.
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NICKEL-201
Alloy: Nickel-201
(Ni alloy)
UNS-N02201
Ni Cr Mo Co Fe Cu C Mn Si P S
Min. 99
Max. 0,40 0,25 0,02 0,35 0,35 0,01
4.º Specifications:
Norms Material Chemical Pipes-Tubes Plates Rounds, Strips Wires Forgings Fittings
composit Seamless Welded. Sheets Bars
DIN 2.4068 17740 17751 17750 17752 17750 17753 17754
BS NA12 3074 3072 3076 3073 3075
ASTM B-161 B-725 B-162 B-160 B-162 B-564 B-366
B-163 B-730 B-564
ISO LcNi.99
Applications:
Caustic evaporators, plating rods, combustion boats, chemical plants with operating temperatures
above 300 ºC, for example in caustic soda manufacturing plants.
NICKEL-201
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TANTALUM
Metal: TANTALUM
Chemical composition:
Average composition in mg/g:
Ta Ta+Nb Ag C Cd Co Cr Cu Fe H K Mg Mn Mo N Na Nb
99,85 99,90 <5 15 <10 <10 <10 <10 50 <1 <5 <5 <5 50 5 <5 150
Ni O Pb S Ti W Zn Zr
30 20 <10 <5 <15 200 <5 <5
Ta Ta+Nb Ag C Cd Co Cr Cu Fe H K Mg Mn Mo N Na Nb
99,98 As previous
Ni O Pb S Ti W Zn Zr
200
Grades = ASTM-B-364 and 365.
Introduction:
The tantalum has been accepted as a preferred material for a wide variety of applications.
Tantalum is not a new material. Its first commercial use at the turn of the century was as filaments
in light bulbs. Later, when it became apparent that tantalum was practically inert to attack by most
acids, applications in the laboratory and in the chemical and medical industries were developed. The
rise of the electronics industry accelerated the development of many new applications.
Much of this growth can be attributed to a broader range of tantalum powders and mill products
available from the producers and increasing utilization of tantalum's unique properties – high melting
point, ability to form a dielectric oxide film and chemical inertness. Encouraging these applications, new
reduction, melting, and fabrication techniques have led to higher purities, higher reliabilities and impro-
ved yields to finished products.
Physical Properties:
Pure tantalum has a body centered cubic crystal lattice. There is no allotropic transformation to the
melting point which means that unalloyed tantalum cannot be hardened by heat treatment. Additions of
oxygen, carbon or nitrogen above normal levels, either purposefully or accidentally, are considered as
alloying additions no matter what the concentration.
TANTALUM
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Mechanical properties:
The room temperature mechanical properties of tantalum are dependent on chemical purity,
amount of reduction in cross-sectional area and temperature of final annealing. Annealing time does
not appear to be critical. Close control over the many parameters which affect mechanical properties
are mandatory to insure reproducible mechanical behavior.
Ultimate Hardness
.2% Yield Tensile Rockwell
Thickness Strength PSI Strength PSI Elongation % 15 T B
0.005 Deep Draw 29,000 41,000 22 – –
0.005 Regular 44,000 55,000 18 – –
0.010 Regular 40,000 52,000 32 – –
0.030 Regular 35,000 45,000 40 75 –
0.060 Regular 35,000 45,000 42 75 48
Tantalum can be strengthened only by cold work with resulting loss in ductility. As certain residual im-
purities have pronounced effects on ductility levels and metallurgical behaviour, the purpose of most con-
solidation techniques is to make the material as pure as possible. Cold working methods are used almost
without exception to preclude the possibility of embrittlement by exposure to oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and
hydrogen at even moderate temperatures. Temperatures in excess of 800ºF should be avoided.
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METALLURGICAL CONDITION ... There are basically three structures which can be ordered: (1)
unannealed, (2) stress-relieved, and (3) annealed.
Unannealed ... In the unannealed condition, the structure will be typically wrought fibrous. Yield and
tensile strength will be increased with corresponding decreases in elongation as shown in Table III. The
amount of work-hardening will be dependent on the amount of cold reduction since the last anneal. The
rate of work-hardening is rapid for the first 30% of reduction. The rate then diminishes so that there
will be no appreciable strengthening until reductions of over 90% are taken. There is actually no limit
to the amount of cold work which the metal can take; there are only equipment limitations or mecha-
nical limitations, such as, poor shape control in rolling or excessive thinning when forming which dicta-
te periodic heat treatment in vacuum to soften the metal.
Unannealed tantalum may be preferred for machinability although our provider’s machinists indicate
no preference. Corrosion behavior is not affected nor is the susceptibility to interstitial contamination
changed. Unannealed sheet .030" thick and under can make a 1 x thickness bend, but the annealed
condition is preferred when bending since the metal is not as stiff or as springy.
TABLE III Typical Mechanical Properties. Tantalum Sheet with Increasing Cold Work
Ultimate
Percent .2% Yield Tensile Hardness
Cold Work Strength PSI Strength PSI Elongation % VHN
30 70,600 74,200 18 189
50 82,200 86,000 9 192
80 100,500 109,200 4 235
90 117,800 123,400 2 239
95 127,000 135,500 1 265
98 – 135,500 1 280
Stress-Relieved ... Stress-relieving at 1850 ºF in vacuum reduces yield and tensile strengths and rai-
ses elongation levels. These properties will be intermediate between annealed and unannealed. Stress-
relieving has been used more as a matter of expediency than design. Fabricators need some ductility
to allow them to roll tubes into tube sheets. Until recently, the only tubular heat treating vacuum fur-
naces were limited to 1850 ºF maximum. This equipment limitation dictated the use of stress-relieving.
As newer furnaces allowing full annealing in vacuum are now on stream, stress-relieving may gradually
fall into disuse.
Annealed ... Tantalum specified in the annealed condition is in its softest, most ductile condition. The
usual objective of the procedure is to choose an annealing temperature which will result in compIete
recrystallization but avoid excessive grain growth. This temperature will be about 2150 ºF ±75 ºF. The
temperature for recrystallization is, however, considerably affected by the purity and amount of cold
work prior to annealing.
When the amount of reduction is limited, complete recrystallization is very difficult unless the annealing
temperature is substantially increased. Purity is at the core of this problem. Unless sufficient work (about
75% reduction) is put into the material, tantalum does not have the impurities present to act as nuclea-
tion sites for grain growth unless an inordinate amount of energy in the form of annealing heat is added.
This will result in recrystallization, but to a very large grain size. The larger the cross-section, the more se-
vere is this problem. Recrystallization to a finer grain size becomes more readily obtainable. The tensile
test is normally used to determine the state of anneal. ASTM specifications for annealed tantalum are
shown in Table IV.
This test is backed by hardness tests, Olsen cups, and grain size determinations to insure product
quality. The Olsen test is particularly effective for thin sheet as tensile test elongations decrease as a
function of material thickness. The Olsen cup has the added advantage of detecting any strong directio-
nality tendencies or to show “orange peel” indicating a coarse grain. (See Table V).
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Tantalum sheet develops directionality if a producer does not choose his rolling and annealing sche-
dules with care. Directionality is a term used to describe non-uniform sheet properties in the rolling di-
rection and transverse to the rolling direction. Sheet with directionality has reduced elongations in the
transverse direction which may affect performance in spinning and deep drawing operations. When
these metal working functions are to be performed, it is helpful for the user to so specify when orde-
ring the material.
TABLE IV ASTM Specification Limits for Tensile Properties. Test Procedure ASTM E8-61T
FORMING ... Tantalum in the annealed condition is an extremely ductile material. Unusually high re-
ductions without annealing are possible because of its low rate of work hardening characteristics. Tu-
bing 11/16" diameter with a 1/8" wall by 16" long has been drawn from circular blanks without annea-
ling in a series of seven draws. It is nevertheless recommended that the producer be advised when
spinning or drawing is planned.
Spinning ... Successful tantalum spinning can be accomplished using conventional spinning techni-
ques. The slow work hardening rate permits repeated drafts without in process anneals, unless unu-
sually severe formations are to be attempted. Spinning thinner material such as .010" or .020" thick
may have to be annealed more often.
Mandrels should be made of steel or aluminum bronze. Hardwood and composition mandrels are
usually too soft to permit sufficient ironing for good surface finish. If steel mandrels are used, bottoms
should be faced with aluminium bronze to prevent galling of the blank. Steel roller wheels or yellow
brass tools are used with generous amounts of yellow soap. A commercial compound, Warren's Spin-
ning Compound #1, has been found to offer good lubricating characteristics for tantalum.
Deep Drawing ... Although tantalum is a soft, ductile metal, certain precautions are suggested for
optimum results. Conventional reductions are possible provided due allowance is made for tantalum's
galling characteristics. The metal will have more of a tendency to seize on the punch and/or draw ring.
This friction may result in premature failure unless lubrication is generous. Aluminum bronze is recom-
mended for the draw ring when justified.
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The metal can be stretched and ironing is feasible with aluminum bronze dies. As in any deep dra-
wing operation, some experimentation with holddown, punch and draw ring radii and clearance may be
necessary to prevent wrinkling. Initial reductions of 50% are possible. Drawing may be continued al-
though gradually decreasing the amount of reduction per draw is recommended.
Niobium and tantalum can be clad onto other metals such as steel, aluminum and copper to pro-
duce cost effective composites.
Niobium and tantalum can be machined using standard equipment and cutting tools. Water soluble
oil is used as a cutting fluid for turning, drilling, milling and sawing. Chlorothane is used as an assist for
tapping.
Niobium and tantalum can be welded to themselves and to several other metals by resistance wel-
ding, tungsten-inert gas, plasma welding and electron beam welding. Formation of brittle intermetallic
phases is likely with many metals and must be avoided. Surfaces to be heated above 300 °C should
be protected by and inert gas (argon or helium) to prevent embrittlement.
Corrosion resistance:
Selecting any material for corrosive service can be fraught with hazards. Operating conditions can
be substantially different from the conditions used in the laboratory to establish base line data. Whene-
ver possible, a welded sample should be exposed to the expected operating environment. The following
comments are based on laboratory data which should be used only as a guide for preliminary screening
when material selection problems exist.
Tantalum is extremely resistant to corrosion by most acids. Like glass, one of the few exceptions to
its general acid resistance is hydrofluoric acid which will attack tantalum readily. Any solution containing
the fluoride ion should be avoided. Concentrated sulfuric acid and to a lesser degree, hot 85% phosp-
horic acid will attack tantalum. Hydrochloric, nitric and 80% phosphoric acid provided fluorine is kept
below 5 ppm, chromic, oxalic and organic acids should not be detrimental.
Tantalum is less resistant to alkaline solutions. Boiling solutions of strong alkalies will rapidly attack
the metal. This attack is somewhat temperature and concentration dependent, but in general, service
in strong alkalies above room temperature should be avoided.
The material is not usually attacked by salt solutions except those which contain or will hydrolyze to
strong alkalies or by fluorides. Chlorides and bromides such as ferric chloride, mercuric and stannous
chloride up to 350 ºF should be satisfactory.
Great care should be exercised to prevent hydrogen embrittlement by electrolytic action in practically
all electrolytes particularly at elevated temperature. Embrittlement may result from either galvanic cou-
pling or because of stray electric currents. To prevent this embrittlement from occurring, tantalum
should be insulated from other metals in the equipment and any stray currents should be located and
eliminated.
At temperatures not exceeding 300 ºF and in the absence of fluorine, free SO3 or strong alkalies,
most organic and inorganic liquids will not effect tantalum. The same is true of nearly all corrosive ga-
ses including either wet or dry chlorine or bromine. Temperatures in excess of 300 ºF could lead to lon-
ger term embrittlement problems unless there is protection from interstitial contamination. Tantalum
has shown excellent resistance to attack by such liquid metals as sodium, lithium, magnsium, potas-
sium and mercury in temperatures to 2000 ºF.
Corrosion rates for tantalum, miobium, titanium and 304 stainless steel are listed for comparison
in table VI.
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TABLE VI Comparison of corrosion rates for Tantalum, Niobium, Titanium, 304 Stainless Steel and
Platinum
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Introduction:
Niobium and tantalum are members of the refractory metals family, characterized by their very high
melting points.
The similarity of these two metals goes far beyond their occurrence and discovery. Their chemical
properties are so similar that it was difficult to positively establish their individual identities in early work.
Both tantalum and niobium are tough, ductile metals which can be formed into almost any shape. Be-
cause of their resistance to chemical attack, and their excellent formability, they are often used in co-
rrosion resistant applications for environments which no other metals can withstand. Their major limi-
tation is reactivity with oxygen and nitrogen in the air at temperatures above 300 to 400 ºC.
Tantalum and niobium have many unique applications as pure metals, and form the basis for a family
of alloys having similar chemical, physical and high temperature properties.
Material properties:
Niobium and tantalum are tough, ductile, silvery gray metals with a unique combination of mechani-
cal and physical properties. Physical property data for both metals are summarized in Table I. Niobium
has a density close to that of copper, but only about half the density of tantalum and tungsten. The go-
od thermal conductivity values for both tantalum and niobium make them good candidate materials for
heat transfer applications.
Mechanical property data for niobium and tantalum are summarized in Table II. They have modera-
te strengths and can be work hardened to a considerable degree. In addition, both tantalum and nio-
bium display good toughness at very low temperatures. Alloys of these metals are available with impro-
ved elevated temperature tensile and creep properties to temperatures as high as 1650 ºC.
Regarding chemical characteristics,5 Niobium resists most organic acids and mineral acids at all
concentrations below 100 ºC, except HF. Tantalum is more corrosion resistant to these at higher con-
centrations and at higher temperatures (190ºC). Resistance to many liquid metals makes them can-
didates for applications ranging from metallurgical process equipment to liquid metal cooled nuclear re-
actors. Niobium and tantalum are resistant to attack in many liquid metals: Li<1000 ºC, Na, K + NaK
<1000 ºC, ThMg<850 ºC, U<1400 ºC, Zn<450ºC, Pb<850 ºC, Bi<500 ºC, and Hg<600 ºC. Becau-
se of their ability to form stable, passive oxide films niobium and tantalum can provide unique solutions
to many corrosion problems. A good example is the use of niobium heat components in fluoride cataly-
zed chrome plating operations. Neither metal, however, can be used in air at temperatures above 200
ºC for niobium or 300 ºC for tantalum. Typical comparative corrosion data for niobium and tantalum
are presented in Table III.
Because of their bcc crystal structure, niobium and tantalum are very ductile metals which can under-
go cold reductions of more than 95% with out failure. Heavy sections can be heated for forging to ~450
ºC without protection. Both metals can be rolled, drawn, and extruded to produce a wide range of pro-
ducts. Tantalum and niobium have a tendency to stick to tooling during metal forming operations. As a re-
sult, specific lubricant and die material combinations are required in high pressure forming operations.
Niobium and tantalum –two refractory metals with unique properties that dictate a number of high
performance applications– are often used in areas where long range cost effectiveness becomes a pri-
mary consideration. By illustrating some of niobium and tantalum's similarities, and by contrasting so-
me of their differences, this paper provides some interesting and new insights into the metals themsel-
ves. It is intended as a guide to metallurgists, applications engineers and others concerned with finding
long range solutions to specialized and highly demanding materials selection problems.
Niobium and tantalum can be clad onto other metals such as steel, aluminum and copper to pro-
duce cost effective composites.
Niobium and tantalum can be machined using standard equipment and cutting tools. Water soluble oil is
used as a cutting fluid for turning, drilling, milling and sawing. Chlorothane is used as an assist for tapping.
Niobium and tantalum can be welded to themselves and to several other metals by resistance wel-
ding, tungsten-inert gas, plasma welding and electron beam welding. Formation of brittle intermetallic
phases is likely with many metals and must be avoided. Surfaces to be heated above 300 ºC should
be protected by an inert gas (argon or helium) to prevent embrittlement.
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Niobium Tantalum
Atomic Weight 92.9064 180.95
Density 8.66g/cc 16.6g/cc
Melting Point 2468 ºC 2996 ºC
Boiling Point 4927 ºC 5431 ºC
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (RT) 7,1 x 10-6/ºC 6.5 x 10-6/ºC
Electrical Resistivity 15 /cm 13.5 /cm
Electrical Conductivity 13.2% IACS 13.9% IACS
Specifie Heat .126 J/g .140 J/g
Thermal Conductivity .523 J .544 J
Crystal Structure bcc bcc
Thermal Neutron Cross Section 1.1 b 21.3 b
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Both niobium and tantalum are more expensive than other specialty engineering materials. However,
when the metal costs are incorporated into finished equipment costs, the cost differences are not ne-
arly as great as one might expect. The cost premium associated with niobium and tantalum chemical
process equipment can be justified in many applications requiring long life and low maintainance costs.
Welding properties:
Good weldability.
Performed as standard but it must be protected with and inert gas such as Argon/Helium or an
industrial mixture, during thewhole process. If the weld becomes contaminated it will be fragile.
Products, we supply:
x Plate-strip x Pipes-tubes x Accessories x Bars Forgings x Nuts & Bolts
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CATALOGO 14/11/05 13:35 Página 161
NIOBIUM
General:
Niobium [or columbium] metal is more resistant to corrosion than most common materials, but is
considerably poorer than tantalum. Niobium has the advantages of lower density and a low thermal
neutron cross section.
Comparison of Tantalum and Niobium to 304 Stainiess Steel, Titanium and Platinum
Corrosion rates for tantalum, niobium, titanium and 304 stainless steel are listed for comparison in
Table 2. Titanium is very resistant to many industrial chemical environments and has a considerable pri-
ce advantage over tantalum and niobium. However, the data clearly show the superiority of niobium
and especially of tantalum at high acid concentrations and higher temperatures. While platinum is re-
sistant to hydrofluoric acid and alkalis, tantalum is much better in aqua regia and hot, concentrated hy-
drochloric acid.
Suggested Applications:
Due to its relatively high price, tantalum can only be recommended for use in extremely corrosive
media, in areas where no corrosion of the part can be tolerated or where very high purity materials are
being processed. While some plastics and even glass fill these requirements to a large extent, tanta-
lum is a structurally sound material of construction, can take considerable mechanical abuse and has
a much higher heat transfer coefficient. Tantalum should be used as a material of construction in lo-
cations and for equipment where hot, concentrated hydrochloric, sulfuric or phosphoric acid will be pre-
sent. Tantalum is used by the medical profession for instruments and for metal implants in the body.
NIOBIUM
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In the manufacture of high purity chemicals and pharmaceuticals, tantalum insures that no impurities
are introduced from the container or reactor.
Niobium lies between titanium and tantalum in price, density and corrosion resistance. Thus far, its
main use has been in the nuclear reactor field. It has the great advantage of a low nuclear cross sec-
tion. That, combined with its good corrosion resistance to hot aqueous systems and capability of hand-
ling molten metals, has made it an important material of construction in the nuclear field.
TABLE 2 Comparison of corrosion rates for Tantalum, Niobium, Titanium, 304 Steel and Platinum
Welding properties:
Good weldability.
Products, we supply:
x Plate-strip x Pipes-tubes x Accessories x Bars Forgings x Nuts & Bolts
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TITANIUM
Metal = Titanium
1.º General
Titanium as an industrially pure metal has a great resistance to aggresive environments due to a
self-healing coating that naturally forms, together with its workability and machinability make it a very in-
teresting metal for many situations.
4.º Specifications:
Tubes: ASTM B337/B338 Plates: ASTM B265 Fittings: ATSME B366
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TITANIUM
CATALOGO 14/11/05 13:35 Página 164
resistance can be improved through the introduction of an oxidation agent into the environment or th-
rough thickening of the existing oxide coating. Alternatively, an alloy with Mo or Pd can be considered.
Current applications
Aero Engines Components operating up to 600 ºC, discs, blades, spacer rings, struc-
tural parts, auxiliary equipment, etc.
Air Frames Fastenings, struts and ties, skins, main structural components in airfra-
mes, landing gear, hydraulic equipment, airducting, firewalling, floors,
etc.
Performance Engineering Racing cars, motorcycles and cycles, reciprocating parts where inertia
loss is significant. Ultracentrifuges. Applications requiring stability with ti-
me, e.g. geophysical equipment.
Chemical and Vessels, plate and tubular heat exchangers, mixers, stirrers filter bodies,
Petrochemical Engineering driers, conveyors, pumps and valves. Thermowells, probes, level con-
trols, analyser, etc. especially for crude oil handling and processing and
plant for production of urea, ammonium nitrate and ammonia, fibre and
fertilizer products, chlorine and synthetic resins.
Heat Exchangers and Titanium will provide protection against environmental pollution and cross
Surface Condensers pollution form process streams as well as metal ion loss in cooling waters.
(Especially for Power Titanium tubes are currently available in several extended surface configu-
Generation and Desalination) rations, including fine integral fin, roped and clad high fin. Design for corro-
sion resistance and optimum heat transfer with all liquid systems, liquid/air
systems, condensing and evaporating is therefore possible.
Brewing, Dairy, Food and The inert nature of titanium aids product purity, provides ease of cleaning
Pharmaceuticals Manufacture and sterilisation, etc.
Metal Finishing Industry Jigs and fixtures for anodizing of aluminium and electroplating anode bas-
kets for containing nickel and copper chips and residues, hooks for nic-
kel anodes, heating and cooling coils for plating tanks, baskets and jigs
for pickling and descaling, supports and hangers for articles for hot dip
galvanizing.
Pollution Control Titanium resists attack form a wide range of corrosive media. Waste
and Waste Processing processors handle materials of widely varying composition both as input
and end product. Titanium offers the designer the opportunity to achieve
all round protection.
Specialised Surgical implants for the human body, including hip prostheses, bone pla-
Applications tes and screws, denture posts. Precision instrument manufacture, pres-
sure sensitive transducers, transistors etc. Artistic and architectural ap-
plications, personal jewellery, plaques, dart shafts, etc.
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Ti35A/115 1 3.7025 1 – – –
Ti50A/125 2 3.7035 2,3,4,5 4902, 4941 1A –
4942, 4951 Commercially
Ti65A/130 3 3.7055 – 4900 1C – Pure Titanium
Ti75A/160 4 3.7065 6,7,8,9 4901 1B Comp
1.2
Ti0.2% Pd 7.11 – – – – – Industrial Alloys
Ti-Code 12 12 – – – – – with superior
corrosion resitance
Ti-6Al-4V/318 5 3.7165 10,11,12, 4911, 4928 3C Comp
28.56 3.6
Ti-4Al-4Mo-2.5Sn – – 45-51 – – – Aerospace/Engineering
(550) and 57 Alloys having high
Ti-6Al-2Sn- – – – 4975, 5976 3G Comp strength developed
4Zr-2Mo 11 by heat treatment
Ti-6Al-2Sn- – – – 4981 – Comp
4Zr-6Mo 14
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Grade/Ref. N.º 0.1 % Proof Stress Ultimate Tensile Elongation Youngs Density Weldability
(see above) Strength Modulus Rating
tons/sq.in kg/mm2 tons/in2 kg/mm2 % tons/in2 kg/mm2 Ib/in3 gm/cc
Ti35A/115 13 min 20 min 26 max 41 max 25 min 6,650 10,500 .163 4.51 Excellent
Ti50A/125 18 min 28 min 25-35 39-55 20 min 6,650 10,500 .163 4.51 Excellent
Ti65A/130 22 min 34 min 30-40 46-62 20 min 6,650 10,500 .163 4.51 Excellent
Ti75A/160 25 min 39 min 35-45 55-71 18 min 6,650 10,500 .163 4.51 Excellent
Ti0.2% Pd (Gr. 7) 13 min 20 min 25-35 39-55 20 min 6,650 10,500 .163 4.51 Excellent
Ti Code 12 22 min 35 min 27 min 34 min 20 min 6,800 10,700 .163 4.51 Excellent
Ti-6Al-4V/318 54 min 85 min 58 min 92 min 10 min 7,360 11,600 .161 4.45 Good
Ti-4Al-4Mo-2.5 Sn 56 min 88 min 68 min 107 min 10 min 7,500 11,800 .167 4.60 Poor
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo 54 min 85 min 58 min 92 min 10 min 7,370 11,600 .164 4.54 Good
Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo 58 min 92 min 67 min 106 min 10 min 7,370 11,600 .168 4.65 Fair
Temperature
resistance Corrosion resistance Mechanical
>540 °C properties aprox.
Strenght Stability
Brinell Hardness
Chlorhydric Acid
Fluorhydric Acid
ASTM-B Norms
Phosforic Acid
Tensile S.MPA
Sulphuric Acid
Organic Acids
Carburization
Titanio Grade
Elongation %
Sea Water
Nitric Acid
02,%MPA
Oxidation
Alkalies
Yield S.
Salts
For comparison of corrosion rates for Tantalum, Niobium, Titanium, 304 stainless steel and Plati-
num see Niobium (table 2).
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ZIRCONIUM
Metal: ZIRCONIUM
1.º General
It is a very reactive metal that reacts naturally with the atmospheric oxygen forming a protecting co-
at that adheres to the metal as a self-healing layer.
2.º Machining:
Good machinability, but shavings must be kept in water.
5.º Specifications:
Plates B551 Tubes-B523 seamless and welded
Bar B550 Fittings B653 elbows, tees, …
Forgings B493 wires Welding material = AWS A5.24 electrodes and fils.
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DISCLAIMER: